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Students can Download Accountancy Chapter 9 Rectification of Errors Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 11th Accountancy Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Accountancy Solutions Chapter 9 Rectification of Errors

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Accountancy Rectification of Errors Text Book Back Questions and Answers

I. Multiple Choice Questions
Choose the Correct Answer

Rectification Of Errors Questions With Answers Pdf Question 1.
Error of principle arises when ………………
(a) There is complete omission of a transaction
(b) There is partial omission of a transaction
(c) Distinction is not made between capital and revenue items
(d) There are wrong postings and wrong castings
Answer:
(c) Distinction is not made between capital and revenue items

Class 11 Accountancy Chapter 9 Solutions Question 2.
Errors not affecting the agreement of trial balance are ………………
(a) Errors of principle
(b) Errors of overcasting
(c) Errors of undercasting
(d) Errors of partial omission
Answer:
(a) Errors of principle

11th Accountancy Chapter 9 Book Back Answers Question 3.
The difference in trial balance is taken to ………………
(a) The capital account
(b) The trading account
(c) The suspense account
(d) The profit and loss account
Answer:
(c) The suspense account

Rectification Of Errors Questions With Solutions Class 11 Pdf Question 4.
A transaction not recorded at all is known as an error of ………………
(a) Principle
(b) Complete omission
(c) Partial omission
(d) Duplication
Answer:
(b) Complete omission

Rectification Of Errors Questions With Answers Question 5.
Wages paid for installation of machinery wrongly debited to wages account is an errs of ………………
(a) Partial omission
(b) Principle
(c) Complete omission
(d) Duplication
Answer:
(b) Principle

Accountancy Class 11 Chapter 9 Solutions Question 6.
Which of the following errors will not affect the trial balance?
(a) Wrong balancing of an account
(b) Posting an amount in the wrong account but on the correct side
(c) Wrong totalling of an account
(d) Carried forward wrong amount in a ledger account
Answer:
(b) Posting an amount in the wrong account but on the correct side

Rectification Of Errors Problems With Solutions Pdf Question 7.
Goods returned by Senguttuvan were taken into stock, but no entry was passed in the books. While rectifying this error, which of the following accounts should be debited?
(a) Senguttuvan account
(b) Sales returns account
(c) Returns outward account
(d) Purchases returns account
Answer:
(b) Sales returns account

Rectification Of Errors Questions With Solutions Class 11 Question 8.
A credit purchase of furniture from Athiyaman was debited to purchases account. Which of the following accounts should be debited while rectifying this error?
(a) Purchases account
(b) Athiyaman account
(c) Furniture account
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Furniture account

Rectification Of Errors In Tamil Question 9.
The total of purchases book was overcast. Which of the following accounts should be debited in the rectifying journal entry?
(a) Purchases account
(b) Suspense account
(c) Creditor account
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Suspense account

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Accountancy Solutions Question 10.
Which of the following errors will be rectified using suspense account?
(a) Purchases returns book was undercast by ₹ 100
(b) Goods returned by Narendran was not recorded in the books
(c) Goods returned by Akila ₹ 900 was recorded in the sales returns book as ₹ 90
(d) A credit sale of goods to Ravivarman was not entered in the sales book
Answer:
(a) Purchases returns book was undercast by ₹ 100

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 11th Accountancy Question 1.
What is meant by rectification of errors?
Answer:
Correction of errors in the books of accounts is not done by erasing, rewriting or striking the figures which are incorrect. Correcting the errors that has occured is called Rectification.

Chapter 9 Accountancy Class 11 Solutions Question 2.
What is meant by error of principle?
Answer:
It means the mistake committed in the application of fundamental accounting principles in recording a transaction in the books of accounts.

Rectification Of Errors Meaning In Tamil Question 3.
What is meant by error of partial omission?
Answer:
When the accountant has failed to record a part of the transaction, it is known as error of partial omission. This error usually occurs in posting. This error affects only one account.

Class 11th Accounts Chapter 9 Solutions Question 4.
What is meant by error of complete omission?
Answer:
It means the failure to record a transaction in the journal or subsidiary book or failure to post both the aspects in ledger. This error affects two or more accounts.

Accountancy Chapter 9 Class 11 Question 5.
What are compensating errors?
Answer:
The errors that make up for each other or neutralize each other are known as compensating errors. These errors may occur in related or unrelated accounts. Thus, excess debit or credit in one account may be compensated by excess credit or debit in some other account. These are also known as offsetting errors.

III. Short Answer Questions

Rectification Of Errors Class 11 Solutions Question 1.
Write a note on error of principle by giving an example.
Answer:
It means the mistake committed in the application of fundamental accounting principles in recording a transaction in the books of accounts.
Example:
Entering the purchase of an asset in the purchases book. Machinery purchased on credit for ₹ 10,000 by M/s. Anbarasi garments manufacturing company entered in the purchases book.

Question 2.
Write a note on suspense account.
Answer:
When the trial balance does not tally, the amount of difference is placed to the debit (when the total of the credit column is higher than the debit column) or credit (when the total of the debit column is higher than the credit column) to a temporary account is known as ‘suspense account’.

Question 3.
What are the errors not disclosed by a trial balance?
Answer:
Certain errors will not affect the agreement of trial balance. Though such errors occur in the books of accounts, the total of debit and credit balance will be the same. The trial balance will tally. Errors of complete omission, error of principle, compensating error, wrong entry in the subsidiary books are not disclosed by the trial balance.

Question 4.
What are the errors disclosed by a trial balance?
Answer:
Certain errors affect the agreement of trial balance. If such errors have occurred in the books of accounts, the total of debit and credit balances will not be the same. The trial balance will not tally. Error of partial omission and error of commission affect the agreement of trial balance.

Question 5.
Write a note on one – sided errors and two – sided errors.
Answer:

1. One – sided errors: When preparing the trial’balance, if the total of debit balances and credit balances are not the same, there is disagreement of trial balance.
2. Two – sided errors: Rectification of two – sided errors at the time of preparing the trial balance is just similar to that of their rectification before preparation of trial balance.

IV. Exercises

Question 1.
State the account/s affected in each of the following errors: (2 marks)
(a) Goods purchased on credit from Saranya for ₹ 150 was posted to the debit side of her account.
(b) The total of purchases book ₹ 4,500 was posted twice.
Answer:
(a) Purchases from Saranya should have been posted to the credit of Saranya’s A/c, but it has been debited. Hence, credit Saranya’s A/c with double the amount i.e., Rs. 300.
(b) Credit the Purchases A/c.

Question 2.
State the account/s affected in each of the following errors: (2 marks)
(a) Goods sold to Vasu on credit for ₹ 1,000 was not recorded in the sales book.
(b) The total of sales book ₹ 2,500 was posted twice.
Answer:
(a)

(b) Debit the Sales A/c

Question 3.
Rectify the following errors discovered before the preparation of the trial balance: (2 marks)
(a) Sales book was undercast by ₹ 100
(b) Purchases returns book was overcast by ₹ 200
Answer:
(a) Sales account should be credited with ₹ 100
(b) Purchases returns account should be debited with ₹ 200

Question 4.
Rectify the following errors before the preparation of trial balance: (3 marks)
(a) Returns outward book was undercast by ₹ 2,000
(b) Returns inward book total was taken as ₹ 15,000 instead of ₹ 14,000
(c) The total of the purchases account was carried forward ₹ 100 less.
Answer:
(a) Returns outward Account should be credited with ₹ 2,000
(b) Sales returns account should be credited with ₹ 1,000
(c) Purchases account should be debited with ₹ 100

Question 5.
Rectify the following errors assuming that the trial balance is yet to be prepared: (5 marks)
(a) Sales book was undercast by ₹ 400
(b) Sales returns book was overcast by ₹ 500
(c) Purchases book was undercast by ₹ 600
(d) Purchases returns book was overcast by ₹ 700
(e) Bills receivable book was undercast by ₹ 800
Answer:
(a) Sales account should be credited with ₹ 400
(b) Sales returns account should be credited with ₹ 500
(c) Purchases account should be debited with ₹ 600
(d) Purchases returns account should be debited with ₹ 700
(e) Bills receivable account should be debited with ₹ 800

Question 6.
Rectify the following errors before preparing trial balance: (5 marks)
(a) The total of purchases book was carried forward ₹ 90 less.
(b) The total of purchases book was carried forward ₹ 180 more
(c) The total of sales book was carried forward ₹ 270 less.
(d) The total of sales returns book was carried forward ₹ 360 more.
(e) The total of purchases returns book was carried forward ₹ 450 less.
Answer:
(a) Purchases account should be debited ₹ 90
(b) Purchases account should be credited ₹ 180
(c) Sales account should be credited ₹ 270
(d) Sales returns account should be credited with ₹ 360
(e) Purchases returns account should be credited with ₹ 450

Question 7.
The following errors were located by the accountant before preparation of trial balance. Rectify them. (5 marks)
(a) The total of the discount column of ₹ 1,100 on the debit side of the cash book was not yet posted.
(b) The total of the discount column on the credit side of the cash book was undercast by ₹ 500.
(c) Purchased goods from Anbuchelvan on credit for ₹ 700 was posted to the debit side of his account.
(d) Sale of goods to Ponmukil on credit for ₹ 78 was posted to her account as ₹ 87.
(e) The total of sales returns book of ₹ 550 was posted twice.
Answer:

Question 8.
The accountant of a firm located the following errors before preparing the trial balance. Rectify them. (5 marks)
(a) Machinery purchased for ₹ 3,000 was debited to purchases account.
(b) Interest received ₹ 200 was credited to commission account.
(c) An amount of ₹ 1,000 paid to Tamilselvan as salary was debited to his personal account.
(d) Old furniture sold for ₹ 300 was credited to sales account.
(e) Goods worth ₹ 800 purchased from Soundarapandian on credit was not recorded in the books of accounts.
Answer:
Rectifying Journal

Question 9.
Rectify the following errors which were located before preparing the trial balance. (5 marks)
(a) Wages paid ₹ 2,000 for the erection of machinery was debited to wages account.
(b) Sales returns book was short totalled by ₹ 1,000.
(c) Goods purchased for ₹ 200 was posted as ₹ 2,000 to purchases account.
(d) The sales book was overcast by ₹ 1,500.
(e) Cash paid to Mukil ₹ 2,800 which was debited to Akhil’s account as ? 2,000.
Answer:
Rectifying Journal

Question 10.
Rectify the following errors which were located at the time of preparing the trial balance: (5 marks)
(a) The total of the discount column on the debit side of the cash book of ₹ 225 was posted twice.
(b) Goods of the value of ₹ 75 returned by Ponnarasan was not posted to his account.
(c) Cash received from Yazhini ₹ 1,000 was not posted.
(d) Interest received ₹ 300 has not been posted.
(e) Rent paid ₹ 100 was posted to rent account as ₹ 10.
Answer:

Question 11.
The following errors were located at the time of preparing trial balance. Rectify them. (5 marks)
(a) A personal expense of the proprietor ₹ 200 was debited to travelling expenses account.
(b) Goods of ₹ 400 purchased from Ramesh on credit was wrongly credited to Ganesh’s account.
(c) An amount of ₹ 500 paid as salaries to Mathi was debited to his personal account.
(d) An amount of ₹ 2,700 paid for extension of the building was debited to repairs account.
(e) A credit sale of goods of ₹ 700 on credit to Mekala was posted to Krishnan’s account.
Answer:

Question 12.
Rectify the following journal entries. (5 marks)

Answer:

Question 13.
Rectify the following errors discovered after the preparation of the trial balance: (5 marks)
(a) Rent paid was carried forward to the next page ₹ 500 short.
(b) Wages paid was carried forward ₹ 250 excess.
Answer:
(a) Rent account is to be debited with ₹ 500.
(b) Wages account is to be credited with ₹ 250.

Question 14.
Rectify the following errors after preparation of trial balance: (5 marks)
(a) Salary paid to Ram ₹ 1,000 was wrongly debited to his personal account.
(b) A credit sale of goods to Balu for ₹ 450 was debited to Balan.
Answer:

Question 15.
Pass necessary journal entries to rectify the following errors located after the preparation of trial balance: (5 marks)
(a) Sales book was undercast by ₹ 1,000.
(b) An amount of ₹ 500 paid for wages was wrongly posted to machinery Account.
Answer:
(a) Sales account should be credited ₹ 1,000.
(b)

Question 16.
Give journal entries to rectify the following errors discovered after the preparation of trial balance: (5 marks)
(a) Purchases book was overcast by ₹ 10,000.
(b) Repairs to furniture of ₹ 500 was debited to furniture account.
(c) A credit sale of goods to Akilnilavan for ₹ 456 was credited to his account as ₹ 654.
Answer:
(a) Purchases account should be credited ₹ 10,000.

Question 17.
Rectify the following errors located after the preparation of trial balance: (5 marks)
(a) Purchases book was undercast by ₹ 900.
(b) Sale of old furniture for ₹ 1,000 was credited to sales account.
(c) Purchase of goods from Arul for ₹ 1,500 on credit was not recorded in the books.
Answer:
(a) Purchases account should be debited with ₹ 900.

Question 18.
The following errors were located after the preparation of trial balance. Pass journal entries to rectify them. Assume that there exists a suspense account. (5 marks)
(a) The total of sales book was undercast by ₹ 350.
(b) The total of the discount column on the debit side of cash book ₹ 420 was not posted.
(c) The total of one page of the purchases book of ₹ 5,353 was carried forward to the next page as ₹ 5,533.
(d) Salaries ₹ 2,400 was posted as ₹ 24,000.
(e) Purchase of goods from Sembiyanmadevi on credit for ₹ 180 was posted to her account as ₹ 1,800.
Answer:
Rectifying Journals

Question 19.
Rectify the following errors assuming that, the trial balance is already prepared and the difference was placed to suspense account: (5 marks)
(a) Sales book was undercast by ₹ 250.
(b) Purchases book was undercast by ₹ 120.
(c) Sales book was overcast by ₹ 130.
(d) Bills receivable book was undercast by ₹ 75.
(e) Purchases book was overcast by ₹ 35.
Answer:
(a) Sales account should be credited ₹ 250.
(b) Purchases account should be debited ₹ 120.
(c) Sales account should be debited ₹ 130.
(d) Bills receivable account should be debited ₹ 75.
(e) Purchases account should be credited ₹ 35.

Question 20.
The following errors were located after the preparation of trial balance. The difference in trial balance has been taken to suspense account. Rectify them. (5 marks)
(a) The total of purchases book was carried forward ₹ 70 less.
(b) The total of sales book was carried forward ₹ 340 more.
(c) The total of purchases book was carried forward ₹ 150 more.
(d) The total of sales book was carried forward ₹ 200 less.
(e) The total of purchases returns book was carried forward ₹ 350 less.
Answer:
Rectifying Journals

Question 21.
The following errors were located by the accountant after the preparation of trial balance. There exists a suspense account. Rectify them. (5 marks)
(a) The total of the discount column of ₹ 1,180 on the debit side of the cash book was not posted.
(b) Purchase of goods from Arivuchelvan on credit for ₹ 600 was posted to the debit side of his account.
(c) The total of the discount column on the credit side of the cash book was undercast by ₹ 400.
(d) The total of sales returns book of ₹ 570 was posted twice.
(e) Sold goods to Mukil on credit for ₹ 87 was posted to her account as ₹ 78.
Answer:

Question 22.
The accountant of a firm located the following errors after preparing the trial balance. Rectify them assuming that there is a suspense account. (5 marks)
(a) Machinery purchased for ₹ 3,500 was debited to purchases account.
(b) ₹ 1,800 paid to Raina as salary was debited to his personal account.
(c) Interest received ₹ 200 was credited to commission account.
(d) Goods worth ₹ 1,800 purchased from Amudhanila on credit was not recorded in the books of accounts.
(e) Used furniture sold for ₹ 350 was credited to sales account.
Answer:

Question 23.
The book – keeper of a firm found that the trial balance was out by ₹ 922 (excess credit). He placed the amount in the suspense account and subsequently found the following errors: (5 marks)
(a) The total of discount column on the credit side of the cash book ₹ 78 was not posted in the ledger.
(b) The total of purchases book was short by ₹ 1,000.
(c) A credit sale of goods to Natarajan for ₹ 375 was entered in the sales book as ₹ 735.
(d) A credit sale of goods to Mekala for ₹ 700 was entered in the purchases book. You are required to give rectification entries and prepare suspense account.
Answer:

Suspense Account

Question 24.
The books of Raman did not agree. The accountant placed the difference of ₹ 1,270 to the debit of suspense account. Rectify the following errors and prepare the suspense account:
(a) Goods taken by the proprietor for his personal use ₹ 75 was not entered in the books.
(b) A credit sale of goods to Shanmugam for ₹ 430 was credited to his account as ₹ 340.
(c) A purchase of goods on credit for ₹ 400 from Vivek was entered in the sales book. However, Vivek’s account was correctly credited.
(d) The total of the purchases returns book ₹ 300 was not posted.
Answer:

Suspense Account

Textbook Case Study Solved

Question 1.
Rameela, a class 11 student, visited one of her relative’s furniture shop. She met the accountant of the shop. He was busy with preparing final accounts. At that time, one of the staff approached the accountant with a list of errors found in ledger postings. Rameela asked the accountant, in a surprised tone, “Is it possible to rectify the errors before preparing the final accounts?” The accountant replied, “Yes, it is!” final accounts?” The accountant replied,
“Yes, it is!”
Rameela was curious to analyse the errors. She found the following:

1. Furniture sold on credit to Siva and company for ₹ 12,000 was debited to Sam and company;
2. Rent paid ₹ 2,500, was debited to rent account as ₹ 250.
3. The total of purchase journal was undercast by ₹ 1,000.
4. A sales invoice for ₹ 2,000, completely omitted from the books.
5. Stationery bought for ₹ 250, was posted to purchases account.

Can you help Rameela to identify and rectify the errors?
Answer:

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Accountancy Rectification of Errors Additional Questions and Answers

I. Multiple Choice Questions
Choose the correct answer

Question 1.
The errors can be classified into ……………… types.
(a) One
(b) Two
(c) Three
(d) Four
Answer:
(d) Four

Question 2.
When the accountant has failed to record a part of the transaction is known as ………………
(a) Error of partial omission
(b) Error of commission
(c) Compensating errors
(d) Error of principle
Answer:
(a) Error of partial omission

Question 3.
The errors that make up for each other or neutralise each other are known as ………………
(a) Errors of commission
(b) Errors of principle
(c) Errors of omission
(d) Compensating errors
Answer:
(d) Compensating errors

Question 4.
The total of salary account is carried forward ₹ 1200 excess ……………….
(a) Errors in carry forward
(b) Errors in posting
(c) Errors in casting
(d) Errors of commission
Answer:
(a) Errors in carry forward

Question 5.
Sales book is undercast by ₹ 100, classify the error
(a) Errors of principle
(b) Errors of commission
(c) Errors in casting
(d) Errors of omission
Answer:
(c) Errors in casting

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is error of omission?
Answer:
The failure of the accountant to record a transaction or an item in the books of accounts is known as an error of omission. It can be complete omission or partial omission.

Question 2.
What is error of commission?
Answer:
When a transaction is incorrectly recorded, it is known as error of commission. It usually occurs due to lack of concentration or carelessness of the accountant.

Question 3.
What do you mean by errors?
Answer:
Errors means recording or classifying or summarising the accounting transactions wrongly or omissions to record them by a clerk or an accountant unintentionally.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are the types of errors at the stage of journalising?
Answer:

1. Error of omission
2. Error of commission
3. Error of principle

Question 2.
What are the types of errors at the stage of posting?
Answer:
(i) Errors of Omission:
(a) Error of complete omission
(b) Error of partial omission

(ii) Errors of Commission:
(a) Posting to wrong account
(b) Posting of wrong account
(c) Posting to the wrong side

Question 3.
What are the types of errors at the stage of preparing trial balance?
Answer:
(i) Error of Omission
(ii) Error of Commission:

(a) Entering to wrong account
(b) Entering wrong amount
(c) Entering to the wrong side of trial balance, etc.

Students can Download Samacheer Kalvi 10th Tamil Model Question Paper 2 Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 10th Tamil Model Question Papers helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamil Nadu Samacheer Kalvi 10th Tamil Model Question Paper 2

நேரம்: 3.00 மணி
மதிப்பெண்கள்: 100

(குறிப்புகள்:

• இவ்வினாத்தாள் ஐந்து பகுதிகளைக் கொண்டது. அனைத்து பகுதிகளுக்கும் விடையளிக்க – வேண்டும். தேவையான இடங்களில் உள் தேர்வு வினாக்கள் கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. காக
• பகுதி I, II, III, IV மற்றும் Vல் உள்ள அனைத்து வினாக்களுக்குத் தனித்தனியே விடையளிக்க வேண்டும்.
• வினா எண். 1 முதல் 15 வரை பகுதி-1ல் தேர்வு செய்யும் வினாக்கள் தரப்பட்டுள்ளன. ஒவ்வொரு வினாவிற்கும் ஒரு மதிப்பெண். சரியான விடையைத் தேர்ந்தெடுத்து குறியீட்டுடன் எழுதவும்.
• வினா எண் 16 முதல் 28 வரை பகுதி-IIல் இரண்டு மதிப்பெண் வினாக்கள் தரப்பட்டுள்ளன: ஏதேனும் 9 வினாக்களுக்கு மட்டும் விடையளிக்கவும்.
• வினா எண் 29 முதல் 37 வரை பகுதி-IIIல் மூன்று மதிப்பெண் வினாக்கள் தரப்பட்டுள்ளன. –
  ஏதேனும் 6 வினாக்களுக்கு மட்டும் விடையளிக்கவும்.
• வினா எண் 38 முதல் 42 வரை பகுதி-IVல் ஐந்து மதிப்பெண் வினாக்கள் தரப்பட்டுள்ளன. ஏதேனும் 5 வினாக்களுக்கு மட்டும் விடையளிக்கவும்.
• வினா எண் 43 முதல் 45 வரை பகுதி-Vல் எட்டு மதிப்பெண் வினாக்கள் தரப்பட்டுள்ளன. அனைத்து வினாவிற்கும் விடையளிக்கவும்.

பகுதி – 1 (மதிப்பெண்கள்: 15)

(i) அனைத்து வினாக்களுக்கும் விடையளிக்கவும்.
(ii) கொடுக்கப்பட்ட நான்கு விடைகளில் சரியான விடையினைத் தேர்ந்தெடுத்துக் குறியீட்டுடன் விடையினையும் சேர்த்து எழுதுக. [15 x 1 = 15]

(குறிப்பு: விடைகள் தடித்த எழுத்தில் உள்ளன.)

Question 1.
மரஞ்செடியினின்று பூ கீழே விழுந்த நிலையைக் குறிக்கும் சொல் எது?
(அ) அரும்புஆ
(ஆ) மலர்
(இ) வீ
(ஈ) செம்மல்
Answer:
(இ) வீ

Question 2.
கூத்தராற்றுப்படை என்ற நூலில் ……………….. அடிகள் உள்ளன.
(அ) 383
(ஆ) 483
(இ) 583
(ஈ) 683
Answer:
(இ) 583

Question 3.
தொகைநிலைத் தொடர்……………. வகைப்படும்.
(அ ) மூன்று
ஆ) நான்கு
(இ) ஐந்து
(ஈ) ஆறு
Answer:
(ஈ) ஆறு

Question 4.
”மாபாரதம் தமிழ்ப்படுத்தும் மதுராபுரிச் சங்கம் வைத்தும் என்று குறிப்பிடும் செப்பேட்டுக் குறிப்பு
(அ) உத்திரமேரூர்
(ஆ) மண்டகப்பட்டு
(இ) சின்னமனூர்
(ஈ) ஆதிச்சநல்லூர்
Answer:
(இ) சின்னமனூர்

Question 5.
“தர்க்கத்திற்கு அப்பால் ” சிறுகதை அமைந்த தொகுப்பு…….
(அ) ரிஷிமூலம்
(ஆ) யுகசந்தி
(இ) குருபீடம்
(ஈ) ஒரு பிடி சோறு
Answer:
(ஆ) யுகசந்தி

Question 6.
மணிப்பால் பொறியியல் கல்லூரியில் பேராசிரியர்…….
(அ) ஜெயச்சந்திரன்
(ஆ) வேணுகோபாலன்
(இ முத்தையா
(ஈ) சாத்தப்பன்
Answer:
(ஆ) வேணுகோபாலன்

Question 7.
வேற்றுமைத் தொகையில் வேற்றுமை உருபு……………….. வரும்.
(அ) வெளிப்படையாக
(ஆ) மறைவாக
(இ முதலில்
(ஈ) கடைசியில்
Answer:
(ஆ) மறைவாக

Question 8.
செய்குதம்பிப் பாவலரின் அனைத்து நூல்களும்………… ஆக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.
(அ) அரசுடைமை
(ஆ) மக்களுடைமை
(இ) நாட்டுடைமை
(ஈ) பொதுவுடைமை
Answer:
(ஈ) பொதுவுடைமை

Question 9.
‘மலர்க்கை என்பதனை உருவகமாக்கினால் …….. ………. என வரும்.
(அ) பண்புத்தொகை
(ஆ) உம்மைத்தொகை
(இ) வினைத்தொகை
(ஈ) அன்மொழித்தொகை
Answer:
(இ) வினைத்தொகை

Question 10.
மூன்று காலங்களுக்கும் பொருந்துமாறு அமைவது…… …..ஆகும்.
(அ) பண்புத்தொகை
(ஆ) உம்மைத்தொகை
(இ) வினைத்தொகை
(ஈ) அன்மொழித்தொகை
Answer:
(இ) வினைத்தொகை

Question 11.
முல்லைப்பாட்டு ………. பாவால் இயற்றப்பட்டது.
(அ) வெண்பா
(ஆ) ஆசிரியப்பா
(இ) வஞ்சிப்பா
(ஈ) கலிப்பா
Answer:
(ஆ) ஆசிரியப்பா

பாடலைப் படித்துப் பின்வரும் வினாக்களுக்கு (12, 13, 14, 15) விடை தருக.
நின்று காவல் நெறி பூண்டு நெறியல்லது நினையாது தந்தையில்லோர் தந்தையாகியுந் தாயரில்லோர் தாயராகியும் மைந்தரில்லொரு மைந்தராகியும் மன்னுயிர் கட்குயிராகியும் விழிபெற்ற பயனென்னவும் மெய்பெற்ற அருளென்னவும்

12. இப்பாடலில் வந்துள்ள எதுகையை குறிப்பிடுக.
(அ) தந்தை , மைந்தர்
(ஆ) நின்று, நினையாது
(இ) மைந்தரில், மைந்தரால்
(ஈ) தயாரிகி, கட்குயிராகி
Answer:
(அ) தந்தை , மைந்தர்

Question 13.
இப்பாடலில் இடம் பெற்ற உறவு முறை யாது?
(அ) மாமன், அத்தை
(ஆ) சித்தன், சித்தி
(இ தந்தை, தாய்
(ஈ) பாட்டி, தாத்தா
Answer:
(இ தந்தை, தாய்

Question 14.
மைந்தரில்லாத – பிரித்து எழுதுக.
(அ) மை + தரி + இல்லாத
(ஆ) மைந்து + இல்லாத
(இ) மைந்தர் + இல்லாத
(ஈ) மைந்தரி + இல்லாத
Answer:
(இ) மைந்தர் + இல்லாத

Question 15.
இப்பாடல் இடம் பெற்ற நூல் எது?
(அ) மெய்க்கீர்த்தி
(ஆ) சிலப்பதிகாரம்
(இ) காலக்கணிதம்
(ஈ) நீதி வெண்பா
Answer:
(அ) மெய்க்கீர்த்தி

பகுதி – II (மதிப்பெண்க ள்: 18)

பிரிவு – 1

எவையேனும் நான்கு வினாக்களுக்கு மட்டும் குறுகிய விடையளிக்க.
21 ஆவது வினாவிற்குக் கட்டாயமாக விடையளிக்க வேண்டும். [4×2 = 8]

Question 16.
விடைக்கேற்ற வினா அமைக்க.
(அ) கண்ணதாசனின் கவிதைத் தொகுப்பில் இடம் பெற்ற பகுதியின் பெயர் காலக்கணிதம் ஆகும்.
(ஆ) நூலின் பயன். அறம், பொருள், இன்பம், வீடு என்ற நான்கு பயனுக்காக இருத்தல் வேண்டும்.
Answer:
விடை:
(அ) கண்ணதாசனின் கவிதைத் தொகுப்பில் இடம் பெற்ற பகுதியின் பெயர் என்ன?
(ஆ) நூலின் பயன் எத்தகையது?

Question 17.
கவிஞர் சச்சிதானந்தனின் தமிழ்ப்பசியை எழுதுக.
Answer:
‘சாகும் போதும் தமிழ் படித்துச் சாக வேண்டும்” என்றார். “சாம்பலும் தமிழ்மணந்து வேகவேண்டும்” என்பதே கவிஞர் சச்சிதானந்தனின் தமிழ்ப்பசி ஆகும்.

Question 18.
பாரதியார் எவ்வாறெல்லாம் பாராட்டப்பட்டார்?
Answer:
பாரதியார் ‘நீடுதுயில் நீக்கப் பாடிவந்த நிலா’, ‘சிந்துக்குத் தந்தை’ ‘பாட்டுக்கொரு புலவன்’
எனப் பாராட்டப்பட்டார்.

Question 19.
“கழிந்த பெரும் கேள்வியினான் எனக் கேட்டு முழுது உணர்ந்த கபிலன் தன் பால்
Answer:
பொழிந்த பெரும் காதல் மிகு கேண்மையினான் இடைக்காட்டுப் புலவன் தென் சொல்” – இவ்வடிகளில் கழிந்த பெரும் கேள்வியினான் யார்? காதல்மிகு கேண்மையினான் யார்? இவ்வடியில் கழிந்த பெரும் கேள்வியினான். குசேல பாண்டியன் காதல்மிகு கேண்மையினான். இடைக்காடனார்.

Question 20.
தோற்பாவைக் கூத்தின் வேறு பெயர்கள் யாவை?
Answer:
தோற்பாவைக் கூத்தின் வேறு பெயர்கள்

• கையுறைப் பாவைக் கூத்து
• பொம்மலாட்டம் ஆகும்.

Question 21.
‘இன்மையின்’ எனத் தொடங்கும் குறள் எழுதுக.
Answer:
இன்மையின் இன்னாத தியாதெனின் இன்மையின் இன்மையே இன்னா தது

பிரிவு – 2

எவையேனும் ஐந்து வினாக்களுக்கு மட்டும் குறுகிய விடையளிக்க. [5×2 = 10]

Question 22.
உவமையைப் பயன்படுத்தி சொற்றொடர் அமைக்க
கண்ணினைக் காக்கும் இமை போல?
Answer:
என் தாயைக் கண்ணினைக் காக்கும் இமை போல பாதுகாத்தேன்.

Question 23.
பாடலில் இடம் பெற்றுள்ள தமிழ்ப் புலவர்களின் பெயர்களைக் கண்டறிந்து எழுதுக.
Answer:
”கம்பனும் கண்டேத்தும் உமறுப் புலவரை எந்தக்
கொம்பனும் பணியும் அறம்பாடுஞ் ஜவாது ஆசுகவியை
காசிம் புலவரை, குணங் குடியாரை சேகனாப் புலவரை
செய்குதம்பிப் பாவலரைச் சீர்தமிழ் மறக்காதன்றோ ”

• கம்பன்
• உமறுப்புலவர்
• ஆசுகவி
• காசிம் புலவர்
• குணங்குடியார்
• செய்குதம்பிப்புலவர்

Question 24.
அறுசுவை – தொகைச் சொல்லைப் விரித்து எழுதி தமிழ் எண்ணுரு தருக.
Answer:
இனிப்பு, புளிப்பு, கசப்பு, உவர்ப்பு, துவர்ப்பு, கார்ப்பு – (சா)

Question 25.
கலைச்சொற்கள் தருக.
Answer:

• Devotional Literature – பக்தி இலக்கியம்
• Folk Literature – நாட்டுப்புற இலக்கியம்

Question 26.
கீழ்க்காணும் மரபுத் தொடருக்கான பொருளறிந்து தொடர் அமைத்து எழுதுக.
Answer:
ஆறப்போடுதல் எந்த ஒரு பிரச்சனை வந்தாலும் முடிவுகளை உடனே எடுக்கக்கூடாது. ஆறப்போடுதல் வேண்டும்.

Question 27.
பொருத்தமான நிறுத்தக்குறிகளை இடுக.
Answer:
கடுகைத் துளைத்து ஏழ்கடலைப் புகட்டிக் குறுகத்தறித்த குறள் என இடைக்காடனார் கூறினார் போலும்.

விடை : ”கடுகைத் துளைத்து ஏழ்கடலைப் புகட்டிக் குறுகத்தறித்த குறள்’ என இடைக்காடனார் கூறினார் போலும்.

Question 28.
உரைத்த – பகுபத உறுப்பிலக்கணம் தருக.
Answer:
உரைத்த = உரை + த் + த் + அ
உரை – பகுதி
த் – சந்தி
த் – இறந்த கால இடைநிலை
அ – பெயரெச்ச விகுதி

பகுதி – III (மதிப்பெண்கள்: 18)

பிரிவு – 1

எவையேனும் இரண்டு வினாக்களுக்கு மட்டும் சுருக்கமாக விடையளிக்க. [2×3 = 6]

Question 29.
படங்கள் வெளிப்படுத்தும் நிகழ்த்துக்கலை குறித்து இரண்டு வினாக்களையும் அவற்றுக்கான விடைகளையும் எழுதுக.

Answer:
பரதநாட்டியம் :
1. பரதநாட்டிய வளர்ச்சிப் பற்றி எழுதுக.
பழமையான கலைகளுள் ஒன்றாகும் பெண்கள் மட்டும் ஆடும் கலையாக இருந்தது. இன்று ஆண்களும், பெண்களும் ஆடும் கலையாக வளர்ச்சி அடைந்துள்ளது.

2. பரத நாட்டியம் எவ்வகை கலையாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது?
இறைவனுக்கு உகந்த கலையாகப் பரதநாட்டியம் கருதப்படுகிறது.

கரகம் :
1. கரகம் என்பது எத்தகைய நடனம்?
கரகாட்டம் என்பது கிராமிய நடனம் ஆகும். ஆணும், பெண்ணும் சேர்ந்து ஆடும் ஆட்டம் ஆகும்.

2. கரகாட்டத்தின் வேறு பெயர் என்ன?
கரகாட்டம் கரகம், கும்பாட்டம் என்றும் அழைக்கப்படுகிறது.

Question 30.
பல்துறை வளர்ச்சியின் மொழிபெயர்ப்பின் பங்கு என்ன?
Answer:

• மொழிபெயர்ப்பு இல்லை எனில் உலகை எல்லாம் வலையாகப் பிடித்திருக்கிற ஊடகத்தின் வளர்ச்சி இல்லை.
• தொலைக்காட்சி, வானொலி, திரைப்படம், இதழ்கள் போன்ற ஊடகங்கள் மொழிபெயர்ப்பால் தான் வளர்ச்சி பெறுகின்றன.
• விளம்பர மொழிக்கு மொழிபெயர்ப்பு தேவைப்படுகிறது.
• திரைப்படங்கள் தொலைக்காட்சித் தொடர்கள் ஆகியன வேற்று மொழிமாற்றம் செய்யப்பட்டு அனைத்து மொழி பேசும் மக்களையும் அடைகின்றன.
• இதனால் புதுவகையான சிந்தனைகள் மொழிக்கூறுகள் பரவுகின்றன.

Question 31.
உரைப்பத்தியைப் படித்து வினாக்களுக்கு விடை தருக.
Answer:
செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவு என்பது ஒரு மென்பொருள் அல்லது கணினிச் செயல்திட்ட வரைவு எனலாம். அது தானாகக் கற்றுக் கொள்ளக்கூடியது. இந்த அறிவைக் கொண்டு தனக்கு வரும் புதிய புதிய சூழ்நிலைகளில் மனிதரைப்போல, தானே முடிவெடுக்கும் திறனுடையது.

ஒளிப்படங்கள், எழுத்துக்கள், காணொலிகள், ஒலிகள் போன்றவற்றிலிருந்து கற்றுக்கொள்ளும் இயல்புடைய கனகா கானை மென்பொருளை ஆராய்ச்சியாளர் வடிவமைக்கிறார். அவ்வாறு கற்றுக் கொண்டதை அந்த இயந்திரம் தேவைப்படும் இடங்களில், தேவைப்படும் நேரங்களில் செயல்படுத்தும்.

செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவு பொதிந்த இயந்திரங்களுக்கு ஓய்வு தேவையில்லை; செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவால் பார்க்கவும், கேட்கவும், புரிந்துக்கொள்ளவும் முடியும் என்பதே அதன் சிறப்பு. மனிதனால் முடியும் செயல்களையும் அவன் கடினம் என்று கருதும் செயல்களையும் செய்யக்கூடியது செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவு.

(அ) செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவு என்பது யாது?
Answer:
செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவு என்பது ஒரு மென்பொருள் அல்லது கணினிச் செயல்திட்ட வரைவு எனலாம்.

(ஆ) மென்பொருளை ஆராய்ச்சியாளர்கள் எவ்வாறு வடிவமைக்கின்றனர்?
ஒளிப்படங்கள், எழுத்துக்கள், காணொலிகள், ஒலிகள் போன்றவற்றிலிருந்து கற்றுக்கொள்ளும் வண்ணம் வடிவமைக்கின்றனர்.

(இ) செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவின் சிறப்பு யாது?
Answer:
பார்க்கவும், கேட்கவும், புரிந்துக் கொள்ளவும் முடியும்.

பிரிவு – 2

எவையேனும் இரண்டு வினாக்களுக்கு மட்டும் சுருக்கமாக விடையளிக்க.
34 ஆவது வினாவிற்குக் கட்டாயமாக விடையளிக்க வேண்டும். [2 x 3 = 6]

Question 32.
மாளாத காதல் நோயாளன் போல் என்னும் தொடரிலுள்ள உவமை சுட்டும் செய்தியை விளக்குக.
Answer:
மருத்துவர் உடலில் ஏற்பட்ட புண்ணைக் கத்தியால் அறுத்துச் சுட்டாலும் அது நன்மைக்கே என்று உணர்ந்து நோயாளி அவரை நேசிப்பார் வித்துவக் கோட்டில் எழுந்தருளியிருக்கும் அன்னையே! அதுபோன்று நீ உனது விளையாட்டால் நீங்காத துன்பத்தை எனக்குத் தந்தாலும் உன் அடியவனாகிய நான் உன் அருளையே எப்பொழுதும் எதிர்பார்த்து வாழ்கின்றேன்.

உன் காற்றே உடலுக்கு நல்லது. தூய்மையானது. அதை மனிதர்கள் புரிந்து கொள்ள வேண்டும்.

Question 33.
முகம்மதுரஃபி ஆசிரியர் குறிப்பு வரைக?
Answer:

• முகம்மது ரஃபி என்னும் இயற்பெயரைக் கொண்ட நாகூர் ரூமி தஞ்சை மாவட்டத்தில் பிறந்தவர்.
• இவர் எண்பதுகளில் கணையாழி இதழில் எழுதத் தொடங்கியவர்.
• கவிதை, குறுநாவல், சிறுகதை, மொழிபெயர்ப்பு எனப் பலதளங்களில் இவர் தொடர்ந்து இயங்கி வருபவர்.
• மீட்சி, சுபமங்களா, புதிய பார்வை, குங்குமம், கொல்லிப்பாவை, இலக்கிய வெளிவட்டம், குமுதம் ஆகிய இதழ்களில் இவரது படைப்புகள் வெளியாகியுள்ளன.
• இதுவரை நதியின் கால்கள், ஏழாவது சுவை, சொல்லாத சொல் ஆகிய மூன்று கவிதைத் தொகுதிகள் வெளியாகியுள்ளன.
• மொழிபெயர்ப்புக் கவிதைகள், சிறுகதைத்தொகுதிகள் ஆகியவற்றுடன் கப்பலுக்குப் போன மச்சான்’ என்னும் நாவலையும் படைத்துள்ளார்.

Question 34.
அடிபிறழாமல் எழுதுக.
(அ) “அருளைப் பெருக்கி ” எனத் தொடங்கும் ‘நீதிவெண்பா ‘ பாடல்.
Answer:
அருளைப் பெருக்கி அறிவைத் திருத்தி
மருளை அகற்றி மதிக்கும் தெருளை
அருத்துவதும் ஆவிக்கு அருத்துணையாய்
இன்பம் பொருத்துவதும் கல்வியென்றே போற்று
– கா.ப. செய்குதம்பிப் பாவலர்

(அல்லது)

(ஆ ) “அன்னை மொழியே” எனத் தொடங்கும் பாடல்.
Answer:
அன்னை மொழியே ! அழகார்ந்த செந்தமிழே!
முன்னைக்கும் முன்னை முகிழ்த்த நறுங்கனியே!
கன்னிக் குமரிக் கடல் கொண்ட நாட்டிடையில்
மன்னி அரசிருந்த மண்ணுலகப் பேரரசே!
தென்னன் மகளே ! திருக்குறளின் மாண்புகழே!
இன்னறும் பாப்பத்தே! எண்தொகையே நற்கணக்கே!
மன்னுஞ் சிலம்பே! மணிமே கலைவடிவே!
முன்னும் நினைவால் முடிதாழ வாழ்த்துவமே!
– பாவலரேறு பெருஞ்சித்திரனார்

பிரிவு – 3

எவையேனும் இரண்டு வினாக்களுக்கு மட்டும் சுருக்கமாக விடையளிக்க. [283 = 6]

Question 35.
சிறுபொழுது ஆறு கூறுகள் யாவை?
Answer:

• காலை – காலை 6 மணி முதல் 10 மணி வரை
• நண்பகல் – காலை 10 மணி முதல் 2 மணி வரை
• எற்பாடு – பிற்பகல் 2 மணி முதல் 6 மணி வரை
• லை மாலை 6 மணி முதல் இரவு 10 மணி வரை
• யாமம் – இரவு 10 மணி முதல் 2 மணி வரை
• வைகறை – இரவு 2 மணி முதல் காலை 6 மணி வரை

Question 36.
‘பல்லார் பகைகொளலின் பத்தடுத்த தீமைத்தே நல்லார் தொடர்கை விடல்’ இக்குறட்பாவினை அலகிட்டு வாய்பாடு தருக.
Answer:

Question 37.
நிரல்நிறை அணி என்றால் என்ன? சான்றுடன் விளக்குக.
Answer:
நிரல் = வரிசை ; நிறை = நிறுத்துதல் பார்த்த சொல்லையும் பொருளையும் வரிசையாக நிறுத்தி அவ்வரிசைப்படியே இணைத்துப் பொருள் கொள்வது நிரல்நிறை அணி எனப்படும்.

(எ.கா.) அன்பும் அறனும் உடைத்தாயின் இல்வாழ்க்கை
பண்பும் பயனும் அது.

பாடலின் பொருள்: இல்வாழ்க்கை அன்பும், அறமும் உடையதாக விளங்குமானால், அந்த வாழ்க்கையின் பண்பும் பயனும் அதுவே ஆகும். அணிப்பொருத்தம். இக்குறளில் அன்பும் அறனும் என்ற சொற்களை வரிசையாக நிறுத்தி, பண்பும் பயனும் என்ற சொற்களை முறைப்படக் கூறியுள்ளமையால், இது நிரல் நிறை அணி ஆகும்.

பகுதி – IV (மதிப்பெண்கள்: 25)

அனைத்து வினாக்களுக்கும் விடையளிக்க. [5 x 5 = 25]

Question 38.
(அ) முல்லைப் பாட்டில் உள்ள கார்காலச் செய்திகளை விவரித்து எழுதுக.
Answer:
முன்னுரை:
தமிழர்கள் இயற்கையோடு இயைந்த வாழ்வைக் கொண்டிருந்தனர் மழைக்காலத்தில் அவர்கள் வாழ்வை எதிர்கொள்கிற இயல்பு இலக்கியத்தில் பதிவு செய்யப்பட்டிருக்கிறது.

மழை பொழியும் காட்சி :
வலம்புரிச்சங்கு பொறித்த கைகளையுடைய திருமால், குறுகிய வடிவம் கொண்டு மாவலி மன்னன் நீர் வார்த்துத் தரும்பொழுது, மண்ணுக்கும் விண்ணுக்குமாகப் பேருருவம் எடுத்து உயர்ந்து நிற்பது போன்றுள்ளது மழைமேகம். அம்மேகம், ஒலிக்கும் கடலின் குளிர்நீரைப் பருகிப் பெருந்தோ கொண்டு , வலமாய் எழுந்து, மலையைச் சூழ்ந்து, விரைந்த வேகத்துடன் பெருமழையைப் பொழிகிறது.

முதிய பெண்கள் நற்சொல் கேட்டு நின்ற காட்சி:
முதிய பெண்கள் மிகுந்த காவலையுடைய ஊர்ப்பக்கம் சென்றனர். யாழிசை போன்று ஒலிக்கும் வண்டுகள் சூழ்ந்து ஆரவாரிக்கும் நறுமணம் கொண்ட அரும்புகள், அந்த மலர்ந்த முல்லைப் பூக்களோடு நாழியில் கொண்டு வந்த நெல்லையும் சேர்த்துத் தெய்வத்தின் முன் தூவினர். பிறகு தெய்வத்தைத் தொழுது தலைவிக்காக நற்சொல் கேட்டு நின்றனர்.

முதுபெண்டிர் விரிச்சி கேட்டு நின்ற காட்சி:
சிறு தாம்புக் கயிற்றால் கட்டப்பட்ட இளங்கன்று பசியால் வாடிக்கொண்டிருந்தது. அதன் வருத்தத்தை ஓர் இடைமகள் கண்டாள். குளிர் தாங்காமல் கைகளைக் கட்டியபடி நின்ற அவள் புல்லை மேய்ந்து உன் தாய்மார் வளைந்த கத்தியை உடைய கம்பைக் கொண்ட எம் இடையர் ஓட்டிவர இப்போது வந்துவிடுவர், வருந்தாதே என்றாள்.

இது நல்ல சொல் எனக்கொண்டு முதுபெண்கள் தலைவியிடம் நற்சொல்லை நாங்கள் கேட்டோம் என்று கூறினர். இவ்வாறு தலைவன் வருகை குறித்து முதுபெண்டிர் விரிச்சி கேட்டு நின்றனர்.

முடிவுரை:
முல்லை நிலத்தின் மழைப்பொழிவையும், முல்லை மலரும் நெல்லும் தூவி முதுபெண்டிர் தெய்வத்தை வழிபட்டதையும், விரிச்சி கேட்டதையும் முல்லைப்பாட்டில் நப்பூதனார் படம் பிடித்துக் காட்டியுள்ளார்.

(அல்லது)

(ஆ) காலக்கணிதம் கவிதையில் பொதிந்துள்ள நயங்களைப் பாராட்டி எழுதுக
Answer:
கவிஞன் யானோர் காலக் கணிதம்
கருப்படு பொருளை உருப்பட வைப்பேன்!
புவியில் நானோர் புகழுடைத் தெய்வம்
பொன்னினும் விலைமிகு பொருளென் செல்வம்!
இவைசரி யென்றால் இயம்புவதென் தொழில்
இவைதவ றாயின் எதிர்ப்பதென் வேலை!
ஆக்கல் அளித்தல் அழித்தல் இம் மூன்றும்
அவனும் யானுமே அறிந்தவை, அறிக!

– கண்ணதாசன்

கருத்து:
நான் தான் காலக் கணிதன் கருப்படும் பொருளை உருப்பட வைப்பேன்! புவியில் நல்லவர்கள் பலபேர் இருக்கின்றனர். பொன்னும் விலைமிகு பொருளும் இருக்கிறது. அது செல்வம், இதுசரி, இது தவறு என்று சொல்வது என் வேலை செய்வது தவறாயின் எதிர்ப்பது என் வேலை சரி என்றால் புகழ்வது என் தொழில். ஆக்கல் காத்தல், அழித்தல் இம்மூன்றும் இறைவனும் நானும் மட்டுமே அறிந்த தொழில்களாகும்.

எதுகை: செய்யுளின் இரண்டாம் எழுத்து ஒன்றிவரத் தொடுப்பது எதுகை
கவிஞன், புவியில்

மோனை: செய்யுளில் முதல் எழுத்து ஒன்றிவரத் தொடுப்பது மோனை.
கவிஞன், காலம், கணிதம், கருப்படு

முரண் : சரி தவறு x ஆக்கல் x அழித்தல்

சொல் நயம்: கவிஞன் யானோர் காலக்
கணிதம் கருப்படு பொருளை உருப்பட வைப்பேன்

என்ற சொற்றொடர்களை அமைத்துப் பாடலுக்குச் சிறப்புச் சேர்த்துள்ளார்.

(எ.கா.) தெய்வம் எனத் தன்னைக் கூறும் கவிஞர் புகழுடைத் தெய்வம் என்ற சொற்றொடரைக் கையாளும் நயம் படித்து இன்புறத்தக்கது. பொருள் நயம்: ஆக்கல் அளித்தல் அழித்தல் இம்மூன்றும் அவனும் யானுமே அறிந்தவை என்றும் ஆழ்ந்த பொருள் சுவை உடையது (எ.கா) தன் செல்வம் எது எனக் கூற வந்த கவிஞர் பொன் விலை உயர்ந்தது. அதைக் காட்டிலும் விலை உயர்ந்த கவிதைப்பொருளே என் செல்வம் எனக் கூறியிருக்கும்.

இக்கவிதையின் பொருள் நயம் போற்றுதற்குரியது.

Question 39.
(அ) உங்கள் தெருவில் மின்விளக்குகள் பழுதடைந்துள்ளன. அதனால் இரவில் சாலையில் நடந்து சொல்வோருக்கும் வாகன ஓட்டிகளுக்கும் ஏற்படும் இடையூறுகளைக் குறிப்பிட்டு, புதிய மின்விளக்குகள் பொருத்தும்படி மின்வாரிய அலுவலருக்குக் கடிதம் எழுதுக.
Answer:

விழுப்புரம்,
18.05.2019.

அனுப்புநர்
பொது மக்கள்,
பூந்தோட்டம்,
விழுப்புரம் – 05.

பெறுநர்
மின்வாரிய இயக்குநர்,
மின்வாரிய அலுவலகம்,
பூந்தோட்டம்,
விழுப்புரம்-05.
ஐயா,

பொருள்: தெரு விளக்கு பழுதுநீக்கித் தருமாறு விண்ணப்பம் அளித்தல் – சார்பு. வணக்கம். எங்கள் பகுதியில் ஏறக்குறைய மூவாயிரம் பேர் வாழ்கிறார்கள். தெருக்களில் விளக்குகள் ஒளி வழங்குவது இல்லை. அதனால் தெருக்களில் நாய்கள் படுத்து உறங்குவது தெரியாமல் மிதித்து விடுகின்றனர். அதனால் நாய்கள் தெரு வழியே செல்வோரைக் கடித்துவிடுகின்றன. நாய் கடியினால் வருந்துவோர்களின் எண்ணிக்கை மிகுதியாக உள்ளது.

தெரு விளக்குகள் இயங்காமையால் தெருவில் நடந்து செல்வோர், விபத்துக்கும் ஆளாகின்றனர். தவிர முகமூடிக் கொள்ளையர் தொடர்ச்சியாக வீடுகளில் புகுந்து திருடிச் செல்கின்றனர். உயிர்க் கொலையும் செய்கின்றனர். தெரு விளக்குகளை விரைவாகச் சீர்செய்து எங்கள் துன்பத்தைப் போக்க ஆவன செய்யுமாறு அன்புடன் வேண்டுகிறோம்.

நன்றி

இங்ஙனம்,
உங்கள் உண்மையுள்ள,
பொதுமக்கள்.

பூந்தோட்டம்,
4.4.2019.
உறைமேல் முகவரி

பெறுநர்
மின்வாரிய இயக்குநர்,
மின்வாரிய அலுவலகம்,
பூந்தோட்டம்,
விழுப்புரம்-05.

அல்லது)

(ஆ) நாளிதழ் ஒன்றின் பொங்கல் மலரில், உழவுத் தொழிலுக்கு வந்தனை செய்வோம்’ என்ற உங்கள் கட்டுரையை வெளியிட வேண்டி, அந்நாளிதழ் ஆசிரியருக்குக் கடிதம் எழுதுக.
Answer:
அனுப்புநர் –
தெ. தண்டபாணி,
35, மேற்கு மாடவீதி,
மதுரை – 625001.

பெறுநர்
தினமணி ஆசிரியர்,
தினமணி அலுவலகம்,
எக்ஸ்பிரஸ் எஸ்டேட்,
மதுரை – 625003.

பொருள்: எனது கட்டுரையை வெளியிட வேண்டி விண்ணப்பம். ஐயா,

வணக்கம்.

இந்த ஆண்டு பொங்கல் விழா எங்கள் ஊரில் மிகச்சிறப்பாக நடைப்பெற்றது. நான்கு நாட்கள் நடைபெற்ற நிகழ்வுகள் அனைவரையும் மிகவும் கவர்ந்தன. அதன் தொடர்பாக நான் “உழவுக்கும் தொழிலுக்கும் வந்தனை செய்வோம்” என்னும் தலைப்பில் ஒரு கட்டுரை எழுதி இருக்கிறேன். அந்தக் கட்டுரையைத் தங்களின் நாளிதழில் வெளியிடுமாறு கேட்டுக் கொள்கிறேன்.

நன்றி,
இடம் : மதுரை
தேதி 2.04.2019

இங்ஙனம்,
தங்கள் உண்மையுள்ள,
தெ. தண்டபாணி

குறிப்பு
இத்துடன் கட்டுரை இணைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.
உறைமேல் முகவரி

பெறுநர்
தினமணி ஆசிரியர்,
தினமணி அலுவலகம்,
எக்ஸ்பிரஸ் எஸ்டேட்,
மதுரை – 625003.

Question 40.
படம் உணர்த்தும் கருத்தை நயமுற நான்கு தொடர்களில் எழுதுக.

Answer:
வறியவர்க்கு ஒன்று ஈவது ஈகை
மறித்துக் கொடுக்காமல் தடுப்பது தீமை
முடிந்ததைக் கொடுப்பது மேதை
முடிந்ததைத் தடுப்பது பேதை
வாடி நிற்கும் வறியவர்க்குக் கொடுப்பது புகழ்
கொடுப்பதைத் தடுத்து நிறுத்துவது இகழ்
பாத்தாள் –

Question 41.
கீழ்க்காணும் படிவத்தை நிரப்புக.
Answer:

நூலக உறுப்பினர் படிவம்

மதுரை மாவட்ட நூலக ஆணைக்குழு
மைய / கிளை / ஊர்ப்புற நூலகம் மைய நூலகம்.

உறுப்பினர் சேர்க்கை அட்டை)
அட்டை எண் – உறுப்பினர் எண் 567

• பெயர் – கந்தன்
• தந்தை பெயர் – ஆறுமுகம்
• பிறந்த தேதி – 06.06.2005
• வயது – 14
• படிப்பு – பத்தாம் வகுப்பு
• தொலைபேசி எண் – 98678 64590
• முகவரி – 35 அம்மன் கோயில் தெரு

(அஞ்சல் குறியீட்டு எண்ணுடன்) 5 வது தெரு, மேலவீதி, மதுரை – 625002.

அ. கந்தன் நூலகத்தில் உறுப்பினராகப் பதிவு செய்ய இத்துடன் காப்புத்தொகை ரூ 100 சந்தா தொகை ரூ. 100 ஆக மொத்தம் ரூ 200 ரொக்கமாகச் செலுத்துகிறேன். நூலக நடைமுறை மற்றும் விதிகளுக்குக் கட்டுப்படுகிறேன் என உறுதியளிக்கிறேன்.

இடம் : மதுரை
நாள் : 24.5.2019

தங்கள் உண்மையுள்ள
அ. கந்தன்

திரு திருமதி செல்வி / செல்வன் அ. கந்தன் அவர்களை எனக்கு நன்கு தெரியும் எனச் சான்று அளிக்கிறேன்.

அலுவலக முத்திரை

தீபா
பிணைப்பாளர் கையொப்பம்
(பதவி மற்றும் அலுவலகம்)
(மாநில மைய அரசு அதிகாரிகள், கல்லூரி முதல்வர்கள் பேராசிரியர்கள், உயர் / மேல்நிலைப்பள்ளி தலைமை ஆசிரியர்கள், சட்டமன்ற / நாடாளுமன்ற
உறுப்பினர்கள், நகராட்சி/மாநகராட்சி ஒன்றிய பேரூராட்சி உறுப்பினர்கள்)

Question 42.
அ நாம் எப்போதும் ஒரே மனநிலையில் இருப்பதில்லை. நம்மைச் சுற்றி நிகழும் செயல்களால் நாம் அலைக்கழிக்கப்படுகிறோம். உடன்பயில்பவருடனோ, உடன் பிறந்தவருடனோ எதிர்பாராமல் சச்சரவு ஏற்படுகிறது……. இந்தச் சமயத்தில் சினம் கொள்ளத் தக்க சொற்களைப் பேசுகிறோம்; கேட்கிறோம், கைகலப்பில் ஈடுபடுகிறோம். இதுகாறும் கற்ற அறங்கள் நமக்குக் கைகொடுக்க வேண்டாமா? மாணவ நிலையில் நாம் பின்பற்ற வேண்டிய அறங்களும் அதனால் ஏற்படும் நன்மைகளையும் வரிசைப்படுத்தி எழுதுக.
Answer:

(அல்ல து)
மொழிபெயர்க்க.
Among the five geographical divisions of the Tamil country in Sangam literature, the Marutam region was the fit for cultivation, as it had the most fertile lands. The property of a farmer depended on getting the necessary sunlight, seasonal rains and the fertility of the soil. Among these elements of nature, sunlight was considered indispensable by the ancient Tamils.

விடை: சங்க இலக்கியங்களில் இடம் பெற்ற தமிழ்நாட்டின் 5 புவியியல் பாகுபாட்டின்படி, மருத நிலப் பகுதியே பயிரிடுவதற்குச் செழுமையான பகுதியாகக் கருதப்பட்டது. விவசாயியின் சொத்து அங்கு கிடைக்கும் வெயில், பருவ மழை மற்றும் நிலத்தின் செழுமையைச் சார்ந்திருந்தது. இயற்கையில் கிடைக்கும் மூலக்கூறுகளில் சூரிய ஒளியே இன்றியமையாததாகப் பழந்தமிழர்களால் கருதப்பட்டது.

பகுதி – V (மதிப்பெண்கள் : 24) 

அனைத்து வினாக்களுக்கும் விரிவாக விடையளிக்க. [3 x 8 = 24]

Question 43.
(அ) மலர்ந்தும் மலராத பாதிமலர் போல
Answer:
வளரும் விழி வண்ணமே – வந்து
விடிந்தும் விடியாத காலைப் பொழுதாக
விளைந்த கலை அன்னமே
நதியில் விளையாடி கொடியில் தலைசீவி
நடந்த இளந் தென்றலே – வளர்
பொதிகை மலை தோன்றி மதுரை நகர் கண்டு
பொலிந்த தமிழ் மன்றமே –
கவிஞர் கண்ணதாசனின் இப்பாடலில் தவழும் காற்றையும் கவிதை நயத்தையும் பாராட்டி உரைசெய்க.

முன்னுரை:
இயற்கையின் கூறுகளில் காற்றின் பங்கு கூடுதலானது எங்கும் நிறைந்திருப்பது உயிர்களின் உயிர் மூச்சுக் காற்றைக் கண்களால் காண முடியாது. மெய்யால் மட்டுமே உணரக்கூடியது காற்று நம்மை மெல்லத் தொட்டுச் சென்றால் தென்றல் எனப்படுகிறது. கோவா மக்களை கரைக்கதை மாதிரி வினாத்தாள் -4 – 71

தென்றல் காற்று :
தெற்கிலிருந்து வீசுவதால் தென்றல் காற்று எனப்படுகிறது. மரம், செடி, கொடி, ஆறு, மலை, பள்ளத்தாக்கு எனப் பல தடைகளைத் தாண்டி வருவதால் வேகம் குறைந்து இதமான இயல்பு கொள்கிறது. இந்த மென்காற்றை இளந்தென்றல் என்பர்.

இலக்கியத்தில் தென்றல்:
தென்றல் காற்று பலவித மலர்களின் நறுமணத்தை அள்ளி வரும் பொழுது கூடவே வண்டுகளையும் அழைத்து வருவதால் இளங்கோவடிகள் ” வண்டொடு புக்க மணவாய்த் தென்றல்” என நயம்பட உரைக்கிறார். பலபட்டடைச் சொக்கநாதப் புலவர் எழுதிய பத்மகிரிநாதர் தென்றல் விடு தூது என்னும் சிற்றிலக்கியத்தில்.

“நந்தமிழும் தண்பொருநை நன்னதியும் சேர் பொருப்பிற்
செந்தமிழின் பின்னுதித்த தென்றலே”

என தென்றலை பெண்ணொருத்தி அன்போடு அழைக்கிறாள்.

கண்ணதாசனின் கவிதை நயம்:
முழுவதும் மலராத மலர் மணத்தையும் அழகையும் கூட்டி வைத்திருக்கும். அம்மலரைப்போல வளரும் கண்ணின் வண்ணமே எனவும் விடிந்தும் விடியாத குளிர்ந்த காலை நேரத்தில் தோன்றிய கலை அன்னமே எனவும், நதியில் விளையாடி கொடிகளில் பாய்ந்து தலை சீவி தவழ்ந்து நடந்து வருகின்ற இளம் தென்றலே எனவும், பொதிகை மலையில் அகத்தியரால் வளர்க்கப்பட்டு மதுரை தமிழ் சங்கங்களில் அழகாய் வளர்ந்த தமிழே எனவும் குழந்தையைக் கண்ணதாசன் பாடுகிறார்.

முடிவுரை:
இவ்வாறாக இலக்கியப் படைப்புகளிலும் திரையிசைப் பாடல்களிலும் தென்றல் காற்று இன்றளவும் நீங்கா இடம் பெற்றுள்ளது. மென்துகிலாய் உடல் வருடி மாயங்கள் செய்வது தென்றல் காற்றேயாகும்.

(அல்லது)

(ஆ) நிகழ்கலை வடிவங்கள் – அவை நிகழும் இடங்கள் – அவற்றின் ஒப்பனைகள் – சிறப்பும் பழைமையும் – இத்தகைய மக்கள் கலைகள் அருகிவருவதற்கான காரணங்கள் – அவற்றை வளர்த்தெடுக்க நாம் செய்ய வேண்டுவன – இவை குறித்து நாளிதழுக்கான தலையங்கம் எழுதுக. நிகழ்கலை வடிவங்கள் நிலைக்குமா?!
Answer:
கண்ணுக்குக் காட்சியையும் சிந்தைக்குக் கருத்தினையும் தருவன. கருத்துடன் கலைத்திறனை நோக்காகக் கொண்டு காலவெள்ளத்தைக் கடந்து நிற்பன ஆடல், பாடல், இசை , நடிப்பு ஒப்பனை உரையாடல் வழியாக மக்களை மகிழ்வடையச் செய்வன. சமூகப் பண்பாட்டுத்தளத்தின் கருத்துக் கருவூலமாக விளங்குவன. நுட்பமான உணர்வுகளின் உறைவிடமாக இருப்பன. அவை யாவை? அவை தாம் மக்கள் பண்பாட்டின் பதிவுகளான நிகழ்கலைகள்.

சிற்றூர் மக்களின் வாழ்வியல் நிகழ்வுகளில் பிரித்துப் பார்க்க இயலாக் கூறுகளாகத் திகழ்வை நிகழ்கலைகள். இவை மக்களுக்கு மகிழ்ச்சியெனும் கனி கொடுத்துக் கவலையைப் போக்குகின்றன. சமுதாய நிகழ்வுகளின் ஆவணங்களாகவும் செய்திகளைத் தரும் ஊடகங்களாகவும் திகழ்கின்றன. பழந்தமிழ் மக்களின் கலை, அழகியல், புதுமை ஆகியவற்றின் எச்சங்களை அறிவதற்குத் தற்காலத்தில் நிகழ்த்தப்படும் கலைகள் துணை செய்கின்றன.

நிகழ்கலைகள் ஊரக மக்களின் வாழ்வில் இரண்டறக் கலந்திருக்கின்றன. இவை கற்றோராலும் மற்றோராலும் விரும்பப்படும் கலைகளாக உள்ளன. உழைப்பாளிகளின் உணர்வுகளாக உள்ளன. மக்களின் எண்ண வெளிப்பாடாக, வாழ்க்கையைக் காட்டும் கண்ணாடியாக, மக்களின் சமய வழிபாட்டிலும் வாழ்வியல் நிகழ்வுகளிலும் பிரிக்க முடியாத பண்பாட்டுக் கூறுகளாக விளங்குகின்றன.

நிகழ்கலைகளை வளரச் செய்வோம். என்றும் அழியாமல் நிலைக்கச் செய்வோம்.

Question 44.
(அ) அன்னமய்யா என்னும் பெயருக்கும் அவரின் செயலுக்கும் உள்ள பொருத்தப்பாட்டினைக் கோபல்லபுரத்து மக்கள் கதைப்பகுதி கொண்டு விவரிக்க. கதைக்கரு : கிராமத்து மனிதர்கள் காட்டும் விருந்தோம்பல், பகிர்ந்து கொடுக்கிற நேயம்.
Answer:
கதைமாந்தர்கள் :

• சுப்பையா
• கிராமத்து மக்கள்
• அன்னமய்யா
• மணி

முன்னுரை: கிராமத்து வெள்ளந்தி மனிதர்கள் காட்டும் விருந்தோம்பல் இயல்பான வரவேற்பும் எளிமையான உணவும் பசித்த வேளையில் வந்தவர்களுக்குத் தம்மிடம் இருப்பதைப் பகிர்ந்து கொடுக்கிற மனித நேயம் ஆகியவற்றை இக்கதைப்பகுதி எடுத்துக் கூறுகிறது.

கிராமத்து காட்சி :
அதிகாலை நேரத்தில் பாச்சல் அருகு எடுத்து முடித்துவிட்டுக் காலைக் கஞ்சியைக் குடிக்க உட்காரும் வேளையில் அன்னமய்யா யாரோ ஒரு சன்னியாசியைக் கூட்டிக் கொண்டு வருவதைக் கண்டான் சுப்பையா வரட்டும் வரட்டும். ஒரு வயிற்றுக்குக் கஞ்சி ஊற்றி நாமும் குடிப்போம் என்றார். கொத்தாளி அந்தப் புஞ்சை சாலையோரத்தில் இருந்ததால் தேசாந்திரிகள் வந்து இவர்களிடம் தண்ணீரோ, கஞ்சியோ சாப்பிட்டு விட்டுப் போவது வழக்கம்.

அன்னமய்யா கண்ட காட்சி :
நடக்க முடியாமல் உட்கார்ந்து உட்கார்ந்து எழுந்திருந்து ஆயாசமாக மெதுவாக நடந்து வந்து தாடியும் அழுக்கு ஆடையும் தள்ளாட்டமுமாக நடந்து வந்து கொண்டிருந்தவனைப் பார்க்கும் போது வயோதிகனாகவும் சாமியாரைப்போலவும் எண்ண வைத்தது. தற்செயலாக இவனைக்கண்ட அன்னமய்யா அவன் அருகில் சென்று பார்த்த பிறகுதான் தெரிந்தது அவன் ஒரு வாலிபன் என்று, கால்களை நீட்டி புளிய மரத்தில் சாய்ந்து உட்கார்ந்திருந்த அவனை நெருங்கிப் பார்த்தபோது பசியால் அவன் முகம் வாடிப்போயிருந்தது.

அன்னமய்யாவின் செயல்:
பசியால் வாடிப்போயிருந்த அவன் முகத்தில் தீட்சணியம் தெரிந்தது தன்னைப் பார்த்து ஒரு நேசப்புன்னகை காட்டிய அந்த வாலிப மனிதனைப் பார்த்துக்கொண்டே நின்றான் அன்னமய்யா. குடிக்கக் கொஞ்சம் தண்ணீர் கிடைக்குமா? என்ற அவனைத் தன்னோடு மெதுவாக நடக்க வைத்து அழைத்துச் சென்றான் அன்னமய்யா.

அன்னமய்யாவின் விருந்தோம்பல் :
வேப்பமரத்தின் அடியில் ஏகப்பட்ட மண் கலயங்கள் இருந்தன. அதில் அன்னமய்யா ஒரு கலயத்தின் மேல் வைக்கப்பட்ட கல்லை அகற்றிச் சிரட்டையைத் துடைத்துச் சுத்தப்படுத்தி அந்த கலயத்தில் பதனமான வடித்த நீரை அவனிடம், உறிஞ்சி குடிங்க எனக் கொடுத்தான். உட்கார்ந்து குடிங்க என்று உபசரித்தான்.

பிறகு கலயத்தைச் சுற்றி ஆட்டியதும் தெளிவு மறைந்து சோற்றின் மகுளி மேலே வந்ததும் வார்த்துக் கொடுத்தான். பிறகு அன்னமய்யா அந்த புது ஆளைச் சுப்பையாவின் வயலுக்கு அழைத்துச் சென்று கம்மஞ்சோற்றைச் சாப்பிட வைத்தான். அந்த வாலிபன் அன்னமய்யா என்ற பெயரை மனசுக்குத் திருப்பித் திருப்பிச் சொல்லிப் பார்த்துக் கொண்டான். எவ்வளவு பொருத்தம் என்று நினைத்துக் கொண்டான்.

முடிவுரை:
வந்தவனுக்கு எப்படி ஒரு நிறைவு ஏற்பட்டதோ அதை விட மேலான ஒரு நிறைவு அன்னமய்யாவுக்கு ஏற்பட்டது. வயிறு நிறைந்ததும் தூங்கிவிடும் குழந்தையைப் பார்ப்பது போல அவனை ஒரு பிரியத்தோடு பார்த்துக் கொண்டிருந்தான் அன்னமய்யா

(அல்லது)

(ஆ) மங்கையராய்ப் பிறப்பதற்கே….. எனும் தலைப்பில் எம்.எஸ்.சுப்புலெட்சுமி பற்றிய உனது கருத்தை சுருக்கமாக எழுதுக.
Answer:
முகில் நாச்சி (எம். எஸ். சுப்புலட்சுமி):
எம். எஸ். சுப்புலட்சுமி தமிழரின் பெருமையை உலக அரங்கான ஐ.நா. அவையில் பரப்பும் வகையில் அங்குத் தமிழ்நாட்டின் செவ்வியல் இசையைப் பாடியவர், காற்றினிலே வரும் கீதமாய் மக்கள் மனதில் நீங்கா இடம் பெற்றவர், இசைப்பேரரசி என்று நேரு பெருமகனாரால் அழைக்கப்பட்டவர் எம். எஸ். சுப்புலட்சுமி.

தாழம்பூ குங்குமமிட்ட மலர்ச்சியான முகம், புன்னகை தவழ… நீலப்பட்டுப்புடவையின் ஒளியில் … வெள்ளிக்கம்பிகள் மின்னுவதுபோல் தலைமுடியில் இடையிடையே வெள்ளை முடி… கையில் ஒலி வாங்கி…. தம்புரா சுருதி கூட்ட ராகமாலிகாவில் குறையொன்று மில்லை மறைமூர்த்தி கண்ணா குறையொன்று மில்லை கோவிந்தா…. என்று இசைத்தார்.

வீணைக் கலைஞரான அவரின் தாயே அவருக்கு முதல் குரு. பத்து வயதில் இசைத்தட்டுக்காகப் பாடலைப் பாடிப் பதிவு செய்தவர். இசை மேதைகளின் வழிகாட்டுதல்களில் தன்னை வளர்த்துக் கொண்டவர். ஐந்தாம் வகுப்பு வரைதான் கல்வி பயில வாய்ப்புக் கிட்டியது. பதினேழு வயதில் சென்னை மியூசிக் அகாதெமியில் மேதைகள் பலர் முன்பு கச்சேரி செய்து பாராட்டைப் பெற்றவர்.

அவருக்கு மீரா திரைப்படம் மிகப்பெரிய வெற்றியைத் தந்தது. அது அவரது கடைசித் திரைப்படமாகவும் அமைந்தது. இந்தியா முழுவதிலும் உள்ள பலரின் பாராட்டுகளையும் பெற்றார். காற்றினிலே வரும் கீதம், பிருந்தாவனத்தில் கண்ணன் முதலிய பாடல்களுக்கு மிகப்பெரிய வரவேற்புக் கிடைத்தது. ஜவஹர்லால் நேரு , சரோஜினி நாயுடு போன்ற பெரியோர்களால் பாராட்டப்பட்டவர்.

ஒருமுறை காந்தியடிகளைத் தில்லியில் சந்தித்தபோது ‘இரகுபதி இராகவ இராஜாராம்’ என்ற பாடலைப் பாடினார். அவரைப் பாராட்டிய அண்ணல், மீரா எழுதிய பாடல் ஒன்றைக் குறிப்பிட்டுப் பாடச் சொன்னார். பின் சிறிது நாள்களில் முனைந்து அந்தப் பாடலைக் கற்றுப் பயிற்சி செய்தார். சென்னை வானொலி, 1947 இல் காந்தியடிகளின் பிறந்த நாளன்று அப்பாடலை ஒலிபரப்பியது. அப்பாடல் ஹரிதும் ஹரோ’ என்னும் மீரா பஜன்.

1954 இல் அவர் தாமரையணி விருது பெற்றபோது, தன்னைத் தொட்டுத் தடவிப் பாராட்டிய பார்வையிழந்த ஹெலன் கெல்லரை தன்னால் மறக்கமுடியாது என்கிறார். 1963இல் இங்கிலாந்திலும் 1966இல் ஐ.நா. அவையிலும் பாடினார். இதே ஆண்டில் அவரின் குரலில் பதிவு செய்யப்பட்ட வெங்கடேச சுப்ரபாதம் திருப்பதியில் ஒலிக்கத்தொடங்கியது.

1974 இல் நோபல் பரிசுக்கு இணையான மகசேசே விருது அவர் இசைக்குக் கிடைத்த மகுடம். இவ்விருது பெறும் முதல் இசைக்கலைஞராகவும் ஆனார். தமிழ், தெலுங்கு, கன்னடம், சமஸ்கிருதம், மலையாளம், இந்தி, மராத்தி, குஜராத்தி ஆகிய இந்திய மொழிகளிலும் ஆங்கிலத்திலும் கூடப் பாடியுள்ளார். இந்தியா, மிக உயரிய விருதான இந்திய மாமணி’ விருதளித்து அவரைச் சிறப்பித்தது.

அவருடைய பல இசைக் கக்சேரிகள் ஏதாவது ஒரு அமைப்பின் நன்கொடைக்காக நடந்தவை என்பது பெரும் மகிழ்வை அளிக்கிறது.

Question 45.
(அ) குமரிக் கடல் முனையையும் வேங்கட மலைமுகட்டையும் எல்லையாகக் கொண்ட
தென்னவர் திருநாட்டிற்குப் புகழ் தேடித்தந்த பெருமை தகைசால் தமிழன்னையைச் சாரும்.
Answer:
எழில்சேர் கன்னியாய் என்றும் திகழும் அவ்வன்னைக்கு பிள்ளைத் தமிழ் பேசி, சதகம் சமைத்து, பரணி பாடி, கலம்பகம் கண்டு, உலா தந்து, அந்தாதி கூறி, கோவை யாத்து இவற்றையெல்லாம் அணியாகப் பூட்டி, அழகூட்டி அகம்மிக மகிழ்ந்தனர் செந்நாப் புலவர்கள். இக்கருத்துகளைக் கருவாகக் கொண்டு சான்றோர் வளர்த்த தமிழ்’ என்னும் தலைப்பில் கட்டுரை எழுதுக.

சான்றோர் வளர்த்த தமிழ்

முன்னுரை:
கல் தோன்றி மண் தோன்றாக் காலத்தே முன்தோன்றி மூத்த தமிழ்’ என்னும் பழைமையுடைய செந்தமிழ் மொழியை உயர்தனிச் செம்மொழி’ என்று வரையறுத்தவர் பரிதிமாற் கலைஞர் என்று பலராலும் போற்றப்படும் வி. கோ.

சூரிய நாராயண சாஸ்திரியார் ஆவார். அகத்தியர் வளர்த்த தமிழ்’ பொதியமலைத் தமிழ் போன்ற தொடர்கள் தமிழின் பழைமையை விளக்கும் சான்றுகளாகும். உயர் தனி, செம்மை என்ற மூன்று அடைமொழிகள் கொண்டு தமிழ் விளங்கக் காரணம் என்ன என்பதைக் காண்பதே இக்கட்டுரையின் நோக்கம்.

பொருளுரை தொன்மை :
குமரிக்கண்டம் எனப்பட்ட லெமூரியாக் கண்டத்திலுள்ள மக்கள் பேசிய மொழி தமிழ் என்பது எலியர் கருத்து. மனித இனம் எப்போது தோன்றியதோ அப்போது தோன்றியது தமிழ் உலக மொழிகளுள் பழைமையும் இலக்கிய இலக்கண வளமும் உடையவை கிரேக்கம், இலத்தீன், சீனம், அரபு, சமஸ்கிருதம், தமிழ் என்பன. பிற மொழிகள் காலவெள்ளத்தில் சிதைந்து மாறுபட்டு விளங்குகின்றன. பத்தாயிரம் ஆண்டு கட்டு முன்பே பேசப்பட்டும், இன்றும் அழியாமல் நிலைத்து நிற்கும் சிறப்பான தன்மை தமிழ் மொழிக்கு அமைந்த பண்பு எனலாம்.

உயர்மொழி :
தான் பேசப்படும் நாட்டிலுள்ள பலமொழிகளுக்கும் தலைமையும், அவற்றைவிட மேன்மைத்தன்மையும் உள்ள மொழியே, உயர்மொழி எனப்படும் என்று கூறுவார் பரிதிமாற்மலைஞர். இதன்படி பார்த்தால் திராவிட மொழிகளாகிய தெலுங்கு, கன்னடம், மலையாளம், துளு ஆகிய மொழிகளுக்கு எல்லாம் தலைமையும் மேன்மையும் பெற்றிருப்பதால் தமிழ் உயர்மொழியே ஆகும்.

தமிழ் – தனிமொழி:
தான் வழங்கும் நாட்டிலுள்ள மற்றைய மொழிகளின் உதவியில்லாமல் தனித்தியங்க வல்ல ஆற்றலுடைய மொழி ‘தனிமொழி’ எனப்படும். பிறமொழிகளுக்குச் செய்யும் உதவி மிகுந்தும், பிற மொழிகள் தனக்குச் செய்யும் உதவி குறைந்தும் காணப்படுவது நம் தமிழ்மொழியில் மட்டுமே. பிற மொழிகளின் உதவி இல்லாமல் தனித்தியங்கும் ஆற்றல் பெற்றிருப்பதால் தமிழ் மொழி ‘த எனப்படும்.

தமிழ் – செம்மொழி :
‘திருந்திய பண்பும், சீர்த்த நாகரிகம் பெற்ற தூய்மொழி புகல் செம்மொழியாகும்’ என்பது செம்மொழியின் இலக்கணம். இவ்வரையறை தமிழ் மொழிக்கும் பொருந்துகிறது. தமிழ் மொழியினுள் இடர்ப்பட்ட சொல் முடிவுகளும், தெளிவற்ற பொருள் முடிவுகளும் இல்லை. சொல்லையும் சொல்லுபவன் கருதிய பொருளைக் கேட்பவன் தெளிவாக உணர முடியும் பழையன கழிதலும் புதியன புகுதலும் என்பதைத் தமிழ்மொழி இன்றளவும் ஏற்றிருப்பதால் ‘தமிழ் செம்மொழி

ஆகும். தமிழின் பொதுப்பண்பு:
மேலநாட்டு அறிஞர்களான போப், கால்டுவெல், வீரமாமுனிவர் போன்றவர் தமிழினைக்கற்று இலக்கியத்திற்கு வளம் சேர்த்தனர். மதம், மொழி, இனம், நிறம், கடந்து ‘யாதும் ஊரே யாவரும் கேளிர்’ என்று முதல் முழக்கமிட்டது தமிழ் மொழியே ஆகும். உண்பது அமிழ்தமே ஆயினும் தனியராய் உண்ணோம் என்று உணர்த்தினவர் தமிழர்.

“தீதும் நன்றும் பிறர்தர வாரா” பிறப்பொக்கும் எல்லா உயிர்க்கும்; உண்பது நாழி ; உடுப்பவை இரண்டே போன்ற உயர்ந்த சிந்தனைகளை உலகுக்கு உணர்த்தியது தமிழ் இல்வாழ்வையும், புறவாழ்வையும் அகம், புறம் என்று பிரித்து குறிஞ்சி, முல்லை மருதம், நெய்தல், பாலை என்று ஐவகை நிலம் வகுத்து, முதல், கரு, உரிப்பொருள் வகுத்து இலக்கியம் கண்டு இலக்கணம் இயம்பியது நம் செந்தமிழ் மொழியாகும்.

அரசின் கடமை :
மூவாயிரம் ஆண்டுகள் பழைமை வாய்ந்த தமிழைச் செம்மொழியாக அறிவித்தால் பிற நாட்டவர் தமிழ்மொழியைப் பயில்வர். நம் செந்தமிழ் இலக்கியம், இலக்கணம் பிற மொழியாளர்களால் ஆராயப்படும். தமிழ் உலகம் முழுவதும் ஏற்றம் பெற்று புதிய நூல்கள் ஆக்கம் பெறும். உலக அளவில் உயரிய மதிப்பு கூடும். மொழிக் களஞ்சியங்களில் தமிழ்க்கலை வெளிப்படும். முடிவுரை.

தமிழைச் செம்மொழி ஆக்கியதோடு மட்டுமன்றி வணிகத் துறையை எட்டிப்பிடித்துச் செல்வ மொழியாகவும் மாற்றிட வழிவகை செய்ய வேண்டும்.

(அல்லது)

(ஆ) குறிப்புகளைப் பயன்படுத்தி சாரணர் இயக்கம் குறித்து கட்டுரை எழுதுக. முன்னுரை – இயக்கம் – சின்னம் – பழக்கம் – பயிற்சிகளும் வழிமுறைகளும் – ஆக்கம் முடிவுரை.

முன்னுரை:
குருவியின் தலையில் பனம் பழமா! என்று எண்ணாது சின்னஞ்சிறு மீன்கள் கூட்டம் நினைத்தால் ஒரு கப்பலையே மூழ்கடித்து விடும் என்பதே சாரண இயக்கத் தத்துவமாகும். இவ்வியக்கத்தை இங்கிலாந்து நாட்டைச் சேர்ந்த பேடன் பவுல் (1857 – 1941) என்பவர் தோற்றுவித்தார்.

ஒரு சமயம் தென்னாப்பிரிக்காவுக்கும் போயருக்கும் இடையிலான போரில் லெப்டினண்ட்டாக விளங்கினார். போர்க்காலத்தில் சின்னஞ்சிறுவர்களுக்கு (12-17) பயிற்சி கொடுத்தால் முதலுதவி போன்றவை செய்யலாமே என்று எண்ணி சிந்தனையோடு நில்லாமல் செயலிலும் இறங்கினார்.

சிறுவர்களைப் பல குழுக்களாகப் பிரித்து, குழுக்களுக்குப் பறவை, விலங்கு இவற்றின் பெயர்களிட்டு போர்க்களத்தில் செல்லும் முறை, முதலுதவி செய்தல், ஒற்றாடல் போன்ற பயிற்சியளித்தார். பயிற்சிகளுக்குப்பின் சிறுவர்களின் விரைவான செயலாக்கமும், கூர்த்த மதியும் பெருமளவு பயனைத் தந்தது.

போருக்குப் பின்பு தன்னுடைய பதவியைத் துறந்து ‘சிறுவர் சாரணியம்’ என்றும் நூலை எழுதினார். 1908ல் மாணவர்களுக்கான சாரண இயக்கத்தையும், 1910ல் மாணவியருக்கான சாரணிய இயக்கத்தையும் தோற்றுவித்தார்.

இயக்கம் :
இந்தியாவில் இதனைக் கொண்டுவரும் பொருட்டு அன்னி பெசண்ட் அம்மையார் (1847 – 1933) அவர்கள் 1917ல் சாரண – சாரணிய இயக்கத்தைக் கொண்டு வந்தார். மாணவர்களுக்கு இவ்வியக்கமானது ஒற்றுமையை, கடமை தவறாமையை, உதவி செய்தலை வளர்க்கும் என உறுதியாக நம்பினார். அந்நம்பிக்கை வீண்போகாது. இன்று சாரண இயக்கமானது உயரிய அளவில் விளங்குகிறது.

சின்னம் :
ஒவ்வொரு இயக்கமும் தமக்கென ஒரு சின்னத்தோடு திகழும். சாரண இயக்கத்திற்கும் தனி சின்னம் உள்ளது. ஒவ்வொரு சாரண-சாரணியரும் அதனை அணிந்திருத்தல் அவசியமாகும். காக்கிச் சீருடையில் கழுத்தில் நீலநிற ஸ்கார்ஃப் அணிவர். ஸ்கார்ஃப்பானது கீழே விழாவண்ணம் பேட்ஜ் சொருகி வைத்திடுவர். மேலும் பெல்ட்டும், தொப்பியும், கேன்வாஸ் ஷூவும் அணிவது அவசியமாகும்.

பழக்கம் :
சாரணர் ஒருவரையொருவர் காணும் போது வலது கையால் வணக்கத்தைத் தெரிவிப்பர். அதுவும் சிறு விரலைப் பெரு விரலால் பிடித்து மூவிரலை நெற்றியில் வைத்து வணக்கம் தெரிவிப்பது வழக்கம். மேலும் கை குலுக்கும் போது இதயத்தின் பிரதிபலிப்பாய் இடது கை கொண்டே கை குலுக்க வேண்டும்.

பயிற்சிகளும் வழிமுறைகளும்:
மாணவர்களுக்கு விடுமுறை நாட்களில் பயிற்சி தரப்படுகிறது. வெளியூர்களில் முகாமிட்டு பயிற்சிகளும் அளிக்கப்படுவதுண்டு. பயிற்சி பல்வேறு விதங்களில் அமைந்திருக்கும். முதலுதவி செய்தல், கயிறு ஏறுதல், மரம் நடுதல், வளாகங்களைச் சீர்படுத்துதல், சாலை விதிகளை அறிதல் எனப் பயனுள்ள வகைகளில் பயிற்சி பெறுவர். பல்வேறு நட்புகளை முகாம்களின் போது பெறுவர்.

பயிற்சியின் முடிவில் விளையாட்டுப் போட்டிகள், கலை நிகழ்ச்சிகள் இவை நடத்தப்படும். போட்டிகளில் முதலில் வரும் மூவர்களுக்கு சான்றிதழ்களும், பரிசுகளும் வழங்கப்படுகிறது.

ஆக்கம் :
பயிற்சி முடித்த சாரணர்கள் பயிற்சியுடன் நில்லாது தொண்டுகளும் புரிவர். விழாக்களில் மக்களை வழிநடத்தும் பணியிலும், சாலைகளைச் சீரமைக்கும் பணியிலும், ஊர்களில் மரங்களை நடுதலிலும், வளாகங்களைச் சுத்தப்படுத்துதலிலும் குழுவாகச் செயல்படும் இவர்களது பணியை அடுக்கிக் கொண்டே போகலாம்.

குழுவாக இல்லாமல் வீடுகளில் தனியாக இருந்தாலும் பிறருக்கு பாம்பு, தீ, தண்ணீர் இவற்றால் துன்பம் ஏற்படும்போது முதலுதவி செய்து காப்பாற்றவும் செய்கின்றனர்.

முடிவுரை:
சாரணர் இயக்கம் சிறுவர்களுக்கான இயக்கமாக இருந்தாலும், அவர்களைச் சிகரங்களுக்கு அழைத்துச் செல்பவையாகும். ஒற்றுமையின் விளைநிலமாகத் திகழ்கின்றனர். இங்கு தூவப்படும் விதைகள் சமுதாய எழுச்சிக்கு வழிகாட்டும் என்பதில் ஐயமில்லை . வளரட்டும் சாரணர் இயக்கம். தொடரட்டும் அவர்களது பணிகள்.

Students can Download Social Science Civics Term 3 Chapter 1 Public and Private Sectors Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 8th Social Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 8th Social Science Economics Solutions Term 3 Chapter 1 Public and Private Sectors

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Social Science Economics Public and Private Sectors Textual Evaluation

I. Choose the best answer:

Public Sector Is On Dash Motive Question 1.
The public sector in India owes its origin in the ………… Industrial policy resolution of the Government of India.
(a) 1957
(b) 1958
(c) 1966
(d) 1956
Answer:
(d) 1956

The Private Sector Is On Dash Motive Question 2.
Mixed economy is the mixture of merits of both …………
(a) Capitalism
(b) Socialism
(c) a & b are correct
(d) A & B are incorrect
Answer:
(c) a & b are correct

The Private Sector Is On Motive Question 3.
………… is governed by a company law and controlled by the Government as principal major share holders.
(a) Private Sector
(b) Joint Sector
(c) Public Sector
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Joint Sector

Private Sector Is On Dash Motive Question 4.
Steel Authority of India Ltd (SAIL) is a ………… Industry.
(a) Miniratna Industry
(b) Maharatna Industry
(c) Navaratna Industry
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Maharatna Industry

Public Sector Is On Motive Question 5.
Public sector is on ………… motive.
(a) Profit Motive
(b) Service Motive
(c) Speculative Motive
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Service

II. Fill in the Blanks:

1. The ………… and are allotted their respective roles in promoting the economic welfare of all sections of the community.
2. The private sector is on ………… motive.
3. ………… is the process of social and economic development in a society.
4. The main function of private sector is to create ………… and …………
5. The government is committed to strengthening ………… and co-operation among the citizens.

Answer:

1. Public sector and Private sector
2. profit
3. Socio Economic Development
4. Innovation and Moderisation
5. understanding

III. Match the following:

1. Think Tank – Primary Sector
2. Agriculture – Gross Domestic Product
3. Industries – NITI Aayog
4. GDP – Navaratna Industry
5. BHEL – Secondary Sector

Answer:

1. Think Tank – NITI Aayog
2. Agriculture – Primary Sector
3. Industries – Secondary Sector
4. GDP – Gross Domestic Product
5. BHEL – Navaratna Industry

IV. Which is the Odd one:

Public Sector Is An Dash Motive Question 1.
Which one of the following is not the indicator of the Socio Economic Development.
(a) Black Money
(b) Life Expectancy
(c) Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
(d) Employment
Answer:
(a) Black Money

V. Which of the following is a correct answer:

Question 1.
(i) The Industries which would be exclusively owned by the state are referred to as Schedule-A
(ii) The industries in which the private sector could supplement the efforts of the state sector, with the state taking the sole responsibility for starting new units which are specific in Schedule-B.
(iii) The remaining industries which were in the private sector are not mentioned in Schedule,

(a) All are Correct
(b) (i) and (iii) are correct
(c) (i) and (ii) are correct
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) (i) and (ii) are correct

VI. Short Answer:

Question 1.
Write short note on public sectors.
Answer:

1. The sector, which is engaged in the activities of providing government goods and services to the general public is known as Public Sector.
2. The enterprises, agencies, and bodies are fully owned, controlled and run by the government whether it is central government, state government or a local government.

Question 2.
What does the society want?
Answer:
The society wants rapid industrialization of the economy as the main key to economic development, improving living standards and
economic sovereignty.

Question 3.
Write the objectives of Public sector.
Answer:
The objectives of Public Sector:

1. To promote rapid economic development through creation and expansion of infrastructure
2. To generate financial resources for development
3. To promote redistribution of income and wealth
4. To create employment opportunities

Question 4.
What are the three organs of public sectors?
Answer:
The three organs of public sector are:

1. Administration by a Government Department
2. The Joint sector companies
3. Public Corporation

Question 5.
Name some indicators that measure socioeconomic development.
Answer:
Socioeconomic development is measured with indicators, such as GDP, life expectancy, literacy and levels of employment.

Question 6.
Write short note on Private sector.
Answer:

1. The segment of a national economy that is owned, controlled and managed by private individuals or enterprises is known as Private sector.
2. The private sector companies are divided on the basis of sizes.
3. They can be created in two ways, i.e. either by the formation of a new enterprise or by the privatization of any public sector enterprise.

Question 7.
Name any three Maratha Industries.
Answer:

1. National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC)
2. Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC)
3. Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL)

Question 8.
Name any three Major Private Sector industries.
Answer:

1. Infernos
2. Aditya Birla Company
3. Tata Group of Companies

VII. Brief Answer:

Question 1.
Explain the organs of public sector.
Answer:
1. Administration by a Government Department:

• It is very common almost in all countries.
• Example: Post and Telegraph, Railways, Port Trust, Irrigation Projects on India etc.,

2. The Joint sector companies:

• It is governed by a company law and controlled by the Government as principal major share holders.
• Example – Indian Oil Personas pvt ltd, Indian Oil Sky tanking Limited. Ratting Gas and Power Private Limited Indian Synthetic Rubber Limited.

3. Public Corporation:

• This type of organization is the establishment of public corporation by the state of the parliament of legislature.
• Example – LIC, Air India, The Reserve bank of India, Electricity Board.

Question 2.
Write briefly explain the history of public sector.
Answer:
History of Public Sector:

1. When India achieved independence in 1947, it was primarily an agricultural country with a weak industrial base. It is established for their own economic interest and rule the subcontinent with brute force.
2. The first Industrial Policy Resolution announced in 1948 laid down broad contours of the strategy of industrial development.
3. The Planning Commission was formed in March 1950 and the Industrial Act was enacted in 1951.
4. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru believed that the establishment of basic and heavy industry was fundamental to the development and modernisation of the Indian economy.
5. His vision was carried forward by Dr. V. Krishnamurthy and the Indian statistician Mahalanobis.
6. The 1991 industrial policy allowed greater freedom to the private sector and foreign direct investment was invited from business houses outside india.
7. Thus, multinational corporations gained entry into the Indian economy.
8. Thus, we have public sector units, private sector enterprises and multinational Coexisting in Indian economy.

Question 3.
Explain any five measured indicators of socioeconomic development.
Answer:
1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP):

• GDP supports in developing socio – Economic Development.
• The proportion of GDP by the industrial sector both private and public sector has been increased.
• It results increasing government funds and increase public spending.

2. Life Expectancy:

• The life expectancy in India is 65.80 years for men and 68.33 years for women.
• Government provides high degree of health measures through National Health Production Scheme and serves poor and vulnerable families.

3. Literacy:

• Sarva Siksha Abhiyan(SSA) implemented for making free and Compulsory Education to the children of 6-14 years with life skills.
• The Government also introduced RMSA, Smart class, Fleming, free computer skill classes and Digital India for increasing the level of quality in education.

4. Employment:

• A growing number of people moved urban areas in search of employment.
• Hence Government started the Smart city with many facilities to encourage people to take up employment in these places.
• The Government encourages private sectors to start an industry in backward areas by providing tax benefit electricity at a lower tariff, etc.,
• Provision of House, Clean Drinking Water and Sanitation – Government sector provides housing facilities, clean drinking water facilities and sanitary facilities under clean India Planning.

Question 4.
What are the importance of public sector?
Answer:
Public sector plays a major role in the development of any economy. It has following importance:
1. Public Sector and Capital Formation:

• The role of public sector in collecting, saving and investing them during the planning period has been very important.

2. Economic Development:

• Economic development mainly depends upon industrial development.
• Heavy and basic industries like Iron and steel, shipping, mining, etc. are required for supplying raw materials to small industries.

3. Balanced Regional Development:

• Public enterprises have developed the backward areas thereby bringing about complete transformation in the socio-economic life of the people in these regions.

4. Employment generation:

• Public sector has created millions of jobs to tackle the unemployment problem in the country.
• The number of persons employed during the year 2011 was 150 lake.

5. Export Promotion and Foreign Exchange Earnings:

• Some public enterprises have done much to promote India’s export.
• The State Trading Corporation (STC). The Minerals and Metals Trading Corporation (MMTC) have done very well in export promotion.

6. Protection to Sick Industries:

• Public sector takes over the sick industries and prevent many people from getting unemployed.
• It also prevents unnecessary locking of capital, land, building, machinery,etc.

7. Import Substitution:

• Some public sector enterprises were started specifically to save foreign exchange.
• The ONGC, the Indian Oil Corporation Ltd., the Bharat Electronics Ltd., etc., have saved foreign exchange by way of import substitution.

Question 5.
Write the Differences between public and private sector.
Answer:
Public Sector:

1. Ownership of industries is with government
2. Public Revenue Depends upon levy of taxes, on income and commodities and services
3. Public sector ensures the proper wage
4. It does not allow to concentrate huge wealth in few hands or rich people Eg – NLC, SAIL, BSNL.
5. No tax evasion
6. It is service oriented
7. Reservations are implemented. Priority is given to the socially backward people

Private Sector:

1. Ownership of industries is with private individuals
2. Issuing shares and debentures or by taking loan
3. Private sector exploits the workers.
4. It allows concentrate of huge wealth in few hands or rich people Eg-TVS Motors, Ashok Leyland, TATA Steel.
5. Tax evasion is possible
6. It is purely profit oriented
7. It does not care the socially backward class, Reservation is not followed.

Question 6.
Write the functions of private sector.
Answer:
Functions of Private Sector are given below:

1. The main function of private sector is to create innovation and modernization.
2. Develop and maintain infrastructure and services.
3. Promote and expand existing businesses.
4. Promote human capital development, to help vulnerable groups.
5. Promote small, micro and medium enterprises (SMME) through supply side measures, and demand side measures and attract investment in the city.
6. The Government has fixed a specific role to the private sector in the field of industries, trade and services sector.

VIII. Activity:
Question 1.
Life expenctancy – ability to lead a long and health life. Explain your reasons for the classification.
Answer:
Activity to be done by the students themselves

IX. Life Skills:

Question 1.
Teacher and students are discuss about the Socio – Economic Development and industrial growth and development in that locality.
Answer:
Activity to be done by the students themselves

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Social Science Economics Public and Private Sectors Additional Questions

I. Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
The public sector enables the full growth in ………………..
(a) Politics
(b) Education
(c) An Economy
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) An Economy

Question 2.
The planning Commission was formed in ………………..
(a) 1950
(b) 1947
(c) 1951
(d) 1949
Answer:
(a) 1950

Question 3.
‘The Father of Public sector undertakings in India’ denotes to ………………..
(a) Dr. V. Krishnamurthy
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Rajaji
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) Dr. V. Krishnamurthy

Question 4.
Which of the following does / do come under administration by a Government Department?
(a) Port and Telegraph
(b) Railways
(c) Irrigation projects
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Question 5.
Indian Synthetic Rubber Ltd comes under …………………
(a) Joint sector
(b) Private sector
(c) Public sector
(d) Public Corporation
Answer:
(a) Joint sector

Question 6.
National Health Production Scheme serves ………………..
(a) poor
(b) vulnerable families, none of the above
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(c) both (a) and (b)

Question 7.
The life cycle of the people increases due to ………………..
(a) Housing facilities
(b) Clean drinking water facilities
(c) Sanitary facilities
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

Question 8.
Heavy and basic industries refer to ………………..
(a) Iron and Steel
(b) Shipping
(c) Mining
(d) All of the above
Answer:
(d) All of the above

II. Fill in the blanks:

1. Mixture of capitation and socialism is called …………….
2. The sector, which is engaged in the activities of providing government goods and services to the general public is …………….
3. In 1947, India was primarily an ……………. country.
4. The first Industrial Policy resolution was announced in …………….
5. Indian statistician ……………. was instrumental to the formulation of public sector undertakings in India.
6. The 1991 industrial policy gave more freedom to the ……………. sector.
7. LIC, Air India, The Reserve Bank of India, Electricity Board come under the ……………. type of organisation.
8. NITI Aayog refers to …………….
9.  ……………. is government of India’s flagship programme.
10. National Gas Commission (ONGC) has saved foreign exchange by way of …………….
11. The largest public sector employer in India is …………….
12. Though the public sector and private sector work together for developing the country, they have ……………. goals and motives.
13. Tata group of companies come under ……………. sector.

Answer:

1. Mixed economy
2. Public sector
3. Agricultural
4. 1948
5. P.C. Mahalanobis
6. Private
7. Public Corporation
8. National Institution for Transforming India
9. Sarva Siksha Abhivan(SSA)
10. Import Substitution
11. Indian Railways
12. different
13. Private

III. Match the following:

1. FCI – (a) Sarva Siksha Abhiyan
2. NHPS – (b) State Trading Corporation
3. SSA – (c) National Aluminium Company
4. STC – (d) Food Corporation of India
5. NALCO – (e) National Health Production Scheme

Answer:

1. d
2. e
3. a
4. b
5. c

IV. Which is the Odd one:

Question 1.
(a) SAIL
(b) BHEL
(c) GAIL
(d) EIL
Answer:
(d) EIL

V. Which of the following is a correct answers:

(i) Public sector and capital formation is very important during the planning period.
(ii) Public sector undertaking have located their plants in well developed areas.
(iii) Public sector has created millions of jobs to tackle the unemployment problem in the country.

(a) All are Correct
(b) (i) and (iii) are Correct
(c) (i) and (ii) are Correct
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) (i) and (iii) are Correct]Answer in one or two sentences:

VI. Answer in one or two sentences:

Question 1.
What type of economy was promoted by Jawaharlal Nehru?
Answer:
Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru promoted an economic policy based on import substitution industrialisation and advocated a mixed economic system.

Question 2.
What is Schedule – A?
Answer:

1. The public sector in India owes its origin in the 1956 Industrial policy resolution of the Government of India.
2. It classified the industries into three categories.
3. The Industries which would be exclusively owned by the state are referred to as Schedule-A.

Question 3.
What is Schedule – B?
Answer:

1. The industries in which the private sector could supplement the efforts of the state sector.
2. The state taking the sole responsibility for starting new units which are specific in Schedule-B.

Question 4.
Explain Term NITI Aayog.
Answer:

1. NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) replaced 65 years old planning commission.
2. NITI Aayog is essentially a“Think Tank” and a truly advisory body.

Question 5.
What do you meant by the term ‘Smart City’?
Answer:

1. A growing number of people moved urban areas in search of employment.
2. Hence Government started the ‘ Smart city’ Scheme which provides the city with many facilities like hospitals, schools, housing facilities and shopping centers.

Question 6.
Explain the term ‘Navaratna’.
Answer:

1. The term Navaratna meant a talisman composed of nine precious gems.
2. Later, this term was adopted in the courts of Gupta emperor Vikramaditya and Mughal emperor Akbar as the collective name for nine extraordinary courtiers at their respective courts.

VII. Answer the following in detail:

Qustion 1.
Write about the categories of the public sector.
Answer.
Public Sector is divided into the following nine categories:

1. Public sector enterprises must supply essential infrastructure for economic development which are known as primary public utilities which include the following : Airlines, Shipping, Railways, Power Generation, Tele communication etc.
2. Public sector enterprises also to have control of the commanding heights of the economy e.g. Defence, Banks, Coalmines, Oil, Steel etc.
3. They are to play an entrepreneurial role called capital intensive industries such as Iron ore, Petro-Chemicals, Fertilizer, Mining etc.
4. Public sector enterprises under Government monopoly which includes: Telecommunication equipment, Defence production etc.
5. Public sector enterprises exclusively meant for High Technology like Atomic energy.
6. Consumer oriented public sector undertakings like Drug, Paper, Hotels etc. Public Sector enterprise which is set up in order to take sick private units like Textile, Engineering etc.
7. Public sector enterprises set up as Trade Corporation such as FCI, CCI etc.
8. Public sector enterprises which serve as a consultancy and engineering service etc. Eg. MECON.

Students can Download Science Term 3 Chapter 2 Magnetism Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Solutions Term 3 Chapter 2 Magnetism

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Magnetism Text Book Exercises

I. Choose the best answer:

8th Science Magnetism Question 1.
A magnet attracts ………………
(a) wooden materials
(b) any metal
(c) copper
(d) iron and steel
Answer:
(d) iron and steel

Magnetism 8th Class Question 2.
One of the following is an example for a permanent magnet.
(a) Electromagnet
(b) Mumetal
(c) Soft iron
(d) Neodymium
Answer:
(d) Neodymium

A Magnet Attracts Answer Question 3.
The south pole of a bar magnet and the north pole of a U-shaped magnet will ……………….
(a) attract each other
(b) repel each other
(c) neither attract nor repel each other
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) attract each other

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Book Solutions Question 4.
The shape of the Earth’s magnetic field resembles that of an imaginary ………………
(a) U-shaped magnet
(b) straight conductor carrying current
(c) solenoid coil
(d) bar magnet
Answer:
(d) bar magnet

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 8th Question 5.
MRI stands for………………
(a) Magnetic Running Image
(b) detection of magnetic field
(c) navigation
(d) Magnetic Radar Imaging
Answer:
(a) Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetising Magnets Question 6.
A compass is used for ………………
(a) plotting magnetic lines
(b) detection of magnetic field
(c) navigation
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

II. Fill in the blanks:

1. The magnetic strength is …………… at the poles.
2. A magnet has …………… magnetic poles.
3. Magnets are used in …………… for generating electricity.
4. …………… are used to lift heavy iron pieces.
5. A freely suspended bar magnet is always pointing along the …………… north-south direction.

Answer:

1. maximum
2. two
3. dynamos
4. Electromagnets
5. geographic

III. Match the following:

1. Magnetite – Magnetic lines Natural
2. A tiny pivoted magnet – magnet
3. Cobalt – Compass box
4. Closed curves – Ferromagnetic material
5. Bismuth – Diamagnetic material

Answer:

1. Magnetite – Natural magnet
2. A tiny pivoted magnet – Compass box
3. Cobalt – Ferromagnetic material
4. Closed curves – Magnetic lines
5. Bismuth – Diamagnetic material

IV. Choose the correct option:

(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If the assertion is true, but the reason is false.
(d) If the assertion is false, but the reason is true.

Question 1.
Assertion: Iron filings are concentrated more at the magnetic poles.
Reason: The magnets are so sharp.
Answer:
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

Question 2.
Assertion: The Earth’s magnetic field is due to iron present in its core.
Reason: At a high temperature, a magnet loses its magnetic property or magnetism.
Answer:
(d) Assertion is false but the reason is true.

Correct statement:
The Earth’s magnetic field is due to the molten charged metallic fluid inside the Earth’s surface.

V. Answer briefly:

Question 1.
What is magnetic field?
Answer:
The space around a magnet in which its magnetic effect or influence is observed.

Question 2.
What is artificial magnet? Give examples.
Answer:
Magnets that are made by people in a laboratory or a factory are called artificial magnets.
Example:
Horse shoe magnet, bar magnet, U-shaped magnet, cylindrical magnets, disc magnets, ring magnets and electromagnets.

Question 3.
Distinguish between natural and artificial magnets.
Answer:
1. Natural Magnets:

• These are found in nature.
• Have irregular shapes and dimensions.
• The strength of a natural magnet is well determined and difficult to change.
• These are permanent magnets.
• They have a less usage.

2. Artificial Magnets:

• These are man-made magnets.
• They can be made in different shapes and dimensions.
• Artificial magnets can be made with required and specific strength.
• Their properties are time bound.
  They have a vast usage in day-to-day life.

Question 4.
Earth acts as a huge bar magnet. Why? Give reasons.
Answer:

1. A freely suspended magnetic needle at a point on the Earth comes to rest approximately along the geographical north – south direction.
2. This shows that the Earth behaves like a huge magnetic dipole with its magnetic poles located near its geographical poles.
3. The north pole of a magnetic needle approximately points towards the geographic north (NG).
4. The magnetic north pole of the needle is attracted by the magnetic south pole of the Earth (Sm), which is located at the geographic north NG.
5. Also, the magnetic south pole of the needle is attracted by the magnetic north pole of the Earth (Nm), which is located at the geographic south SG.

Question 5.
How can you identify non-magnetic materials? Give an example of a non- magnetic material.
Answer:

1. Materials which are not attracted by magnets are called non-magnetic materials.
2. Example: Wood, Glass, Rubber, Plastic, Aluminium.

VI. Answer in detail:

Question 1.
List out the uses of magnets in day-to-day life.
Answer:

1. In ancient times, the magnet in the form of ‘direction stone’ helped seamen to find the directions during a voyage.
2. Nowadays, magnets are used to generate electricity in dynamos.
3. Electromagnets are used in our day-to-day life.
4. They are used in electric bells and electric motors.
5. They are used in loudspeakers and microphones.
6. An extremely powerful electromagnet is used in the fast moving Maglev train to remain floating above the tracks.
7. In industries, magnetic conveyor belts are used to sort out magnetic substances from scraps mixed with non-magnetic substances.
8. Magnets are used in computer in its storing devices such as hard disks.
9. In banks, the magnets enable the computers to read the MICR numbers printed on a cheque.
10. The tip of the screw drivers are made slightly magnetic so that the screws remain attached to the tip.
11. At hospitals, extremely strong electro magnets are used in the MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) to scan the specified internal organ.

Question 2.
How will you convert a ‘nail’ into a temporary magnet?
Answer:

1. Spread some steel pins on a wooden board and bring an iron nail near them.
2. Now, make one of the magnetic poles of the bar magnet touch one end of the iron nail.
3. Slide it along its length in one direction slowly till the other end is reached.
4. Repeat the process, as shown in the diagram, 20 to 30 times.
5. The magnet has to be moved in one direction only.
6. Avoid the swiping of the magnet back and forth.
7. Now, bring the iron nail near the steel pins.
8. The steel pins stick to the iron nail because nail has become a temporary magnet.

Question 3.
Write a note on Earth’s magnetism.
Answer:

1. Earth has been assumed or imagined by the scientists as a huge magnetic dipole.
2. The south pole of the imaginary magnet inside the Earth is located near the geographic north pole and the north pole of the Earth’s magnet is located near the geographic south pole.
3. The line joining these magnetic poles is called the magnetic axis.
4. The magnetic axis intersects the geographic north pole at a point called the north geomagnetic pole or northern magnetic pole.
5. It intersects the geographic south pole at a point called the south geomagnetic pole or southern magnetic pole.
6. The magnetic axis and the geographical axis (axis of rotation) do not coincide with each other.
7. The cause of the Earth’s magnetism, are as follows.
   • Masses of magnetic substances in the Earth
   • Radiations from the Sun
   • Action of the Moon

VII. Higher Order Thinking Questions:

Question 1.
Though Earth is acting as a huge bar magnet it is not attracting other ferromagnetic materials. Why? Give reasons.
Answer:
Earth is not attracting other ferromagnetic materials because the magnetic character of ferromagnetic materials is affected by the external temperature. When they are heated, they become paramagnetic at curie temperature.

Question 2.
Why it is not advisable to slide a magnet on an iron bar back and forth during magnetising it?
Answer:
It is not advisable to slide a magnet on an iron bar back and forth because moving it in opposite directions will work to cancel each other out.

Question 3.
Thalami Dharaga and Sangamithirai were playing with a bar magnet. They put the magnet down and it broke into four pieces. How many poles will be there?
Answer:
Each broken piece behaves like a separate magnet. Therefore, four pieces will have eight poles.

Conclusion:
Thus, we can conclude that unlike poles of a magnet attract each other, i.e., the north pole and the south pole of a magnet attract each other.

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Magnetism Additional Questions

I. Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
It is believed that the had known the property of magnet even before 200 BC.
(a) Indians
(b) Japanese
(c) Chinese
(d) Americans
Answer:
(c) Chinese

Question 2.
is the ore of iron which is the strongest natural magnet.
(a) Iron oxide
(b) Iron sulphide
(c) Ferrite
(d) Columbine
Answer:
(a) Iron oxide

Question 3.
Who laid the foundation for magnetism and suggested that the Earth has a giant bar magnet?
(a) Einstein
(b) Newton
(c) Galileo
(d) William Gilbert
Answer:
(d) William Gilbert

Question 4.
Attractive property of a magnet is more at the………
(a) North pole
(b) South pole
(c) both a & b
(d) middle
Answer:
(d) both a & b

IV. Match the following:

1. Directive property – (a) Never intersect
2. Magnetic poles – (b) Magnetic compass
3. Lines of force – (c) Attract
4. Unlike poles – (d) Exist in pairs

Answer:

1. b
2. d
3. a
4. c

V. Very short answer questions:

Question 1.
What is the other name of lodestone?
Answer:
Magnetite. (Iron oxide)

Question 2.
Convert 1 tesla into gauss.
Answer:
1 tesla = 10, 000 gauss.

Question 3.
Name a few paramagnetic substances.
Answer:
Aluminium, Platinum, Chromium, Oxygen and Manganese.

Question 4.
How artificial magnets are produced?
Answer:
Artificial magnets are produced by stroking a magnetic material with magnetite or with other artificial magnets.

Question 5.
What is the diameter of the magnetar?
Answer:
The diameter of the magnetar is 20 km.

Question 6.
Name the strongest and the most powerful magnets on the Earth.
Answer:
Neodymium magnets.

Question 7.
Name the most commonly used permanent magnet.
Answer:
ALNICO. (An alloy of aluminium, nickel and cobalt)

Question 8.
What is meant by magnetic axis?
Answer:
The line joining the magnetic poles is called the magnetic axis.

Question 9.
What type of magnet used in Mangle train?
Answer:
An extremely powerful electromagnet is used in Mangle train.

Question 10.
What is meant by a mag-stripe?
Answer:
The strip on the back of a credit card / debit card is a magnetic strip, often called mag-stripe.

VI. Short Answer type Questions:

Question 1.
Write a note on magneto – reception.
Answer:

1. Pigeons have extraordinary navigational abilities.
2. It enables them to find their way back home even if you take them to a place where they have never been before.
3. The presence of magnetite in their beaks enables them to sense the magnetic field of the Earth.
4. Such a magnetic sense is called magneto-reception.

Question 2.
Mention any two uses of magnets.
Answer:

1. In ancient times, the magnet in the form of ‘direction stone helped seamen to find the directions during a voyage.
2. Magnets are used in computer in its storing devices such as hard disks.

Question 3.
Write a note on Mangle train.
Answer:

1. Mangle train (Magnetic levitation train) has no wheels.
2. It floats above its tracks due to strong magnetic forces applied by computer controlled electromagnets.
3. It is the fastest train in the world. The speed attained by this train is around 500 km/hr.

Question 4.
What is magnetization?
Answer:

1. Magnetization is a process in which a substance is made a permanent or temporary magnet by exposing it to an external magnetic field.
2. This is one of the methods to produce artificial magnets.

Question 5.
Write a note on Magnetar.
Answer:
The most powerful magnet in the Universe is actually a neutron star called Magnetar:

1. Located in the Milky Way Galaxy.
2. The diameter of the magnetar is 20 kilometer and its mass is 2 to 3 times than that of the Sun.
3. Its magnetic field is so enormous and lethal that it is capable of absorbing all the iron atoms from the bloodstream (hemoglobin) of a living body even if it is positioned at a distance of 1000 km from it.

Question 6.
Mention the properties of a magnet.
Answer:
Repulsive:

1. Attractive property a magnet always attracts materials like iron, cobalt and nickel
2. Property another property of a magnet that like poles repel each other i.e., a north pole repels another north pole and a south pole repels another south pole.
3. Directive property the property of a magnet, by which it aligns itself along the geographic north-south direction, when it is freely suspended, is known as the directive property of a magnet.

Question 7.
Give some examples of artificial magnets.
Answer:
Bar magnets, U-shaped magnets, horseshoe magnets, cylindrical magnets, disc magnets, ring magnets and electromagnets are some examples of artificial magnets.

Question 8.
Mention the three types of iron ores.
Answer:
Hematite (69% of Iron), Magnetite (72.4% of Iron) and Side-rite (48.2% of Iron). Magnetite is an oxide ore of iron with the formula Fe 304. Among these ores, Magnetite has more magnetic property.

VII. Long answer questions:

Question 1.
Write a note on:

1. Compass needle
2. Mag-stripe.

Answer:
1. Compass needle:

• A compass needle, also known as plotting compass or magnetic needle, consists of a tiny pivoted magnet in the form of a pointer, which can rotate freely in the horizontal plane.
• The ends of the compass needle point approximately towards the geographic north and south direction.

2. Magstripe:

• A strip on the back of a credit card/debit card is a magnetic strip, often called a magstripe.
• The magstripe is made up of tiny iron-based magnetic particles in a thin plastic film.

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Magnetism Intext Activities

Activity -1

Take some iron filings in a paper and place a magnet near them. Do you see the iron filings being attracted by the magnet? In which part of the magnet they are attracted?
Answer:
The iron filings are attracted near the ends of the magnet. These ends are called poles of a magnet.

Conclusion:
This shows that the attractive property of a magnetis more at the poles.

Activity – 2

Take a bar magnet and suspend it from a support. Hold another bar magnet in your hand. Bring the north pole of this magnet close to the north pole of the suspended magnet. What do you see? The north pole of the suspended magnet will move away.

Answer:
Inference:
This activity explains repulsive property of a magnet that like poles repel each other i.e., a north pole repels another north pole and a south pole repels another south pole. If you bring the south pole of the magnet close to the north pole of the suspended magnet you can see that the south pole of the suspended magnet is immediately attracted.

Activity – 3

Suspend a bar magnet from a rigid support using a thread. Ensure that there are no magnetic substances placed near it. Gently disturb the suspended magnet. Wait for a moment, let it oscillate. In a short time, it will come to rest. You can see that the north pole of the magnet is directed towards the geographic north. Repeat the procedure a number of times. You will observe that the magnet is oriented in the same direction.

Answer:
The magnet is oriented in the same direction. This experiment shows that a freely suspended bar magnet always aligns itself in the geographic north-south direction.

Conclusion:
The property of a magnet, by which it aligns itself along the geographic north- south direction, when it is freely suspended, is known as the directive property of a magnet.

Activity – 4

Spread some iron filings which are collected from the sand uniformly on a sheet of white paper placed on a table. Place a bar magnet below the white sheet. Gently tap the table. What do you see? You can see the pattern as shown in the figure.

Answer:
I can see the iron filings are arranged in the form of curved patterns around the magnet. The space around the bar magnet where the arrangement of iron filings exists, represents the field of influence of the bar magnet. It is called the magnetic field.

Activity – 5

Spread some iron pins, stapler pins, iron nails, small pieces of paper, a scale, an eraser and a plastic cloth hanger on a wooden table. Place a magnet nearby these materials. What do you observe? List out which of these things are attracted by the magnet? Which objects are not attracted? Tabulate your observations.
Answer:
Aim:
To understand the behavior of magnetic and non-magnetic materials.
1. Materials attracted by magnet:

• Iron pins
• Stapler pins
• Iron nails

2. Materials not attracted by magnet:

• Small pieces of paper
• Scale
• Eraser
• Plastic cloth hanger

Students can Download Science Term 3 Chapter 5 Acids and Bases Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Solutions Term 3 Chapter 5 Acids and Bases

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Acids and Bases Text Book Exercise

I. Choose the best answer:

8th Science Acid And Base Question 1.
Acids are ……………. in taste.
(a) sour
(b) sweet
(c) bitter
(d) salty
Answer:
(a) sour

Acids Bases And Salts Samacheer Kalvi Question 2.
Aqueous solutions of ……………. conduct electricity.
(a) acid
(b) base
(c) salt
(d) salt and base
Answer:
(d) salt and base

Acids, Bases And Salts Samacheer Kalvi Question 3.
In acidic solution, blue litmus changes into ……………. colour.
(a) blue
(b) green
(c) red
(d) white
Answer:
(c) red

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 8th Science Question 4.
Base is a substance that gives ……………. on dissolving in water.
(a) OH^–
(b) H⁺
(c) OH
(d) H
Answer:
(a) OH

8th Grade Science Acids And Bases Question 5.
Sodium hydroxide is a …………….
(a) acid
(b) base
(c) oxide
(d) alkali
Answer:
(d) alkali

Question 6.
Red ant sting contains …………….
(a) acetic acid
(b sulphuric acid
(c) oxalic acid
(d) formic acid
Answer:
(d) formic acid

Question 7.
Magnesium oxides are used for treating …………….
(a) acidity
(b) head pain
(c) teeth decay
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) acidity

Question 8.
Acid mixed with base forms …………….
(a) salt and water
(b) salt
(c) water
(d) no reaction
Answer:
(a) salt and water

Question 9.
We brush our teeth with tooth paste because it is …………….
(a) basic
(b) acidic
(c) both a and b
(d) none of these
Answer:
(a) basic

Question 10.
In basic solution turmeric indicator paper changes from yellow to …………….
(a) blue
(b) green
(c) yellow
(d) red
Answer:
(d) red

II. Fill in the blanks:

1. Benzoic acids are used for …………
2. The word sour refers to ………… in Latin.
3. Bases are ………… in taste.
4. Chemical formulae of calcium oxide is …………
5. Wasp sting contains …………
6. Turmeric is used as a …………
7. In acidic solution, the colour of the hibiscus indicator paper will change to …………

Answer:

1. preservation of food
2. acidus
3. bitter
4. CaO
5. alkaline substance
6. indicator
7. deep pink or deep red

III. State True or False. If false, correct the statement:

Question 1.
Most of the acids are not soluble in water.
Answer:
True.

Question 2.
Acids are bitter in taste.
Answer:
False
Correct statement:
Acids are sour in taste. Bases are bitter in taste.

Question 3.
Bases are soapy to touch when they are dry.
Answer:
False
Correct statement:
Bases are soapy to touch only in aqueous media, not in dry nature.

Question 4.
Acids are corrosive in nature.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
All bases are alkalis.
Answer:
False
Correct statement:
All alkalis are base, but all bases are not alkalis.

Question 6.
Hibiscus flower is an example for natural indicator.
Answer:
True

IV. Answer briefly:

Question 1.
Define acid.
Answer:
A substance which contains one or more replaceable hydrogen atoms.

Question 2.
Write any four physical properties of acids.
Answer:

1. Acids are sour in taste.
2. They are corrosive in nature. Strong acids can spoil substances like human skin, clothes and paper.
3. Generally acids exist in liquid state but few acids exist in solid state too. E.g. Benzoic acid.
4. Acids are colourless.
5. Acids change the colour of the indicators. Blue litmus paper turns red and methyl orange turns pink when treated with acids.

Question 3.
What are the similarities between acids and bases?
Answer:

1. They are corrosive in nature.
2. They undergo ionization in aqueous solution.
3. They conduct electricity in aqueous solution.
4. They undergo neutralization reaction.

Question 4.
State the difference between acids and bases.
Answer:
Difference between acids and bases:
Acids:

1. They produce H⁺ ions in water.
2. They are sour in taste.
3. Few acids are in solid state.
4. Acids turn blue litmus paper red.

Bases:

1. They produce OH^– ions in water.
2. They are bitter in taste.
3. Most of the bases are in solid state.
4. Bases turn red litmus paper blue.

Question 5.
What is an indicator?
Answer:
An indicator or acid – base indicator is a chemical substance which indicates the acidic or basic nature of a solution by suitable colour change.

Question 6.
What is a neutralization reaction?
Answer:
Neutralization is a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base react with each other to form water and salt.

Question 7.
Write any four physical properties of base.
Answer:

1. Bases generally exist in solid state but some bases exist in liquid state also. E.g. Ammonium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide.
2. Bases give soapy touch only in aqueous media not in dry nature.
3. Bases are bitter in taste.
4. Bases are corrosive in nature. When come in contact with the skin frequently they form painful blisters.
5. Bases also change the colour of the indicators. Red litmus paper turns blue when . treated with bases. Similarly, they turn methyl orange yellow and phenolphthalein pink.

V. Answer in detail:

Question 1.
What are the uses of acids?
Answer:

1. Hydrochloric acid present in our stomach helps in the digestion of foodstuff.
2. Vinegar (acetic acid) is used to preserve food materials.
3. Benzoic acid is also used to preserve food materials like pickles.
4. Sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids are used to make washing and bathing soaps.
5. Sulphuric acid is called the king of chemicals. It is an effective dehydrating agent. It is used in various industries to make detergents, paints, fertilizers and many more chemicals.
6. Hydrochloric acid, Nitric acid and Sulphuric acid are important laboratory reagents.
7. Cells of all living organisms contain the fundamental nuclear material called nucleic acids. Animals have deoxyribo nucleic acid (DNA) whereas plants contain ribo nucleic acid (RNA).

Question 2.
What are the uses of bases?
Answer:

1. Potassium hydroxide is used to make bathing soaps.
2. Sodium hydroxide is used to make washing soaps.
3. Sodium hydroxide is also used in paper industries, textile industries and in the preparation of medicines.
4. Calcium hydroxide is used for white washing.
5. Aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxides are used in antacids to cure acidity problems.
6. Ammonium hydroxide is used to manufacture fertilizers, nylon, plastics and rubber.

Question 3.
Explain the neutralization reaction in our daily life.
Answer:
1. Ant bite:

• Whenever bees or red ants bite they inject an acid called formic acid.
• These acids cause burning sensation and pain.
• To suppress the pain, a suitable base in the form of calcium hydroxide (readily available at home) is applied to neutralise the formic acid.

2. Wasp bite:

• When we are bitten by wasp, we feel the burning sensation and pain. It is due to an alkaline substance injected by the insect.
• To neutralise the alkalinity, we use vinegar which is an acid.

3. Tooth decay:

• The bacteria present in our mouth decompose the food particles stuck in the gaps between our teeth thereby causing acid formation which leads to tooth decay.
• When we brush with tooth powder or tooth paste containing weak bases, the acid gets neutralized.

4. Acidity:

• Excessive production of hydrochloric acid in our stomach causes ulcer in stomach and food pipe.
• In order to neutralize, antacids which are nothing but weak bases like aluminum and magnesium hydroxides are used.

5. Agriculture:
Farmers add lime fertilisers such as powdered lime (CaO), limestone (CaCO₃) or ashes of
burnt wood to the soil to neutralise the acidity.

6. Industries:
Effluents from the industries contain acids such as sulphuric acid. It is treated by adding lime to neutralise it before it is discharged into rivers and streams.

Question 4.
How will you prepare natural indicator from turmeric powder?
Answer:

1. Turmeric indicator is one of the natural indicator.
2. By adding small amount of water to turmeric powder, a paste is prepared.
3. This is applied on a blotting paper or filter paper and dried.
4. These strips are used as indicators to find the nature of the solution.
5. In acidic solution, turmeric indicator paper has no change in colour.
6. That means, it remains yellow. In basic solution, the colour changes from yellow to red.

VI. Higher Order Thinking Questions:

Question 1.
Vinu and Priyan take their lunch at school. Vinu eats lemon rice and Priyan eats curd rice. Both lemon rice and curd rice are sour in taste. What is the reason?
Answer:

1. Curd contains lactic acid. The lactic acid makes curd rice sour in taste.
2. Lemon juice contains citric acid. The citric acid makes lemon rice sour in taste.
3. Generally acids are sour in taste.

Question 2.
Heshna and Keerthi are friends. Keerthi’s teeth are white without caries, but Heshna has teeth with caries. Why? How is it formed?
Answer:

1. Caries is caused by the action of acids on the enamel surface.
2. The acid is produced when sugar in foods or drinks react with bacteria present on the tooth surface.
3. Heshna has not cleaned her teeth well after sipping sugary drinks and snacking.
4. She has to brush after meals and before bed.

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Acids and Bases Additional Questions

I. Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Acids present in fruits and vegetables are called ……………… acids.
(a) organic
(b) strong
(c) mineral
(d) fruit
Answer:
(a) organic

Question 2.
Vinegar is ……………… in taste.
(a) bitter
(b) sour
(c) sweet
(d) sweetless
Answer:
(b) sour

Question 3.
Citric acid is present in ………………
(a) curd
(b) milk
(c) lemon
(d) spinach
Answer:
(c) lemon

Question 4.
Which of the following is not a natural indicator?
(a) Litmus
(d) Turmeric
(c) Methyl orange
(d) Hibiscus
Answer:
(c) Methyl orange

Question 5.
An acid is ………………
(a) bitter is taste
(d) soapy to touch
(c) corrosive in nature
(d) all the above
Answer:
(c) corrosive in nature

Question 6.
The common salt is ………………
(a) sodium carbonate
(b) sodium bicarbonate
(c) sodium nitrate
(d) sodium chloride
Answer:
(d) sodium chloride

Question 7.
Add few drops of hibiscus indicator in soap solution. What do you observe?
(a) It turns green
(b) It turns magenta
(c) It turns yellow
(d) It turns red
Answer:
(a) It turns green

Question 8.
Acids and bases can be identified in the laboratory by ………………
(a) an indicator
(b) tasting
(c) touching
(d) smelling
Answer:
(a) an indicator

Question 9.
Lemon juice will turn ……………….
(a) phenolphthalein pink
(b) red litmus blue
(c) turmeric indicator red
(d) methyl orange red
Answer:
(d) methyl orange red

Question 10.
A salt may be ………………
(a) acidic only
(b) basic only
(c) neutral only
(d) acidic, basic or neutral
Answer:
(d) acidic, basic or neutral

II. Fill in the blanks:

1. Acids are ……………… in taste.
2. Solutions of acids conduct ………………
3. ……………… change the colour of the indicators
4. ……………… is used to preserve food materials
5. ……………… is called the king of chemicals.
6. Bases are chemical substances that are corrosive and ……………… in nature
7. Water soluble bases are called ………………
8. Sodium carbonate is commercially called as ………………
9. Acidity or indigestion in stomach is due to excessive secretion of ………………
10. Methyl orange gives ……………… colour in an acidic solution.

Answer:

1. sour
2. electricity
3. Acids
4. Vinegar
5. Sulphuric acid
6. bitter
7. alkalis
8. Baking soda
9. hydrochloric acid
10. majenta

III. Match the following:

Question 1.

1. Wasp sting – (a) Milk of magnesia
2. Common salt – (b) Acetic acid
3. Organic acid – (c) Sodium chloride
4. Antacid – (d) Vinegar

Answer:

1. d
2. c
3. b
4. a

Question 2.

1. Sulphuric acid – (a) Weak base
2. Sodium hydroxide – (b) Strong acid
3. Acetic acid – (c) Strong base
4. Ammonium hydroxide – (d) Weak acid

Answer:

1. b
2. c
3. d
4. a

Question 3.

1. Sodium chloride – (a) Detergents
2. Sodium carbonate – (b) Purification of water
3. Sodium bicarbonate – (c) Taste to food
4. Potash alum – (d) Antacids

Answer:

1. c
2. a
3. d
4. b

IV. True or False – if false, give the correct statement:

Question 1.
Acids have a sour taste and they are soapy to touch.
Answer:
False

Correct statement:
Bases have a sour taste and they are soapy to touch.

Question 2.
Neutral substances do not bring about any change in colour of indicators.
Answer:
True

Question 3.
All bases are alkalis but all alkalis are not bases.
Answer:
False

Correct statement:
All alkalis are bases but all bases are not alkalis.

Question 4.
When an acid reacts with a base, neutralisation reaction takes place to give salt and water.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Acids are corrosive in nature. They corrode metals hence are not stored in metal containers.
Answer:
True.

V. Assertion and Reason:

Mark the correct choice as:
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If the assertion is true, but reason is false.
(d) If the assertion is false, but reason is true.
(e) If both assertion and reason are false.

Question 1.
Assertion: To neutralise the excess acid formed in the stomach, milk of magnesia is taken.
Reason: Milk of magnesia contains a base called magnesium hydroxide.
Answer:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

Question 2.
Assertion: A salt is produced when an acid is neutralised by a base.
Reason: A salt can be acidic, basic or neutral.
Answer:
(c) Both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

Question 3.
Assertion: With some samples of acids and bases, turmeric paper turns red.
Reason: Such samples are acidic in nature.
Answer:
(c) Assertion is true, but reason is false.

Correct Reason:
Such samples are basic in natural.

Question 4.
Assertion: Methyl orange and phenolphthalein are natural indicators.
Reason: Methyl orange is yellow in colour while phenolphthalein is pink.
Answer:
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

VI. Very short answer questions:

Question 1.
Write the chemical name and formula of baking soda.
Answer:
Chemical name:
Sodium hydrogencarbonate
Formula: NaHCO₃.

Question 2.
What is the colour of phenolphthalein in basic solution?
Answer:
Phenolphthalein is pink in basic solution.

Question 3.
Give names of any two natural indicators.
Answer:
Turmeric and Litmus.

Question 4.
Name the acid present in vinegar.
Answer:
Acetic acid.

Question 5.
Name any two synthetic acid-base indicators.
Answer:
Methyl orange, Phenolphthalein.

Question 6.
Which acid is present in milk?
Answer:
Lactic acid.

Question 7.
What is the reaction between an acid and a base called?
Answer:
Neutralisation reaction.

Question 8.
Name the base which is present in a window cleaner.
Answer:
Ammonium hydroxide.

Question 9.
Which chemical is used to neutralise the acidic soil?
Answer:
Quicklime.

Question 10.
Can we taste acids and bases to identify them?
Answer:
No, acids and bases are corrosive in nature.

VII. Short Answer Questions:

Question 1.
Are all acids corrosive in nature? Name few acids which are non-corrosive and may be part of our food.
Answer:
No, all acids are not corrosive in nature. Certain acids like acetic acid present in vinegar, citric acid present in citrus fruits, lactic acid present in curd, oxalic acid present in tomatoes, etc, are part of our food and non-corrosive in nature.

Question 2.
Write the important uses of hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acids.
Answer:

1. Uses of hydrochloric acid – Cleaning agent for toilets, important laboratory agents.
2. Uses of sulphuric acid –
   • Used in car batteries.
   • Used to prepare a large number of compounds.

Question 3.
How will you prepare china rose indicator?
Answer:

1. Collect some china rose petals and place them in a beaker.
2. Add some warm water, keep the mixture for some time till water becomes coloured.
3. This coloured water is used as an indicator.

Question 4.
Give an important use of neutralisation reaction in daily life.
Answer:

1. In our daily life, neutralisation reaction is used to cure indigestion.
2. Too much acid in the stomach causes indigestion.
3. An antacid such as milk of magnesia is used to neutralise the excessive acid.

Question 5.
What is the role of toothpaste in prevention of tooth decay?
Answer:
When we brush with tooth powder or tooth paste containing weak bases, the acid gets neutralized. So our teeth will be strong and healthy and can be protected from caries.

Question 6.
How to treat effluents from the industries?
Answer:

1. Effluents from the industries contain acids such as sulphuric acid.
2. It is treated by adding lime to neutralise it before it is discharged into rivers and streams.

Question 7.
Write the chemical equation for the reaction of bases with metal oxides.
Answer:

1. All bases react with non-metallic oxides to form salt and water.
2. Eg: Sodium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide to form sodium carbonate.
3. Sodium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide —> Sodium carbonate + Water
   NaOH + CO —> Na₂CO₃ + H₂O

Question 8.
Write the reaction between sulphuric acid and water.
Answer:
Sulphuric acid + Water → Hydrogen ion + Sulphate ion
H₂SO₄ + H₂O → 2H⁺ + \({ SO }_{ 4 }^{ 2- }\)

Question 9.
Complete the table

Answer:

VIII. Long answer questions:

Question 1.
Write a note on:

1. Ant bite
2. Wasp bite.

Answer:
1. Ant bite:

• Whenever bees or red ants bite they inject an acid called formic acid.
• These acids cause burning sensation and pain.
• To suppress the pain, a suitable base in the form of calcium hydroxide (readily available at home) is applied to neutralise the formic acid.

2. Wasp bite:

• When we are bitten by wasp, we feel the burning sensation and pain.
• It is due to an alkaline substance injected by the insect.
• To neutralize the alkalinity we use vinegar which is an acid to neutralise.

Question 2.
Write a note on:

1. Litmus
2. Phenolphthalein
3. Methyl orange

Answer:
1. Litmus:

• Litmus is the most common indicators used in the laboratories.
• Litmus is a natural indicator which is extracted from lichens.
• It is available in the form of solution or in the form of strips prepared by absorbing litmus solution on filter paper.
• It is either red or blue in colour.
• Blue litmus paper turns red in acidic solution and red litmus paper turns blue in the basic solution.

2. Phenolphthalein:

• Phenolphthalein is a colourless compound.
• Its alcoholic solution is used as an indicator.
• It is colourless in acidic solution but turns pink in basic solution.

3. Methyl orange:

• Solid methyl orange dissolved in hot water and its filtrate is used as an indicator.
• It turns red in acidic solution and yellow in basic solution.

IX. Higher Order Thinking Questions:

Question 1.
What is the difference between an ant sting and a wasp sting?
Answer:
1. Ant sting:
An ant sting is acidic as it contains formic acid while the wasp sting is basic in nature.

2. Wasp sting:
Ant sting can be neutralised by a base like baking soda while wasp sting is neutralised by an acid like vinegar (acetic acid).

Question 2.
Copper or brass cooking vessels are coated with tin metal. Why?
Answer:

1. Copper or brass cooking vessels are coated with tin metal (eyam).
2. If it is not coated, the organic acids present in the food materials will react with copper and make the food poisonous.
3. The tin isolates the vessel from the action of acids and prevents food poisoning.

X. Solve the crossword by using the clues that below:

Across:
1. The acid found in apples.
3. The ion formed when an acid is dissolved in water.
5. An indicator that remains colourless in an acid.
7. The gas liberated when dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with limestone.
9. A gas that dissolved in water to form ammonium hydroxide.

Down:
2. An acid used for cooking.
4. An acid that has three hydrogen atoms in its moelcule.
6. A reaction in which an acid reacts w’ith a base to form salt and water only.
8. A base that is soluble in water.
10. The chemical name of this compound is calcium hydroxide.

Answer:

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Acids and Bases Intext Activities

Activity – 1

Question 1.
Take a clean test tube with holder and pour some dilute hydrochloric acid. Add few pieces of magnesium ribbon pieces slowly. What do you observe? Now show a burning match stick near the mouth of the test tube. Do you hear any sound? The gas burns with a pop sound. From this it is observed that hydrogen gas has been formed due to the reaction between acid and metal.
Answer:
The gas bums with a pop sound. From this it is observed that hydrogen gas has been formed due to the reaction between acid and metal.

Activity – 2

Take some lemon juice in a tumbler and add baking soda slowly. What do you see? I What do you infer from this?
Answer:
Inference:
When lemon juice is mixed with baking soda, the new product CO₂ is formed with water and salt.

Activity- 3

Classify the following substances. Sodium oxide, Potassium hydroxide, Calcium oxide, Copper oxide, Calcium hydroxide, Ammonium hydroxide, Ferric hydroxide, Zinc oxide
Answer:

Activity – 4

Question 1.
Take a shirt with turmeric powder strain. Wash the shirt with soap. Do you observe any change in the colour? Why?
Answer:
Yes, the colour changes from yellow to red, because soapy solution is a base.

Activity – 5

Question 1.
Take a small beet root vegetable and cut it into pieces. Boil them in hot water and filter the extract. Take two test tubes. Take sodium hydroxide solution in one test tube and vinegar or lemon juice in another test tube. Add beet root extract slowly. Observe the colour change. What do you infer?
Answer:

1. Observation – When beetroot juice is added with sodium hydroxide solution it turns into greenish yellow shows that NaOH^– is a base.
2. When it is added with lemon juice, the colour of beetroot juice remains same shows that lemon juice is acidic.

Activity – 6

Find out the nature of the solution

Students can Download English Lesson 2 A Nice Cup of Tea Questions and Answers, Summary, Activity, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Solutions Prose Chapter 2 A Nice Cup of Tea

A Nice Cup Of Tea Questions And Answers Warm Up

Question (a)
Here are a few varieties of tea. How many of these have you tasted? Tick the boxes.

Answer:

12th English A Nice Cup Of Tea Paragraph Question (b)
You would have seen lovely packets of tea on the shelves in supermarkets and shops. Have you ever wondered how tea powder is obtained from the plants? Look at the pictures and describe the process.

Answer:

• The selected young Leaves are Plucked manually. Nowadays machines are avalible
• It is then left for drying.
• The dried leaves are then powdered and packed.

Samacheer Kalvi 12th English A Nice Cup of Tea Textual Questions

1.Based on your understanding of the text, answer each of the following questions in one or two sentences.

12th English A Nice Cup Of Tea Question (a)
What seems ‘curious’ to the author?
Answer:
The absence of “Tea” in the recipes of cookery book is curious to the author.

A Nice Cup Of Tea Summary In English Question (b)
Why does the author say that it is important to include a tea recipe in cookery books?
Answer:
It is important to include tea in the cookery book because tea is one of the mainstays of civilisation in England, Eire, Australia and New Zealand. Besides, the nicest manner of making tea is a subject of violent disputes among tea-loving nations.

A Nice Cup Of Tea Summary Question (c)
Mention the countries in which tea is a part of civilization.
Answer:
It is one of the mainstays of civilization in UK, Australia, Eire and New Zealand.

A Nice Cup Of Tea Notes Of Lesson Question (d)
Which tea does the author prefer-China tea or Indian tea?
Answer:
The author prefers Indian tea to Chinese tea.

A Cup Of Tea Questions And Answers Question (e)
According to the author, what does the phrase ‘a nice cup of tea’ refer to?
Answer:
Nice cup of tea means Indian tea which makes one feel wiser, optimistic and wiser.

A Nice Cup Of Tea Summary In Tamil Question (f)
What is the second golden rule in the preparation of tea?
Answer:
Second golden rule is that tea should be made in small quantities (i.e.) in a teapot.

A Nice Cup Of Tea Question (g)
How does army tea taste?
Answer:
Army tea tastes of grease and whitewash.

The Tea Should Be Put Straight In The Pot Question (h)
Do tea lqvers generally like strong tea or weak tea?
Answer:
Tea lovers generally love strong tea.

A Nice Cup Of Tea Paragraph Question (i)
Why should tea be directly added to the pot?
Answer:
Tea should be added directly to the pot because imprisoning tea leaves in strainers, muslin bags or other devices can be really harmful.

A Cup Of Tea Questions And Answers Pdf Question (j)
Why does the author prefer the cylindrical cup to a flat cup?
Answer:
Cylindrical cups (i.e.) breakfast cup holds more tea. But in the shallow and flat cup, tea turns half cold before one starts drinking it.

A Nice Cup Of Tea Short Summary Question (k)
What should be poured into the cup first-tea or milk?
Answer:
One should pour tea first into the cup and then add milk to the desired level. Thus one can regulate the amount of milk added to tea.

Nice Cup Of Tea Summary Question (l)
Why does the author advise removing cream from the milk?
Answer:
Cream should be removed before adding the milk to tea because creamy milk gives a sickly taste to tea.

Question (m)
Does the author like drinking tea with sugar? Give reasons.
Answer:
Adding sugar to tea will deprive tea of its real taste. Misguided people who take tea do it because of the sweetness and not because of the taste of tea.

Question (n)
Why does the author refer to himself as being in ‘a minority’?
Answer:
The author takes tea without sugar to relish the real taste of tea. But majority of people take it with sugar. So, the author refers to himself as a minority.

Question (o)
Whom does the author call ‘misguided people’? What is his advice to them?
Answer:
Some misguided people admit that they drink tea for stimulation and warmth. They are not interested in tea. So, they add sugar to take the taste away. He advises them to drink tea without adding sugar for a fortnight. They would never again ruin the real taste of tea by adding sugar.

Additional Questions

Question (a)
What does the author find in his own recipe for the perfect cup of tea?
Answer:
The author finds eleven outstanding points in his own recipe for the perfect cup of tea.

Question (b)
How does the author value tea out of an urn?
Answer:
According to the author, Tea out of an urn is always tasteless.

Question (c)
What is the ‘third golden rule’?
Answer:
The pot should be warmed beforehand.

Question (d)
What is the author’s opinion about strainers or filters in the preparation of tea?
Answer:
Tea should be put straight into the pot. No strainer muslin bags or other devices must be used to imprison the tea.

Question (e)
What is seventh golden rule?
Answer:
After making tea, one should stir it or better give the pot a good shake. Afterwards, the tea leaves may be allowed to settle down.

Question (f)
What is cited as a mysterious social etiquette surrounding the tea pot?
Answer:
It is considered vulgar to drink tea out of your saucer.

Question (g)
What are the subsidiary uses of tea leaves?
Answer:
Telling fortunes, predicting the arrival of visitors, feeding rabbits, healing bums and sweeping the carpet are some of the subsidiary uses of tea leaves.

2. Based on your understanding of the text, answer each of the following questions in four or five sentences.

Question (a)
What are the author’s views on China tea?
Answer:
China tea has virtues which are not to be despised, it is economic. One can drink it without milk, but there is not much stimulation in it. One does not feel wiser, braver or more optimistic after drinking it.

Question (b)
How does adding sugar affect the taste of tea?
Answer:
The author raises a pertinent question, “How can you call yourself a true tea lover if you destroy the flavour of your tea by putting sugar in it?” He mocks such people that they could add even salt and pepper in tea. Adding sugar to hot water would give them an eqaul drink. So, the author disapproves of adding sugar to tea to retain its flavour and taste.

Question (c)
Elucidate the author’s ideas about teapots.
Answer:
The teapot should be made of China or earthen ware. Silver or Britannia ware teapot produce inferior quality tea. Enamel pots are worse. Though curiously enough a pewter teapot, a rarity nowadays, is not so bad.

Additional Questions

Question (а)
How does A.G. Gardiner explode the myth about the harmfulness of tea leaves?
Answer:
In some countries, tea pots are fitted with little dangling baskets under the spout to catch the stray leaves which are supposed to be harmful. The author asserts that one can swallow tea- leaves in considerable quantities without ill-effect. He claims that if the tea is not loose in the pot it never infuses properly with the hot beverage (i.e.) tea.

Question (b)
what are the two schools of thought in tea making which fight against one another in England? Why?
Answer:
In every family in England, two schools of thoughts persist on tea making. One group insists that milk should be poured first and tea should be added to it. But the author seconds the second school which claims tea must be powered first and milk must be added later because one could easily regulate the amount of milk to taste.

3. Answer each of the following questions in a paragraph of 100-150 words.

Question (а)
Summarise George Orwell’s distinctive ideas in “A Nice Cup of Tea”.
Answer:
Tea is one of the mainstays of civilizations of UK, New Zealand, Australia and Eire. But, it is not found in the recipes of cookery books. The nicest manner in which tea must be prepared has become a subject matter of violent disputes among tea loving persons even within a family. Indian tea fits in with the author’s description of “nicest cup of tea” as it rejuvenates the drinker with wisdom, stimulation, bravery and optimism. One cup of strong tea is equal to twenty weak ones. Best tea is prepared by boiling tea leaves first and then adding milk to taste.

Milk first schools and tea first schools still fight. Tea prepared in earthen pot or china ware is good. The real flavour of tea should never be imprisoned by strainers. Consuming tea leaves will not harm one’s health. Adding sugar to tea will naturally ruin its real flavour and taste. The author advises misguided people who drink sweet tea to desist from the practice for a fortnight. He guarantees them that they would like the natural taste of tea and would never again add sugar to tea. Tea should be taken in a cylindrical or breakfast cup to enjoy it. Shallow and flat cups don’t retain warmth and taste for a long time.

Question (b)
Discuss how the essay reveals the factual points and the author’s personal opinions on the preparation of tea.
Answer:
Facts found in the essay: There is no mention of tea in the recipes cookery books except some sketchy ideas on the process of preparation. Tea is one of the mainstays of civilization of UK, Australia, New Zealand and Eire. The process of tea making is a subject matter of violent disputes. The author has come up with eleven golden rules for preparation of a nice tea. Tea pot should be made of china or earthen ware. In some countries, teapots are fitted with little dangling baskets under the spout to catch stray tea leaves, which are supposed to be harmful. One should use water that has been freshly boiled. After making tea, one should stir it or better give the pot a good shake, afterwards allowing the leaves to settle down. Some people don’t like tea in itself. They only drink it in order to be warmed and stimulated and they need sugar to take away the taste of tea.

The author’s opinion: The maimer of making the nicest cup of tea is the subject matter of violent disputes. China tea doesn’t give stimulation, wisdom, bravery or optimism. Indian tea means ‘a nice cup of tea’. The army tea tastes of grease and white wash. The method of swilling tea out with hot water is not a good practice. One strong cup of tea is better than twenty weak ones. One can swallow considerable quantities of tea. One should take the teapot to the kettle and not the otherway about. If you use already boiled water or freshly brought to boil does not make any difference in the taste of tea. One should remove cream off before adding the milk to tea. By putting tea leaves in first and stirring it as one pours milk one can regulate the amount of milk. Tea must be drunk without sugar for enjoying the real flavour and taste.

Question (c)
What are the aspects that contribute to humour in the essay?
Answer:
The author claims the best manner of making tea is the subject matter of violent disputes. He compliments china tea for being economical but also says one does not feel rejuvenated after drinking it. One doesn’t feel braver, wiser, more optimistic or stimulated after drinking the Chinese tea. He says army tea tastes of grease and white wash. In Britain there are two schools of thought (i.e.) milk first school and tea first school (i.e.) one school claiming that milk must be poured first and tea added later and another school claiming that tea must be poured first and milk to be added next.

He says those who take tea with sugar for its sweetness alone as misguided people. He says that they could veiy well add salt and pepper to tea and drink it. He claims that there are some mysterious social etiquette surrounding teapot. It is vulgar to drink tea out of one’s saucer. There are some subsidiary uses of tea leaves such as telling fortunes, predicting the arrival of visitors, feeding rabbits, healing bums and sweeping the carpet.

4. Based on your understanding of the text, complete the chart given below by choosing the appropriate words or phrases given in brackets.

(add sugar, shaken, milk, infused properly, strainers, without cream, taken to the kettle, small quantities, China or earthenware, stirred, warmed)

Answers

1. small quantities
2. China or earthenware,
3. warmed
4. strainers
5. taken to the kettle
6. infused properly
7. stirred
8. shaken
9. without cream
10. add sugar

Vocabulary

(a) Find out the synonym of the underlined word in each of the following sentences.

Question 1.
But because the best manner of making it is the subject of violent disputes.
(a) agreements
(b) applauses
(c) conflicts
(d) discussions
Answer:
(c) conflicts

Question 2.
________ tea is one of the mainstays of civilization in the country.
(a) a society in an advanced state of social development
(b) a society that has slow progress
(c) a society that has no progress
(d) a society in an average state of social development
Answer:
(a) a society in an advanced state of social development

Question 3
________ that they only drink it in order to be warmed and stimulated.
(a) motivated
(b) discouraged
(c) passive
(d) admired
Answer:
(a) motivated

Question 4
________ under the spout to catch the stray leaves.
(a) fresh
(b) loose
(c) gathered
(d) harmful
Answer:
(b) loose

Question 5.
One is liable to put in too much milk.
(a) likely
(b) certain
(c) eager
(d) responsible
Answer:
(d) responsible

Additional

Question 1.
At least four others are controversial.
(a) harmonious
(b) disputable
(c) agreeable
(d) comprehensive
Answer:
(b) disputable

Question 2.
One does not feel more optimistic after drinking it.
(a) dejected
(b) despaired
(c) positive
(d) disdainful
Answer:
(c) positive

Question 3.
China tea has virtues.
(a) vices
(b) admirable qualities
(c) despicable traits
(d) alarming wickedness
Answer:
(b) admirable qualities

Question 4.
They are not to be despised.
(a) loved
(b) yearned
(c) hated
(d) doted
Answer:
(c) hated

Question 5.
Army tea is made in cauldron.
(a) stove
(b) mini cooker
(c) boiler
(d) cup
Answer:
(c) boiler

Question 6.
It is not to be done with the usual method of swilling it with hot water.
(a) rinsing
(b) drenching
(c) chirping
(d) cutting
Answer:
(a) rinsing

Question 7.
In a time of rationing, this is not an idea.
(a) liberal supply
(b) confiscating
(c) blocking
(d) restricting supply
Answer:
(d) restricting supply

Question 8.
In some countries teapots are fitted with little dangling baskets.
(a) dancing freely
(b) hanging freely
(c) severed
(d) tied tightly
Answer:
(b) hanging freely

Question 9.
No, strainers, muslin bags or other devices to imprison the tea.
(a) discharge
(b) release
(c) acquit
(d) detain
Answer:
(d) detain

Question 10.
One should stir it well.
(a) mix thoroughly
(b) drain fully
(c) soak completely
(d) dried fully
Answer:
(a) mix thoroughly

Question 11.
You can prepare a very similar drink.
(a) unidentical
(b) almost the same
(c) unique
(d) distinct
Answer:
(b) almost the same

Question 12.
You could make a drink by dissolving sugar in hot water.
(a) segregating
(b) filter
(c) strain
(d) making a solution
Answer:
(d) making a solution

Question 13.
Shallow type cup doesn’t hold much.
(a) deep
(b) profound
(c) cylindrical
(d) of little depth
Answer:
(d) of little depth

Question 14.
Milk that is too creamy always gives tea a sickly taste.
(a) rich
(b) flavoured
(c) unpleasant
(d) un healthy
Answer:
(c) unpleasant

Question 15.
There is also a mysterious social etiquette.
(a) clear
(b) comprehensible
(c) lucid
(d) incompressible
Answer:
(d) incompressible

Question 16.
A social etiquette surrounds teapot.
(a) evils
(b) goods and services
(c) vices
(d) socially accepted behaviour
Answer:
(d) socially accepted behaviour

Question 17.
There are some subidiarv.
(a) major
(b) crucial
(c) vital
(d) supplementary
Answer:
(d) supplementary

Question 18.
Such as telling fortune…
(a) evil
(b) wisdom
(c) luck
(d) omen
Answer:
(c) luck

Question 19.
predicting the arrival of visitors.
(a) cautioning
(b) addressing
(c) foretelling
(d) doubting
Answer:
(c) foretelling

Question 20.
Be quite sure of wringing out of one’s ration the twenty good, strong cups of tea.
(a) smothering
(b) squeezing out
(c) making out
(d) breathing out
Answer:
(b) squeezing out

(b) Find out the antonym of the underlined word in each of the following sentences.

Question 1.
which are not to be despised.
(a) hated
(b) liked
(c) respected
(d) defeated
Answer:
(b) liked

Question 2.
One does not feel wise, braver or more optimistic.
(a) opportunistic
(b) cheerful
(c) realistic
(d) pessimistic
Answer:
(d) pessimistic

Question 3.
Not the flat, shallow type…
(a) narrow
(b) wide
(c) deep
(d) direct
Answer:
(c) deep

Question 4.
Predicting the arrival of visitors…
(a) journey
(b) departure
(c) migration
(d) perusal
Answer:
(b) departure

Question 5.
but they are sufficient to show how subtilized the whole business has become,
(a) enough
(b) suffocative
(c) inadequate
(d) submissive
Answer:
(c) inadequate

Additional

Question 1.
They give no ruling on several of the most important points.
(a) many
(b) plentiful
(c) a few
(d) a large number of
Answer:
(c) a few

Question 2.
It is a subject of violent disputes.
(a) brutal
(b) reckless
(c) vicious
(d) gentle
Answer:
(d) gentle

Question 3.
China tea has virtues.
(a) attributes
(b) vices
(c) injuries
(d) problems
Answer:
(b) vices

Question 4.
It is economical.
(a) frugal
(b) expensive
(c) mean
(d) niggardly
Answer:
(b) expensive

Question 5.
One can swallow considerable quanities without ill-effects.
(a) large
(b) significant
(c) sizeable
(d) paltry
Answer:
(d) paltry

Question 6.
I find no fewer than eleven outstanding points.
(a) exceptional
(b) excellent
(c) exclusive
(d) mediocre
Answer:
(d) mediocre

Question 7.
At least four others are acutely controversial.
(a) disagreeable
(b) contentious
(c) agreeable
(d) disputable
Answer:
(c) agreeable

Question 8.
You will probably find that it is unmentioned.
(a) improbably
(b) apparently
(c) plausibly
(d) tied perhaps
Answer:
(a) improbably

Question 9.
Britannia teapots produce inferior tea.
(a) junior
(b) superior
(c) senior
(d) circular
Answer:
(b) superior

Question 10.
If the tea is not loose in the pot, it never infuses properly.
(a) pervades
(b) permeates
(c) imbues
(d) drains
Answer:
(d) drains

Question 11.
Stray leaves are supposed to be harmful.
(a) hurtful
(b) damaging
(c) evil
(d) harless/safe
Answer:
(d) harless/safe

Question 12.
I am in a minority.
(a) popularity
(b) scarcity
(c) paucity
(d) majority
Answer:
(d) majority

Question 13.
One can exactly regulate the amount of milk.
(a) correctly
(b) inaccurately
(c) precisely
(d) fully
Answer:
(b) inaccurately

Question 14.
Some drink it only to be stimulated.
(a) motivated
(b) encouraged
(c) discouraged
(d) rejuvenated
Answer:
(c) discouraged

Question 15.
The milk-first school can bring forward some fairly strong arguments.
(a) progressive
(b) leeward
(c) backward
(d) onward
Answer:
(c) backward

(c) Fill in the boxes with the correct answers. The first one has been done for you.

Answer:

Listening Activity

Listen to the passage about the ‘Significance of Tea’ and answer the questions.

The Significance of Tea

Tea has been an important beverage for thousands of years. It is consumed by two-thirds of the world’s population. India is the second largest tea producer in the world after China, although over 70 per cent of its tea is consumed within India. Tea has been proved to offer numerous health benefits. Scientists and researchers have found that drinking tea could reduce the risk of heart diseases. The antioxidants in tea might prevent cancer. Regular tea drinking might help one in lowering blood sugar and blood pressure. Tea might be an effective agent in the prevention and treatment of neurological disorders. The consumption of tea results in the strengthening of one’s teeth, bones and immune system. However, drinking too much tea may prove to be harmful to one’s health. So, drinking tea moderately could make one healthier. Researchers have confirmed the significant overall health benefits of drinking tea.

Questions:

Question 1.
Which country is the largest tea producer in the world?
Answer:
China is the largest producer of tea in the world.

Question 2.
________ percent of the tea produced in India is exported.
Answer:
30

Question 3.
What is the role of antioxidants in tea?
Answer:
The antioxidants in tea might prevent cancer.

Question 4.
Drinking tea strengthens one’s ______ , and _____
Answer:
teeth, bones, immune system

Question 5.
How does drinking tea help a diabetic?
Answer:
Regular tea drinking lowers blood sugar and thus helps a diabetic.

Speaking Activity

Read the story silently.

Once upon a time a daughter complained to her father that her life was miserable and that she didn’t know how she was going to make it. She was tired of fighting and struggling all the ( time. It seemed that just as one problem was solved, another one soon followed. Her father,a chef, took her to the kitchen. He filled three pots with water and placed each on high flame. Once the three pots began to boil, he placed potatoes in one pot, eggs in the second pot, and .ground coffee beans in the third pot. He then let them boil, without saying a word to his daughter. The daughter moaned and impatiently waited, wondering what he was doing.‘

After twenty minutes he turned off the burners. He took the potatoes out of the pot and placed them in a bowl. He pulled the boiled eggs out and placed them in a bowl. He then ladled the coffee out and poured it in a cup. Turning to her he asked. “Daughter, what do you see?”

“Potatoes, eggs, and coffee,” she hastily replied, “Look closer,” he said, “and touch the potatoes.” She did and noted that they were soft. He then asked her to take an egg and break it. After peeling off the shell, she observed the hard-boiled egg.

Finally, he asked her to sip the coffee. Its rich aroma brought a smile to her face. “Father, what does this mean?” she asked. He then explained that the potatoes, the eggs and coffee beans had each faced the same adversity – the boiling water. However, each one reacted differently. The potato was strong, hard, and unrelenting, but in boiling water, it became soft and weak. The egg was fragile, with the thin outer shell protecting its liquid interior until it was put in the boiling water. Then the inside of the eggs became hard. However, the ground coffee beans were unique.

After they were exposed to the boiling water, they changed the water and created something new. “Which are you?” he asked his daughter. “When adversity knocks on your door, how do you respond? Are you a potato, an egg, or a coffee bean? Things happen around us, things happen to us, but the only thing that truly matters is what happens within us. Which one are you?

This story shows how people react to different situations in life. Some become weak and soft like the potatoes and some others harden like the egg. The best way to face difficulties is illustrated by the coffee beans which change their colour and add flavour.

Now use these ideas and prepare a speech on the topic ‘The importance of developing a positive attitude’ and deliver the speech in the school assembly.

The importance of developing a positive attitude:

Respected Chief Guest, dignitaries on the dias, teachers and my dear friends. I would like to say a few words on the importance of developing a positive attitude.

Positive attitude is necessary to succeed in life. A person with positive attitude has self confidence and empathy. To highlight this I would like to quote some incidents in the life of Amelia Earhart, the first woman pilot. She watched a pilot taking off in his small plane. On the runway, he wanted to scare her, he drove the small plane very close to her, she didn’t panic or run away. The plane which whizzed past her seemed to invite her. She worked at various jobs such as photographer, truck driver and stenographer. She managed to save 1000 dollars for her flying lessons. In order to reach the air-field Amelia had to take a bus to the end of line and walk 6 km. Earhart’s commitment to flying required her to accept frequent hardwork. After proving her professional skills as a lady pilot, she popularized flying and encouraged many girls to take pilot training. She proved that women can also shine in the field which was till then dominated by men.

The next best example is the positive attitude of Abinandan, the pilot whose parachute drifted into Pakistan and was taken a prisoner. Even while in the custody of Pak military, he did not lose his confidence. He conducted himself bravely. He did not fear, he believed in himself and in his country. He is back home as a living legend spreading the message that positive attitude can help one overcome any obstacle in life.

Reading

Non-verbal Representations.
Look at the following non-verbal representation. Based on your understanding and inference, write a paragraph on career trends in the next decade.

Fastest growing occupations:

It is true that most of us were not aware of the current demands in the job market 10 years ago. As the emerging jobs and the required skill sets change all the professional qualifications become irrelevant. In addition to the basic degree, it is necessary to foresee the emerging trends in the job market. This paragraph shows that the topmost opportunity to grow is in the field of wind and solar energy. Technicians are needed in this sector. There is 100% chances of placement for those who qualify themselves in operating wind mills, designing, installing and maintenance of solar panels. Paramedical profession is likely to grow exponentially.

It means that those who pursue nursing, lab technician courses would get placed soon. Strikingly, Mathematicians and Statisticians wall be next in huge demand as 70% growth is for them only. As there is a boom in media services, T.V., radio, newspapers and periodicals, there is a rising demand for media persons and journalists. Against the common beleif, only 50% growth opportunity is there for professionals qualified in software development. It is heartening to note that cycle repairers and two wheeler mechanics will get opportunities next to software engineers. Though lakhs of graduates do B.Ed. course the growth opportunity in teaching jobs in colleges and schools is only 30%. The dismal picture for sportsmen and coaches is discouraging. Only 20% growth is predicted in placements for coaches and sportsmen. Finally only 10% growth is possible for those who specialise in food analysis and working in hotels.

Task
Now read the following article on the emerging career options in the modern era and answer the questions that follow.

The students at the higher secondary level in schools start thinking of suitable courses to take up at the university level based on their aptitude, ability and interests. While considering the higher education options, they should also plan the career path they wish to take. In today’s complex job scenario, there is a mismatch between demand and supply on one hand we have qualified professionals desperately trying to find a job, while on the other hand, there are many professions that need suitable talented employees. But such skilled employees are unavailable. Therefore, the need of the hour is that students have an understanding of the emerging career options.

Schools should take the initiative to organise career guidance and counselling sessions for students. However, students need to remember that to build a strong career, they must understand the prospective field and their primary interest. It is also important for students to focus on overall personality development and hone their communication skills as these are important for the success of their career. Students are also advised that in order to build a solid career foundation, they need to qualify suitably by pursuing a degree course in the chosen area of interest and also consider post graduate education. Diploma/Short-term courses may help one find a job in the short run but may not promise career progression. Rapid advancement in science and technology and globalisation has widened the scope of career options in the twenty-first century. Let us consider some popular careers.

Fashion Designing:
The current cosmopolitan and fashion-conscious wave that has taken over our country has .opened up a huge arena for careers in fashion. These careers encompass designing clothes, costumes, jewellery, footwear, wardrobe, costumes, accessories and the like.

Culinary Arts:
With food and cookery shows being a major trend across the world, culinary arts, a sub-domain of the hospitality sector, has now become the most sought after career.

Paramedical sciences:
In recent times, there has been a great demand in the health care industry. Paramedical professionals who support medical practitioners in areas such as optometry, pathology, nursing, physiotherapy, and dentistry are much sought after.

Media, Journalism and Advertising:
In this information era, print and entertainment media have become a force to reckon with. This arena has become a huge career playground because youngsters are attracted to it as the exposure and reach is greater through such mass media. We notice that radio and TV channels, internet companies and advertising agencies are increasingly recruiting qualified professionals.

Hotel Management:
The hotel industry is the fastest growing industry in India. The number of international travellers (both for business and leisure) is increasing. The hospitality and service industry offers career options such as house keeping, front-desk executives, tourism management, etc.
76 English-12

Sports Management:
With multinational companies supporting sports, careers in sports offer enormous scope. One need not be a player or an athlete to shine in a sports career because the field of sports offers various career options such as technical trainers, commentators, sports journalists, dieticians, referees, etc. Conducting sports events successfully, organizing the event laudably, preparing the ground for the event are all part of sports management.

Questions:

Question (a)
When do students start thinking about their career path?
Answer:
At the end of plus two exams students start thinking about their career path.

Question (b)
How can students build a strong career?
Answer:
To build a strong career, students must understand the prospective field and their primary interest. They need to qualify suitably by pursuing a degree course in their chosen area of interest.

Question (c)
What are the integral aspects of a successful career?
Answer:
Personality development, communicative competence, required skill sets, keeping abreast of technological advancements in addition to qualification in the respective field are the integral aspects of a successful career.

Question (d)
What is meant by ‘culinary art’?
Answer:
Cooking is called culinary art.

Question (e)
Why is media a popular career option?
Answer:
Media is a popular carrer option because print and entertainment media have become a force to reckon with. Radio, TV channels, internet companies and advertisement companies are increasingly recruiting qualified professionals.

Question (f)
Name some paramedical courses mentioned in the passage.
Answer:
Optometry, pathology, nursing, physiotherapy and dentistry are some popular paramedical courses.

Question (g)
Why is the hotel industry seen as the fastest growing in India?
Answer:
The number of international travellers visiting India is rapidly growing. This has resulted in the exponential growth of hospitality and service industry. A lot of career options such as house keeping, front-desk executives, tourism management etc. are now open.

Question (h)
Does one have to be a player to opt for a career in the field of sports? Answer giving reasons.
Answer:
No. Sports journalists, dieticians, technical trainers and commentators need not be sports persons.

Question (i)
Pick one word from the passage which is the opposite of ‘modern’.
Answer:
Traditional

Question (j)
Which word in the passage means ‘composed of people from many parts of the country’?
Answer:
International travellers

Grammar

Prepositions
Task 1
Recall your learning of basic prepositions and complete the sentences using the prepositions given in brackets.

(a) The boy jumped ______ a narrow stream.
(b) Afsar will meet me ______ Friday morning.
(c) The temple is ______ the bank.
(d) My friend will meet me ______ his brother tomorrow.
(e) There is usually a garden ______ a bungalow.
(f) Yuvan has been studying well ______ childhood.
(g) A trekker climbed ______ a mountain meticulously.
(h) There was a skirmish ______ my brother and sister.
(i) The laudable thoughts were apparent ______ many scholars in a conference.
(j) It is easy to work ______ vthe aegis of visionary leader.

Answers:

(a) into
(b) on
(c) near/beside
(d) with
(e) in front of
(f) since
(g) over
(h) between
(i) among
(j) under

Task 2
Complete the following passages using the prepositions given in brackets.
(among, for, at, to, in,)

Question (i)
______ When Lakshmi was (1) ______ school, she practised music from Monday (2) ______ Friday. She involved herself (3) ______ the school orchestra. She was responsible (4) ______ conducting many programmes. She was very popular (5) ______ her schoolmates, as she was kind, friendly and helpful.
Answers:

1. at
2. to
3. in
4. for
5. among

Question (ii)
(after, with, on, before, of, in, for)
(1) _____ the interview, Solomon was confident (2) _____ getting the job. He knew that he was qualified (3) _____ the job. He was interested (4) _____ discharging his duty perfectly. The interview panel was impressed (5) _____ his attitude and skills. So (6) _____ the interview, he was (7) _____ cloud nine.
Answers:

1. Before
2. of
3. for
4. in
5. with
6. after
7. on

Prepositional Phrases
Task 1
Underline the prepositional phrases. The first two examples have been done for you.

(a) With reference to your advertisement in a local newspaper, I am applying for the post of a salesman.
(b) The assignment will be completed in a few weeks.

Question (c)
Ravi was appreciated by his teachers.
Answer:
Ravi was appreciated by his teachers.

Question (d)
We feel sorry for our mistakes.
Answer:
We feel sorry for our mistakes.

Question (e)
The boy studied well in spite of many obstacles.
Answer:
The boy studied well in spite of many obstacles.

Question (f)
Our nation is famous for its glorious culture.
Answer:
Our nation is famous for its glorious culture.

Question (g)
We are proud of our children.
Answer:
We are proud of our children.

Question (h)
My brother will return home in the evening.
Answer:
My brother will return home in the evening.

Task 2
Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositional phrase given in brackets.

(in favour of, in case of, according to, on the whole, on account of, on behalf of, in spite of, instead of)

(a) ______ Kiran, Rajesh may attend a programme.
(b) Many tourists visited Ooty ______ heavy rains.
(c) Expressing gratitude ______ others is common in a vote of thanks.
(d) ______ I had a happy childhood.
(e) Our teacher always acts ______ her students.
(f) ______ his laziness, the boy remained passive for a long time.
(g) ______ Gandhiji, ahimsa means infinite love.
(h) ______ rain, take an umbrella.

Answers:

(a) instead of
(b) in spite of
(c) on behalf of
(d) on the whole
(e) in favour of
(J) On account of
(g) According to
(h) In case of

Connectives or Linkers

Task 1
Choose the appropriate linker from within the brackets and complete the sentences.

(a) I could not complete my paper in the examination ______ (because, but) I was slow in answering the questions.
(b) It started raining, ______ (yet, so) we could not play.
(c) ______ (As, If) I got up early, I managed to reach school on time.
(d) ______ (Though/Whereas) he committed a mistake, he apologised (and/since) promised that he would not repeat it.
(e) This is ______ (how/what) it must be done.
(f) The vendor saw the train moving slowly from the platform, ______ (therefore/until) he got
(g) I was not well, ______ (but/so) I did not attend the class.
(h) (If, Although) ______ she can drive , she travels by bus.
(i) (If/Unless) ______ you register your name, you cannot participate in the competitions.
(j) (As soon as/Besides) ______ my father arrived home, I narrated the incident.
(k) Be quick to hear ______ (then/ and) slow to speak.
(l) lam ______ (neither/either) an ascetic in theory (nor/or) in practice.
(m) We fail to harness the rain water, ______ (consequently, nevertheless) we suffer.
(n) My brother will certainly clear GRE; ______ (yet/for) he works very hard.

Answers:

(a) because
(b) so
(c) As
(d) Though, and
(e) how
(f) therefore
(g) so
(h) Although
(i) Unless
(j) As soon as
(k) and
(l) neither, nor
(m) consequently
(n) for

Task 2
Combine the sentences and rewrite them using the words given in the brackets.

Question (a)
The well was deep. Therefore, the fox could not get out of the well, (because)
Answer:
The fox could not get out of the well because the well was deep.

Question (b)
The work was over. We went home, (when)
Answer:
When the work was over, we went home.

Question (c)
A library is a public place. We see a number of books kept there for reading, (where)
Answer:
A library is a public place where we see a number of books kept for reading.

Question (d)
The culprit was caught. Immediately, he was taken to the police station, (as soon as)
Answer:
As soon as the culprit was caught, he was taken to the police station.

Question (e)
The boys were stealing mangoes from a grove. At that time, the owner of the grove came in.(while)
Answer:
While the boys were stealing mangoes, the owner of the grove came in.

Question (J)
Artificially flavoured juices are hazardous to health. Moreover, they lead to kidney problems, (and)
Answer:
Artificially flavoured juices are hazardous to health and they lead to kidney problems.

Question (g)
Adit has been promoted. Ranjan has been promoted, (as well as)
Answer:
Adit as well as Ranjan have been promoted.

Question (h)
Caesar was declared emperor. The conspirators killed him. (After)
Answer:
After Caesar was declared the emperor, the conspirators killed him.

Task 3
Fill in the blanks with appropriate correlative conjunctions.

(a) She is _____ an understanding person _____ everybody likes to be with her.
(b) Suraj owns _____ a typewriter _____ a computer.
(c) Vani is _____ a good singer _____ a good dancer.
(d) Amit did not know _____ his father met his class teacher _____ not.
(e) I would _____ starve _____ beg.

Answers:

(a) such, that
(b) not only, but also
(c) not only, but also
(d) whether, or
(e) neither, nor

Writing

Article Writing
Task 1

The Government of Tamil nadu has imposed a ban on the use of plastic. Effective implementation of this ban depends on public awareness and individual responsibility.

Write an article of 150 words for your school magazine to create an awareness of the dangers posed by indiscriminate use of plastic. Expand the ideas given below as notes.

Notes:

a. Introduction:

1. Plastic – synthetic material – doesn’t decompose in soil
2. Inevitable role of plastic – man’s day-to-day life

b. Human Health Hazard:

1. Leeching of plastic into food – micro plastic entering food chain
2. Human body’s inability to deal with this unnatural substance
3. Reaction of micro plastic in human body and ill effects

c. Adverse effects on plants and animals:

1. Plastic particles choking waterways – affect aquatic animals
2. Ingestion by aquatic and terrestrial animals -blocking of intestines and respiratory passages

d. Environmental Degradation:

1. Manufacturing process and burning of plastics – pollute atmosphere
2. Plastic-non-biodegradable – interferes with soil microorganisms – affects soil fertility

e. Conclusion:

1. Suggestions for restricted use – alternatives for one-time use of plastics
2. Segregation of plastic waste – for recycling

Use of Plastic in Daily Life

Introduction:
One of the greatest threats to the sustainability of living environment is plastics. It is a synthetic material. It is not biodegradable, it takes hundreds of years to break down into small particles. Without knowing the long term harm plastic can cause to the environment, plastic has entered all walks of life.

Human health Hazard:
AS hot food items are packed in polythene bags, microplastic enters food chain. Besides, the plastic waste that is scattered is eaten by stray animals and even huge whales and they die eventually unable to digest them. The microplastic that goes into the human body blocks intestine and also causes respiratory disorders. Reaction to microplastic in human body leads to a lot of disorders and diseases.

Adverse Effects:
Plastic particles choke the arteries of water ways and affect the lives of marine organisms as well. Ingestion caused by plastic congestion leads to blocks in the intestine, lungs and eventually death in animals.

Environmental Degradation:
Both the processing involved in production of plastics and burning of broken plastic items result in air pollution. The plastic fragments interfere with soil microorganisms and accelerate infertility of the soil.

Conclusion:
People need to be sensitized on the uses of safe disposal of plastic waste and not mix it with organic waste. Besides, people must be encouraged to reduce, recycle and reuse plastic instead of throwing them away.

Task 2
Urban living brings with it a possibility of various communicable diseases.
Now write an article of about 150 words for a leading newspaper on the various ways of maintaining personal hygiene and sanitation in order to ensure a healthy living. Make use of the hints given below.
Hints:

(a) Introduction – ‘Cleanliness is next to Godliness’ – brief explanation

(b) Personal hygiene:

1. Frequent washing of hands and regular bathing
2. Brushing of teeth, trimming of nails and hair
3. Wearing clean clothes

(c) Keeping diseases at bay:

1. Avoid street food
2. Keep food containers covered
3. Drink boiled water
4. Wash fruits and vegetables in flowing water

(d) Keeping living areas, surroundings and the environment clean:

1. Disposal of domestic organic waste on a daily basis and hazardous waste in designated places
2. Regular sweeping, mopping and dusting
3. Disinfection of toilets and bathing areas
4. Avoid littering of public places
5. Avoid spitting, urinating and defecating in public places

(e) Conclusion – hygiene – a collective exercise – everyone’s involvement and practice, a must – ensure community health and happiness – celebrate life

Cleanliness is next to Godliness

Introduction:
“Cleanliness is next to Godliness”. Those who keep themselves and their surroundings clean and green live safely without the threat of infectious or contagious diseases.

Personal hygiene:
Regular bathing and hand washing, brushing of teeth, combing the hair, paring the nails and wearing neat dresses are indispensable for ensuring personal hygiene.

Keeping diseases at bay:
People who take street food must avoid them because, the food items are exposed to dust and disease spreading germs. Even at home we must ensure that the vessels containing food items are well-covered with plates or lids. As water-borne diseases are prevalent in cities and villages, one must drink only boiled water. Farmers use pesticides and hence we should always wash the vegetables and fruits in flowing water before using them for cooking or eating.

Keeping living areas, surroundings and the environment clean:
We must dispose organic waste on a daily basis. Hazardous waste must be disposed in the designated places only. Littering in public places must be avoided. One must have the civic sense and refrain from spitting, urinating and defecating in public places.

Conclusion:
Hygeine is a collective responsibilty of all people. For ensuring the health and happiness of the community, everyone must get involved in maintaining cleanliness in their surroundings.

Suggested Topics:
Importance of Physical Exercises / Sports and Games

Introduction:
A sound mind in a sound body goes the old saying. It holds good in modem times. Physical exercises play a vital role in keeping the body strong.

Kinds of exercises:
The simplest form of exercise is walking. Today people use two wheelers powered by petrol and biologists fear that after a hundred years babies maybe bom without legs using the theory of selection. As free bus pass is given, students have stopped cycling or walking even a kilometer a day.

Some do cycling on a regular basis and keep fit. Some go to the gym and do body building exercises. But everyone’s body’ constitution may not permit long hours of work out in a gym.

By playing traditional games like kho-kho, kabbadi, etc. also can maintain good health. In villages, climbing a huge tall oiled smooth pole is a contest during festivals. People stand in circles on whose shoulders young ones climb up to take the prize money kept on the top of the pole. Playing various games such as Tennis, cricket, basket ball, volleyball, foot ball can also give sufficient physical exercises. Students can partake in athletic events and sports to get enough exercise.

Conclusion:
Students should avoid playing games in the phone and watching domestic poison (i.e.) TV serials. Playing and doing physical exercises in the open air will tone up their muscles and build their immune system against diseases.

Travel and its Benefits

Introduction:
Travelling is a great teacher. Augustine says, “the world is a great book of which those who don’t travel read only a page.” Reading about Kashmir or Kodaikanal may not be as fascinating as travelling by car or train and drink and appreciate the beauty of nature.

Heresay vs first hand experience:
Reading about Ooty is less interesting than visiting Ooty in person. Seeing the flower show when Ooty is in full bloom is equal to seeing it in hundred movies. Walking around Botanical gardens, gazing at the valley below from Doddabetta peak, enjoying the boat ride dipping the hands into the chill waters and looking at the Pykara hydel power project are all scenic beauties one etches in one’s memories for long.

Advantages of travelling:
Life is a book full of surprises. As we travel we meet many new and interesting people. We learn about new cultures, life styles, superstitions and rituals followed in different communities across the globe.

Travelling-testing ground of skills:
During travels, one may face unforeseen emergencies. One’s latent skills of problem-solving come to limelight during such emergencies. One would also be amazed to learn how total strangers bestow kindness he/she may not have expected in crises.

Conclusion:
Travel broadens one’s outlook of life. It is also a means of education. It is one of the precious gifts of life. One must travel far and wide to enjoy life-transforming experiences which can never be had inside the four walss of classrooms or home.

Water Conservation

Introduction:
Water is the elixir of life. Earth is the only lonely planet having life-supporting water in abundance. The earth is covered with 71% water. But potable water is only around 1%.

Need to conserve water:
Due to erratic rainfall caused by deforestation, water tables are fast drying up. Global warming is adding to the problem. Even underground water is sucked up by sunlight. Tamil Nadu Government is very strict about water harvesting. Permission to build is given only after ensuring water harvesting facility is added in the blue print.

War for water:
In olden days, wars were waged on rare beauties and gold. But in modem times, the countries which possess large amount of drinking water will become envious target of water hungry nations. Abdul Kalam, the rocket scientist, predicted, for a water can, people would go to the extent of murdering fellow humans. Already interstate quarrels have started over sharing of river waters. On the one hand, the surplus rain water goes to ocean and during summer, there is scarcity of water. There are no check dams on the path of rivers. There is greedy robbery of sand. River beds are becoming moist-free desert-like plains.

Water conservation:
When Israel is able to do agriculture profitably with very little rains, we struggle to ensure lucrative prices for farm products. Many states in India have failed to conserve rain water where surplus rain water rushes to ocean through flood canals.

Conclusion:
Unwise use of water is rampant across the country. Through leaky pipes good water goes down the drain. It is the collective responsibility of citizens and municipal authorities to conserve water and sustain life on the earth.

Child Labour

Introduction:
Child labour has emerged as a major issue in India. To address this social issue, NGOs, parents, social activists and society have to join hands to attack this issue. There is a legal provision to safeguard exploited persons beyond the age of 16. But young children don’t get the advantage of legal cover.

Causes of child labour:
In many developing countries, child labour is rampant. The prominent reasons are sibling care, poverty and lack of schooling opportunities. In developing countries 50% of school aged population (in the age group of 5-14) are engaged in child labour.

Distribution of child labour:
In farming industry, child labour is rampant. In labour intensive cotton industries, brick laying industries and in the informal sector we find a large number of children employed. In small scale industries like weaving, match works, fire crackers, children are engaged as bond labourers to lessen the financial burden of parents.

Conclusion:
It is a cruel paradox that instead of eliminating child labour, we have NCLP, non-formal schools to give education to child labourers. Main streaming is not a success due to inadequate monitoring. It is comforting to learn that international organization have taken up the cause of fighting against child labour. All must realize that healthy children are the real future of India. Child labour is retarding the progress of the children and the nation.

Mobile Phone – Advantages and Disadvantages

Introduction:
Mobile phone is a palm held device which has revolutionised the world of communication. A mobile phone does not require fixed landline and makes two way communication easy and affordable. Telegram department had to be closed due to the lightning speed with which messages could be sent orally or through SMS.

Mobile functions and advantages:
A mobile phone can be used for watching cricket, movie or just listen to news. Students now google for collecting information for their assignments and projects. A recent survey says 50% of youth read newspapers only through their android phones. The habit of reading books or dictionaries is falling due to quick access to information via mobile and internet services. Through Ola and Uber apps one can summon a call taxi or even order food from Uber eats or Ola food through these apps for a cheap cost. Railway and flight tickets can be booked online.
’ Memorable events can be frozen in photos or videos and saved in the phone itself. Money transfer is now possible through using PayTM, Bhim app or google money app. As many online newspapers are freely available, people save money.
Big Bazaar sells even vegetables through phone. Flipkart and Amazon apps help one to place order for any home appliances at competitive prices.

Disadvantages:
Social websites such as whatsapp, twitter and facebook keep young ones continuously engaged and crazy for likes. Sometimes evil doers access valuable information and exploit women and children. Sharing vital information, photos, videos, etc. with total strangers can jeopardize one’s honour and life too. Students who get addicted to video games and watching explicit content waste their time and energy and dropout of schools.

Conclusion:
Mobile phone is a technological marvel. Similar to any new technology, it has its fascinating traps. One must use mobile phones judiciously and stay out of harm and disgrace.

Consumerism – Wants and Needs

Introduction:
Consumer has the right to decide what he needs and what he wants to buy. But due to the explosive non-stop advertisements in the television, theatres, print media and in hand bills, the consumer is often influenced to buy what he actually does not need.

Problem of plenty:
A good trader needs to find a balance between both the need and want of the consumer. As many malls have sprung up in big cities and departmental stores in small towns, the consumer’s rights to choose what he needs are eroded. There’s a problem of plenty.

Astute traders Vs gullible customers:
As seasons change, consumers want to change the design of their jewels, wardrobes, etc. Astute traders dump a lot of varieties and under the pretext of discount and offers sub-standard commodities are sold to the consumers.

Conclusion:
The rules of business have changed widely now. Each consumer is different. Traders who are able to recognize the need of the consumer and supply custom-made or tailored commodities can only satisfy their wants and stabilize their business in the competitive market.

Value of Education

Introduction:
Education helps young ones acquire essential knowledge and skills. In modem times, teacher alone is not the dispenser of knowledge. School alone is not the abode of learning. There are many avenues from where students can learn freely.

Value of education:
Education teaches students to understand the fast changing world and problems of modem society and also evolve solutions in unconventional ways. Education shapes the destiny of a nation. It enables young ones to become a productive member of the civilized society and equips them with the required skill sets to seek jobs and shine in them too.

Education teaches us how to meet day to day challenges and overcome obstacles. It helps us leam how to become a well-rounded personality and perpetuate Indian culture. Education teaches young citizens non-negotiable rules in life and manners too. It lays the foundation stone for the future of children. It guides young ones to lead disciplined life and gives them with skills to earn jobs which would pay them well.

Conclusion:
India has to invest more in quality education in our country because education is the prerequisite to the nation’s prosperity and modernization of the country.

Value based Education

Introduction:
Education needs to ennoble human beings. It should teach sensitivity to the social issues which affect the progress of the nation. Education must sensitize students of the sweeping changes occuring around them in modem times.

Importance of value-based Education:
Education without values seems rather to make man a mere clever devil. Nelson Mandela once rightly said, “Education is the most powerful weapon through which you can change the world.” The aim of education should not be confined only to impart knowledge but to inculcate values in young and impressionable minds.

Rote memory vs value based education:
Currently, rote memorization is largely emphasized. Factual information needs to be mastered and not memorised and regurgitated during examinations. This system fails to give any opportunity to think outside the box. As we are moving towards becoming a knowledge economy, moral values have taken a back seat. Juvenile delinquency is threatening the value system of the country. The students may be intelligent and smart but they lack empathy. The schooling system has failed to inculcate the right values among children. It is unfortunate that neither teachers nor the students focus on values for it is not graded. Virtue should never ask for a reward because it is a reward in itself. India would regain its glory when students inculcate values like honesty, patriotism, compassion and hardwork.

Conclusion:
Education is a life long process. In real life, it is to be translated into qualities of truthfulness, self-confidence, compassion to all living things, and integration of mind, body and brain. In short, value based education has the capacity to transform the corrupt mind into a very innocent, healthy, natural, fresh mind embellished with agape love.

Essay Writing

Task 1
Write an essay of about 200 words each.

1. The profession you would like to choose

Introduction:
People do have dreams right from their childhood days about their career. Albert Einstein was asked in his death bed, “what did you want to become in your life?” Tears trickled down his eyes and he said, “I wanted to be a plumber. But my vocational instructor drove me out saying . That I don’t have the required skills.

Changing ambitions of children:
Children keep changing their ambitions as their role models change as they grow older and wiser. But I have decided to become a pilot in Indian force. I want to conquer the skies and fly faster than sound. I know it is a challenging career. After the Pulwama attack, the heroic role played by the twelve pilots of Indian Air force that struck at the hearts of terrorists in Pakistan . destroying the hideouts and training schools of terror impressed me. I do foresee the threat to life. Abinandhan, wing commander was released after India’s persistant diplomatic efforts across the world. I was overwhelmed by the united voice of India seeking Abinandhan, every Indian citizen was praying for the safe return of the sky warrior who had shot down F-16 with MiG 21 Bison, an ageing aircraft.

His composure under the custody of Pak army really motivated young people to stay calm during crisis. In Tamil Nadu two soldiers who died in Pulwama attack were mourned by the whole state. Transcending barriers of caste, religion and political alliances, all came to console the family members. Unkown people started donating their life-time savings. So, I have made up my mind to serve the Indian Airforce. I want to live and die as a jawan with legitimate pride. Only in the armed forces, I find dignity in both service and in death.

Conclusion:
People pursue various kinds of careers for the sake of monetary aspects. But I choose airman’s career so that I will become a part of the pride of Indian armed forces.

2. The importance of a balanced diet

Introduction:
This is a pertinent topic when the young children are becoming early victims of obesity. Most of the children in cities have got addicted to fat-saturated foods such as pizza, burger, and other fast foods which cause cholesterol. Eating balanced diet (i.e.) nutritious food is crucial if one wants to lead a healthy life style.

Balanced diet:
Balanced food is not about having the right kind of foods alone, but eating them at the right time in the right proportions. Millets and nutritious food items are available in plenty even in rural areas.

Intake of liquids:
Fluids are quite indispensable for the human body to lead a healthy life style. Scientists claim that 80% of the human body is filled with water. It is also a co-factor in many of the metabolic activities in the body leading to metabolic changes. At least two to three litres of water is essential for everyone. This can be achieved by restricting the intake of coffee and tea and consuming water as frequently as possible.

Fresh vegetables and fruits:
Regular intake of fruits and vegetables will invariably avoid many health disorders. It is believed that a balanced diet must contain all five tastes (i.e.) bitter, pungent, sour, sweet and salt. The avoidance of processed or tinned food is good because processed foods are deprived of their nutritional values. Transfat substances in processed and junk foods is harmful to us.

How to eat:
One must chew the food one consumes to ensure easy digestion. One must eat only what is required. Over eating will result in obesity and over weight. One can start diet as per the directions of one’s family doctor or dietician.

Conclusion:
If one does not take balanced diet with green vegetables and fibre, one may have to spend a lot to recover the lost health.

3. A memorable journey

Introduction:
One learns a lot about the world and life during travels. One gets to meet new people and find new cultures. I had an opportunity to visit Daijeeling along with my uncle who is working . there.

Darjeeling, the Queen of hill stations:
Daijeeling is a mesmerising hill station located in West Bengal. While travelling in the amazing toy train I was transported to heaven. The lush green hills, beautiful serene monasteries, tea plantations and the clouds that played hide and seek with the Sun really dazzled me.

I spoke to the natives. They understood Hindi and Bengali. Fortunately my uncle knew Bengali and he could translate what people said in English and Tamil which broke the barrier of language. There were frequent mild rainfalls which ran chills down my spine. I can never forget the travel in toy train from Jalpaiguri to Daijeeling. The tracks rise from sea level to 7500 ft in just about 70 km. In order to overcome the gradients, the train used zig zag reverses and loops. Batasia loop is the most famous loop with the figure of eight. As the train slowly went for seven hours, I could drink the beauty of nature and take in the fresh air of the green forests.

I went to Kangchenjunga the third highest mountain in the world with an altitude of 8586 metres above sea. I felt like standing on top of the World. Sunrise from the tiger hill was the most fascinating scenes I can never forget in my life.

Conclusion:
I strongly recommend that all my friends must visit Daijeeling once in their life.

A Nice Cup of Tea About The Author

Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903-21 January 1950), better known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist, essayist, journalist and critic whose work is marked by clear prose, awareness of social iniquity, opposition to totalitarianism and candid support of democratic socialism.
Orwell wrote literary criticism, poetry, fiction and polemical journalism. He is best known for the allegorical novella Animal Farm (1945) and the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). In 2008, The Times ranked him second on a list of “The 50 greatest British writers since 1945”.

A Nice Cup of Tea Summary in English

About Nice Cup of Tea
Tea is one of the mainstays of civilization in India, China, U.K., Japan, Australia and New Zealand. It is curious because the best manner of making it is the subject of violent diputes. For George Orwell it is a national issue. Orwell himself went through a great deal of trouble in importing tea to drink personally. This essay is probably a reflection of his passion of preparing and drinking tea. It is a discussion on the craft of making a cup of tea.

Another view is that Orwell wrote the essay with political undertones. He used a cup of tea as the instrument for airing his political views.

Missing entry in the cookery book
‘Tea’ is not mentioned in the cookery book. There may be sketchy references on the instructions about the process of making tea.

Tea-making – A subject of controversies
The author admits that tea is a mainstay of civilization of UK, Australia, New Zealand and in Eire. What is the best manner of making a nice cup of tea is the subject of violent disputes between tea lovers.

Eleven tips for making tea Indian tea – the nicest tea
Firstly, the author prefers Indian to Chinese tea. The Chinese tea is economical in the sen e one can drink it without milk. But Chinese tea doesn’t give the stimulation, wisdom or bravery one expects after the intake of a nice cup of tea. The author associates “nice cup of tea” only with Indian tea.

Quantity vs Quality
Tea ought to be made in small quantities (i.e) in a tea pot. Tea made in urn is tasteless. Army tea made in Cauldron tastes of grease and whitewash. Tea pot should be made of China clay or earthen ware. The tea produced with silver or Britannia ware and enamel pots is always inferior in quality. However he agrees that tea made in pewter teapots is not so bad.

Method
Thirdly the pot should be warmed beforehand. This could be done better by placing the tea pot on the hob than by swilling it out with hot water.

Strong vs weak tea
Fourthly, tea must be strong. Six heaped tea spoons of leaves would be right if quart holding pot is to be filled with water to the brim. May be it is ideal when rationing of tea leaves is done. But one cup of strong tea is better than twenty weak ones. True tea lovers, as they age, want to take stronger tea and hence extra rationing of tea is done in ration shops for old age pensioners.

Indicator of quality of tea
Fifthly tea should be put straight into the pot. Muslin bags and strainers or other devices imprison tea. Baskets meant for filtering tea leaves are harmful. One can swallow tea leaves in considerable quantities. Loose tea in the pot is an indicator of quality.

Boiled or Bioling teapot
Sixthly, one should take the teapot to the kettle. The water should be boiled at the moment of impact (i.e.) while pouring it. Some maintain that tea should be poured from freshly boiled water which makes no difference.

Shake well
Seventhly, after making the tea, one must stir well and allow the tea leaves to settle down.

Drink from breakfast cup
One should drink from big breakfast cup which is cylindrical in shape. The flat shallow cup starts cooling off quickly thereby the quality gets lost.

Creamless milk
One should throw away the cream of the milk before mixing it with tea. The cream gives a sickly taste to the tea.

Milk first vs Tea first schools

Tenthly, the author believes strongly that tea must be poured and stirred. Then the milk must be added. This would exactly regulate the amount of milk poured. If milk is already poured and tea is added the quantity and impact of tea will not be optimum.

Sugarless tea- the nicest tea
Lastly the author disapproves of Russian tea or tea that is taken with sugar. He doubts the sanity of the choice of tea with sugar as it would really spoil the taste of tea. He recommends misguided individuals who take tea with sugar to switch over to sugarless tea for a fortnight. He guarantees that they would not go back to sweet tea as they would realize the real taste of tea.

Mysterious social etiquette
Some claim that it is vulgar to take tea from the saucer. There are other advantages of tea leaves such as telling fortunes, predicting the arrival of guests, feeding rabbits, healing bums and sweeping the carpets.

Conclusion
The author tries to reiterate the point only by using boiling water one can get twenty strong cups of tea from two ounces of tea leaves given in ration. The point that sugarless tea is good is endorsed by doctors also as a good practice.

A Nice Cup of Tea Summary in Tamil

முன்னுரை
| இந்தியா, சீனா, இங்கிலாந்து. ஜப்பான், ஆஸ்திரேலியா மற்றும் நியூசிலாந்து நாட்டு சமுதாயத்தினரிடம் முக்கியமானவையாகக் கருதப்பட்டவைகளுள் தேயிலையும் ஒன்றாகும். இதன் மேல் பேரார்வம் கொண்டதன் காரணம் இதன் செய்முறை குறித்து தீவிர சர்ச்சை நிலவுவதே. ஜியார்ஜ் ஆர்வெல்லுக்கோ தேசிய அளவிலான பிரச்சனையாக அது இருந்தது. போர் தன் சுயதேவைக்கு தேயிலையை இறக்குமதி செய்வதில் பெருத்த சங்கடத்திற்கு அவர் உள்ளாக வேண்டியிருந்தது. இந்தக் கட்டுரை அநேகமாக அவர் தேனீர் தயார் செய்வதிலும் அதை அருந்துவதிலும் கொண்ட ஆர்வத்தின் பிரதிபலிப்பே ஆகும். ஆக, இது தேனீர் தயாரிப்பின் கைப்பக்குவத்தை விவாதிக்கக் கூடிய ஒன்றே ஆகும். ஆர்வெல் இந்தக் கட்டுரையை அரசியல் அடித்தளத்துடன் எழுதியுள்ளார் என்ற மற்றொரு கருத்தும் நிலவுகிறது. அவர் தன் அரசியல் கருத்துக்களை வெளிப்படுத்த ஒரு கோப்பை தேனீர் அருந்துவதைக் கருவியாகக் கையாண்டுள்ளார்.

சமையற்குறிப்பில் விடுபட்ட பதிவு:

தேனீர் பெரும்பாலான சமையற்குறிப்புப் புத்தகங்களில் குறிப்பிடப்படுவதில்லை. தேனீர் தயாரிப்பு மேலோட்டமாக சில சமையல் குறிப்புகளில் காணப்படலாம்.

தேனீர் தயாரிப்பு-சர்ச்சைக்குரிய விஷயம்:
இங்கிலாந்து, ஆஸ்திரேலியா, நியூசிலாந்து மற்றும் ஐயரில் நாடுகளில் முக்கியமான ஒன்று தேநீர் என்பதை ஒப்புக்கொள்கிறார். எந்த விதத்தில் நல்ல சுவையுள்ள தேனீர் தயாரிப்பது என்பதே தேனீர் பிரியர்களிடத்தே உண்டாகும் தீவிர சர்ச்சை ஆகும்.

தேனீர் தயாரிப்பில் 11 குறிப்புகள்:
இந்தியத் தேனீர் இன்பகரமான தேனீர். முதலாவதாக சிக்கனம் எனப் பார்த்தால் பால் சேர்க்காமல் சீனத் | தேயிலையைப் பருகலாம் என்றாலும் ஆசிரியர் இந்தியத் | தேயிலையே சாலச் சிறந்தது எனக் கூறுகிறார். ஆனால், | நல்ல தேனீர் அருந்திய பின் ஒருவர் எதிர்பார்க்கக்கூடிய ஊக்கம், விவேகம் அல்லது வீரம் சீனத் தேனீர் கொடுப்பதில்லை. இன்பகரமான தேனீருடன் ஆசிரியர் தொடர்புபடுத்துவது இந்தியத் தேயிலையையே.

அளவு மற்றும் தரம்:
இரண்டாவதாக தேனீர் சிறிய அளவிலேயே தயாரிக்கப்பட வேண்டும். கெண்டியில் தயாரிக்கப்படும் தேனீர் சுவைமிக்கதாக இருப்பதில்லை. இராணுவத்தினருக்கு பெரிய அண்டாக்களில் தயாரிக்கப்படும் தேனீர் எண்ணெய் பிசிர் மற்றும் சுண்ணாம்புக் கரைசலின் சுவையைக் கொடுக்கும். தேனீர் தயாரிக்கும் பாத்திரம் சீனக் களிமண் அல்லது களிமண்ணால் செய்யப்பட்டிருக்க வேண்டும், வெள்ளி, பிரிட்டானியா சாமான்கள் மற்றும் எனாமல் பூசப்பட்ட பாத்திரங்களில் தயாரிக்கப்படும் தேனீர் தரம் குறைந்ததே. ஆனால் காரீயத் தேனீர் கெண்டியில் தயாரிக்கப்படும் தேனீர் அவ்வளவு மோசமாக இருப்பதில்லை என்பதை ஆசிரியர் ஆமோதிக்கிறார்.

செய்முறை:
மூன்றாவதாக, தேனீர் பாத்திரத்தை தேனீர் போடுவதற்கு முன்னதாக சூடுபடுத்திக் கொள்ளவேண்டும். இதை அடுப்பின் அருகில் உள்ள மேடை மீது சிறிது நேரம் வைத்து பிறகு கொதிக்கும் நீரை விட்டு அலச வேண்டும்.

கசாயம் அதிகமுள்ள மற்றும் கசாயம் குறைந்த தேனீர்:
நான்காவதாக, தேயிலை கசாயம் நிறைந்ததாக | இருக்கவேண்டும். கால் கேலன் (3.785 லிட்டர்) (Quarter | Cup) அளவு கொண்ட கெண்டியில் விளிம்பு வரை நீரை நிறைத்து அதில் ஆறு தேக்கரண்டி நிறைய | தேயிலைத்தூள் போதுமான அளவாகும். இதுவே
போதுமான அளவுகோல் எனக் கொள்ளலாம். ஆனால், | 20 கோப்பை கசாயம் குறைந்த தேனீரைக் காட்டிலும் ஒரு கோப்பை கசாயம் நிறைந்த தேனீர் சிறந்தது. உண்மையான | தேனீர் பிரியர்கள் வயதாக ஆக அதிக கசாயம் மிகுந்த | தேனீரை உட்கொள்ள விரும்புவதால் நியாய விலைக் | கடைகளில் கூடுதல் தேயிலை ஓய்வூதியம் பெறுபவருக்கு கொடுக்கப்படுகிறது.

தேயிலையின் தரத்தைப் பாதிக்கும் கூறுகள் யாவை?
ஐந்தாவதாக தேயிலையைக் கெண்டியில் போட | வேண்டும். மஸ்லின் பை மற்ற வடிகட்டிகள் மூலம் | தேயிலையை வடிகட்ட உதவும் தேயிலை பைகள் ஆபத்தானவை. அளவுக்கு அதிகமான தேயிலையை ஒருவர் விழுங்கிவிட வாய்ப்புள்ளது. ஆனால் அது உடல்நலத்துக்கு ஒரு போதும் கேடு விளைவிக்காது. அது உடல்நலத்துக்கு நன்று. கெண்டியில் (kettle) போட்டுத் தயாரிக்கும் தேயிலை உயர்தர வகைக்கு சான்று.

கொதித்த அல்லது கொதிக்கும் கெண்டி:
ஆறாவதாக, கொதித்த தேநீரை கெண்டியில் ஊற்ற வேண்டும். ஊற்றும் போது நீர் கொதிக்க வைக்கப்பட வேண்டும். சிலர் தேனீரை கொதித்த நீரில் | போட வேண்டும் என்பர். அதனால் எந்த வித்தியாசமும் இல்லை. நன்றாகக் கெண்டியை குலுக்கினால் போதும்.

நன்றாக கிளறுங்கள்
ஏழாவதாக தேனீர் தயாரித்த பிறகு நன்றாக கிளறி தேயிலைத் தூள் கீழே தங்குமாறு செய்யவேண்டும்.

பசியாறும் கோப்பையில் ஊற்றி குடிக்கவேண்டும்:
எட்டாவதாக கோள (Cylinderical) வடிவிலான பெரிய பசியாற்றும் கோப்பையில் ஊற்றிப் பருகவேண்டும். தட்டையான கோப்பைகளில் ஊற்றுவதால் எளிதில் சூடு ஆறி அதன் சுவை பருகும்போதே தொலைந்துவிடுகிறது.

வெண்ணைய் இல்லாத பால்:
ஒன்பதாவதாக தேனீருடன் கலப்பதுக்கு | முன் பாலில் உள்ள வெண்ணையை அப்புறப்படுத்த வேண்டும். அந்த வெண்ணைய் நுரை தேனீரில் கலந்து பிசுபிசுப்புத் தன்மையைக் கொடுக்கிறது.

முதலில் பால் மற்றும் முதலில் தேனீர்:
பத்தாவதாக, கதையாசிரியர் தேயிலை நீரை முதலில் ஊற்றி கலக்கவேண்டும் என நம்புகிறார். அதன் பின் பால் சேர்க்கப்பட வேண்டும். இது நாம் எவ்வளவு பால் உபயோகிக்கிறோம் என்பதைத் திட்டமிடச் செய்யும், பாலை முதலில் எடுத்துக்கொண்டு தேனீரை ஊற்றுவது ஏற்ற வகையான அனுகூலத்தைத் தராது.

சர்க்கரை இல்லாத தேனீர்-இனிமையான தேனீர்:
கடைசியாக ஆசிரியர் ரஸ்யன் வகை தேயிலை அல்லது சர்க்கரை சேர்த்த தேனீரை ஆட்சேபிக்கிறார். சர்க்கரை சேர்த்த தேனீரின் தன்மையை அவர் சந்தேகிக்கிறார். ஏனெனில், அது தேனீரின் சுவையைக் கெடுத்து விடுகிறது. வழிநடத்தப்பட்டவர்களே தவறுதலாக தேனீருடன் சர்க்கரை சேர்த்துக் கொள்கிறார்கள். அவர்களை சர்க்கரை சேர்க்காத தேனீருக்கு மாறும்படி சிபாரிசு செய்கிறார். அவர்கள் மறுபடியும் சர்க்கரை சேர்த்த தேனீருக்கு திரும்ப மாட்டார்கள் என உத்திரவாதம் அளிக்கிறார். ஏனெனில், அவர்கள் இரு வார காலத்தில் தேனீரின் மெய்யான சுவையை அறிந்திருப்பார்கள்.

மர்மமான சமூக ஆசாரம்:
சிலர் பீங்கான் தட்டில் தேனீரை ஊற்றி அருந்துவது அருவெறுப்பு உடையது என ஏன் கருதுகிறார்கள்? என்றும் மற்றும் தேயிலை உபயோகத்தின் இரண்டாம் பட்சமான உபயோகமான குறி சொல்வது, விருந்தினர் வருகையை அறிவிப்பது, முயலுக்கு ஆகாரமாகக் கொடுப்பது, தீப்புண்ணை ஆற்றுவது மற்றும் சமுக்காளத்தைக் கூட்டுவது என மர்மமான சமூகச் சடங்குகளும் தேனீர் கெண்டியைச் சூழ்ந்துள்ளது.

முடிவுரை:
நியாய விலைக் கடைகளில் கொடுக்கும் 2 அவுன்ஸ் தேயிலையைக் கொதிக்கும் நீரில் இட்டால் 20 கோப்பை நிறைந்த கசாயம் கூடிய தேனீர் கிடைக்கும் என்று அறிவுறுத்துகிறார். சர்க்கரை இல்லாத தேனீர் நல்ல பழக்கம் என்னும் கருத்தை மருத்துவர்களும் வலியுறுத்துகிறார்கள்.

A Nice Cup of Tea Glossary

Textual:

Additional:

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Grammar Tenses

Tenses of verbs are used to express time. They indicate the time and state of the action.

Verbs end with ‘s’ when subject is singular and do not end with ‘s’ when subject is plural in the present tense.

Present Tense

Simple Present : (verb+s/es)

• True in, the present :
• He works in a studio.
• She is sixty years old.
• We live in Chennai.

Habits :

• I always drink coffee at work.
• He wakes up at 7 a.m. every day.
• They usually eat dinner at home.

General facts/truths :

• The Earth revolves around the Sun.
• The Sun rises in the East.
• Water boils at 100°C.

Future timetables/schedules :

• My train arrives tomorrow.
• We fi y to Paris on Monday.
• Classes begin next week.

Present Continuous: (am/is/are+verb+ing)

Happening now :
It is raining.
I’m eating lunch now.

Fixed plans :
I am meeting my friends after work.’

Temporary actions :
I’m working in New York this week.

Trends :
More and more people arc using cell phones to access the Internet.

Longer actions in progress now :
She is studying to become a doctor.
He is training for a marathon.

PRESENT PERFECT : (haslhave+past participle)
Action completed in tue immediate past :
We have planned the meeting for next week.
I have joined the duty.
She has completed the home work.

Event in the past at an unspecified time :
She has been to Paris.
I’ve seen that movie.

Duration from the past until now :
He has been a teacher since 2002.

Change over time :
Your English has improved since the last time we met.
My niece has grown a lot in the past year.

Repeated events in the past until now :
We have had four exams so far in this semester.
I’ve been to this restaurant many times since I moved next door.

Past Tense
Simple Past

Series of completed actions :
He sat down, took out a notebook and pen, and started writing.
He entered the room, turned in my direction, and smiled at me.

Habits ¡n the past :
John played the piano when he was a child.
I was good at dancing when I was a teenager.

Complete action in the past :
Sarah baked a cake yesterday.
I went to bed at 10 last night.
We ordered pizza on Friday.

Duration in the past :
He stayed up all night.
We lived in Chicago for a year.
We played baseball all day.

Past Continuous (was/were+verb+ing)
Action before and after a specific time : Yesterday at noon, I was eating lunch.
Interrupted continuous past action : I was watching a movie when she called.
To start a story / create an atmosphere : While I was driving to work yesterday.
Repeated action (often with “always”) : Mutest roommate was always leaving dirty dishes in the sink.
Parallel actions : I was reading while my brother was playing guitar.

Past Perfect (had + past participle)
An action completed before a past action : When we arrived, the class had already begun.
Reported speech : My student said that he hadn’t done his homework.
In the Third Conditional of “if” : If it had rained, I would have bought an umbrella.
A period of time before an event in the : We had owned our house for twenty years before we sold it

Past Perfect Continuous (had+been+verb+ing)
Continued action in the past. before an : He had been waiting for an hour when she finally action in the past arrived.
Cause of something in the past : He went on a diet because he had been eating too much.
“If”- impossible condition : If I had been paying attention, I wouldn’t have got into an accident.
Reported speech : She said that John had been helping her study for months.

Future Tense
Simple Future (shall/will + verb)
wilIingness: (will + verb) :
Someone is at the door. I’ll see who it is. (at the present moment)
I will help you with your homework tonight. (prom Lye/offer)
She won’t tell me her password. (refusal)

Future Fact: (will + verb) : My Mother will get a Foot BaLl today
Plan or Intention (be going to + verb) (Immediate future / Decided future) :
I’m going to watch a movie tonight.
He’s going to have a party this weekend.

Prediction :
It is cloudy. It’s going to rain. (evidence)
You’ll go abroad someday. (opinion)

Future Perfect (shall/will + have been + verb+ing)
Action in progr0ess at a time in the future : She will be taking an exam at 2 p.m. tomorrow, so don’t call her then.
Emphasis of future plans and intentions : They’ll be coming to visit us next week.
interrupted action in the future : I will be waiting for you when you arrive tonight.
Parallel actions ¡n the future :
She will be watching TV, and he will be cooking dinner.
While he cooks dinner, she will be watching TV.

Atmosphere in the future :
When I enter the class, the teacher will be teaching, some students will be taking notes, and my best friend will be trying to stay awake.

Future Perfect (shaHIwiII+ have + past participle)
A completed action before something :
By the time you arrive, I will have finished the in the future project.
By next summer, she will have graduated from college.

Duration before something in the future :
By Friday, she will have had my car for a whole week!
She will have been in Paris for six months by the time she leaves.

Question form :
Do you think you will have finished the project before 1 arrive?
Will she have graduated from college by then?
What will you have done by the end of your time here?

Negati’e statcrnents :
By this time tomorrow, she won’t have had enough time to finish the essay.
By 2020, I won’t have completed my PhD.

Future Perfect Continuous (shaLIJwill + have been + verb+ing)
Cause of something in the future :
Her English will be excellent by the time she visits the U.S. because she will have been studying it for five years.
He will be tired by the time he arrives because he will have been travelling all day.

Duration before something in the future :
He will have been waiting for an hour when she finally arrives.
She will have been working at the company for ten years by the time I retire.

Thus, in English we have twelve different Tenses.
They are —
1. Present Simple – She writes letters.
2. Past Simple – She wrote letters.
3. Future Simple – She will write letters.
4. Present Continuous – She is writing letters.
5. Past Continuous – She was writing letters.
6. Future Continuous – She will be writing letters.
7. Present Perfect – She has written letters.
8. Past Perfect – She had written letters.
9. Future Perfect – She will have written letters.
10. Present Perfect Continuous – She has been writing letters.
11. Past Perfect Continuous – She had been writing letters.
12. Future Perfect Continuous – She will have been writing letters.

List Of Irregular Verbs:

1. Simple Present Tense
The Simple Present Tense is used to express a universal truth or habitual action; as —
1. I like bread.
2. We do our duty.
3. Rahul speaks the truth.
4. The sun rises in the east.
The underlined verbs are all in the Present Simple Tense.

Positive Statements In This Tense :
We use V₁ for I, You and a Plural subject; as—
1. We learn our lessons.
2. You pray to God daily. ,
3. They buy milk from this dairy.

We use V₁ + s/es for a Singular subject; as—
1. She tells lies.
2. Meena cooks delicious food.
3. Ms Madhu teaches us English.

Negative Statements – do not / does not + V₁ verb
You do not obey the rules.
He does not attend the meeting.
She does not dance well.
They do not play now.
Hint: I, we, you, they – do not
He, she, it, singular – does not

Positive Questions – Do / Does + Sub + verb

Do you ask your doubts?
Does he recommend you?
Do they speak English?
Does she prepare meals?

Negative Questions–Do/Does + Sub + not+ V₁ verb

Do you not know him?
Do they not participate the program?
Does he not read correctly?
Does she not go to temple today?

2. Past Simple Tense
Past Simple Tense is used to express an action which took place in the past or was completed before the time of speaking; as —
1. Simi liked ice cream.
2. Rohan went to the market.
We use V₂ with all subjects (singular as well as plural); as—
1. He worked honestly.
2. They took milk for breakfast.
3. I bought this book last month.

Negative Statement–Did not + V₂ verb
1. He did not play Yesterday.
2. They did not buy fruits.
3. She did not go to school.
4. You did not tell the correct answer.

Positive Questions – Did + Sub + V₁ Verb
1. Did you attend the meeting?
2. Did they arrange the tour?
3. Did he draw the picture?
4. Did she take part in the fancy dress competition?

Negative Questions–Did + Sub + not+ V₂ Verb
1. Did you not sleep well yesterday?
2. Did they not go to their native place?
3. Did she not speak to him?
4. Did he not bring the flowers?

3. Present Continuous Tense
Present Continuous Tense is used to express an action that is going on at the time of speaking; as–
1. Radha is doing her homework.
2. Mona is cooking food in the kitchen.

The underlined words denote an action that is going on at present.
So we can say these sentences are in the Present Continuous Tense.

Positive Statements

In this tense, we use is/am/are + Vj–ing :
1. I am going there.
2. He is doing his work.
3. They are digging a well.

Negative Statements,
We use is/am/are + not + Vj–ing :
1. I am not going there.
2. He is not doing his work.
3. They are not digging a well.

Positive Questions,
We put the helping verb before the Subject; as —
1. Am I going there?
2. Is he doing his work?
3. Are they digging a well?

Negative Questions,
we can put ‘not’ before the main verb or in short form after the helping verb, as—
1. Is he not doing his work?
Isn’t he doing his work?
2. Am I not going there?
Ain’t I going there?
(We use ain’t in spoken language only.)
3. Are they not digging a well?
Aren’t they digging a well?

4. Past Continuous Tense
The Past Continuous Tense is used to express an action which was actually taking place at some particular moment in the past.

Positive Statements,
We use was/were + V₁–ing; as —
1. He was reading a book.
2. They were going to the market.

Negative Statements,
We use was/were + not + V₁–ing; as —
1. He was not reading a book.
2. They were not going to the market.

Positive Questions,
We put the helping verb before the subject; as —
1. Was he reading a book?
2. Were they going to the market?

Negative Questions,
we can put ‘not’ before the main verb or in short form after the helping verb; as —
1. Was he not reading a book?
Wasn’t he reading a book?
2. Were they not going to the market?
Weren’t they going to the market?

Exercises
(i) Rewrite each sentence using the Past form of the given verbs :

1. Rahul ______________ (want) a shirt.
Answer:
Rahul wanted a shirt.

2. Deepa ______________ (eat) an ice cream.
Answer:
Deepa ate ice cream.

3. Nancy ______________ (wear) simple clothes.
Answer:
Nancy wore simple clothes.

4. Raj ______________ (come) to India in March.
Answer:
Raj came to India in March.

5. They ______________ (build) a house in Delhi.
Answer:
They built a house in Delhi.

6. The boys ______________ (laugh) at the beggar.
Answer:
The boys laughed at the beggar.

7. I ______________ (go) to the market with my friend.
Answer:
I went to the market with ni find.

8. My mother ______________ (buy) a new dress for me.
Answer:
Ms mother bought a new dress for ‘NC.

(ii) Rewrite each sentence as a Negative

1. Misha told the truth.
Answer:
Aisha did not tell the truth.

2. He took my pen.
Answer:
He did not take ms pen.

3. Tony polished his shoes’’
Answer:
Tony did not polish his shoes,

4. She cooked food for me.
Answer:
She did not cook food for me,

5. Rohan respected his friends.
Answer:
Rohan did not respect his friends.

6. They finished their work in time.
Answer:
They did not finish their work in time.

7. The naughty boys broke the glass.
Answer:
The naughty boys did not break the glass.

8. Ranjan and his friends went for a picnic.
Answer:
Ranjan and his friends did not go for a picnic.

(iii) Use the Present Continuous Tense to complete each sentence :

1. Mona ______________ (take) a test.
Answer:
Mona is taking a test

2. I ______________ (have) my breakfast.
Answer:
I am having my breakfast.

3. The hunter ______________ (kill) the lion.
Answer:
The hunter is killing the lion.

4. The trees ________ (shed) their leaves.
Answer:
The trees are shedding their lines.

5. The farmers ______________ (water) their fields.
Answer:
The farmers are wtering their fields.

6. The pain in my arm ________ (get) worse.
Answer:
The pain in an arm is getting worse.

7. The tailors (not stitch) the uniforms.
Answer:
The tailors are not stitching the uniforms.

(iv) Complete each sentence using the Past Continuous Tense :
1. Children ______________ (hide) in the bushes.
Answer:
Children were hiding in the bushes.

2. They ______________ (walk) through the zoo.
Answer:
They were walking through the zoo.

3. The waiter ______________ (server) the people.
Answer:
The waiter was serving the people.

4. Meera ______________ (not play) with her friends.
Answer:
Meera was not playing with her friends.

5. The baby ______________ (not cry) all the morning.
Answer:
The baby was not crying all the morning.

6. The dancers ______________ (not perform) on the stage.
Answer:
The dancers were not performing on the stage.

(v) Use Simple Past form of the given verb to complete each sentence:

1. Did you ______________ (enjoy) this film?
Answer:
Did you enjoy this film?

2. Did Rama ______________ (paint) this picture?
Answer:
Did Rama paint this picture?

3. Columbus ______________ (discover) America in 1492.
Answer:
Columbus discovered America in 1492.

4. She ______________ (go) to her village last month.
Answer:
She went to her village last month.

5. The peon ______________ (not ring) the bell in time.
Answer:
The peon did not ring the bell in time.

6. The fool didn’t (learn) from experience.
Answer:
The fool didn’t learn from experience.

(vi) Use Simple Present form of the given verbs to complete each sentence :

1. I ______________ (go) for a walk daily.
Answer:
I go for a walk daily.

2. The sun ______________ (rise) in the east.
Answer:
The sun rises in the east.

3. They ______________ (not like) bad workers.
Answer:
They don’t like bad workers.

4. Kusha ______________ (not obey) her parents.
Answer:
Kusha doesn’t obey her parents.

5. Teachers ______________ (love) good students.
Answer:
Teachers love good students.

6. We ______________ (take) milk and eggs for breakfast.
Answer:
We take milk and eggs for breakfast.

(vii) Rewrite each sentence in Simple Past Tense :

1. The bird flies to its nest.
Answer:
The bird flew to its nest.

2. They drink coffee every day.
Answer:
They drank coffee every day.

3. Does he pay his fees regularly?
Answer:
Did he pay his fees regularly?

4. Do you have milk for breakfast?
Answer:
Did you have milk for breakfast?

5. Do we not fall ill by over–eating?
Answer:
Did we not fall ill by over–eating?

6. You do not finish your work in time.
Answer:
You did not finish your work in time.

7. Kusha does not wear simple clothes.
Answer:
Kusha did not wear simple clothes.

8. poes he not help his friends in need?
Answer:
Did he not help his friends in need?

(viii) Rewrite each sentence in Past Continuous Tense :

1. Isn’t it raining heavily?
Answer:
Wasn’t it raining heavily?

2. We are waiting for the bus.
Answer:
We were waiting for the –bus.

3. The teacher is teaching the children.
Answer:
The teacher was teaching ‘ the children.

4. I am not living with my aunt these days.
Answer:
I was not living with my aunt these days.

5. They are not going home in the evening.
Answer:
They were not going home in the evening.

6. Is the lady knitting a sweater for her son?
Answer:
Was the lady knitting a sweater for her son?

7. Aren’t Anu and Manu playing in the street?
Answer:
Weren’t Anu and Manu playing in the street?

8. Am I wasting my time in watching Discovery Channel?
Answer:
Was I wasting my time in watching Discovery Channel?

(ix) Rewrite each sentence in Present Continuous Tense :

1. Do you not speak the truth?
Answer:
Are you not speaking the truth?

2. The students ask many questions.
Answer:
The students are asking many questions.

3. I sit on the front bench in my class.
Answer:
I am sitting on the front bench in my class.

4. Does Kamala teach dance and music?
Answer:
Is Kamala teaching dance and music?

5. These boys do not respect their elders.
Answer:
These boys are not respecting their elders.

6. She does not. play with the poor children.
Answer:
She is not playing with the poor children.

(x) Rewrite each sentence in Past Continuous Tense :

1. The girls did not pluck flowers.
Answer:
The girls were not plucking flowers.

2. Did the peon not ring the bell?
Answer:
Was the peon not ringing the bell?

3. Did Ram break the windowpanes?
Answer:
Was Rain breaking the windowpanes?

4. My friends talked to me in English.
Answer:
My friends were talking to me in English.

5. The watchman did not open the gate.
Answer:
The watchman was not opening the gate.

6. He spent all his money in good deeds.
Answer:
He was spending all his money in good deeds

Students can find the most related topics which helps them to analyse the concepts if they practice according to the chapter-wise page. It is necessary for the students to practice more Questions and Answers for Tamilnadu State Board Solutions of 11th Commerce are given in the pdf format in chapter 3 Classification of Business Activities Questions and Answers so that students can prepare in both online and offline modes. So, Download Samacheer Kalvi 11th Commerce Book Solutions Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, to score good marks.

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Commerce Solutions Chapter 3 Classification of Business Activities

Get the Questions and Answers, in Tamilnadu State Board 11th Commerce Solutions for Chapter 3 Classification of Business Activities. Learn the concepts of 11th Commerce Chapter-Wise by referring to the Tamilnadu State Board Solutions for Chapter 3 Classification of Business Activities Questions and Answers. Hence we suggest the students to Download Samacheer Kalvi 11th Commerce Book Solutions Questions and Answers pdf to enhance your knowledge.

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Commerce Classification of Business Activities Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers

I. Choose the Correct Answer

11th Commerce Chapter 3 Book Back Answers Question 1.
The industries engaged in extraction of iron ore are known as
(a) Construction industries
(b) Manufacturing Industries
(c) Extraction industries
(d) Genetic Industries
Answer:
(c) Extraction industries

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 11th Commerce Question 2.
Auxiliaries to trade is also called as
(a) Trade
(b) Advertisement
(c) Warehousing
(d) Aids to trade
Answer:
(d) Aids to trade

Samacheer Kalvi Commerce 11th Question 3.
Production which involves several stages for manufacturing finished products is known as
(a) Analytical industry
(b) Synthetic Industry
(c) Processing industry
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Processing industry

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Commerce Solutions Question 4.
Normally high level risk is involved in
(a) Industry
(b) Commerce
(c) Trade
(d) All the above
Answer:
(a) Industry

11th Commerce Answer Question 5.
Commerce is mainly concerned with
(a) Connecting producer and consumer
(b) Pricing of goods
(c) Buying and selling of goods
(d) Manufacturing of goods
Answer:
(a) Connecting producer and consumer

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Class 11 Commerce Chapter 3 Question 1.
Define Commerce.
Answer:
According to Evelyn Thomas, “Commercial operations deal with the buying and selling of goods, the exchange of commodities and the contribution of finished products”.

11th Commerce Samacheer Kalvi Question 2.
What do you mean by industry?
Answer:
Industry refers to economic activities, which are connected with conversion of resources into useful goods. The production side of business activity is referred as industry.

11th Commerce Solutions Samacheer Kalvi Question 3.
What is trade?
Answer:
The term ‘trade’ is used to denote buying and selling. It is an essential part of commerce.

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Commerce Guide Question 4.
Write a short note on transportation.
Answer:
The medium which moves men and materials from one place to another is called transport. Selling all the goods produced at or near the production places is not possible. Hence, goods are to be sent to different places where they are demanded.

III. Short Answer Questions

Classification Of Business Activities Question 1.
Distinguish between Extractive industries and genetic industries.
Answer:
Extractive industries :

• These industries extract or draw out products from natural sources.
• Extractive industries supply some basic raw materials that are mostly products of geographical or natural environment.

Genetic industries:

• These industries remain engaged in breeding plants and animals for their use in further reproduction.
• The seeds, nursery companies poultry, diary, piggery, hatcheries, nursery, fisheries, apiary etc.

Classification Of Business Question 2.
What do you mean by tertiary industries?
Answer:
They do not produce goods. These industries produce utility services and sell them at a profit. They help trade, industry and commerce. This term also includes auxiliaries to trade like banking, insurance, warehouse, advertisement etc.

Classification Of Business Activity Question 3.
Write any three characteristics of commerce.
Answer:
1. Economic Activity : Commerce is an economic activity because it consists of activities which are undertaken for earning profits. A trader buys goods with the aim of selling them at a profit.

2. Exchange of Goods and Services : Commerce involves exchange and distribution of goods and services. Goods may be purchased or produced for sale. Commerce comprises both trade and aids to trade.

3. Profit Motive : The motive of commercial activities is to earn profits. Any activity which does not have the aim of profit will not be a part of commerce.

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Commerce Question 4.
Narrate commerce with an example.
Answer:
Commerce refers to all those activities which are necessary for bringing goods from the place of production to the place of their consumption. Commerce includes not only trade but also services such as transport, warehousing, packaging, insurance, banking and sales promotion which are incidental or auxiliaries to trade.

IV. Long Answer Questions

Samacheer Kalvi 11 Commerce Question 1.
Explain the various kinds of industries on the basis of size.
Answer:
1. Micro Units: A unit wherein investment in plant and machinery is upto Rs. 25 lakhs in case of manufacturing and upto Rs. 10 lakhs in case of service enterprises.

2. Small Units: A manufacturing unit wherein investment in plant and machinery is more than Rs. 25 lakhs but does not exceed Rs.5 crore. In case of service enterprises these limits are Rs. 10 lakhs and Rs. 2 crore respectively.

3. Medium Units: A manufacturing unit wherein investment in plant and machinery is more than Rs.5 crore but does not exceed Rs. 10 crore. In case of service enterprises, these limits are Rs.2 crore and Rs.5 crore respectively.

4. Large Units: A manufacturing unit wherein, investment in plant and machinery exceeds Rs.10 crore. In case of a service unit investment in equipment exceeds Rs.5 crore.

Classify Business Activities Question 2.
Compare industry, commerce and trade.
Answer:

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Accountancy Chapter 3 Question 3.
What are the characteristics of Commerce?
Answer:
1. Economic Activity:
Commerce is an economic activity because it consists of activities which are undertaken for earning profits. A trader buys goods with the aim of selling them at a profit.

2. Exchange of Goods and Services:
Commerce involves exchange and distribution of goods and services. Goods may be purchased or produced for sale. Commerce comprises both trade and aids to trade.

3. Profit Motive:
The motive of commercial activities is to earn profits. Any activity which does not have the aim of profit will not be a part of commerce.

4. Regularity of Transaction:
An isolated transaction does not imply commerce.

5. Creation of Utilities:
Commerce creates several types of utilities. It creates place utility by carrying goods to the place where they are needed. It makes goods available as and when demanded thereby creating time utility. By creating these utilities commerce helps to increase the volume of trade.

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Commerce Book Question 4.
Write short notes on:

1. Analytical industry
2. Genetic industry and
3. Construction industry.

Answer:
1. Analytical Industry: It analyses and separates different elements from the same materials, as in the case of oil refinery.

2. Genetic Industries: These industries remain engaged in breeding plants and animals for their use in further reproduction. The seeds, nursery companies, poultry, diary, piggeiy, hatcheries, nursery, fisheries, apiary etc are classic examples of genetic industries.

3. Construction Industries: These industries are involved in the construction of building, dams, bridges, roads, as well as tunnels and canals.

Commerce Samacheer Kalvi Question 5.
Briefly explain the auxiliaries of trade.
Answer:
Auxiliaries of trade may be classified into five categories:
1. Transportation:
Selling all the goods produced at or near the production place is not possible. Hence, goods are to be sent to different places where they are demanded.

2. Banking and Finance:
Now – a – days we cannot think of business without bank. A bank is an organization which accepts deposits of money from the public, withdrawals on demand or otherwise, and lends the same to those who need it. Necessary funds can be obtained by businessmen from a bank. Thus, banking helps business activities to overcome the v problem of finance.

3. Insurance:
Business involves various types of risks. Materials and goods held in stock or in transit are subject to the risk of loss or damage. Insurance provides protection in all such cases. On payment of a nominal premium, the amount of loss or damage and compensation for injury, if any, can be recovered from the insurance company.

4. Warehousing:
Goods are held in stock to make them available as and when required. Special arrangement must be made for storage of goods to prevent loss or damage. Warehousing helps business firms to overcome the problem of storage and facilities the availability of goods when needed.

5. Advertising:
Advertising is one of the most important methods of promoting the sale of products, particularly, consumers goods like electronic goods, automobiles, soaps, detergents etc. Advertising helps in providing information about available goods and services and inducing customers to buy particular items.

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Commerce Classification of Business Activities Additional Questions and Answers

I. Choose the Correct Answer:

Question 1.
All business activities can be classified into ……………. broad categories.
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) Five
Answer:
(a) Two

Question 2.
Where is the mechanical appliances and technical skills used?
(a) Industry
(b) Commerce
(c) Business
(d) Trade
Answer:
(a) Industry

Question 3.
Horticulture is an example for …………….
(a) Primary industry
(b) Secondary industry
(c) Tertiary industry
(d) Local industry
Answer:
(a) Primary industry

Question 4.
……………. industry assembles different component parts to make a new product, as in the case of television, car, computer, etc.
(a) Assembling
(b) Processing
(c) Analytical
(d) Construction
Answer:
(a) Assembling

Question 5.
Professional or specialized skills and high technology are used to provide ……………. type of services.
(a) Personalised
(b) Public
(c) Distributive
(d) Quaternary
Answer:
(d) Quaternary

Question 6.
Banking, factoring, accounting and insurance come under ……………. type of service.
(a) Mechanical
(b) Financial
(c) Personal
(d) Quinary
Answer:
(b) Financial

Question 7.
Commerce represents ……………. side of goods and services.
(a) Demand
(b) Profit
(c) Supply
(d) Cost
Answer:
(a) Demand

Question 8.
Special arrangement must be made for of goods to prevent loss or damage.
(a) Transportation
(b) Pricing
(c) Storage
(d) Advertising
Answer:
(c) Storage

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is Extractive industry?
Answer:
Extractive industries extract or draw out products from natural sources. Extractive industries supply some basic raw materials that are mostly products of geographical or natural environment.

Question 2.
What is Primary industry?
Answer:
Primary industry is concerned with production of goods with the help of nature. It is a nature – oriented industry, which requires very little human effort.

Question 3.
What is Secondary industry?
Answer:
Secondary Industries are concerned with using the materials which have already been extracted at the primary stage. These industries process such materials to produce goods for final consumption or for further processing by other industrial units.

Question 4.
What is tertiary industry?
Answer:
They do not produce goods. These industries produce utility services and sell them at a profit. They help trade, industry and commerce. This term also includes auxiliaries to trade like banking, insurance, warehouse, advertisement etc.

Question 5.
What are the auxiliaries to trade?
Answer:

1. Transportation
2. Banking and Finance
3. Insurance
4. Warehousing
5. Advertising

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write any three categories of Manufacturing industries.
Answer:

1. Analytical Industry which analyses and separates different elements from the same materials, as in the case of oil refinery.
2. Synthetic Industry which combines various ingredients into a new product, as in the case of cement.
3. Processing Industry which involves successive stages for manufacturing finished products, as in the case of sugar and paper.

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Samacheer Kalvi 6th Science Air Textual Evaluation

I. Choose the appropriate answer:

Samacheer Kalvi 6th Science Term 2 Question 1.
_______ is the percentage of nitrogen in air
(a) 78%
(b) 21%
(c) 0.03%
(d) 1%
Answer:
(a) 78%

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 6th Science Question 2.
Gas exchange takes place in plants using …………
(a) Stomata
(b) Chlorophyll
(c) Leaves
(d) Flowers
Answer:
(a) Stomata

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 6th Standard Science Question 3.
The constituent of air that supports combustion is _______
(a) Nitrogen
(b) carbon-di-oxide
(c) Oxygen
(d) water vapour
Answer:
(c) Oxygen

Samacheer Kalvi 6th Standard Science Question 4.
Nitrogen is used in the food packaging industry because of it …………
(a) provides colour to the food
(b) provides oxygen to the food
(c) adds proteins and minerals to the food
(d) keeps the food fresh
Answer:
(d) keeps the food fresh

Samacheerkalvi.Guru 6th Science Question 5.
_______ and _______ are the two gases, which when taken together, make up about 99 percentage of air.
I. Nitrogen
II. carbon-di-oxide
III. Noble gases
IV. Oxygen
(a) I and II
(b) I and III
(c) I and II
(d) I and IV
Answer:
(d) I and IV

II. Fill in the blanks:

1.  _______ is the active component of air.
2. The gas given out during photosynthesis is _______
3. _______ gas is given to the patients having breathing problems.
4. _______ can be seen moving in a beam of sunlight in a dark room.
5. _______ gas turns lime water milky.

Answers:

1. Oxygen
2. Oxygen
3. Oxygen
4. Dust particles
5. Carbon-di-oxide

III. True or False. If False, give the correct statement:

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 6 Science Question 1.
Inhaled air contains a large amount of carbon-di-oxide.
Answer:
False, Inhaled air contains a large amount of Oxygen.

Samacheer Kalvi Term 2 Question 2.
Planting trees help in decreasing global warming.
Answer:
True

Samacheer Kalvi 6th Science Question 3.
The composition of air is always exactly the same.
Answer:
False, The composition of air changes slightly place to place.

Samacheer Kalvi.Guru 6th Science Question 4.
Whales come up to the water surface to breathe in oxygen.
Answer:
True

Samacheer Kalvi Books 6th Science Question 5.
The balance of oxygen in atmosphere is maintained through photosynthesis in animals and respiration in plants.
Answer:
False. The balance of oxygen in atmosphere is maintained through photosynthesis in plants and respiration in animals.

IV. Match the following:

6th Samacheer Kalvi Science Question 1.

Answer:

V. Arrange the following statements in correct sequence

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 6th Science Term 2 Question 1.

1. Plants manufacture food by a process called photosynthesis.
2. Plants require energy for their growth.
3. Plants take in oxygen and release carbon-di-oxide just as animals.
4. Plants take carbon-di-oxide from the atmosphere, use chlorophyll in the presence of sunlight and prepare food.
5. Such oxygen is available to animals and human beings for breathing.
6. During this process, oxygen is released by plants.

Answers:

1. Plants manufacture food by a process called photosynthesis.
2. Plants require energy for their growth.
3. Plants take in oxygen and release carbon di oxide just as animals.
4. Plant take carbon di oxide from the atmosphere use chlorophyll in the presence of sunlight and prepare food.
5. Such oxygen is available to animals and human beings for breathing.
6. During this process oxygen is released by plants.

VI. Analogy:

6th Science Samacheer Kalvi Question 1.
Photosynthesis : _______ :: Respiration : Oxygen.
Answer:
Carbon – dioxide.

6th Standard Samacheer Kalvi Science Question 2.
78% of air : Does not support combustion :: ________ : Supports combustion
Answer:
21% of air.

VII. Observe the given figure carefully and answer the questions:

Samacheer Kalvi Guru Science 6th Question 1.
What will happen if we remove plants from the aquarium?
Answer:
If we remove the plants from the aquarium, oxygen percentage will be decreased. So fishes would die.

Question 2.
What will happen if we remove the fish from the aquarium and keep it (with green plants) in a dark place?

Answer:
If the aquarium is kept in the dark place, the green plants will not prepare their food due to lack of sunlight and carbon di oxide. So the plants get spoiled.

VIII. Give very short answer:

Question 1.
What is the atmosphere? Name the five layers of the atmosphere.
Answer:
Our earth is surrounded by a huge envelope of air called the atmosphere.
The atmosphere is made of five different layers – the Troposphere, the Stratosphere, the Mesosphere, the Ionosphere and the Exosphere.

Question 2.
How do the roots of land plants get oxygen for breathing?
Answer:
The roots can absorb oxygen from the small air spaces in soil.

Question 3.
What should be done if the clothes of a person catch fire accidentally? Why?
Answer:

1. Cover the person in a rug or blanket and Roll him on the floor.
2. This will cut off the air and put out the flames.
3. Suitable fire extinguisher can also be chosen.

Question 4.
What will happen if you breathe through mouth?
Answer:
Anyone can develop a habit of breathing through their mouth, but certain conditions increase your risk. These include:-

1. Chronic allergies
2. Hay fever
3. Chronic or recurring Sinus infections
4. Asthma
5. Chronic Stress and Anxiety.

IX. Give short answer:

Question 1.
Biscuits kept open on a plate during monsoon days lose it’s crispness. Why?
Answer:
Air also contains more water vapour in rainy season (monsoon days). So, Biscuits kept open on a plate during monsoon days loses its crispness.

Question 2.
Why do traffic assistants wear a mask on duty?
Answer:
Traffic assistants are continually exposed to smoke emitted out from the vehicles. Inhaling the pollutants in the smoke may cause breathing and lung problems. So they wear a mask on duty.

X. Answer in detail:

Question 1.
How do plants and animals maintain the balance of oxygen and carbon-di-oxide in air?
Answer:
Respiration in plants:
During respiration, plants take in oxygen and release carbon-di-oxide, just as animal also do. Gaseous exchange with air in atmosphere takes place in plants with stomata.

Photosynthesis:
During photosynthesis, carbon-di-oxide from the air and water from the soil react in the presence of sunlight to produce food. Plants release oxygen during photosynthesis which is much more than the oxygen consumed by the plants during respiration.

Respiration in animats:
When we breath in air, the oxygen present in the air reacts chemically with digested food within the body to produce carbon-di-oxide gas. The inhaled air contains more oxygen while the exhaled air contains more carbon-di-oxide.

So plants sent out more oxygen during the photosynthesis. Animals sent out more carbon-di-oxide during respiration. Plants take carbon-di-oxide for photosynthesis. Animals take oxygen during respiration. So plants and animals maintain the balance of oxygen and carbon-di-oxide in air.

Question 2.
Why is atmosphere essential for life on earth?
Answer:
The atmosphere is essential for life because it maintains an appropriate climate for the maintenance of life by carrying out the following activities:

1. The atmosphere keeps the average temperature of the Earth fairly constant during the day time.
2. It prevents a sudden increase in temperature during the day time.
3. It also slows down the escape of heat from the surface of the Earth into outer space during the night time.

XI. Questions Based on Higher Order Thinking Skills:

Question 1.
Can you guess why fire extinguishers throw a stream of carbon-di-oxide while putting – off fire?
Answer:
The reasons behind fire extinguishers throw a stream of CO, while putting-off fire:-

1. CO₂ is a colourless and in normal concentrations, odourless gas. It doesn’t react with burning materials, so it doesn’t create any toxic or other by products while putting-off fire.
2. Carbon dioxide doesn’t conduct electricity, making it an ideal fire suppressant for use in the places where a large amount of electricity may be present.
3. CO₂ acts on fires in two ways: The release of the gas under pressure has a cooling effect, as can be seen by the resulting mist cloud and ice particles; the gas also displaces the oxygen that’s necessary to maintain combustion.

Samacheer Kalvi 6th Science Air Intext Activities

Activity 1

Air is everywhere
Let us take an empty glass bottle. Is it really empty or does it have something inside?

Now, shall we turn the glass bottle upside down? Can you agree that there is still something inside the empty glass bottle? Let us do the following activity to find what is there inside an empty glass bottle.
Dip the open mouth of the bottle into the trough filled with water as shown in Fig 1. Observe the bottle. Does water enter the bottle? _______
Now tilt the bottle slightly. Now again dip the open mouth of the bottle as shown in
Fig 2. Do you think that water will enter the bottle? _______
Kindly observe the Fig 2 carefully. You can see bubbles coming out of the bottle.
When you perform the experiment, can you hear the bubbly sound? can you now guess what was inside the bottle? _______
Yes, you are right. It is “air” that was present in the bottle.
The bottle was not empty at all. In fact, it was filled completely with air even when you turned it upside down. That is why we notice that water does not enter the bottle when it is pushed in an inverted position, as there was no space for air to escape.
When the bottle was tilted, the air was able to come out in the form of bubbles, and water filled up the empty space that the air has occupied.
Hence we can see that air fills all the space inside the bottle.
Answer:
Fig. – 1 – No.
Fig – 2 – Yes.
Yes, I can hear a bubbly sound. Yes the bottle has a full of ‘Air’.

Activity 2

Take a healthy branch of Hydrilla and place it in a funnel. Invert the funnel in a beaker of water as shown in the figure. Invert a test tube over the stem of the funnel. The stem of the funnel should be kept immersed inside the water Leave the beaker in sunlight for some time. You will notice some bubbles rising in the test tube. The bubbles contain oxygen released by the plant during photosynthesis. If we show a glowing splinter to the collected air, it burns brightly. This shows that the collected gas is oxygen.

Activity 3

We know that iron undergoes rusting with oxygen and forms iron oxide. This process can be used to estimate the percentage of oxygen in air, which has been removed by the rusting reaction.

Take a small portion of iron wool, press it into a 20 ml graduated test tube and wet it with water. Tip away excess of water. Take a 500ml beaker and fill half of the beaker with water. Invert the test tube and place it in air. Leave the arrangement at least for a week without making any disturbance to the test tube.

Observe the changes that had happened in the iron wool and to the level of water inside the test tube. We could see that the water level has increased inside the test tube. The rise in water is because of oxygen in air which has been removed by the rusting reaction. This will be about 20% which is approximately the percentage of oxygen in the air.

Activity 4

Oxygen is necessary for burning

Place two candles on a table. Ensure that both the candles are of same size and height. Mark them as candle 1 and candle 2 using a chalkpiece. Light both the candles. Now, cover candle 2 with glass tumbler as shown in the figure. Observe the happenings at both the candles.

What does happen to candle 1?
_________________________
What does happen to candle 2?
_________________________
Can you guess why did the covered candle extinguish?
_________________________

Let us summarize the happenings.

The candle 1 continues to bum, unless it is blown – off by strong moving air or any other external force. This is because fresh air is continuously available to the candle for its burning process.

Candle 2 glows for a while and then gets put – off. When the burning candle is covered with a glass tumbler, the candle can use the oxygen available in the air inside the glass tumbler. Since only a small amount of air is present inside the glass tumbler – only a small portion of oxygen is available for the candle to continue glowing. When all the oxygen of the air inside the gas jar is used up, then the burning candle gets extinguished.

Now, repeat the candle – glowing experiment taking four containers of different sizes. Lor example, you can take a 250ml conical flask, a 500ml bottle, a one – litre jar, a two – litre jar. Cover the burning candle one by one with these containers and find out how long it takes for the candle to extinguish in each case. Record your observations in the following table.
Answer:

The time taken for the candle to extinguish depends upon the volume of the containers. Lor less volume, the time taken is less. Lor more volume, the time taken is more.

Samacheer Kalvi 6th Science Additional Questions

I. Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Movement of wind takes place in _______ layer
(a) Troposphere
(b) ozone
(c) stratosphere
(d) ionosphere
Answer:
(a) Troposphere

Question 2.
A component of air used by green plants to prepare their food is
(a) N₂
(b) O₂
(c) He
(d) CO₂
Answer:
(d) CO₂

Question 3.
_______ layer contain ozone layer.
(a) Trophosphere
(b) Stratosphere
(c) Mesosphere
(d) Exosphere
Answer:
(b) Stratosphere

Question 4.
The percentage of oxygen in exhaled air of respiration is
(a) 78%
(b) 16%
(c) 4%
(d) 21%
Answer:
(b) 16%

Question 5.
During respiration carbon-di-oxide is exhaled out of the body through the _______
(a) Lungs
(b) Heart
(c) Kidney
(d) Skin
Answer:
(a) Lungs

Question 6.
_______ respire using their skin.
(a) Fish
(b) Frogs
(c) Rats
(d) Human beings
Ans:
(b)Frogs

Question 7.
_______ gas cylinders are used for breathing purpose for a diver going deep into the sea
(a) Hydrogen
(b) Carbon-di-oxide
(c) Oxygen
(d) Nitrogen
Answer:
(c) Oxygen

II. Fill in the blanks:

1. Atmosphere is held in place by the earth’s _______
2. The atmosphere is made of _______ different layers.
3. A _______ shows the direction in which the air is moving at a particular place.
4. The ozone layer protects all life on earth from the harmful _______ rays of the sun.
5. Highly reactive gas was later names ‘oxygen’ by _______
6. _______ discovered nitrogen.
7. Air contains small amount of CO₂, Water vapour and some other gases like _______ etc.
8. Air contains more _______ in rainy season

Answers:

1. gravity
2. five
3. weathercock
4. ultraviolet
5. Lavoisier
6. Daniel Rutherford
7. argon,helium
8. water vapour

III. Find whether the following sentences are true or false. If false Correct the statement:

Question 1.
When air is moving with cool and soothing, it is called as cyclone.
Answer:
False. When air is moving with cool and soothing is called as breeze.

Question 2.
Exosphere has high temperature.
Answer:
False. Exosphere has low temperature.

Question 3.
Jan Ingenhousz showed that chlorophyll is essential to the plant to carry out photosynthesis.
Answer:
False. Jan Ingenhousz showed that sunlight is essential to the plant to carry out photosynthesis.

Question 4.
The second major component of air is oxygen.
Answer:
True.

Question 5.
Air also contains small amount of carbon-di-oxide, water vapour and some other gases like argon, helium etc.
Answer:
True.

Question 6.
The amount of water vapour in the air is more in windy places than other areas.
Answer:
False. The amount of dust in the air is more in windy places then other areas.

IV. Match the following:

Answer:

1. – c
2. – d
3. – b
4. – a

V. Analogy:

Question 1.
Cool and soothing wind : Breeze.
uproot trees wind : ________
Answer:
Cyclone

Question 2.
Weather changes : Trophosphere.
Ozone layer: ________
Answer:
Stratosphere

Question 3.
Oxygen : Joseph Priestley.
Nitrogen : ________
Answer:
Daniel Rutherford

Question 4.
Respire through skin: ________
Respire through gills: Fish
Answer:
Frogs

VI. Give Short Answer:

Question 1.
Define – Atmosphere.
Answer:
Our earth is surrounded by a huge envelope of air. It is called atmosphere.

Question 2.
The air envelope is thicker near the earth’s surface and we go higher the density and availability of air gradually decreases. Why?
Answer:
When altitude increases, number of gas molecules will be decreased. Therefore, the density is also decreased when we go higher. Gravity pulls most of the atmosphere’s gas molecules close to the Earth’s surface. Air rises as it is heated because it becomes less dense.

Question 3.
Define troposphere.
Answer:

1. This layer is closest to the earth.
2. It is the layer in which we live.
3. Movement of wind takes place in this layer.
4. It also contains water vapour, which is responsible for making clouds.
5. It is responsible for the weather we experience on earth.

Question 4.
Why aircraft usually fly above the troposphere layer?
Answer:
Aircrafts usually fly above the troposphere to avoid strong winds and bad weather.

Question 5.
How to show that the presence of carbon-di-oxide in air?
Answer:
Pour some lime water in a glass tumbler Bubble some air using a straw through the litne water. After a few minutes, lime water will produce a white precipitate and that the lime water will turn to a milky white solution. This shows the presence of Carbon- di-oxide in air.

Question 6.
Write the composition of air.
Answer:
The major component of air is nitrogen. Almost four – fifth of air is nitrogen. The second major component of air is oxygen. Air also contains small amount of Carbon-di- oxide, water vapour and some other gases like argon, helium etc. The air may also contain some dust particles.

Question 7.
The composition of air changes slightly from place to place. Give examples.
Answer:

1. Air over industrial cities has a higher amount of carbon-di-oxide in it.
2. Air in coastal areas may have more water vapour than inland areas.
3. Air also contains more water vapour in rainy season.
4. The amount of dust in the air is more in windy places.

Question 8.
What is meant by burning?
Answer:
The process of burning of a substance in the presence of oxygen and releasing a large amount of light and heat is called burning.

Question 9.
In Rockets, along with fuel, oxygen is also carried for combustion – why?
Answer:
In Rockets, as they go high in the atmosphere, the availability of oxygen is considerably reduced. So rockets along with the fuel, oxygen is also carried for combustion.

Question 10.
Write the equation of photosynthesis.
Answer:

Question 11.
What is dry ice? What is its use?
Answer:

1. When carbon-di-oxide is cooled to -57°C, it directly becomes a solid, without changing to its liquid state. It is called dry ice.
2. Dry ice is used in trucks or freight cars for refrigerating meat and fish while transporting them.

Question 12.
Write the uses of wind mills.
Answer:
The wind mills are used

1. to draw water by running pumps
2. run flour mills
3. to generate electricity.

Question 13.
Give the components present in the air with percentage?
Answer:
The components present in the air with percentage Nitrogen – 78%, Oxygen – 21%, Carbon di oxide, Argon, Water vapour and other gases – 1%.

VII. Answer in detail:

Question 1.
Prove by an experiment that Oxygen is released during photosynthesis.
Answer:

1. Take a healthy branch of Hydrilla and place it in a funnel. Invert the funnel in a beaker of water as shown in the figure.
2. Invert a test tube over the stem of the funnel.
3. The stem of the funnel should be kept immersed inside the water Leave the beaker in sunlight for some time.
4. You will notice some bubbles rising in the test tube.
   
5. The bubbles contain oxygen released by the plant during photosynthesis.
6. If we show a glowing splinter to the collected air, it bums brightly.
7. This shows that the collected gas is oxygen.

Question 2.
Prove by an experiment that oxygen is necessary for burning.
Answer:

1. Place two candles on a table.
2. Ensure that both the candles are of same size and height.
3. Mark them as candle 1 and candle 2 using a chalkpiece.
4. Light both the candles. Now, cover candle 2 with glass tumbler as shown in the figure.
5. Observe the happenings at both the candle.
   
6. The candle 1 continues to bum, unless it is blown – off by strong moving air or any other external force.
7. This is because fresh air is continuously available to the candle for its burning process.
8. Candle 2 glows for a while and then gets put – off.
9. When the burning candle is covered with a glass tumbler, the candle can use the oxygen available in the air inside the glass tumbler.
10. Since only a small amount of air is present inside the glass tumbler – only a small portion of oxygen is available for the candle to continue glowing.
11. When all the oxygen of the air inside the gas jar is used up, then the burning candle gets extinguished.

Question 3.
Compare the composition of inhaled air and exhaled air.
Answer:

Question 4.
Write the uses of air.
Answer:

1. Air is used by plants and animals for breathing.
2. Air is used for burning fuels like wood, coal, kerosene, LPG etc.
3. Compressed air is used to fill tyres of various kinds of vehicles.
4. Ozone layer, present in the atmosphere, helps in preventing harmful radiations of the sun from reaching the earth’s surface.
5. Under extra – ordinary conditions such as:
   • (a) a patient having breathing difficulties,
   • (b) a mountaineer climbing a high mountain,
   • (c) a diver going deep into the sea, oxygen gas cylinders are used for breathing purposes.
6. Blowing air is used to turn the blades of wind mills. The wind mills are used to draw water by running pumps, run flour mills and to generate electricity.

Students can Download English Lesson 3 Taking the Bully by the Horns Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes Pdf, Activity, Samacheer Kalvi 7th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 7th English Solutions Term 1 Supplementary Chapter 3 Taking the Bully by the Horns

A. Choose the correct answer.

Taking The Bully By The Horns Question 1.
What is bullying?
(a) When you and a friend get into a fight.
(b) When someone accidently bumps into you on the playground.
(c) When someone is hurt by others either by words or actions, feels bad because of it, and finds it hard to stop what’s happening to them.
(d) Rolling a ball to knock over pins.
Answer:
(c) When someone is hurt by others either by words or actions, feels bad because of it, and finds it hard to stop what’s happening to them.

Taking The Bully By The Horns Summary 7th Standard Question 2.
What should you do if you are being bullied?
(a) Speak up.
(b) Tell an adult.
(c) Know that you have the right to be safe.
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

Taking The Bully By The Horns Summary Question 3.
How do you recognise someone who bullies?
(a) Size – The person bullying is bigger than the person being bullied.
(b) Gender – Girls don’t bully, only boys do.
(c) Behaviour – They do something that hurts or harms another person.
(d) Age – It is always the older kids picking on the younger ones.
Answer:
(c) Behaviour – They do something that hurts or harms another person.]

Taking The Bully By The Horns Question Answer Question 4.
What should you do if you see bullying?
(a) Help get them away from the situation.
(b) Tell an adult.
(c) Let them know that no one deserves to be bullied.
(d) All of the above.
Answer:
(d) All of the above.

B. Answer the following questions.

Taking The Bully By The Horns Meaning In Tamil Question 1.
What could be the reasons for bullying?
Answer:
Bullying is done for fun, to get a feeling of control and the attention of others, to feel strong and better about their shortcomings.

Take The Bully By The Horns Question 2.
Why do some children bully others?
Answer:
Some children bully to make fun, enjoy seeing others suffer, to get a feeling of bossing, strength over others and get others attention.

Taking The Bully By The Horns Meaning Question 3.
What does Ajay enjoy about bullying?
Answer:
Ajay enjoys the attention he is getting from others who laugh instead of telling him to stop bullying.

Question 4.
What is empathy?
Answer:
Empathy means the ability to experience the feelings of a person in a situation, not as an onlooker, but as someone who is also experiencing the situation.

Question 5.
How does bullying affect one?
Answer:
Bullying makes a person feel dejected, lose their self confidence, feel lonely, affect their health and daily routine, they don’t eat properly, fall sick often, get nightmares, sleeplessness, not interested to study, get physical injury sometimes, become withdrawn, show sudden anger or they may bully someone just to feel better

C. Think and answer.

Question 1.
Suppose the person bullying is one of your friends.
Answer:
I will advice my friend not to bully.

Question 2.
Would you keep quiet?
Answer:
No. I will release the bully victim from my friend.

Question 3.
At what point would you do something?
Answer:
In the beginning of the bully itself I would separate them.

Question 4.
What would you do?
Answer:
I would bring my friend away from the spot.

D. Take the Pledge

l ama kid against bullying!
And I will Speak up
When I see bullying Reach out
To others who are bullied Be a friend
Whenever I see bullying

Project

Here is a list of classroom rules that you can follow. Create posters for each rule as shown in the images. Collect all posters and paste it in your class room.
Classroom rules:

1. We all belong to same world
2. We don’t give up
3. We try our best
4. We encourage others
5. We take turns
6. We work as a team
7. We learn together
8. We smile always
9. We love each and every creature
10. We forgive others
11. We say ‘please’ to request
12. We say ‘thank’ you for help
13. We listen to each other
14. We listen to our teacher
15. We respect each other
16. We respect our school

Answer:
Project to be done by the students themselves.

Connecting To Self

Paste the photographs and write down the values which you learn from them
Answer:

Step To Success
Change the codes into letters with the sign codes given below and tell the sentence to your friend.

Answer:
Do Not Fear For I Am With You Do Not Be Afraid For I Am Your God

Taking the Bully by the Horns Additional Questions

I. Choose the Correct Answers (MCQ).

Question 1.
The other name for bullying is ______
(a) abusing
(b) ragging
(c) teasing
Answer:
(b) ragging

Question 2.
The pressure we get from people like us is called ______
(a) peer pressure
(b) bully .
(c) intervention
Answer:
(a) peer pressure

Question 3.
The key word of stopping bullying is ______
(a) sympathy
(b) getting attention
(c) empathy
Answer:
(c) empathy

Question 4.
Children hesitate to speak up about bullies because of a sense of ______
(a) loyalty
(b) friendship
(c) fear
Answer:
(a) loyalty

Question 5.
Children who are bullied feel ______
(a) happy
(b) dejected
(c) feeling of control
Answer:
(b) dejected

Question 6.
The bullied person may get ______ due to the hurting comments of billies.
(a) thirsty
(b) nightmares
(c) rich
Answer:
(b) nightmares

Question 7.
Ajay continuously bullies Anu because it gives him a feeling of ______
(a) insult
(b) dejection
(c) control
Answer:
(c) control

Question 8.
Bullies who have a low opinion about themselves, ______ or put another person
down in order to feel better about them.
(a) humiliate
(b) control
(c) abuse
Answer:
(a) humiliate

II. Identify the Character / Speaker.

1. She is the shortest student in their class.
2. She does not want to say anything because she is Ajay s friend.
3. He is unhappy with his performance in the exams.
4. She doesn’t like her big ears and doesn’t want anyone to notice them.
5. He enjoys the attention he is getting from others.
6. She is Ajay’s friend and does not want to upset him.
7. She is self conscious, feels hurt but she doesn’t say anything.

Answer:

1. Anu
2. Meena
3. Ajay
4. Meena
5. Ajay
6. Meena
7. Anu

III. Write True or False against each statement

1. We like to have fun together with friends.
2. Bullying needn’t always be violent like hitting someone.
3. Your classmates, friends and teachers are your peers.
4. The bullied person often focus on his targets appearance.
5. Many schools, colleges and work places have strict rules to prevent bullying.
6. If you know someone who is getting bullied, the best way to stop it is to inform the police.

Answer:

1. True
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. True
6. False

IV. Short Questions with Answers.

Question 1.
What did Ajay do to bully Anu?
Answer:
Ajay called Anu by nick names, and patted on her head to bully her.

Question 2.
Meena did not say anything when Ajay teased Anu. Why?
Answer:
Meena did not say anything because Ajay was her friend and so she did not want to upset him.

Question 3.
Meena felt better about her own problem. What was her problem? How did she feel better?
Answer:
Meena does not like her big ears. She does not want anybody to notice them. When she turns her attention to Anu being bullied, she forgets her ‘big ear’ problem

Question 4.
Why do people silently support the bullies?
Answer:
People silently suppbrt the bullies because they want to be part of the group.

Question 5.
What is ‘Tulir’?
Answer:
Tulir is the Centre for the Prevention and Healing of Child Sexual Abuse in Chennai.

Question 6.
What does bullying mean?
Answer:
If someone purposely makes fun of another, tease, mock or forces them to do things, even if they don’t want to, is called bullying.

Question 7.
What is the other word for bullying?
Answer:
Ragging.

Question 8.
Who are our peers?
Answer:
Our peers are people like ourselves by age and common interests. Our classmates and friends are our peers.

Question 9.
Suggest some ways to stop bullying.
Answer:
The best way to stop bullying is to inform a responsible adult, it may be the parent, teacher or anyone who can handle the problem. The adult would intervene and make the person who bullies to understand their inappropriate and unacceptable », behaviour. Feeling empathy also stops bullying.

Question 10.
How will you support a child who is being bullied?
Answer:
I will support the bullied person by including him while playing games, share my things with them, speak to them for more time and make them feel one among us.

Question 11.
Think that you are watching someone being bullied. Take a diary and write down your experience.
Answer:
Thursday, 25 July 2019
Today I saw Anu being bullied by Ajay in front of my eyes. I did not laugh but felt sorry for her. I asked Ajay to stop though he was my friend and it upset him. I did not like Meena supporting Ajay bullying Anu. Poor Anu felt hurt but did not say anything.
I informed my class teacher about the bullying. She spoke to Ajay and counselled him and made him feel empathy. Ajay could now feel the pain of Anu and felt bad about his actions.

V. Paragraph Questions with Answers.

Question 1.
What are the different ways by which people are bullied ?
Answer:
The different ways by which people are bullied are- making fun of their height and size and body appearance, calling by nick names, patting on the head, mocking, violent hitting, verbally abusing, making fun of others, asking them to do things even if they don’t want to, not including a child in their games, spreading stories about someone and causing sadness, targeting someone repeatedly to hurt them by our actions, for the dress they wear, lack of abilities, family or social circle, etc.

Question 2.
Why do people bully others?
Answer:
People bully to have fun together with friends, bullying gives them a feeling of control, they enjoy the attention they get from others, they feel it as a strength, children bully because of low opinion about themselves. While bullying they feel better about their shortcomings, like Ajay was unhappy about his low performance in the exams and Meena not happy of her big ears.

VI. Read the passage and answer the questions.

1. Sometimes, we may even want to do somethings only because our friends are doing them, even if we know it will get us into trouble or wrong. For example, Meena knows that Anu feels hurt when Ajay teases her. But she does not want to say anything because she is Ajay’s friend and does not want to upset him.

Question 1.
Why do we do somethings even though we know it will get us into trouble?
Answer:
We do them only because our friends are doing them. We like our friends so we wish to identify with them.

Question 2.
How does Anu feel when Ajay teases her?
Answer:
Anu feels hurt when Ajay teases her.

Question 3.
Why doesn’t Meena stop Ajay from teasing Anu?
Answer:
Meena doesn’t say anything to stop Ajay teasing Anu because she is Ajay’s friend and does not want to upset him.

2. Byllying needn’t always be violent like hitting someone or verbally abusing them. If a group of children always refuse to include a particular child in their games, that’s bullying too! Or if you spread stories about someone and it is causing them sadness.

Question 1.
Give an example of violent bullying.
Answer:
Hitting someone.

Question 2.
Is hatred and bullying the same?
Answer:
No. Hatred actions are done when we do not like someone. But bullying is not done because we hate a person but to have fun, tease and enjoy.

Question 3.
What do you mean by spreading stories?
Answer:
Spreading a false information about a person that beings shame to him is called spreading stories or spreading rumours.

Question 4.
How would you feel if your friends keep you away from their games?
Answer:
I would feel hurt, cry and complain to my teacher.

3. Many schools and colleges and even work places have strict rules to prevent bullying but it can still happen. If you notice it taking place around you, make sure you report it so it is stopped. You would have then contributed to a safer and more peaceful world.

Question 1.
Name three places where bullying commonly occurs.
Answer:
Schools, colleges and work places.

Question 2.
What will you do if you notice bullying taking place around you?
Answer:
would report about it to the people concerned and stop it.

Question 3.
What does prevention of bullying contribute to?
Answer:
Prevention of bullying contributes to a safer and more peaceful world.

VII. Rearrange the jumbled sentence.

A.
1. He calls her by nick names which draw attention to her size.
2. Anu is the shortest in their class.
3. Meena sometimes laughs with Ajay when he is mocking Anu.
4. Ajay always makes fun of her height.
5. Meena, Anu and Ajay are in class 7.
6. Anu is already self conscious and feels hurt.
Answer:
5. Meena, Anu and Ajay are in class 7.
2. Anu is the shortest in their class.
4. Ajay always makes fun of her height.
1. He calls her by nick names which draw attention to her size.
6. Anu is already self conscious and feels hurt.
3. Meena sometimes laughs with Ajay when he is mocking Anu.

B.
1. This can be a parent, a teacher, or anyone who can do something.
2. Is there something you can do to stop bullying?
3. You can also show your support for the targeted person.
4. If someone is getting bullied, the best way to stop it is inform a responsible adult.
5. The adult can intervene and help the child who is bullying to understand his unacceptable behaviour.
Answer:
2. Is there something you can do to stop bullying?
4. If someone is getting bullied, the best way to stop it is inform a responsible adult.
1. This can be a parent, a teacher, or anyone who can do something.
5. The adult can intervene and help the child who is bullying to understand his unacceptable behaviour.
3. You can also show your support for the targeted person.

VIII. Match the following.

Answer:

1. (i)
2. (d)
3. (b)
4. (g)
5. (c)
6. (h)
7. (a)
8. (j)
9. (f)
10. (e)

Taking the Bully by the Horns Summary

Anu is bullied by her classmate Ajay for her height by nickname and by patting her. Anu is hurt and silent. Meena laughs but doesn’t speak against Ajay though she feels sorry for Anu. Ajay enjoys the attention he gets from others. No one stops him.

Boys like Ajay have a low opinion about themselves so they humiliate others in order to feel better who they are. Bullying is not only violent actions like hitting or abusing, it is also isolating a person, spreading stories about a person and hurting repeatedly bullying or ragging.

The bullies are avoided out of fear or silently supported, wanting to be part of a group. Peer pressure is when we disagree with something that everyone is doing but we end up doing it because we don’t want to be the odd one and isolated from the group.

Children who are bullied feel dejected, singled out, insulted before others, lose their confidence, feel lonely and isolated.
By bullying, a person’s health and daily routine are affected. They do not eat well, fall sick often, get nightmares, sleeplessness, lack of concentration on studies, physical hurt, get withdrawn, stop talking to people, display sudden extreme anger or may even start bullying others even horsely.

We can stop bullying by informing it to a responsible person like parent or teacher or anyone who can handle the problem. Proper counselling will make them understand their unacceptable behaviour. The best way is empathy. When you feel for others, the less you will want to bully.

Children hesitate to complain about bullying because of a sense of loyalty. They feel that complaining to an adult about peers would get them into trouble. Some feel they would lose the friendship of the bullying person. Situation like bullying requires intervention because the bullying person also needs help to come out of it.

Many schools, colleges and job spots have strict rules to prevent bullying but it can still happen. We have to stop bullying for a safer a more peaceful world.