Laxmi

Students can Download Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Grammar Prepositions, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Grammar Prepositions

Choose the appropriate preposition to complete the sentence:

Question 1.
I’ll meet you ……………….. the evening.
(a) at (b) in (c) from
Answer:
(b) in

Question 2.
I’ll call you ……………….. eight o’clock.
(a) on (b) over (c) at
Answer:
(c) at

Question 3.
We walked ……………….. the edge of the forest.
(a) up to (b) against (c) over
Answer:
(a) up to

Question 4.
Immediately ……………….. passing his exams he is going to visit his grandparents.
(a) before (b) during (c) after
Answer:
(c) after

Question 5.
Mohan has been missing ……………….. last month.
(a) from (b) since (c) on
Answer:
(b) since

Question 6.
They picked the bell pins ……………….. great care.
(a) between (b) along (c) with
Answer:
(c) with

Question 7.
I don’t know how she manages her daily expenses. She has nothing ……………….. her pension.
(a) on (b) besides (c) between
Answer:
(b) besides

Question 8.
A few days after the accident she recovered ……………….. the injuries.
(a) for (b) along (c) from
Answer:
(c) from

Question 9.
There is a bridge ……………….. the river.
(a) across (b) towards (c) of
Answer:
(a) across

Question 10.
Shall we meet at ……………….. 5.00 pm for the concert?
(a) on (b) between (c) at
Answer:
(c) at

Question 11.
……………….. all the chaos, Rohan alone had the presence of mind to bring some water for the old man.
(a) by (b) during (c) amidst
Answer:
(c) amidst

Question 12.
When will you stop getting ……………….. trouble?
(a) into (b) beneath (c) towards
Answer:
(a) into

Question 13.
After the accident, she tried to think it ……………….. to recollect how it happened.
(a) in (b) over (c) of
Answer:
(b) over

Question 14.
We got the movie tickets just ……………….. it started.
(a) before (b) with (c) from
Answer:
(a) before

Question 15.
There were a lot of people ……………….. our party.
(a) for (b) at (c) with
Answer:
(b) at

Question 16.
Does Mahesh still work ……………….. the Post Office?
(a) far (b) with (c) at
Answer:
(c) at

Question 17.
The Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I ……………….. 4th October 1957.
(a) under (b) for (c) on
Answer:
(c) on

Question 18.
The Great Fire of London happened ……………….. the morning of 2nd September in 1666.
(a) of (b) in (c) with
Answer:
(b) in

Question 19.
……………….. her illness she attempted and cleared the exams.
(a) in (b) on (c) despite
Answer:
(c) despite

Question 20.
That cave is ……………….. the river bank.
(a) beneath (b) along (c) from
Answer:
(b) along

Question 21.
There has always been major differences ……………….. our ideologies.
(a) at (b) in (c) between
Answer:
(c) between

Question 22.
……………….. you score well in your exams, I am not going to buy you a bicycle.
(a) on (b) until (c) at
Answer:
(b) until

Question 23.
Marina beach is popular ……………….. tourist.
(a) for (b) among (c) by
Answer:
(b) among

Question 24.
Are you still thinking ……………….. that incident?
(a) before (b) during (c) about
Answer:
(c) about

Question 25.
On seeing me coming the squirrel climbed swiftly ……………….. the tree.
(a) up (b) by (c) over
Answer:
(a) up

Students can Download Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Grammar Modals, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Grammar Modals

General Characteristics Of Modals
1. Modals are never used alone. A Principal verb is either present or implied;
as—
I can sing. He will help you.

2. Modals do not change according to the number or person of the subject;
as—
I can. We can. You can. He can. They can. etc.
I may. We may. You may. He may. They may. etc.

3. Modals have no Infinitive, Present Participle or Past Participle forms.

4. Modals cannot be used in all the tenses. When a modal does not fall in this pattern, it works as a Principal Verb;
as—
God willed so.
Henry needs a pen.
Malathi dared to go into the dark forest.
(Here will, need and dare are used as main verbs)

Relationship of Modals with Tenses
(i) May, can, shall and will are in present forms while might, could, should and would are their past forms.
The two forms express different meanings, but usually, no difference of time, e.g. the difference between may and might is often that of a degree of probability,

as—
Sheela may come today. {possibility/likely to happen)
Sandra might come today. (remote possibility/less likely)

(ii) However, if the verb in the main clause is in the past tense, the forms might, could, should and would serve as regular past tenses;
as—
1. He said, “I can help you.”
He said that he could help her.
2. You said, “She will come back soon.”
You said that she would come back soon.
3. Sheetal said, “May I use this pen, madam?”
Sheetal asked her teacher if she might use that pen.

(iii) When we want to express the past time in verb phrases involving modals, we use the Present Perfect Tense of the Principal Verb; as-
Senthil must have reached home by now.
You ought to have told me all the facts.

Quasi/Semi Modals
Quasi modals are also called semi-modals. There are four quasi modals: ‘used to’, ‘need to’, ‘dare to’ and ‘ought to’.

Question 1.
Supply suitable modal/quasi-modal verb for the following sentences.
(a) ________ I have that pen?
(b) We ________ perform our duties sincerely.
(c) I think you ________ learn it by heart.
(d) ________ I go for swimming every weekend.
Answer:
(a) Can
(b) must
(c) should
(d) used to

Question 2.
Supply suitable modal/quasi-modal verb for the following sentences
(a) ________ you mind if I borrowed your car for a day.
(b) He ________ win the race.
(c) ________ you come for a movie tonight?
(d) I ________ fly to Switzerland next week.
Answer:
(a) would
(b) can
(c) Will
(d) might

Question 3.
Supply suitable modal/quasi-modal verb for the following sentences:
(a) If you stopped shouting, I ________ get some work done.
(b) They knelt in front of the child who ________ one day rule their country.
(c) Life ________ be more interesting when I was a child.
(d) I ________ probably go out tonight.
Answer:
(a) might
(b) would
(c) used to
(d) will

Question 4.
Supply suitable modal/quasi-modal verb for the following sentences.
(a) There ________ be no food and drink on the premises.
(b) ________ we tell him about our idea?
(c) You ________ smoke in a gas station.
(d) They ________ go near the cage, that lion is very ferocious.
Answer:
(a) shall
(b) should
(c) mustn’t
(d) dare not

Question 5.
Supply suitable modal/quasi-modal verb for the following sentences
(a) You ________ drive rashly.
(b) I ________ attend the party tomorrow as my exams are starting.
(c) There are chances that it ________ rain by the time you reach there.
(d) You ________ take your umbrella. It is not going to rain.
Answer:
(a) shouldn’t
(b) can’t
(c) might
(d) needn’t

Fill in with quasi-modal verbs.
1. I ………………….. not go to office on alternate Saturdays.
2. He is getting ………………….. the new environment.
3. How ………………….. you ask me such a question?
4. We ………………….. arrive at the airport at 4.00 pm.
5. You ………………….. shout at Rahul. He is too young to understand things.
6. He doesn’t ………………….. argue with the company manager.
7. My mother ………………….. have called; I told her I would be late.
8. The manger ………………….. that report by tomorrow.
9. You ………………….. to read in such dim light.
10. He wasn’t ………………….. so much work.
Answer:
1. need
2. used to
3. dare
4. ought to
5. shouldn’t
6. dare to
7. needn’t
8. needs
9. ought not to
10. used to

Students can Download Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Euphemism/Substitute Words/Phrases With Polite Alternatives, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Euphemism/Substitute Words/Phrases With Polite Alternatives

Replace the underlined word with an appropriate euphemism/substitute word Or phrases/Polite Alternatives

Question 1.
His death was a shock to his friends.
Answer:
His big sleep was a shock to his friends.

Question 2.
He died in his sleep.
Answer:
He passed away in his sleep.

Question 3.
The Indian court doesn’t permit human beings to be euthanized for any reason.
Answer:
The Indian court doesn’t permit human beings to be put to sleep for any reason.

Question 4.
The vet is going to kill my dog this evening.
Answer:
The vet is going to put my dog to sleep this evening.

Question 5.
The Sports Meet is for the handicapped.
Answer:
The Sports Meet is for the differently-abled.

Question 6.
The criminals were kept in high security in the prison camp.
Answer:
The criminals were kept in high security in the relocation centre.

Question 7.
Most of the youth were rebels during the British regime.
Answer:
Most of the youth were freedom fighters during the British regime.

Question 8.
Smoking a Cigarette is prohibited in public places.
Answer:
Smoking a torch of freedom is prohibited in public places.

Question 9.
Vimala is fat/heavy / over weight.
Answer:
Vimala is metabolically challenged/big-boned.

Question 10.
My spouse is my moral strength in all my endeavours.
Answer:
My better half is my moral strength in all my endeavours.

Question 11.
Peter is having a wash in the bathroom.
Answer:
Peter is having a wash in the restroom.

Question 12.
Rani had to undergo abortion for one of the twins because of medical reasons.
Answer:
Rani had to undergo selective reduction for one of the twins because of medical reasons.

Question 13.
Abortion is a crime.
Answer:
Pregnancy termination is a crime.

Question 14.
Unfortunately the eldest of the five siblings was born a male homo.
Answer:
Unfortunately the eldest of the five siblings was born a confirmed bachelor.

Question 15.
I dread genocide.
Answer:
I dread ethnic cleansing.

Question 16.
The coffin was made of teak wood.
Answer:
The bye-bye box was made of teak wood.

Question 17.
The twin boys aren’t poor.
Answer:
The twin boys aren’t economically disadvantaged.

Question 18.
Leela is broke. She just can’t afford such a luxury trip now.
Answer:
Leela has a temporary negative cash flow. She just can’t afford such a luxury trip now.

Question 19.
Raja and Ravi live in the slum.
Answer:
Raja and Ravi live in the substandard housing or culturally deprived neighbourhood.

Question 20.
Dhanush was caught for bribing.
Answer:
Dhanush was caught for managing company stakeholders.

Question 21.
The old people in my church are always honoured on World Elders Day.
Answer:
The senior citizens in my church are always honoured on World Elders Day.

Question 22.
The politicians have an exemption with the taxes.
Answer:
The politicians have an exemption with the User fees.

Question 23.
Some of the youth are still unemployed.
Answer:
Some of the youth are still between jobs.

Question 24.
Those below 18 are prohibited from consuming beer or liquor in a pub.
Answer:
Those below 18 are prohibited from consuming adult beverages in a pub.

Question 25.
Shirley is short.
Answer:
Shirley is vertically-challenged.

Question 26.
Kuttyma who was mentally retarded from her childhood survived till 49 because of her parents’ love.
Answer:
Kuttyma who was mentally challenged from her childhood survived till 49 because of her parents’ love.

Students can Download Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Foreign Words and Phrases, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Foreign Words and Phrases

1. From French:
a. Avant-garde – This term applies to art, culture, and politics. It is when someone or something uses unusual or experimental ideas and challenges what people see as normal. For example, Lady GaGa is considered avant-garde for her fashion choices.

b. Bon voyage – This term is generally used to express well wishes to someone who is embarking on a trip or journey. For example, “Have a safe trip and bon voyage”

c. Deja vu – This is a popular phrase and at times is used incorrectly. Deja vu is the feeling that you have been through an experience or to a place before, though you never actually have. You are experiencing something for the first time, but in a way it feels familiar. “The journey gave me a sense of deja vu”

d. Faux pas – A faux pas is an embarrassing social mistake. For example, wearing all white to a wedding at which you are not the bride. “Sheena committed a faux pas at the wedding.”

e. RSVP – This is actually a French abbreviation for the phrase responders’ il Vous plait. ”It literally translates as “please respond.” This is most often used on an invitation to an event.

f. Ballet
This is a form of dance that is popular all over the world. It’s important to note how the word “ballet” is pronounced. Here you don’t pronounce the at the end. Instead, the second syllable should sound like “lay,” with the same vowel sound as the letter “a”.

Example: My niece Katy and nephew Kiran are in ballet class.

Here are a few other examples of French loanwords that end in “-et” but are pronounced like an “a” at the end: “buffet,” “gourmet,” “filet,” “chalet’ and even the car company “Chevrolet.”

g. Cafe
In English, this is the name for a small, usually informal restaurant. It is written both with the accent mark (cafe) and without it (cafe) in English.

“Cafe” comes from the French word “coffee,” but it’s also very similar to other words related to coffee in many other languages.

Also note that there’s a similar word, “cafeteria,” that causes some confusion. Generally, a cafeteria is like a small restaurant that is for a specific group of people. Cafeterias at schools or large companies are for the people who study or work there.

Example: I have only about 20 minutes, so I’ll just stop at a cafe for a quick lunch.

h. Croissant
Some of the most common loanwords are related to food. That’s because many foods are closely connected to a particular culture and other languages often don’t always have words for foods from other cultures.

A croissant is a type of pastry or bread that is light and flaky (leaves lots of little crumbs on your plate when you eat it). A similar type of bread in English is a “crescent roll.”

Example: Tina really loves to make croissants because they taste better than other types of bread.

i. Entrepreneur
This is definitely a word that you should hear pronounced, since it can be a little tricky even for native English speakers.

An entrepreneur is a person who starts their own company. Other common forms of the word include “entrepreneurship” (a noun) or “entrepreneurial (an adjective).

Example: Elon Musk, the man who started SpaceX and Tesla Motors, is one of the most famous entrepreneurs in the world, well-known for their discovery.

2. From Latin

a. Alma mater – An alma mater is a school or university that one has attended or graduated from. For example, “Yale is my alma mater.” It can also mean the school song and it literally translates as “loving mother.”

b. Quid pro quo – This term translates as “this for that.” It is used generally when two parties exchange something of value, e.g., “Terrorists do not do something for nothing, there is always quid pro quo involved.”

c. Status quo – This phrase means “the existing state of affairs.” It describes what a culture or particular group deem “normal.” For example, “The NGO tried to maintain the status quo.”

d. Genre
In French, this word means “kind” or “style.” In English, it’s used to describe a category of something, especially when talking about entertainment. You’ll especially hear people using this word to talk about books, movies and music.

Example: Rohan likes many types of music, but his favourite genre is heavy metal.

e. Rendezvous
In English, this word is used to describe either a place where people plan to meet, or the action of meeting a person at a specific time.

Example: We’re in a new city and I’m sure you want to explore it a bit. It’s 2:00 now, so let’s rendezvous back here at 6:00. Then we’ll go for dinner.

3. From German (Dutch)

a. Kindergarten
Translated literally, this word means “children’s garden.” It’s a common type of school in many parts of the world. Children often go to a year or two of kindergarten when they’re five years old before they start elementary school.

Example: Our daughter will be three next year, so we are trying to find a good kindergarten for her.

b. Waltz
A waltz is a type of formal dance. The word is also used to describe the type of music that plays during those dances and it can also be used as a verb to describe the action of performing this dance.

Example: My friends say that dancing the waltz is difficult, but I find it a cake walk.

c. Rucksack
A rucksack is another name for a backpack. “Ruck” comes from the German word Rucken (back) and Sack means a bag.
Example: Shilo is going to travel to Europe this summer, but he’s planning on taking one rucksack. He’ll have to pack carefully if he wants everything to fit!

d. Glitch
A glitch describes a small problem, but usually it’s a problem that doesn’t make it impossible to finish something.

Example: I planned to go downtown to meet with Beno, but I ran into & glitch ‘, the bus wasn’t running because it was a holiday. So I just took a cab instead.

e. Guerrilla
In Spanish, this word literally means “little war.” In both Spanish and English it can be used to describe an unofficial group of people fighting the government. In English, it’s most commonly used as an adjective, in phrases like “guerrilla warfare” or “guerrilla marketing.” Note that in Spanish, the “11” sound is different than in English. As a result, in English this word sounds basically the same as “gorilla,” the animal.

Example: The guerrilla fighters took control of the capital of the country, which gave them control of the government.

f. Macho
This word describes a person who is very strong or masculine. It can also be used to describe a person who is arrogant about his manhood. It’s also used in the name of a professional wrestler and a popular disco song from the 1970’s.

Example: Peter is a real macho guy, but that’s annoying sometimes. He says that “real men don’t cry,” but I think he’s wrong.

g. Patio
In English, “patio” generally describes an area outside a house which often has a table and chairs, but no roof.

Example: It was very hot today, so we decided to go out to the patio to drink a cold glass of milk shake.

h. Plaza
A “plaza” describes a public open area in a city, which can sometimes be called a “square.” Plaza is also used in the names of many shopping malls, corporate building areas or other large open areas.

Example: Mercy needed to buy some return gifts for her friends, so she went downtown to the new shopping plaza to check out some of the stores.

i. Siesta
A “siesta” is a nap that one takes in the middle of the day, especially after eating or while taking a break from work.
Example: I think I’ll take a quick siesta before I get back to work after lunch.

4. From Japanese
a. Karaoke
It is a form of entertainment in which people take turns to sing popular songs into a microphone over prerecorded backing tracks.

Example: David really likes singing karaoke, even though he doesn’t have an amazing voice. But that doesn’t matter—the important thing is to have fun with friends!

b. Karate
It describes a popular martial art that originated in Japan. There, the word “karate” means “empty hand,” since you don’t need any special equipment or weapons to do it.

Example: Nikita has a black belt in karate, so you’d better not try to steal her things.

c. Ninja
It means “spy” in Japanese, but in English it’s used to describe a person who can move and attack silently, without being seen. In modem use, people who can do something incredibly well are often called “ninjas”

Example: You should try Karan’s cookies—they’re delicious! Karan is a real baking ninja!

d. Origami
Origami is the art of folding small pieces of paper into interesting shapes.

Example: These days children are interested in learning origami. It’s good fun!

e. Tsunami
It is a gigantic (very large) sea wave that is usually caused by an earthquake. Unfortunately, the word has become more well-known ever since the 2004 south-east Asia tsunami and the 2011 Japan tsunami.

Example: The recent tsunamis in Asia killed hundreds and thousands of people.

5. From Chinese
a. Gung-ho
In Chinese this phrase means “work together,” but in English it’s used casually to express that you’re excited or enthusiastic about something. We generally use it as an adjective. Example: I was really gung-ho to eat dim sum, but when we got to the food joint it was closed.

b. Kungfu
It is another popular style of martial arts. In “kung fu”, generally fighters only use their hands and feet, but not weapons.

Example: I’m tired of bullies beating me up. I’m going to learn kung fu so I can defend myself if they attack me again!

c. Tofu
This is a word that originally started in Chinese (as “dou fu”). But before it was adopted into English, it passed through Japanese and became “tofu” In Chinese, “dou” means “bean” and “fu” means “rotten” or “sour.”

Example: This restaurant serves delicious vegetarian dishes, especially tofu.

d. Typhoon
This word finds its origin in the Chinese word “taifeng which means “big wind.” A typhoon is just another name for a hurricane or a cyclone.

Example: In 2014 Typhoon Haiyan hit the Philippines and caused a lot of devastation.

e. Yin and Yang
In Chinese, “yin” represents feminine, dark and night time, while “yang” represents the opposite: masculine, light and daytime things. In English, these words are used to represent any opposites.

Example: Mary is the yin to Paul’s yang. They’re complete opposites, but they have a happy marriage. I guess it’s true that “opposites attract”!

6. Some Important Words from Other Languages

a. Moped (from Swedish)
“Moped” is a combination of the Swedish words “motor” and “pedaler.” Those words are nearly the same as their English equivalents “motor” and “pedals.” It’s basically a bicycle with a motor.

Example: Last birthday, my father gifted me a moped.

b. Sheikh (from Arabic)
A “sheikh” is a ruler or leader of a group of people in Arab cultures. It’s used in English as a title for rulers in some countries, instead of words like “king” or “president.”

Example: When meeting sheikhs, many foreign leaders hold hands with them as a sign of respect or friendship.

c. Taekwondo (from Korean)

In Korean, “taekwondo” means “kick fist art” and in English it’s used to describe that popular martial art.

Example: I want to learn a martial art and I have chosen taekwondo.

FOREIGN WORDS	MEANING
ad nauseam	to a sickening degree
bonafide	genuine
carte blanche	unlimited authority
caveat emptor	let the buyer beware
en masse	in a large group
fait accompli	established fact
ipso facto	by the fact itself
modus operandi	method of operating
persona non grata	an unacceptable person
prima donna	a temperamental and conceited person
pro bono	done or donated without charge
quid pro quo	something for something, usually an equal exchange
status quo	the existing condition
carte blanche	unconditional authority to act as they please
esprit de corps	team spirit
id est	that is
entrepreneurs	business persons
genre	type
lingerie	nighties and undergarments
spiel	a glib speech intended to persuade someone
schmoozing	to have a friendly talk in order to manipulate a person
patio	an area outside the house without roof
Paparazzi	photographers of celebrities
Viva voce	An oral examination
Sine die	With no appointed date for resumption
Rapport	Close and harmonious relationship with mutual understanding
In toto	Entirely
En route	Via/on the way
Ad hoc	For the special objective

Students can Download Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Collocation, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Collocation

A collocation is made up of two or more words that are commonly used together in English. Think of collocations as words that usually go together. There are different kinds of collocations in English. Strong collocations are word pairings that are expected to come together. Good collocation examples of this type of word pairing are combinations with ‘make’ and ‘do’. You make a cup of tea, but you do your homework. Collocations are very common in business settings when certain nouns are routinely combined with certain verbs or adjectives. For example, draw up a contract, set a price, conduct negotiations, etc.

Here are a number of common collocations in English:

Verb Collocations
Some of the most common collocations involve verb + noun collocations used in everyday situations. Here are some examples of the types of verb collocations you will need to leam as you continue learning English.:

Business Collocations
Collocations are often used in business and work settings. There are a number of forms including adjectives, nouns and other verbs that combine with keywords to form business expressions. Here are some of the collocation examples you will find on these pages:

Here are some business collocations. These collocations are used for specific situations in business.

Common Expressions
Collocations are often used as short expressions to describe how someone feels about a situation. In this case, collocations can be used in the adjective form, or also as emphatic expressions using an intensifier and a verb. Here are a few examples using some common collocations:

Students can Download Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Analogy, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Analogy

What is Analogy?
The main purpose of analogy in the language is to bifurcate two elements, which may be based on concepts, relationships, phenomenon, etc. The bifurcation is created with an intention to compare the two things so that the reader can relate to something that reflects their similarity. In other words, analogy aids the reader, to perhaps, have a visual understanding of the logic of what you are trying to exhibit.

16 kinds of relationships that analogies may express:

• Antonyms – up: down
• Synonyms – great : wonderful
• Part : whole – trunk : tree
• whole :part – school : classroom
• tool : its action – crayon : draw
• tool user: tool – carpenter: hammer
• tool: object it’s used with – hammer: nails
• category : example – dog : Golden Retriever
• effect : cause – flood : rain
• cause: effect – practice: improve
• increasing intensity – unhappiness ; misery
• decreasing intensity – hot : warm
• action : thing acted upon – read : book
• action: subject performing action – teach : teacher
• object or place: its user – chalk: teacher
• noun: closely related adjective – elephant: enormous

Here are some important things to remember when you think about analogies: Parts of Speech If the words in the first pair express a “noun : adjective,” or “verb : noun,” or adjective : adjective” relationship (for instance), the second pair should show the same relationship between parts of speech. Word Order If the first pair expresses a “tool user : tool” relationship (for instance), the second pair must express the same relationship in the same order. Exactness Sometimes two or more of the given choices would make fairly good sense in the blank. When this happens, you should choose the word or pair of words, which most exactly suits the relationship you are expressing.

Examples of famous analogies

• The captain is to his ship as the leader is to his tribe.
• A fish is to swimming as a bird is to flying.
• What death is to life, blindness is to vision.
• What sweets are to a diabetic, water is to fire.
• What gold is to a goldsmith, iron is to a blacksmith.
• What cold is to ice, heat is to fire.
• What dog is to a kennel, a rabbit is to a burrow.
• What child is to a mother, a song is to a singer.
• What voice is to a person, communication is to a language.
• What wheels are to a cart, a family is to a man.
• A hot cup of coffee is to winter as a cold glass of water is to summer.
• A rudder is to a ship as a goal is to a person.
• Painting is to a painter as water is to a plant.
• What strings are to a guitar, love is to life.
• What wick is to a candle, knowledge is to life.

Students can Download Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Singular/Plural, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Singular/Plural

Question 1.
What is the plural form of ‘pitch’?
(a) pitchs (b) pitches (c) pitch (d) pitcher
Answer:
(d) volcanoes

Question 2.
What is the plural form of “penny”?
(a) pennies (b) pennys (c) penns (d) pennyses
Answer:
(a) pennies

Question 3.
What is the plural form of “person”?
(a) persones (b) persons (c) people (d) peoples
Answer:
(b) persons

Question 4.
What is the plural form of ‘loaf?
(a) loafs (b) loafes (c) loaf (d) loaves
Answer:
(d) loaves

Question 5.
What is the plural form of ‘focus’?
(a) focuses (b) foci (c) focis (d) focuse
Answer:
(b) foci

Question 6.
What is the plural form of ‘child’?
(a) childs (b) childes (c) children (d) childrens
Answer:
(c) children

Question 7.
What is the plural form of‘deer’?
(a) deer (b) deers (c) deeres (d) deeries
Answer:
(a) deer

Question 8.
What is the plural form of ‘ox’?
(a) oxes (b) ox’s (c) oxen (d) oxies
Answer:
(c) oxen

Question 9.
What is the plural form of ‘wolf?
(a) wolfs (b) wolves (c) wolfies (d) wolfes
Answer:
(b) wolves

Question 10.
What is the plural form of ‘Chinese’?
(a) Chinese (b) Chineses (c) Chinesies (d) Chinese’s
Answer:
(a) Chinese

Question 11.
What is the plural form of ‘military’?
(a) military (b) militarys (c) militares (d) militaries
Answer:
(d) militaries

Question 12.
What is the plural form of ‘sister-in-law’?
(a) sisteres-in-law 0b) sister-in-laws (c) sisters-in-law (d) sister-in-lawes
Answer:
(c) sisters-in-law

Question 13.
What is the plural form of ‘moose’?
(a) moosies (b) moose (c) mooses (d) mooseses
Answer:
(b) moose

Question 14.
What is the plural form of ‘fish’?
(a) fishs (b) fish (c) fishies (d) fishes
Answer:
(b) fish

Question 15.
What is the plural form of ‘potato’?
(a) potato (b) potatos (c) potatoes (d) potatosies
Answer:
(c) potatoes

Question 16.
What is the plural form of ‘university’?
(a) university (b) universities (c) universitys (d) universityses
Answer:
(b) universities

Question 17.
What is the plural form of ‘celebrity’?
(a) celebritys (b) celebrities’ (c) celebrityses (d) celebritieses
Answer:
(b) celebrities

Question 18.
What is the plural form of ‘aircraft’?
(a) aircraft (b) aircraft (c) airscrafts (d) aircrafts
Answer:
(a) aircrafts

Question 19.
What is the plural form of ‘foot’?
(a) foots (b) feet (c) foot (d) footies
Answer:
(b) feet

Question 20.
What is the plural form of ‘tooth’?
(a) tooth (b) toothes (c) tooths (d) teeth
Answer:
(d) teeth

SINGULAR	PLURAL
1. spy	spies
2. cactus	cacti
3. fungus	fungi
4. nucleus	nuclei
5. analysis	analyses
6. oasis	oases
7. diagnosis	diagnoses
8. thesis	theses
9. phenomenon	phenomena
10. crisis	crises
11. criterion	criteria
12. datum	data
13. dish	dishes
14. watch	watches
15. branch	branches
16. scarf	scarves
17. cuff	cuffs
18. chef	chefs
19. army	armies
20. Runner-up	Runners-up
21. Editor-in-chief	Editors-in-chief
22. Grandson-in-law	Grandsons-in-law
23. vertex	vertices
24. index	indices
25. datum	data
26. criterion	criteria
27. phenomenon	phenomena
28. crisis	crises
29. curriculum	curricula
30. emphasis	emphases
31. family	families
32. iris	irises
33. memorandum	memoranda
34. reflex	reflexes
35. series	series
36. tax	taxes
37. millennium	millennia
38. spectrum	spectra
39. passer-by	passers-by
40. tiding	tidings
41. ellipsis	ellipses
42. decoy	decoys
43. jersey	jerseys
44. hypothesis	hypotheses

Students can Download Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Blended Words, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Blended Words

advertisement and editorial	advertorial
alphabetic and numeric	alphanumeric
American and Indian	Amerind
appropriate and acronym	aptronym
botulism and toxin	botox
binary and digit	bit
biology and electronic	bionic
Bombay and Hollywood	Bollywood
Britain and exit	Brexit
brain and maniac	brainiac
breakfast and lunch	brunch
breath and analyzer	breathalyzer
cellulose and diaphane	define
chuckle and snort	chortle
coder and decoder	codec
Cybernetic and organism	cyborg
camera and recorder	camcorder
car and hijack	carjack
chill and relax	chillax
Chinese and English	Cfcmgfisto
chocolate and alcoholic	chocoholic
cinema and complex	cineplex
costume and play	cosplay
crazy and drunk	can
documentary and drama	docudrama
dumb and confound	dumbfound
dance and exercise	exercise
drama and comedy	dramedy
electricity and execute	electrocute
education and entertainment	edutainment
electronic and mail	email
emotion and icon	emoticon
endogenous and morphine	endorphin
fact and fiction	faction           ‘
fanatic and magazine	fanzine
flimsy and miserable	mimsy
free and software	freeware
fantastic and fabulous	fantabulous
flame and glare	flare
foreign and exchange	forex
friend and enemy	frenemy
global and English	Globish
giant and enormous	Ginormous
glamorous and camping	glamping
glamour and Ritz	glitz
guess and estimate	guesstimate
hazardous and material	hazmat
huge and monstrous	humongous
hungry and anger	hanger
internal and communication	intercom
international and network	internet
information and commercial	infomercial
keyboard and guitar	keytar
lion and tiger	liger
lithe and slimy	slithy
labrador and poodle	labradoodle
malicious and software	malware
mass and prestige	masstige
melody and drama	melodrama
motor and hotel	motel
marionette and puppet	muppet
man and explaining	mansplaining
man and purse	murse
mechanics and electronics	mechatronics
melt and weld	meld
metropolitan and heterosexual	metrosexual
mock and cocktail	mocktail
modulator and demodulator	modem
motor and cavalcade	motorcade
news and broadcast	newscast
Nigeria and Hollywood	Nollywood
Oxford and Cambridge	Oxbridge
parachute and troop	paratrooper
picture and element	pixel
pulsating and star	pulsar
porter (to carry) and manteau (a cloak)	portmanteau
sex and exploitation	sexploitation
sheep and people	sheeple
situation and comedy	sitcom
skirt and short	skort
smack and mash	smash
sound and landscape	soundscape
Sensitive and Index	Sensex
spoon and fork	spork
squirm and wiggle	squiggle
stay and vacation	staycation
television and marathon	telethon
television and evangelist	televangelist
tomato and tobacco	tomacco
transfer and resistor	transistor
video and blog	vlog
vital and amine	vitamin
web and seminar	webinar
web and log	blog
worker and alcoholic	workaholic

Students can Download Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Compound Words, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Compound Words

Question 1.
Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “sun’”,
(a) right
(b) rays
(c) writes
(d) weight
Answer:
(b) rays

Question 2.
Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “wise”.
(a) anti
(b) march
(c) clock
(d) week
Answer:
(c) clock

Question 3.
Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “pole”.
(a) stad
(b) mary
(c) planet
(d) star
Answer:
(d) star

Question 4.
Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “light”,
(a) river
(b) sing
(c) lime
(d) lemon
Answer:
(c) lime

Question 5.
Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “drop”.
(a) heave
(b) mock
(c) eaves
(d) out
Answer:
(c) eaves

Question 6.
Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “out”,
(a) in
(b) wipe
(c) weather
(d) hind
Answer:
(b) wipe

Question 7.
Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “ring”.
(a) ear
(b) life
(c) noise
(d) loose
Answer:
(a) ear

Question 8.
Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “cut”.
(a) write
(b) right
(c) hair
(d) in
Answer:
(c) hair

Question 9.
Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “glass”.
(a) top
(b) style
(c) sock
(d) life
Answer:
(a) top

Question 10.
Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “ship”,
(a) boat
(b) hill
(c) brother
(d) friend
Answer:
(d) friend

Question 11.
Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “mate”.
(a) broom
(b) moor
(c) room
(d) mart
Answer:
(c) room

Question 12.
Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “up”.
(a) living
(b) doing
(c) movie
(d) coming
Answer:
(d) coming

Question 13.
Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “room”.
(a) wash
(b) white
(c) blue
(d) big
Answer:
(a) wash

Question 14.
Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “up”.
(a) knot
(b) way
(c) hill
(d) rill
Answer:
(c) hill

Question 15.
Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “stairs”.
(a) to
(b) me
(c) do
(d) up
Answer:
(d) up

Question 16.
Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “box”.
(a) black
(b) brown
(c) red
(d) blue
Answer:
(a) black

Question 17.
Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “boat”.
(a) fish
(b) white
(c) ride
(d) peddle
Answer:
(c) ride

Question 18.
Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “lace”.
(a) dress
(b) car
(c) shoe
(d) cap
Answer:
(c) shoe

Question 19.
Geese tie word from the options given to form a compound word with “cake”.
(a) sun
(b) tan
(c) can
(d) pan
Answer:
(d) pan

Question 20.
Choose the word Sera the options given to tot a compound word with “brush”.
(a) eye
(b) tooth
(c) toe
(d) knee
Answer:
(b) tooth

Question 21.
Choose the word from the options given to form a compound word with “dream”.
(a) right
(b) night
(c) day
(d) dry
Answer:
(c) day

Question 22.
choose the word from the options given to ton a compound word with “Crime”.
(a) anti
(b) branch
(c) clock
(d) week
Answer:
(b) branch

Question 23.
Choose the word than the options given to ton a compound word with ‘‘milk”.
(a) life
(b) tan
(c) planet
(d) star
Answer:
(a) life

Question 24.
choose the word from the options given to ton an emptied word with “Me”.
(a) save
(b) race
(c) lite
(d) time
Answer:
(d) time

Question 25.
choose the word from the options given to for a compound word with “open”.
(a) open-air
(b) trash
(c) can
(d) dose
Answer:
(a) open-air

Some Common Compound Words

Noun + Noun – Compound Word
bed + room – bedroom
water + tank – water tank
printer + cartridge – printer cartridge
took + case – bookcase
hack + stage – backstage
sea + shore – seashore
north + east – northeast
water + melon – watermelon
news + paper – newspaper
bank + book – bankbook
foot + hill – foothill
silk + worm – silkworm
money + market – money market
picture + book – picture book
black + board – blackboard
father + land – fatherland

fire + arm – firearm
week + night – weeknight
school + book – school book
horse + hair – horsehair
sheep + skin – sheepskin
dog + wood – dogwood
thunder + storm – thunderstorm
time + limit – timelimit
post + man postman
moon + light – moonlight
tax + payer – taxpayer
time + table – timetable
engine + driver – engine driver
blue + whale – blue whale
servant + maid – servant maid
hand + bag – handbag
field + trip – field trip
foot + notes – footnotes

ice + cream – ice cream
class + room – classroom
honey + bee – honey bee
bee + hive – beehive
lottery + ticket – lottery ticket
rail + road – railroad
ink + bottle – ink bottle
cricket + ball – cricket bail
life + boat – life boat
birth + day – birthday
gas + stove – gas stove
gate + way – gateway
fun + time – funtime
book + shop – book shop
college + bus – college bus
rabbit + hole – rabbit hole
river + bank – riverbank
class + mate – classmate

Noun + Verb – Compound Word
cat + walk – catwalk
bell + hop – bellhop
hand + made – handmade
team + work – teamwork
sun + bathe – sunbathe
water + fall – waterfall
tooth + brush – toothbrush
hair + cut – haircut
head + ache – headache
car + wash – car wash
heart + bum – heartburn
tongue + slip – tongue slip
time + line – timeline
sun + set – sunset
bus + stop – bus stop
bee + sting – bee sting
earth + quake – earthquake
telephone + call – telephone call

type + write – typewrite
Noun + Verb – Compound Word
night + fall – nightfall
brain + wash – brainwash
car + go – cargo
eye + catching – eye catching
fire + fighter – firefighter
glass + making – glassmaking
horse + fly – horsefly
rain + fall – rainfall
day + break – daybreak
snow + drop – snowdrop
air + dash – air dash
book + mark – bookmark
monthly + pay – monthly pay
tooth + ache – toothache
cloud + burst – cloud burst
house + arrest – house arrest
blood + shed – bloodshed
back + bite – backbite
brow + beat – browbeat

Noun + Adjective – Compound Word
force + full – force full
bad + tempered – bad tempered
down + ward – downward
harm + less – harmless
care + full – careful
beauty + full – beautiful
grate + full – grateful
milk + white – milk white
dead + slow – dead slow
picture + perfect – picture perfect
home + sick – homesick
accident + prone – accident prone
red + hot – red – hot
mercy + less – merciless
snow + white – snow white
age + less – ageless
round + about – roundabout

Students can Download Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Confusables, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Confusables

Homophones

Homophones are one of the groups of words pronounced alike but differ in meaning and spelling or both. (e.g.) carat, carrot; week, weak and hear, here.

Rewrite the following sentences by using the correct homophones for the underlined words:

Question 1.
Your excuse is excepted, you may go and sit in your place.
Answer:
Your excuse is accepted, you may go and sit in your place.

Question 2.
The government often adopted policies that made the poor and middle-class people to suffer.
Answer:
The government often adopted policies that made the poor and middle-class people to suffer.

Question 3.
My mother’s aid made a lot of different dishes and surprised us.
Answer:
My mother’s aide made a lot of different dishes and surprised us.

Question 4.
Are you all ready for the show?
Answer:
Are you all ready for the show?

Question 5.
Many experts believe it may be too late to prevent averse consequences to the world’s climate system.
Answer:
Many experts believe it may be too late to prevent adverse consequences to the world’s climate system.

Question 6.
Mr. Sathish was fined a sum of Rs. 20,000 as the prosecutor found the witness who could collaborate with the allegations.
Answer:
Mr. Sathish was fined a sum of Rs. 20,000 as the prosecutor found a witness who could corroborate with the allegations.

Question 7.
Rather than reading novels, Vishal prefers to hear the story aurally from his brother Kannan.
Answer:
Rather than reading novels, Vishal prefers to hear the story orally from his brother Kannan.

Question 8.
The trekkers began the assent on to the hill top immediately after the sunrise.
Answer:
The trekkers began the ascent on to the hill top immediately after the sunrise.

Question 9.
A boy near the navel officer was injured by the mob.
Answer:
A boy near the naval officer was injured by the mob.

Question 10.
The village people saw a peasant near the farm.
Answer:
The village people saw a pheasant near the farm.

Fill in with the right confusable to make a meaningful sentence
1. Grandma’s ……………… regarding the treatment of venomous snake bites using the ancient ……………… is interesting to hear, (antidotes/anecdotes)
2. Until the Government ……………… the lands, the land owners cannot ……………… its value. (apprise/appraise)
3. The police Inspector asked Raju to ……………… his reason in the FIR to ……………… the person he was complaining about, (indict/indite)
4. The Captain was ……………… in implementing an ……………… plan to trap the terrorists. (invidious/insidious)
5. The farmer exalted his son for his ……………… ideas which resulted in a bountiful harvest, (ingenious/ingenuous)
6. A ……………… at the sweet stall aroused their desire to have rasagullas. But they left in a ……………… when they heard that rasagulla’s were out of stock, (pique/peek)
7. During the ……………… of King Chandrakanth there used to be heavy ……………… (reign/rains)
8. The ……………… employee was ……………… to answer to his senior officer, (reluctant/reticent)
9. I have ……………… him since childhood before I saw him in the opening ……………… (scene/seen)
10. The ……………… of cattle ……………… the roar of a lion and trembled with fear, (heard/herd)
11. The story told by the ……………… fat man is not ……………… (credible/ credulous)
12. India is a ……………… country with many ……………… leaders, (popular/populous)
13. The Police tried to ……………… information from the boot leggar who used to sell ……………… liqour. (illicit/ elicit)
14. The aim of Maharishi was the elevation of the (soul/sole)
15. Fire fighting ……………… never have much time for their ……………… life, (personal/personnel)
Answer:
1. anecdotes/antidotes
2. appraise/ apprise
3. indite/indict
4. insidious/invidious
5. ingenuous/ingenious
6. peek/pique
7. reign/rains
8. reticent/reluctant
9. seen/scene
10. herd/heard
11. credulous/credible
12. populous/popular
13. elicit/illicit
14. sole/soul
15. personnel/personal

Homographs

Homographs are words (usually a pair) that are spelled alike but differ in meaning. They may or may not be pronounced the same way.