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TN State Board 11th Physics Model Question Paper 1 English Medium

Instructions:

1. The question paper comprises of four parts
2. You are to attempt all the parts. An internal choice of questions is provided wherever: applicable
3. All questions of Part I, II, III, and IV are to be attempted separately
4. Question numbers 1 to 15 in Part I are Multiple choice Questions of one mark each. These are to be answered by choosing the most suitable answer from the given four alternatives and writing the option code and the corresponding answer
5. Question numbers 16 to 24 in Part II are two-mark questions. These are lo be answered in about one or two sentences.
6. Question numbers 25 to 33 in Part III are three-mark questions. These are lo be answered in about three to five short sentences.
7. Question numbers 34 to 38 in Part IV are five-mark questions. These are lo be answered in detail. Draw diagrams wherever necessary.

Time: 3 Hours
Max Marks: 70

Part-I

Answer all the questions. [15 x 1 = 15]

Question 1.
A dimensionless quantity
(a) never has a unit
(b) always has a unit
(c) may have or have not a unit
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(c) may have or have not a unit

Question 2.
The magnitude of average velocity is equal to average speed when the particle moving with
(a) variable speed
(b) constant velocity
(c) variable velocity
(d) constant acceleration
Answer:
(b) constant velocity

Question 3.
Two blocks of masses m and 2 m are placed on a smooth horizontal surface as shown. In the first case only a force F₁ is applied from the left. Later only a force F₂ is applied from the-right. If the force acting at the interface of the two blocks in the two cases is same, then

F₁ : F₂ is ……………. .
(a) 1 : 1
(b) 1 : 2
(c) 2 : 1
(d) 1 : 3
Answer:
(c) 2 : 1

Question 4.
The instantaneous angular position of a point on a rotating wheel is given by the equation θ(t) = 2t³ – 6t². The torque on the wheel becomes zero at …………… .
(a) t = 1s
(b) t = 0.5s
(c) t = 0.25 s
(d) t = 2s
Answer:
(a) t = 1s

Hint: According to question, torque τ = 0 it means that \(\propto=\frac{d^{2} \theta}{d t^{2}}\)

Question 5.
The workdone by the conservative force for a closed path is
(a) always negative
(b) zero
(c) always positive
(d) not defined
Answer:
(b) zero

Question 6.
The rain drops are spherical in shape due to
(a) gravity
(b) due to contraction
(c) surface tension
(d) viscosity
Answer:
(c) surface tension

Question 7.
Which of the following diagrams does not represent a streamline flow?

Answer:

Question 8.
When a spiral spring is stretched by a force, the resultant strain is
(a) volume
(b) shear
(c) tensile
(d) all these
Answer:
(b) shear

Question 9.
In a simple harmonic oscillation, the acceleration against displacement for one complete oscillation will be
(a) an ellipse
(b) a circle
(c) a parabola
(d) a straight line
Answer:
(d) a straight line

Question 10.
Beats are produced by two progressive waves. Maximum loudness at the waxing is x times the loudness of each wave. The value of x is
(a) 1
(b) \(\sqrt{2}\)
(c) 2
(d) 4
Answer:
(d) 4

Hint: The maximum amplitude is the sum of two amplitude, i.e. a + a = 2a Hence, maximum intensity is proportional to 4a² Loudness of one wave is given by \(x=\frac{4 a^{2}}{a^{2}}=4\)

Question 11.
Water does not freeze at the bottom of the lakes in winter because ………… .
(a) ice is a good conductor of heat
(b) ice reflects heat and light
(c) of anomalous expansion of water between 4°C to 0°C
(d) nothing can be said ‘
Answer:
(c) of anomalous expansion of water between 4°C to 0°C

Question 12.
According to Stefan Boltzmann law, the heat radiated by a black body is directly proportional to
(a) T²
(b) T³
(c) T⁴
(d) T⁸
Answer:
(c) T⁴

Question 13.
Two springs of spring constant 1500 Nm^-1 and 300 Nm^-1 respectively are stretched with the same force. They will have potential energy in the ratio
(a) 1 : 2
(b) 2 : 1
(c) 1 : 4
(d) 4 : 1
Answer:
(b) 2 : 1

Hint:

Question 14.
When the axis of rotation passes through its centre of gravity, then the moment of inertia of a rigid body is ………………. .
(a) reduced to its minimum value
(b) zero
(c) increased to its maximum value
(d) infinity
Answer:
(a) reduced to its minimum value

Question 15.
Power is given by
\((a) \mathrm{P}=\frac{\overrightarrow{\mathrm{F}}}{\overline{\mathrm{V}}}
(b) \frac{\vec{F}^{2}}{\vec{V}}
(c) \frac{\overrightarrow{\mathrm{F}}}{\overrightarrow{\mathrm{V}}^{2}}
(d) \overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}} \cdot \overrightarrow{\mathbf{V}}\)
Answer:
\((d)\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}} \cdot \overrightarrow{\mathbf{V}}\)

Part-II

Answer any six questions in which Q. No 23 is compulsory. [6 x 2 = 12]

Question 16.
In solids both longitudinal and transverse waves are possible, but transverse waves are not produced in gases. Why?
Answer:
It is because transverse waves travel in the form of crests and troughs which involves the change in shape. For the propagation of transverse waves, medium should posses elasticity of shape. Therefore transverse waves are not produced in gases.

Question 17.
It is possible that the brakes of a bus are so perfect that the bus stops instantaneously? If not, why?
Answer:
No. If the car stops instantaneously, this means that the velocity is reduced to zero is an infinitesimally small interval of time. This would further mean that the car has infinite deceleration. This is not possible. Thus, we cannot have a car which can stop instantaneously.

Question 18.
Why does a rubber ball bounce higher on hills than in plains?
Answer:
The maximum height attained by the projectile is inversely proportional to acceleration due to gravity. At greater height, acceleration due to gravity will be lesser than plains. So ball can bounce higher in hills than in plains.

Question 19.
State conservation of angular momentum.
Answer:
The law of conservation of angular momentum states that when no external torque acts on the body the net angular momentum of a rotating rigid body remains constant.

Question 20.
Mountain roads rarely go straight up but wind up gradually. Why?
Answer:
Frictional force f is given by f = μ mg cos θ. If the roads go straight up the angle of slope θ would be large and frictional force will be less and vehicles may slip.

Question 21.
State Newton’s second law.
Answer:
The force acting on an object is equal to the rate of change of its momentum
\(\overrightarrow{\mathrm{F}}=\frac{d \vec{p}}{d t}\)

Question 22.
Why the specific heat capacity of constant pressure is greater than the specific heat capacity at constant volume?
Answer:
It implies that to increase the temperature of the gas at constant volume requires less heat than increasing the temperature of the gas at constant pressure. In other words s_p is always greater than s_v.

Question 23.
Define angle of contact.
Answer:
The angle between tangents drawn at the point of contact to the liquid surface and solid surface inside the liquid is called the angle of contact for a pair of solid and liquid.

Question 24.
Define forced oscillation. Give an example.
Answer:
The body executing vibration initially vibrates with its natural frequency and due to the presence of external periodic force, the body later vibrates with the frequency of the applied periodic force. Such vibrations are known as forced vibrations.
Example: Sound boards of stringed instruments.

Part – III

Answer any six questions in which Q.No. 29 is compulsory. [6 x 3 = 18]

Question 25.
Convert G = 6.67 x 10^-11 Nm² kg^-2 to cm³ g^-1 s^-2
Answer:
G = 6.67 x 10^-11 N m² kg^-2
= 6.67 x 10^-11 (kg m s^-2) (m² kg^-2)
= 6.67 x 10^-11 kg^-1 m³ s^-2
= 6.67 x 10^-11 (1000 g)^-1 (100 cm)³ (s^-2) .
= 6.67 x 10^-11 x \(\frac{1}{1000}\) x 100 x 100 x 100 g^-1 cm³ s^-2
= 6.67 x 10^-8 g^-1 cm³ s^-2

Question 26.
A object is thrown with initial speed 5 ms^-1 with an angle of projection 30°. What is the height and range reached by the particle?
Answer:
Data: Initial speed = 5 ms^-1.
Angle of projection = 30°

Question 27.
Three point masses m₁, m₂, m₃ are located at the vertices of equilateral triangle of side “a”. What is the moment of inertia of system about an axis along the altitude of triangle passing through m₁.
Answer:

Question 28.
A box is pulled with a force of 25 N to produce a displacement of 15 m. If the angle between the force and displacement is 30°, find the work done by the force?
Answer:

Force, F = 25 N
Displacement, dr = 15 m
Angle between F and dr, θ = 30°
Work done, W = F dr cos θ
W = 25 x 15 x cos 30 = 25 x 15 x \(\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\)
W = 324.76 J

Question 29.
The time period of a mass suspended by a spring (force constant K) is T. If the spring is cut into three equal pieces, what will be the force constant of each part? If the same mass be suspended from one piece what will be the periodic time?
Answer:
Consider the spring be made of a combination of three springs in series each of spring constant k. The effective spring constant K is given by
\(\frac{1}{K}=\frac{1}{k}+\frac{1}{k}+\frac{1}{k}=\frac{3}{k}\)
or K = \(\frac{k}{3}\) or k = 3K

∴ Time period of vibration of a body attached to the end of this spring,

When the spring is cut into three pieces, the spring constant k, time period of vibration of a body attached to the end of this spring,

T₁ = 2π\(\sqrt{\frac{m}{k}}\) ………………………………. (2)

From eqns. (1) and (2)
\(\frac{T_{1}}{T}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}} \text { or } T_{1}=\frac{T}{\sqrt{3}}\)

Question 30.
Give various applications of viscosity.
Answer:

1. The oil used as a lubricant for heavy machinery parts should have a high viscous coefficient. To select a suitable lubricant, we should know its viscosity and how it varies with temperature. [Note: As temperature increases, the viscosity of the liquid decreases].
2. Also, it helps to choose oils with low viscosity used in car engines (light machinery).
3. The highly viscous liquid is used to damp the motion of some instruments and is used as brake oil in hydraulic brakes.
4. Blood circulation through arteries and veins depends upon the viscosity of fluids.
5. Millikan conducted the oil drop experiment to determine the charge of an electron. He used the knowledge of viscosity to determine the charge.

Question 31.
Write a note on quasi-static process.
Answer:
A quasi-static process is an infinitely slow process in which the system changes its variables (P,V,T) so slowly such that it remains in thermal, mechanical and chemical equilibrium with its surroundings throughout.

Question 32.
A body cools from 60°C to 50°C in 10 min of room after 10 more minute.
Answer:
According to Newton’s law of cooling

Question 33.
Consider two springs with force constants 1 Nm^-1 and 2 Nm^-1 connected in parallel. Calculate the effective spring constant (k_p) and comment on k_p.
Answer:
k₁ = 1 Nm^-1, k₂ = 2 Nm^-1
k_p = k₁ + k₂ Nm^-1
k_p = 1 + 2 = 3 Nm^-1
k_p > k₁ and k_p > k₂

Therefore, the effective spring constant is greater than both k₁ and k₂.

Part-IV

Answer all the questions. [5 x 5 = 25]

Question 34.
(a) Describe the construction and working of venturimeter and obtain an equation for the volume of liquid flowing per second through a wider entry of the tube.
Answer:

Venturimeter: This device is used to measure the rate of flow (or say flow speed) of the incompressible fluid flowing through a pipe. It works on the principle of Bernoulli’s theorem. It consists of two wider tubes A and A’ (with cross sectional area A) connected by a narrow tube B (with cross sectional area a). A manometer in the form of U-tube is also attached between the wide and narrow tubes. The manometer contains a liquid of density ‘p_m’.

Let P₁ be the pressure of the fluid at the wider region of the tube A. Let us assume that the fluid of density ‘p’ flows from the pipe with speed ‘v₁’ and into the narrow region, its speed increases to ‘v₂‘ According to the Bernoulli’s equation, this increase in speed is accompanied by a decrease in the fluid pressure P₂ at the narrow region of the tube B. Therefore, the pressure difference between the tubes A and B is noted by measuring the height difference (ΔP = P₁ – P₂) between the surfaces of the manometer liquid.

From the equation of continuity, we can say that Av₁ = av₂ which means that
\(v_{2}=\frac{\mathbf{A}}{a} v_{1}\)

Using Bernoulli’s equation,

From the above equation, the pressure difference

Thus, the speed of flow of fluid at the wide end of the tube

The volume of the liquid flowing out per second is

[OR]

(b) Derive the time period of satellite orbiting the Earth.
Answer:
Time period of the satellite: The distance covered by the satellite during one rotation in its orbit is equal to 2π(R_E + h) and time taken for it is the time period T. Then,

Squaring both sides of the equation (2) we get,

Equation (3) implies that a satellite orbiting the Earth has the same relation between time and distance as that of Kepler’s law of planetary motion. For a satellite orbiting near the surface of the Earth, h is negligible compared to the radius of the Earth R_E. Then,

By substituting the values of R_E = 6.4 x 10⁶ m and g = 9.8 ms^-2, the orbital time period is obtained as T = 85 minutes.

Question 35.
(a) State and explain work energy principle.
(b) Mention any three examples for it.
Answer:
(a) Work and energy are equivalents. This is true in the case of kinetic energy also. To prove this, let us consider a body of mass m at rest on a ffictionless horizontal surface. The work (W) done by the constant force (F) for a displacement (s) in the same direction is,
W = Fs ………………………….. (1)

The constant force is given by the equation,
F = ma ………………………….. (2)

The third equation of motion can be written as,
v² = u² + 2as
\(a=\frac{v^{2}-u^{2}}{2 s}\)

Substituting for a in equation (2),

Substituting equation (3) in (1),

(b) (i) If the work done by the force on the body is positive then its kinetic energy increases.
(ii) If the work done by the force on the body is negative then its kinetic energy decreases.
(iii) If there is no work done by the force on the body then there is no change in its kinetic energy, which means that the body has moved at constant speed provided its mass remains constant.
(iv) When a particle moves with constant speed in a circle, there is no change in the kinetic energy of the particle. So according to work energy principle, the work done by centripetal force is zero.

[OR]

(b) Derive an expression for time taken by the round object to reach the ground on inclined plane.
Answer:
Let us assume a round object of mass m and radius R is rolling down an inclined plane without slipping as shown in figure. There are two forces acting on the object along the inclined plane. One is the component of gravitational force (mg sin θ) and the other is the static frictional force (f). The other component of gravitation force (mg cos θ) is cancelled by the normal force (N) exerted by the plane. As the motion is happening along the incline, we shall write the equation for motion from the free body diagram (FBP) of the object.

For translational motion, mg sin0 is the supporting force and f is the opposing force,
mg sinθ f = ma

For rotational motion, let us take the torque with respect to the center of the object. Then mg sin θ cannot cause torque as it passes through it but the frictional force/can set torque of Rf.
Rf = Iα
By using the relation, a = rα, and moment of inertia I = mK², we get,

We can also find the expression for final velocity of the rolling object by using third equation of motion for the inclined plane.

v² = u² + las. If the body starts rolling from rest, u = 0. When h is the vertical height of the incline, the length of the incline s is, s = \(\frac{h}{\sin \theta}\)

The time taken for rolling down the incline could also be written from first equation of motion as, v = u + at. For the object which starts rolling from rest, u = 0. Then,

The equation suggests that for a given incline, the object with the least value of radius of’ gyration K will reach the bottom of the incline first.

Question 36.
(a) Define heat engine. Derive the expression for carnot engine efficiency.
Answer:
Head engine: Heat engine is a device which takes heat as input and converts this heat in to work by undergoing a cyclic process.

Efficiency of a Carnot engine: Efficiency is defined as the ratio of work done by the working substance in one cycle to the amount of heat extracted from the source.

From the first law of thermodynamics, W = Q_H – Q_L
Applying isothermal conditions, we get,

Here we omit the negative sign. Since we are interested in only the amount of heat (QL) ejected into the sink, we have

By applying adiabatic conditions, we get,

By dividing the above two equations, we get

Which implies that \(\frac{V_{2}}{V_{1}}=\frac{V_{3}}{V_{4}}\) ………………………… (5)
Substituting equation (5) in (4), we get

Note: T_L and T_H should be expressed in Kelvin scale.

Important results:

1. η is always less than 1 because T_L is less than T_H. This implies the efficiency cannot be 100%.
2. The efficiency of the Carnot’s engine is independent of the working substance. It depends only on the temperatures of the source and the sink. The greater the difference between the two temperatures, higher the efficiency.
3. When T_H = T_L the efficiency η = 0. No engine can work having source and sink at the same temperature.

[OR]

(b) Derive the expression for moment of inertia of a rod about its center and perpendicular to the rod.
Answer:
Let us consider a uniform rod of mass (M) and length (1) as shown in figure. Let us find an expression for moment of inertia of this rod about an axis that passes through the center of mass and perpendicular to the rod. First an origin is to be fixed for the coordinate system so that it coincides with the center of mass; which is also the geometric center of the rod. The rod is now along the x axis. We take an infinitesimally small mass (dm) at a distance (x) from the origin. The moment of inertia (dI) of this mass (dm) about the axis is,

As the mass is uniformly distributed, the mass per unit length (λ) of the rod is, λ = \(\frac{M}{l}\)

The (dm) mass of the infinitesimally small length as, dm = λdx = \(\frac{M}{l}\) dx
The moment of inertia (I) of the entire rod can be found by integrating dl,

As the mass is distributed on either side of the origin, the limits for integration are taken from to – l/2 to l/2.

Question 37.
(a) Show that the resultant intensity at any point depends on the phase difference at that point in interference of waves.
Answer:
Consider two harmonic waves having identical frequencies, constant phase difference φ and same wave form (can be treated as coherent source), but having amplitudes A₁ and A₂, then
y₁ = A₁ sin (kx – ωt) …………………………. (1)
y₂ = A₂ sin (kx – ωt + φ) ……………………. (2)

Suppose they move simultaneously in a particular direction, then interference occurs (i.e., overlap of these two waves). Mathematically
y = y₁ + y₂ ………………………………. (3)

Therefore, substituting equation (1) and equation (3) in equation (3), we get
y = A₁ sin (kx – ωt) + A₂ sin (kx – ωt + φ)

Using trigonometric identity sin (α + β) = (sin α cos β + cos α sin β), we get
y = A₁ sin (kx – ωt) +A₂ [sin (kx – ωt) cos φ + cos (kx – ωt) sin φ]
y = sin (kx – ωt) (A₁ + A₂ cos φ) + A₂ sin φ cos (kx – ωt) …………………………. (4)

Let us re-define A cos θ = (A₁ + A₂ cos φ) ……………………………….. (5)
and A sin θ = A₂ sin φ …………………………………. (6)

then equation (4) can be rewritten as y = A sin (kx – ωt) cos θ + A cos (kx – ωt) sin θ
y = A (sin (kx – ωt) cos θ + sin θ cos (kx – ωt))
y = A sin (kx – ωt + 9) …………………………….. (7)

By squaring and adding equation (5) and equation (6), we get
A₂ = A₁2 + A₂2 + 2A₁ A₂ cos φ …………………………… (8)

Since, intensity is square of the amplitude (I = A₂), we have
I = I₁ + I₂ + 2\(2 \sqrt{\mathrm{I}_{1} \mathrm{I}_{2}}\) cos φ …………………………….. (9)

This means the resultant intensity at any point depends on the phase difference at that point.

(i) For constructive interference: When crests of one wave overlap with crests of another wave, their amplitudes will add up and we get constructive interference. The resultant wave has a larger amplitude than the individual waves as shown in figure (a).

The constructive interference at a point occurs if there is maximum intensity at that point, which means that
cos φ = + 1 ⇒ φ = 0, 2π, 4π,… = 2nπ,
where n = 0, 1, 2,…

This is the phase difference in which two waves overlap to give constructive interference. Therefore, for this resultant wave,
\(I_{\text {maximum }}=(\sqrt{I_{1}}+\sqrt{I_{2}})^{2}=\left(A_{1}+A_{2}\right)^{2}\)

Hence, the resultant amplitude A = A₁ + A₂

(ii) For destructive interference: When the trough of one wave overlaps with the crest of another wave, their amplitudes “cancel” each other and we get destructive interference as shown in figure (b). The resultant amplitude is nearly zero. The destructive interference occurs if there is minimum intensity at that point, which means cos φ = – 1 ⇒ φ = π, 3π, 5π,… = (2 n-1) π, where n = 0,1,2,…. i.e. This is the phase difference in which two waves overlap to give destructive interference. Therefore,
\(I_{\text {maximum }}=(\sqrt{I_{1}}+\sqrt{I_{2}})^{2}=\left(A_{1}+A_{2}\right)^{2}\)

Hence, the resultant amplitude
A= |A₁ – A₂|

(b) Define adiabatic process. Derive an expression for work done in an adiabatic process.
Answer:
Adiabatic process: This is a process in which no heat flows into or out of the system (Q = 0). But the gas can expand by spending its internal energy or gas can be compressed through some external work. So the pressure, volume and temperature of the system may change in an adiabatic process.

For an adiabatic process, the first law becomes ΔU = W.

This implies that the work is done by the gas at the expense of internal energy or work is done on the system which increases its internal energy.

Work done in an adiabatic process: Consider μ moles of an ideal gas enclosed in a cylinder having perfectly non conducting walls and base. A frictionless and insulating piston of cross sectional area A is fitted in the cylinder.

Let W be the work done when the system goes from the initial state (P_i, V_i, T_i) to the final state (P_f, V_f, T_f) adiabatically.
\(\mathrm{W}=\int_{V_{1}}^{V_{f}} \mathrm{P} d \mathrm{V}\)

By assuming that the adiabatic process occurs quasi-statically, at every stage the ideal gas law is valid. Under this condition, the adiabatic equation of state is P_Vr = Constant (or)

\(P=\frac{\text { Constant }}{\mathrm{V} r}\)
can be substituted in the equation (1), we get

From ideal gas law, P_f V_f = μRT_f  and P_i V_i = μRT_i
Substituting in equation (2), we get
∴ W_adia = \(\frac{\mu \mathrm{R}}{\gamma-1}\) [T_f – T_i].

In adiabatic expansion, work is done by the gas. i.e., Watfoj is positive. As T_i > T_f, the gas cools during adiabatic expansion.

In adiabatic compression, work is done on the gas. i.e., Wadia is negative. As T_i < T_f, the temperature of the gas increases during adiabatic compression.

PV diagram -Work done in the adiabatic process

To differentiate between isothermal and adiabatic curves in PV diagram, the adiabatic curve is drawn along with isothennal curve for and T_f and T_i Note that adiabatic curve is steeper than isothermal curve. This is because ϒ > 1 always.

Question 38.
(a) Describe the construction and working of venturimeter and obtain an equation for the volume of liquid flowing per second though a wider entry of the tube.
Answer:
Venturimeter : This device is used to measure the rate of flow (or say flow speed) of the incompressible fluid flowing through a pipe. It works on the principle of Bernoulli’s theorem. It consists of two wider tubes A and A’ (with cross sectional area A) connected by a narrow tube B (with cross sectional area a). A manometer in the form of U-tube is also attached between the wide and narrow tubes. The manometer contains a liquid of density ‘p_m‘

Let P₁ be the pressure of the fluid at the wider region of the tube A. Let us assume that the fluid of density ‘p’ flows from the pipe with speed ‘v₁’ and into the narrow region, its speed increases to ‘v₂’. According to the Bernoulli’s equation, this increase in speed is accompanied by a decrease in the fluid pressure P₂ at the narrow region of the tube B. Therefore, the pressure difference between the tubes A and B is noted by measuring the height difference (ΔP = P₁ – P₂) between the surfaces of the manometer liquid.

From the equation of continuity, we can say that Av₁ = av₂ which means that
\(v_{2}=\frac{\mathrm{A}}{a} v_{1}\)

Using Bernoulli’s equation,

From the above equation, the pressure difference

Thus, the speed of flow of fluid at the wide end of the tube A

The volume of the liquid flowing out per second is

[OR]

(b) Define gravitational potential energy and derive the expression for it.
Answer:
Gravitational potential energy: Potential energy of a body at a point in a gravitational field is the work done by an external agent in moving the body from infinity to that point.

Expression for Gravitational potential energy: The gravitational force is a conservative force and hence we can define a gravitational potential energy associated with this conservative force field.

Two masses m₁ and m₂ are initially separated by a distance r’. Assuming m₁, to be fixed in its position, work must be done on m₂ to move the distance from r’ to r.

To move the mass m₂ through an infinitesimal displacement \(d \vec{r}\) from \(\vec{r}\) to \(\vec{r}\) + \(d \vec{r}\), work has to be done externally. This infinitesimal work is given by
\(d \mathrm{W}=\overrightarrow{\mathrm{F}}_{e x t} \cdot d \vec{r}\) ……………(1)

The work is done against the gravitational force, therefore,
\(\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{e x t}=\frac{\mathrm{G} m_{1} m_{2}}{r^{2}} \hat{r}\) ………………………. (2)

Substituting equation (2) in (1), we get

Thus the total work done for displacing the particle from r’ to r is f’

This work done W gives the gravitational potential energy difference of the system of masses m₁ and m₂ when the separation between them are r and r’ respectively.

Case 1: If r < r’ : Since gravitational force is attractive, m₂ is attracted by m₁. Then m₂ can move from r to r’ without any external work. Here work is done by the system spending its internal energy and hence the work done is said to be negative.

Case 2: If r > r’ : Work has to be done against gravity to move the object from r’ to r. Therefore work is done on the body by external force and hence work done is positive.

Students can Download Computer Science Chapter 8 Iteration and Recursion Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Science Solutions Chapter 8 Iteration and Recursion

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Science Iteration and Recursion Text Book Back Questions and Answers

PART – 1
I. Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
A loop invariant need not be true ………………….
(a) at the start of the loop
(b) at the start of each iteration
(c) at the end of each iteration
(d) at the start of the algorithm
Answer:
(d) at the start of the algorithm

Question 2.
We wish to cover a chessboard with dominoes, the number of black squares and the number of white squares covered by dominoes, respectively, placing a domino can be modeled by ………………….
(a) b : = b + 2
(b) w : = w + 2
(c) b, w : = b + 1, w + 1
(d) b : = w
Answer:
(c) b, w : = b + 1, w + 1

Question 3.
If m x a + n x b is an invariant for the assignment a, b : = a + 8, b + 7, the values of m and n are ………………….
(a) m = 8, n = 7
(b) m = 7, n = – 8
(c) m = 7, n = 8
(d) m = 8, n = – 7
Answer:
(b) m = 7, n = – 8

Question 4.
Which of the following is not an invariant of the assignment?
m, n : = m + 2, n + 3
(a) m mod 2
(b) n mod 3
(c) 3 x m – 2 x n
(d) 2 x m – 3 x n
Answer:
(c) 3 x m – 2 x n

Question 5.
If Fibonacci number is defined recursively as

to evaluate F(4), how many times F( ) is applied?
(a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 8
(d) 9
Answer:
(d) 9

Question 6.
Using this recursive definition

how many multiplications are needed to calculate a¹⁰?
(a) 11
(b) 10
(c) 9
(d) 8
Answer:
(b) 10

PART – 2
II. Short Answers

Question 1.
What is an invariant?
Answer:
An expression involving variables, which remains unchanged by an assignment to one of these variables is called as an invariant of the assignment.

Question 2.
Define a loop invariant.
Answer:
In iteration, the loop body is repeatedly executed as long as the loop condition is true. Each time the loop body is executed, the variables are updated. However, there is also a property of the variables which remains unchanged by the execution of the loop body. This unchanging property is called the loop invariant.

Question 3.
Does testing the loop condition affect the loop invariant? Why?
Answer:
No, the loop condition do not affect the loop invariant. Because the loop invariant is true at four points.

1. At the start of loop.
2. At the start of each iteration.
3. At the end of each iteration.
4. At the end of the loop.

Question 4.
What is the relationship between loop invariant, loop condition and the input – output recursively?
Answer:
A loop invariant is a condition [among program variables] that is necessarily true immediately before and immediately after, each iteration of a loop. A loop invariant is some condition that holds for every iteration of the loop.

Question 5.
What is recursive problem solving?
Answer:
Recursion is a method of solving problems that involves breaking a problem down into smaller and smaller sub problems until user gets in to a small problem that it can be solved trivially. Usually recursion involves a function calling itself. While it may not seem like much on the surface, recursion allows us to write elegant solutions to problems that may otherwise be very difficult to program.

Question 6.
Define factorial of a natural number recursively.
Answer:

Recursive Algorithm:
Fact (n)
– – inputs : n
– – outputs : Fact = n!
if (n = 0) – – base case
1
else
n * fact (n – 1) – – recursive step

PART – 3
III. Explain in Brief

Question 1.
There are 7 tumblers on a table, all standing upside down. You are allowed to turn any 2 tumblers simultaneously in one move. Is it possible to reach a situation when all the tumblers are right side up? (Hint: The parity of the number of upside down tumblers is invariant.)
Answer:
Let u – No. of tumblers right side up
v – No. of tumblers up side down
Initial stage : u = 0, v = 7 (All tumblers upside down)
Final stage output: u = 7, v = 0 (All tumblers right side up)

Possible Iterations:
(i) Turning both up side down tumblers to right side up
u = u + 2, v = v – 2 [u is even]

(ii) Turning both right side up tumblers to upside down.
u = u – 2, v = v + 2 [u is even]

(iii) Turning one right side up tumblers to upside down and other tumbler from upside down to right side up.
u = u + 1 – 1 = u, v = v + 1 – 1 = v [u is even]

Initially u = 0 and continuous to be even in all the three cases. Therefore u is always even. Invariant: u is even (i. e. No. of right side up tumblers are always even)
But in the final stage (Goal), u = 7 and v = 0 i. e. u is odd.
Therefore it is not possible to reach a situation where all the tumblers are right side up.

Question 2.
A knockout tournament is a series of games. Two players complete in each game; the loser is knocked out (i.e. does not play any more), the winner carries on. The winner of the tournament is the player that is left after all other players have been knocked out. Suppose there are 1234 players in a tournament. How many games are played before the tournament winner is decided?
Answer:

On the other hand let n be the number of games, played and r be the number of players remaining in the tournament.
After every game, r will be reduced by 1.
r → no. of players remaining
n → no. of games played
If r = 2 then n = 1
As n increases, r decreases
n, r : = n + 1, r – 1
n + r = (n + 1) + (r – 1)
= n + 1 + r – 1
= n + r
Therefore n + r is invariant. n + r = 1234 (No. of players initially)
The winner of the tournament is the player that is left after all other players have been knocked out.
After all the games, only one player (winner) is left out.
i. e. n = 1
Put n = 1 in (1)
n + r = 1234 …. (1)
1 + r = 1234
r = 1234 – 1 = 1233
No. of games played = 1233

Question 3.
King Vikramaditya has two magic swords. With one, he can cut off 19 heads of a dragon, but after that the dragon grows 13 heads. With the other sword, he can cut off 7 heads, but 22 new heads grow. If all heads are cut off, the dragon dies. If the dragon has originally 1000 heads, can it ever die? (Hint: The number of heads mod 3 is invariant.)
Answer:
No. of heads of dragon = 1000
sword 1 : cuts 19 heads but 13 heads grow back.
sword 2 : cuts 7 heads but 22 heads grow back.
Let n be the number of heads of the dragon at initial state.

Case 1 : King uses Sword 1
Sword 1 cuts off 19 heads but 13 heads grow back.
n : = n – 19 + 13 = n – 6 No. of heads are reduced by 6.

Case 2 : King uses Sword 2
Sword 2 cuts 7 heads but 22 heads grow back.
n : = n – 7 + 22 = n + 15
No. of heads are increased by 15.

Note:
In the above two cases either 6 heads are removed or 15 heads added. Both 6 and 15 are multiples of 3.
Therefore repeating case 1 and case 2 recursively will either reduce or increase dragon heads in multiples of 3.
That is the invariant is n mod 3.
If n mod 3 = 0 then there is a possibility that the dragon dies.
But 1000 is not a multiple of 3 1000 mod 3 = 1 ≠ 0
It is not possible to kill the dragon. The dragon never dies.

PART – 4
IV. Explain in Detail

Question 1.
Assume an 8 x 8 chessboard with the usual coloring. “Recoloring” operation changes the color of all squares of a row or a column. You can recolor repeatedly. The goal is to attain just one black square. Show that you cannot achieve the goal. (Hint: If a row or column has b black squares, it changes by (|(8 – b) – b|).
Answer:
In a chess board no. of squares in any row or column = 8
Total No. of squares = 8 x 8 = 64
No. of black squares = 32
No. of white squares = 32
Let No. of blacks in a selected recoloring row or column = b
No. of black squares after recoloring operation = 8 – b
Initial state b = 32
Desired final state b = 1
Let us tabulate all the possible outcomes after recoloring a row or column.

Difference is the no. of black squares left out in a row or column after recoloring operation. Difference is even. Difference is invariant.
But our goal is one ( 1 is odd) black square, so, it is not possible to attain the goal.

Question 2.
Power can also be defined recursively as

Construct a recursive algorithm using this definition. How many multiplications are needed to calculate a¹⁰?
Answer:
Power:
power (5, 2) = 5 x 5 = 25
power (x, n) raise x to the power n

Algorithm:

To find a¹⁰:

Question 3.
A single – square – covered board is a board of 2ⁿ x 2ⁿ squares in which one square is covered with a single square tile. Show that it is possible to cover this board with triominoes without overlap.
Answer:
size of the board is 2nⁿ x 2ⁿ
Number of squares = 2ⁿ x 2ⁿ = 4ⁿ
Number of squares covered = 1
Number of squares to be covered = 4ⁿ – 1
4ⁿ – 1 is a multiple of 3

Case 1 : n = 1
The size of the board 2 x 2
one triominoe can cover 3 squares without overlap.

We can cover it with one triominoe and solve the problem.

Case 2 : n ≥ 2
1. place a triominoe at the center of the entire board so as to not cover the covered sub – board.

2. One square in the board is covered by a tile. The board has 4 sub – boards of size 2^{2n – 1} x 2^{2n – 1}.

Out of 4 sub – boards one sub – board is a single square covered sub – board.

One triominoe can cover remaining three sub – boards into single square covered sub – board. The problem of size n is divided into 4 sub – problems of size (n – 1). Each sub – board has 2^{2n – 1} x 2^{2n – 1} – 1 = 2^{2n – 2} – 1 = 4^{n – 1} – 1 squares to be covered.

4^{n – 1} – 1 is also a multiple of 3
In this, the 2ⁿ x 2ⁿ board is reduced to boards of size 2×2 having are square covered. A triominoe can be placed in each of these boards and hence the whole original 2ⁿ x 2ⁿ . board is covered with triominoe with out overlap.

Samacheer kalvi 11th Computer Science Iteration and Recursion Additional Questions and Answers

PART – 1
I. Choose the correct answer

Question 1.
………………… is an algorithm design technique, closely related to induction.
(a) Iteration
(b) Invariant
(c) Loop invariant
(d) Recursion
Answer:
(d) Recursion

Question 2.
In which year E W Dijkstra was awarded ACM Turing Award?
(a) 1972
(b) 1974
(c) 1970
(d) 1911
Answer:
(a) 1972

Question 3.
In a loop, if L is an invariant of the loop body B, then L is known as a …………………
(a) recursion
(b) variant
(c) loop invariant
(d) algorithm
Answer:
(c) loop invariant

Question 4.
Recursion must have at least ………………… base case.
(a) one
(b) two
(c) three
(d) four
Answer:
(a) one

Question 5.
The unchanged variables of the loop body is …………………
(a) loop invariant
(b) loop variant
(c) condition
(d) loop variable
Answer:
(a) loop invariant

Question 6.
………………… is the algorithm design techniques to execute the same action repeatedly.
(a) Iteration
(b) Recursion
(c) Both a & b
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) Both a & b

Question 7.
If L is a loop variant, then it should be true at ………………… important points in the algorithm.
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
Answer:
(c) 4

Question 8.
The loop invariant need not be true at the …………………
(a) Start of the loop
(b) end of the loop
(c) end of each iteration
(d) middle of algorithm
Answer:
(d) middle of algorithm

Question 9.
In an expression if the variables has the same value before and after an assignment, then it is of an assignment.
(a) variant
(b) Invariant
(c) iteration
(d) variable
Answer:
(b) Invariant

Question 10.
The input size to a sub problem is than the input size to the original problem.
(a) equal
(b) smaller
(c) greater
(d) no criteria
Answer:
(b) smaller

Question 11.
When the solver calls a sub solver, then it is called …………………
(a) Iterative call
(b) solver call
(c) recursive call
(d) conditional call
Answer:
(c) recursive call

Question 12.
How many cases are needed for a recursive solvers?
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
Answer:
(a) 2

Question 13.
Which of the following is updated when each time the loop body is executed?
(a) data type
(b) subprogram
(c) function
(d) variable
Answer:
(d) variable

Question 14.
Which is the key to constract iterative algorithm …………………
(a) loop invariant
(b) Variable
(c) loop
(d) Recursive
Answer:
(a) loop invariant

PART – 3
II. Short Answers

Question 1.
When the loop variant will be true?
Answer:
The loop invariant is true before the loop body and after the loop body, each time.

Question 2.
What is an invariant?
Answer:
An expression involving variables, which remains unchanged by an assignment to one of these variables, is called an invariant of the assignment.

PART – 3
III. Explain in Brief

Question 1.
Write a note on Recursion.
Answer:
Recursion:
Recursion is another algorithm design technique, closely related to iteration, but more powerful. Using recursion, we solve a problem with a given input, by solving the same problem with a part of the input, and constructing a solution to the original problem from the solution to the partial input.

Question 2.
Write down the steps to be taken to construct a loop.
Answer:

1. Establish the loop invariant at the start of the loop.
2. The loop body should so update the variables as to progress toward the end, and maintain the loop invariant, at the same time.
3. When the loop ends, the termination condition and the loop invariant should establish the input – output relation.

Question 3.
Write a note on Iteration.
Answer:
Iteration:
In iteration, the loop body is repeatedly executed as long as the loop condition is true. Each time the loop body is executed, the variables are updated. However, there is also a property of the variables which remains unchanged by the execution of the loop body. This unchanging property is called the loop invariant. Loop invariant is the key to construct and to reason about iterative algorithms.

PART – 4
IV. Explain in Detail

Question 1.
Explain Loop invariant with a near diagram.
Answer:
In a loop, if L is an invariant of the loop body B, then L is known as a loop invariant, while C
– – L
B
– – L
The loop invariant is true before the loop body and after the loop body, each time. Since L is true at the start of the first iteration, L is true at the start of the loop also (just before the loop). Since L is true at the end of the last iteration, L is true when the loop ends also (just after the loop). Thus, if L is a loop variant, then it is true at four important points in the algorithm, as annotated in the algorithm.

1. At the start of the loop (just before the loop)
2. at the start of each iteration (before loop body)
3. at the end of each iteration (after loop body)
4. at the end of the loop (just after the loop)

Question 2.
Explain recursive problem solving.
Answer:
To solve a problem recursively, the solver reduces the problem to sub – problems, and calls another instance of the solver, known as sub – solver, to solve the sub – problem. The input size to a sub – problem is smaller than the input size to the original problem. When the solver calls a sub – solver, it is known as recursive call. The magic of recursion allows the solver to assume that the sub – solver (recursive call) outputs the solution to the sub – problem. Then, from the solution to the sub – problem, the solver constructs the solution to the given problem. As the sub – solvers go on reducing the problem into sub – problems of smaller sizes, eventually the sub-problem becomes small enough to be solved directly, without recursion. Therefore, a recursive solver has two cases:
1. Base case:
The problem size is small enough to be solved directly. Output the solution. here must be at least one base case.

2. Recursion step:
The problem size is not small enough. Deconstruct the problem into a sub – problem, strictly smaller in size than the given problem. Call a sub – solver to solve the sub problem. Assume that the sub – solver outputs the solution to the sub problem. Construct the solution to the given problem. This outline of recursive problem solving technique is shown below.

Whenever we solve a problem using recursion, we have to ensure these two cases: In the recursion step, the size of the input to the recursive call is strictly smaller than the size of the given input, and there is at least one base case.

Question 3.
Give an example for loop invariant.
Answer:
The loop invariant is true in four crucial points in a loop. Using the loop invariant, we can construct the loop and reason about the properties of the variables at these points.
Example:
Design an iterative algorithm to compute an. Let us name the algorithm power(a, n). For example,
power(10, 4) = 10000
power (5, 3) = 125
power (2, 5) = 32
Algorithm power(a, n) computes aⁿ by multiplying a cumulatively n times,

The specification and the loop invariant are shown as comments.
power (a, n)
– – inputs: n is a positive integer
– – outputs: p = aⁿ
p, i : = 1, 0
while i ≠ n
– – loop invariant: p = aⁱ
p, i : = p x a, i + 1
The step by step execution of power (2, 5) is shown in Table. Each row shows the values of the two variables p and i at the end of an iteration, and how they are calculated. We see that p = aⁱ is true at the start of the loop, and remains true in each row. Therefore, it is a loop invariant.

When the loop ends, p = aⁱ is still true, but i = 5. Therefore, p = a⁵. In general, when the loop ends, p = aⁿ . Thus, we have verified that power(a, n) satisfies its specification.

Question 4.
There are 6 equally spaced trees and 6 sparrows sitting on these trees,one sparrow on each tree. If a sparrow flies from one tree to another, then at the same time, another sparrow flies from its tree to some other tree the same distance away, but in the opposite direction. Is it possible for all the sparrows to gather on one tree?
Answer:
Let us index the trees from 1 to 6. The index of a sparrow is the index of the tree it is currently sitting on. A pair of sparrows flying can be modeled as an iterative step of a loop. When a sparrow at tree i flies to tree i + d, another sparrow at tree j flies to tree j – d. Thus, after each iterative step, the sum S of the indices of the sparrows remains invariant. Moreover, a loop invariant is true at the start and at the end of the loop.
At the start of the loop, the value of the invariant is
S = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 = 21
When the loop ends, the loop invariant has the same value. However, when the loop ends, if all the sparrows were on the same tree, say k, then S = 6k

It is not possible – 21 is not a multiple of 6. The desired final values of the sparrow indices is not possible with the loop invariant. Therefore, all the sparrows cannot gather on one tree.

Question 5.
Customers are waiting in a line at a counter. The man at the counter wants to know how many customers are waiting in the line.
Answer:
Customers are waiting in a line at a counter. The man at the counter wants to know how many customers are waiting in the line.

Instead of counting the length himself, he asks customer A for the length of the line with him at the head, customer A asks customer B for the length of the line with customer B at the head, and so on. When the query reaches the last customer in the line, E, since there is no one behind him, he replies 1 to D who asked him. D replies 1 + 1 = 2 to C, C replies 1 + 2 = 3 to B, B replies 1 + 3 = 4 to A, and A replies 1 + 4 = 5 to the man in the counter.

Question 6.
Design a recursive algorithm to compute aⁿ. We constructed an iterative algorithm to compute an in Example 8.5. aⁿ can be defined recursively as

Answer:
The recursive definition can be expressed as a recursive solver for computing power(a, n).

The recursive process resulting from power(2, 5)

power (2, 5)
= 2 x power (2, 4)
= 2 x 2 x power (2, 3)
= 2 x 2 x 2 x power (2, 2)
= 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x power (2, 1)
= 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x power (2, 0) = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 1
= 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 4 = 2 x 2 x 8 = 2 x 16 = 32

Students can Download Accountancy Chapter 12 Final Accounts of Sole Proprietors – I Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 11th Accountancy Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Accountancy Solutions Chapter 12 Final Accounts of Sole Proprietors – I

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Accountancy Final Accounts of Sole Proprietors – I Text Book Back Questions and Answers

I. Multiple Choice Questions
Choose the Correct Answer

Question 1.
Closing stock is an item of ……………..
(a) Fixed asset
(b) Current asset
(c) Fictitious asset
(d) Intangible asset
Answer:
(b) Current asset

Question 2.
Balance sheet is ……………..
(a) An account
(b) A statement
(c) Neither a statement nor an account
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) A statement

Question 3.
Net profit of the business increases the ……………..
(a) Drawings
(b) Receivables
(c) Debts
(d) Capital
Answer:
(d) Capital

Question 4.
Carriage inwards will be shown ……………..
(a) In the trading account
(b) In the profit and loss account
(c) On the liabilities side
(d) On the assets side
Answer:
(a) In the trading account

Question 5.
Bank overdraft should be shown ……………..
(a) In the trading account
(b) Profit and loss account
(c) On the liabilities side
(d) On the assets side
Answer:
(c) On the liabilities side

Question 6.
Balance sheet shows the …………….. of the business.
(a) Profitability
(b) Financial position
(c) Sales
(d) Purchases
Answer:
(b) Financial position

Question 7.
Drawings appearing in the trial balance is ……………..
(a) Added to the purchases
(b) Subtracted from the purchases
(c) Added to the capital
(d) Subtracted from the capital
Answer:
(d) Subtracted from the capital

Question 8.
Salaries appearing ill the trial balance is shown on the ……………..
(a) Debit side of trading account
(b) Debit side of profit and loss account
(c) Liabilities side of the balance sheet
(d) Assets side of the balance sheet
Answer:
(b) Debit side of profit and loss account

Question 9.
Current assets does not include ……………..
(a) Cash
(b) Stock
(c) Furniture
(d) Prepaid expenses
Answer:
(c) Furniture

Question 10.
Goodwill is classified as ……………..
(a) A current asset
(b) A liquid asset
(c) A tangible asset
(d) An intangible asset
Answer:
(d) An intangible asset

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on trading account.
Answer:
Trading refers to buying and selling of goods with the intention of making profit. The trading account is a nominal account which shows the result of buying and selling of goods for an accounting period. Trading account is prepared to find out the difference between the revenue from sales and cost of goods sold.

Question 2.
What are wasting assets?
Answer:
These are the assets which get exhausted gradually in the process of excavation. Examples: mines and quarry.

Question 3.
What are fixed assets?
Answer:
Fixed assets are those assets which are acquired or constructed for continued use in the business and last for many years such as land and building, plant and machinery, motor vehicles, furniture, etc.

Question 4.
What is meant by purchases returns?
Answer:
Goods purchased which are returned to suppliers are termed as purchases returns or returns outward.

Question 5.
Name any two direct expenses and indirect expenses.
Answer:
Direct expenses:

• Carriage inwards or freight inwards
• Wages Indirect expenses:

Indirect expenses:

• Office and administrative expenses
• Selling and distribution expenses

Question 6.
Mention any two differences between trial balance and balance sheet.
Answer:

Question 7.
What are the objectives of preparing trading account?
Answer:

1. Provides information about gross profit or gross loss.
2. Provides an opportunity to safeguard against possible losses.

Question 8.
What is the need for preparing profit and loss account?
Answer:

1. Ascertainment of net profit or net loss
2. Comparison of profit
3. Control on expenses
4. Helpful in the preparation of balance sheet.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are final accounts? What are its constituents?
Answer:
Businessmen want to know the profitability and the financial position of the business. These can be ascertained by preparing the final accounts or financial statements. The final accounts or financial statements include the following:

1. Income statement or trading and profit and loss account; and
2. Position statement or Balance sheet.

Question 2.
What is meant by closing entries? Why are they passed?
Answer:
Balances of all the nominal accounts are required to be closed on the last day of the accounting year to facilitate the preparation of trading and profit and loss account. It is done by passing necessary closing entries in the journal proper. Purchases has debit balance and purchases returns has credit balance. At the end of the accounting year, the balance in purchases returns account is closed by transferring to purchase account.

Question 3.
What is meant by gross profit and net profit?
Answer:

1. If the amount of sales exceeds the cost of goods sold, the difference is gross profit.
   Sales – Cost of goods sold = Gross profit.
2. If the total of the credit side of the profit and loss account exceeds the debit side, the difference is termed as net profit.

Question 4.
“Balance sheet is not an account” – Explain.
Answer:
A balance sheet is a part of the final accounts. However, the balance sheet is a statement and not an account. It has no debit or credit sides and as such the words ‘To’ and ‘By’ are not used before the names of the accounts shown therein.

Question 5.
What are the advantages of preparing a balance sheet?
Answer:
Balance sheet discloses the financial position of a business on a particular date, it gives
the balances only for the date on which it is prepared. It shows the financial position of the business according to the going concern concept.

Question 6.
What is meant by grouping and marshalling of assets and liabilities?
Answer:
1. The term ‘grouping’ means showing the items of similar nature under a common heading. For example, the amount due from various customers will be shown under the head‘sundry debtors’.

2. ‘Marshalling’ is the arrangement of various assets and liabilities in a proper order. Marshalling can be made in one of the following two ways:

• In the order of liquidity
• In the order of permanence

IV. Exercises

Question 1.
Prepare trading account in the books of Sivashankar from the following figures:

Answer:
Trading account of Sivashankar

Question 2.
Prepare trading account in the books of Mr. Sanj ay for the year ended 31^st December 2017:

Answer:
Trading account of Mr. Sanjay for the year ended 31^st December, 2017

Question 3.
Prepare trading account in the books of Mr. Sanj ay for the year ended 31^st December 2017:

Answer:
Trading account of Saravanan for the year ended 31^st December, 2017

Question 4.
From the following details for the year ended 31^st March, 2018, prepare trading account

Answer:
Trading account for the year ended 31^st March, 2018

Question 5.
Ascertain gross profit or gross loss from the following:

Answer:
Profit and Loss Account

Question 6.
From the following balances taken from the books of Victor, prepare trading account for the year ended December 31,2017:

Answer:
Trading Account of Victor for the year ended 31^st December, 2017

Hint : Closing stock will not appear in trading account because of adjusted purchases have been given.

Question 7.
Compute cost of goods sold from the following information:

Answer:
Cost of goods sold = Opening stock + Net purchases + Direct expenses – Closing stock
= 10,000 + 80,000 + 7,000 – 15,000
= ₹ 82,000
Note: Indirect expenses do not form part of cost of goods sold.

Question 8.
Find out the amount of sales from the following information:

Answer:
Cost of goods sold = Opening stock + Net purchases + Direct expenses – Closing stock
= 30,000 + 2,00,000 + 0 – 20,000
= ₹ 2,10,000

Therefore, percentage of gross profit on cost of goods sold is
\(\frac { 30 }{ 70 }\) x 100 = 42.85% (42.857142 ……….)
Gross profit = 42.85% on 2,10,000 i.e., \(\frac { 42.85 }{ 100 }\) x 2,10,000 = ₹ 90,000
Sales = Cost of goods sold + Gross Profit
= 2,10,000 + 90,000 (Fractions to be rounded)
= ₹ 3,00,000

Question 9.
Prepare profit and loss account in the books of Kirubavathi for the year ended 31^st December, 2016 from the following information:

Answer:
Profit and loss account of Kirubavathi for the year ended 31^st Dec, 2016

Question 10.
Ascertain net profit or net loss from the following:

Answer:
Profit and loss account

Question 11.
From the following details, prepare profit and loss account.

Answer:
Profit and loss account

(Hint: Freight inwards will not appear in profit and loss account as it is a direct expense)

Question 12.
From the following information, prepare profit and loss account for the year ending 31^st December, 2016.

Answer:
Profit and loss account for the year ended 31^st December, 2016

Question 13.
From the following balances obtained from the books of Mr. Ganesh, prepare trading and profit and loss account:

Answer:
Trading and Profit & loss account of Mr. Ganesh

Question 14.
From the following balances extracted from the books of a trader, ascertain gross profit and net profit for the year ended March 31,2017:

Answer:
Trading and Profit & Loss account for the year ended 31^st March, 2017

Question 15.
From the following particulars, prepare balance sheet in the books of Bragathish as on 31^st December, 2017:

Answer:
Balance Sheet of Bragathish as on 31^st December, 2017

Question 16.
Prepare trading and profit and loss account in the books of Ramasundari for the year ended 31^st December, 2017 and balance sheet as on that date from the following information:

Answer:
Trading and Profit & Loss a/c of Ramasundari for the year ended 31 Dec, 2017 Cr.

Balance Sheet of Ramasundari as on 31^st March, 2018

Question 17.
From the Trial balance, given by Saif, prepare final accounts for the year ended 31^st March, 2018 in his books:

Answer:
Trading and Profit & Loss a/c of Saif for the year ended 31 March, 2018

Balance Sheet of Saif as on 31^st March, 2018

Question 18.
Prepare trading and profit and loss account and balance sheet in the books of Deri, a trader, from the following balances as on March 31, 2018.

Answer:
Trading and Profit & Loss a/c of Deri for the year ended 31^st March, 2018

Balance Sheet of Deri as on 31^st March, 2018

Textbook Case Study Solved

Question 1.
Mr. Abhinav started a small shop of selling dairy products. He wanted to maintain proper books of accounts. But, he had very little knowledge of accounting. He maintained only three books – purchases, sales and cash book by himself. He bought some dairy products and a refrigerator to store the milk products for which the payment was made by cheque but recorded the same in the purchases book. He also spent for the transportation charges and paid some money to the person who unloaded the stock. He recorded the same in the cash book.

He made both cash and credit sale for the next few weeks. He entered the entire sales in the sales book. In the middle of the month, he was in need of some money for his personal use. So he took some money, but did not record in the books.
Now, discuss on the following points:

Question 1.
Do you think Mr. Abhinav needs an accountant? Why do you think so?
Answer:
Yes, Mr. Abhinav needs an accountant because he records all cash and credit transactions.

Question 2.
Does he maintain enough books of accounts?
Answer:
Yes, he maintains enough books of accounts.

Question 3.
What other books do you think that he needs to maintain?
Answer:
He needs to maintain a petty cashbook.

Question 4.
What will be the impact on the profit, if he records the purchase of refrigerator in the purchases book?
Answer:
The purchase book will be overcast because this transaction will be recorded in proper journal.

Question 5.
Is it important to record the money taken for personal use? Will it affect the final accounts?
Answer:
Yes, then only the actual profit or loss can be found out in the business.

Question 6.
Identify some of the accounting principles relevant to this situation.
Answer:
Some of the accounting principles relevant to this situation are: matching principles, business entity concept, money measurement concept, dual output concept, periodicity concept and going concern concept.

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Accountancy Final Accounts of Sole Proprietors – I Additional Questions and Answers

I. Multiple Choice Questions
Choose the correct answer

Question 1.
Income statement is divided into ……………….. parts.
(a) one
(b) two
(c) three
(d) four
Answer:
(b) two

Question 2.
The first part of the income statement is ………………..
(a) Final account
(b) Trading account
(c) Profit and Loss account
(d) Balance Sheet
Answer:
(b) Trading account

Question 3.
Balances of all ……………….. accounts are required to be closed on the last day of the accounting year.
(a) Nominal
(b) Personal
(c) Real
(d) Representative personal
Answer:
(a) Nominal

Question 4.
Trading account is a ……………….. account.
(a) Personal
(b) Nominal
(c) Real
(d) Representative personal
Answer:
(b) Nominal

Question 5.
Sales – Gross Profit = ………………..
(a) Sales
(b) Cost of goods sold
(c) Gross profit
(d) Gross loss
Answer:
(b) Cost of goods sold

Question 6.
……………….. account is the second part of income statement.
(a) Trading
(b) Profit and Loss
(c) Balance sheet
(d) Final
Answer:
(b) Profit and Loss

Question 7.
Which one is correctly matched?
(a) Bad debts – Indirect expense
(b) Wages – Asset
(c) Salary – Trading account
(d) Net Profit – Asset
Answer:
(a) Bad debts – Indirect expense

Question 8.
Balances of all the personal and real account are shown in ………………..
(a) Trading account
(b) Profit and loss account
(c) Income statement
(d) Balance sheet
Answer:
(d) Balance sheet

Question 9.
A balance sheet is a part of the ……………….. account.
(a) Trading
(b) Profit and Loss
(c) Income statement
(d) Final
Answer:
(d) Final

Question 10.
……………….. is a summary of the personal and real accounts.
(a) Balance sheet
(b) Final account
(c) Trading account
(d) Profit and loss account
Answer:
(a) Balance sheet

Question 11.
The balance sheet of business concern can be presented in the ……………….. forms.
(a) two
(b) three
(c) four
(d) six
Answer:
(a) two

Question 12.
Marshalling can be made in one of the ……………….. ways.
(a) three
(b) two
(c) four
(d) five
Answer:
(b) two

Question 13.
These are the assets which get exhausted gradually in the process of excavation.
(a) Wasting assets
(b) Nominal assets
(c) Liquid assets
(d) Current assets
Answer:
(a) Wasting assets

Question 14.
……………….. liabilities are not shown in the balance sheet.
(a) Contingent
(b) Current
(c) Liquid
(d) Fixed
Answer:
(a) Contingent

Students can Download Accountancy Chapter 14 Computerised Accounting Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 11th Accountancy Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Accountancy Solutions Chapter 14 Computerised Accounting

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Accountancy Computerised Accounting Text Book Back Questions and Answers

I. Multiple Choice Questions
Choose the Correct Answer

Question 1.
In accounting, computer is commonly used in the following areas:
(a) Recording of business transactions
(b) Payroll accounting
(c) Stores accounting
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 2.
Customised accounting software is suitable for ………………
(a) Small, conventional business
(b) Large, medium business
(c) Large, typical business
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Large, medium business

Question 3.
Which one is not a component of computer system?
(a) Input unit
(b) Output unit
(c) Data
(d) Central Processing Unit
Answer:
(c) Data

Question 4.
An example of output device is ………………
(a) Mouse
(b) Printer
(c) Scanner
(d) Keyboard
Answer:
(b) Printer

Question 5.
One of the limitations of computerised accounting system is ………………
(a) System failure
(b) Accuracy
(c) Versatility
(d) Storage
Answer:
(a) System failure

Question 6.
Expand CAS ………………
(a) Common Application Software
(b) Computerised Accounting System
(c) Centralised Accounting System
(d) Certified Accounting System
Answer:
(b) Computerised Accounting System

Question 7.
Which one of the following is not a method of codification of accounts?
(a) Access codes
(b) Sequential codes
(c) Block codes
(d) Mnemonic codes
Answer:
(a) Access codes

Question 8.
TALLY is an example of ………………
(a) Tailor – made accounting software
(b) Ready – made accounting software
(c) In – built accounting software
(d) Customised accounting software
Answer:
(b) Ready – made accounting software

Question 9.
People who write codes and programs are called as ………………
(a) System analysts
(b) System designers
(c) System operators
(d) System programmers
Answer:
(d) System programmers

Question 10.
Accounting software is an example of ………………
(a) System software
(b) Application software
(c) Utility software
(d) Operating software
Answer:
(b) Application software

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is a computer?
Answer:
A computer can be described as an electronic device designed to accept raw data as input, processes them and produces meaningful information as output. It has the ability to perform arithmetic and logical operations as per given set of instructions called program. Today, computers are used all over the world in several areas for different purposes.

Question 2.
What is CAS?
Answer:
Computerised accounting system (CAS) refers to the system of maintaining accounts using computers. It involves the processing of accounting transactions through the use of hardware and software in order to keep and produce accounting records and reports.

Question 3.
What is hardware?
Answer:
The physical components of a computer constitute its hardware. Hardware consists of input devices and output devices that make a complete computer system.

Question 4.
What is meant by software?
Answer:
A set of programs that form an interface between the hardware and the user of a computer system are referred to as software.

Question 5.
What is accounting software?
Answer:
The main function of CAS is to perform the accounting activities in an organisation and generate reports as per the requirements of the users. To obtain the desired results optimally, need based software or packages are to be installed in the organisation.

Question 6.
Name any two accounting packages.
Answer:

1. Readymade software
2. Customised software

Question 7.
Give any two examples of readymade software.
Answer:

1. Tally
2. Busy

Question 8.
What is coding?
Answer:
Code is an identification mark, generally, computerised accounting involves codification of accounts.

Question 9.
What is grouping of accounts?
Answer:
In any organisation, the main unit of classification is the major head which is further divided, into minor heads. Each minor head may have number of sub – heads. After classification of accounts into various groups.

Question 10.
What are mnemonic codes?
Answer:
A mnemonic code consists of alphabets or abbreviations as symbols to codify a piece of information.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are the various types of accounting software?
Answer:

1. Readymade software
2. Customised software and
3. Tailormade software

Question 2.
Mention any three limitations of computerised accounting system.
Answer:
Heavy cost of installation, Cost of training and fear of unemployment

Question 3.
State the various types of coding methods.
Answer:
Sequential codes, block codes and mnemonic codes.

Question 4.
List out the various reports generated by computerised accounting system.
Answer:

1. Liabilities and capital
2. Assets
3. Revenues and
4. Expenses.

Under Liabilities and Capital:
Capital, Non – current liabilities and current liabilities.

Under Assets:
Non – current assets and Current assets.

Question 5.
State the input and output devices of a computer system.
Answer:
Input devices: keyboard, optical scanner, mouse, joystick, touch screen and stylus.
Output devices: Monitor and printer.

Textbook Case Study Solved

Question 1.
The manager of a medium – sized business is considering the introduction of computerised accounting system. Some staff feels that it is an opportunity to learn new skill. The manager has promised free framing for their staff, So, the staff realise that their own skill can be enhanced. Also, there is a demand for highly skilled staff. But, some staff feels threatened by these changes. They feel that they may not be able to leam new skill. Moreover, some of them are nearing their retiring age. So they think that it is not needed for them. But the manager expects the cooperation from all the staff.
Now, discuss on the following points:

Question 1.
Will it be expensive for the business to introduce computerised accounting system?
Answer:
No, it will not be expensive. It may be integrated with enhanced MIS, multi – lingual and data organisation capabilities to simplify all the business processes easily and cost – effectively.

Question 2.
Will everyone get the access to use the computers? In such a case, how to protect data?
Answer:
It is an opportunity to leam new skill at free of cost. Retrieval of data is easier as the records are kept in soft copy in data base. By giving instructions, data can be retrieved quickly.

Question 3.
“People at the retirement age are not required to leam new skill” – Do you think so?
Answer:
No, the computerised accounting system is easy to leam by everyone. It is not a difficult one to retiring people also.

Question 4.
What are the factors to be considered by the managers before introducing CAS?
Answer:
The manager has to give an opportunity to leam new skill to his employees. It will take time but he has to face the employees problems:

1. Heavy cost of installation.
2. Cost of training.
3. Fear of unemployment.
4. Disruption of work and so on.

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Accountancy Computerised Accounting Additional Questions and Answers

I. Multiple Choice Questions
Choose the correct answer

Question 1.
Which one is output device?
(a) Monitor
(b) Keyboard
(c) Mouse
(d) Optical scanner
Answer:
(a) Monitor

Question 2.
Components of CAS can be classified into …………….. categories.
(a) Six
(b) Seven
(c) Five
(d) Three
Answer:
(a) Six

Question 3.
Which one is operating system?
(a) File manager
(b) COBOL
(c) Windows
(d) PASCAL
Answer:
(c) Windows

Question 4.
Which one is matched correctly?
(a) Land & building – current assets
(b) Goodwill – non – current liabilities
(c) Patents – intangible assets
(d) Sales – expenses
Answer:
(c) Patents – intangible assets

Question 5.
There are …………….. methods of codification.
(a) Two
(b) Three
(c) Four
(d) Five
Answer:
(b) Three

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Expands of MIS and CPU.
Answer:

1. MIS – Management Information System
2. CPU – Central Processing Unit

Question 2.
Mention any two features of CAS.
Answer:

1. Simple and integrated
2. Speed

Question 3.
What is utility software?
Answer:
These are designed specifically for managing the computer device and its resources.

Question 4.
What is system operators?
Answer:
People who operate the systems and use it for different purposes. They are also called as end users.

Question 5.
What do you mean by DATA?
Answer:
The facts and figures that are fed into a computer for further processing are called data.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are the types of people interacting with a computer system?
Answer:

1. System analysts
2. System programmers
3. System operators

Question 2.
What is opearating system? Give two examples.
Answer:
A set of tools and programs to manage the overall working of a computer using a defined set of hardware components is called an operating system.
Example:

1. DOS
2. Windows.

Question 3.
Mention any three advantages of CAS.
Answer:

1. Faster processing
2. Accurate information and
3. Reliability

Question 4.
What are the three types of procedures in a computer system?
Answer:

1. Hardware oriented procedure
2. Software oriented procedure and
3. Internal procedure

Question 5.
Can you explain data?
Answer:
The facts and figures that are fed into a computer for further processing are called data. Data are raw input until the computer system interprets them using machine language, stores them in memory, classifies them for processing and produces results in conformance with the instructions given to it. Processed and useful data are called information which is used for decision making.

Students can Download Accountancy Chapter 13 Final Accounts of Sole Proprietors – II Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 11th Accountancy Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Accountancy Solutions Chapter 13 Final Accounts of Sole Proprietors – II

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Accountancy Final Accounts of Sole Proprietors – II Text Book Back Questions and Answers

I. Multiple Choice Questions
Choose the Correct Answer

Question 1.
A prepayment of insurance premium will appear in ………………
(a) The trading account on the debit side
(b) The profit and loss account on the credit side
(c) The balance sheet on the assets side
(d) The balance sheet on the liabilities side
Answer:
(c) The balance sheet on the assets side

Question 2.
Net profit is ………………
(a) Debited to capital account
(b) Credited to capital account
(c) Debited to drawings account
(d) Credited to drawings account
Answer:
(b) Credited to capital account

Question 3.
Closing stock is valued at ………………
(a) Cost price
(b) Market price
(c) Cost price or market price whichever is higher
(d) Cost price or net realisable value whichever is lower
Answer:
(d) Cost price or net realisable value whichever is lower

Question 4.
Accrued interest on investment will be shown ………………
(a) On the credit side of profit and loss account
(b) On the assets side of balance sheet
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Both (a) and (b)

Question 5.
If there is no existing provision for doubtful debts, provision created for doubtful debts is ………………
(a) Debited to bad debts account
(b) Debited to sundry debtors account
(c) Credited to bad debts account
(d) Debited to profit and loss account
Answer:
(d) Debited to profit and loss account

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are adjusting entries?
Answer:
Adjustment entries are the journal entries made at the end of the accounting period to account for items which are omitted in trial balance and to make adjustments for outstanding and prepaid expenses and revenues accrued and received in advance.

Question 2.
What is outstanding expense?
Answer:
Expenses which have been incurred in the accounting period but not paid till the end of the accounting period are called outstanding expenses.

Question 3.
What is prepaid expense?
Answer:
Prepaid expenses refer to any expense or portion of expense paid in the current accounting year but the benefit or services of which will be received in the next accounting period. They are also called as unexpired expenses.

Question 4.
What are accrued incomes?
Answer:
Accrued income is an income or portion of income which has been earned during the current accounting year but not received till the end of that accounting year.

Question 5.
What is provision for discount on debtors?
Answer:
Cash discount is allowed by the suppliers to customers for prompt payment of amount due either on or before the due date. A provision created on sundry debtors for allowing such discount is called provision for discount on debtors.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is the need for preparing final accounts?
Answer:

1. To record omissions in trial balance such as closing stock, interest on captial, interest on drawings, etc.
2. To bring into account outstanding and prepaid expenses.
3. To bring into account income accrued and received in advance.
4. To create reserves and provisions.

Question 2.
What is meant by provision for doubtful debts? Why is it created?
Answer:
Provision for bad and doubtful debts refers to amount set aside as a charge against profit to meet any loss arising due to bad debt in future. The amount of doubtful debts is calculated on the basis of some percentage on debtors at the end of the accounting period after deducting further bad debts (if any). A provision for doubtful debts is created and is charged to profit and loss account.

Question 3.
Explain how closing stock is treated in final accounts?
Answer:
The unsold goods in the business at the end of the accounting period are termed as closing stock. As per As-2 (Revised), the stock is valued at cost price or net realisable value, whichever is lower.

Presentation in final accounts:

1. In the trading account: Shown on the credit side.
2. In the balance sheet: Shown on the assets side under current assets.

Question 4.
Give the adjusting entries for interest on capital and interest on drawings.
Answer:
Adjusting Entry: Interest on Capital

Adjusting Entry: Interest on Drawings

Question 5.
Explain the accounting treatment of bad debts, provision for doubtful debts and provision for discount on debtors.
Answer:

1. Bad Debts: When it is definitely known that amount due from a customer (debtor) to whom goods were sold on credit, cannot be realised at all, it is treated as bad debts.
2. Provision for bad and doubtful debts refers to amount set aside as a charge against profit to meet any loss arising due to bad debt in future.
3. Cash discount is allowed by the suppliers to customers for prompt payment of amount due either on or before the due date.

IV. Exercises

Question 1.
Pass adjusting entries for the following:
(a) The closing stock was valued at ₹ 5,000
(b) Outstanding salaries ₹ 150
(c) Insurance prepaid ₹ 450
(d) ₹ 20,000 was received in advance for commission.
(e) Accrued interest on investments is ₹ 1,000.
Answer:
Adjusting Entries

Question 2.
For the fol owing adjustments, pass adjusting entries:
(a) Outstanding wages ₹ 5,000.
(b) Depreciate machinery by ₹ 1,000.
(c) Interest on capital @ 5% (Capital: ₹ 20,000)
(d) Interest on drawings ₹ 50
(e) Write off bad debts ₹ 500
Answer:
Adjusting Entries

Question 3.
On preparing final accounts of Suresh, bad debt account has a balance of ₹ 800 and sundry debtors account has a balance of ₹ 16,000 of which ₹ 1,200 is to be written off as further bad debts. Pass adjusting entry for bad debts. And also show how it would appear in profit and loss account and balance sheet.
Answer:
Adjusting Entry

Profit and Loss Account

Balance Sheet

Question 4.
The trial balance on March 31, 2016 shows the following:
Sundry debtors ₹ 30,000; Bad debts ₹ 1,200
It is found that 3% of sundry debtors is doubtful of recovery and is to be provided for. Pass journal entry for the amount of provision and also show how it would appear in the profit and loss account and balance sheet.
Answer:

Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31.03.2016

Balance Sheet as on 31.03.2016

Question 5.
The trial balance of a trader on 31^st December, 2016 shows debtors as ₹ 50,000.
Adjustments:
(a) Write off ₹ 1,000 as bad debts
(b) Provide 5% for doubtful debts
(c) Provide 2% for discount on debtors
Show how these items will appear in the profit and loss A/c and balance sheet of the trader.
Answer:
Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31^st December, 2016

Balance Sheet as on 31^st December, 2016

Question 6.
On 1^st January, 2016, provision for doubtful debts account had a balance of ₹ 3,000. On December 31, 2016, sundry debtors amounted to ₹ 80,000. During the year, bad debts to be written off were ₹ 2,000. A provision for 5% was required for next year. Pass journal entries and show how these items would appear in the final accounts.
Answer:
Adjusting Entries

Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31^st December, 2016

Balance Sheet as on 31.12.2016

Question 7.
The following are the extracts from the trial balance.
Sundry debtors ₹ 30,000; Bad debts ₹ 5,000 Additional information:
(a) Write off further bad debts ₹ 3,000.
(b) Create 10% provision for bad and doubtful debts.
You are required to pass necessary adjusting entries and show how these items will appear in profit and loss account and balance sheet.
Answer:
Adjusting Entries

Profit and Loss Account

Balance Sheet

Question 8.
The following are the extracts from the trial balance.

Additional information:
(a) Additional bad debts ₹ 3,000.
(b) Keep a provision for bad and doubtful debts @ 10% on sundry debtors.
You are required to pass necessary adjusting entries and show how these items will appear in profit and loss account and balance sheet.
Answer:
Adjusting Entries

Profit and Loss Account

Balance Sheet

Question 9.
The accounts of Lakshmi traders showed the following balance on 31^st March, 2016.
Sundry debtors ₹ 60,000; Bad debts ₹ 2,000
Provision for doubtful debts ₹ 4,200
At the time of preparation of final accounts on 31^st March, it was found that out of sundry debtors, ₹ 1,000 will be irrecoverable. It was decided to create a provision of 2% on debtors to meet any future possible bad debts.
Pass necessary journal entries and show how these items would appear in the final accounts.
Answer:
Adjusting Entries

Profit and Loss Account for the year ended 31.03.2016

Balance Sheet as on 31.03.2016

Question 10.

The following are the extracts from the trial balance.
Additional information:
(a) Create a provision for doubtful debts @ 10% on sundry debtors.
(b) Create a provision for discount on debtors @ 5% on sundry debtors.
You are required to pass necessary adjusting entries and show how these items will appear in the final accounts.
Answer:
Adjusting Entries

Profit and Loss Account

Balance Sheet

Question 11.
Following are the extracts from the trial balance.

Additional information:
(a) Additional bad debts 1,000
(b) Create a provision for doubtful debts @ 5% on sundry debtors.
(c) Create a provision for discount on debtors @ 2% on sundry debtors.
You are required to pass necessary journal entries and show how these items will appear in the final accounts.
Answer:
Adjusting Entries

Profit and Loss Account

Balance Sheet

Question 12.
The following are the extracts from the trial balance.

Answer:
Profit and Loss Account

Balance Sheet

Question 13.
Prepare trading account of Archana for the year ending 31^st December, 2106 from the following information.

Adjustments:
(a) Closing stock ₹ 1,00,000
(b) Wages outstanding ₹ 12,000
(c) Freight inwards paid in advance ₹ 5,000
Answer:
Trading A/c of Archana for the year ended 31.12.2016

Question 14.
Prepare profit and loss account of Manoj for the year ending on 31^st March, 2016

Adjustments:
(a) Salary outstanding ₹ 400
(b) Rent paid in advance ₹ 50
(c) Commission receivable ₹ 100
Answer:
Profit and Loss A/c of Manoj for the year ended 31.03.2016

Question 15.
From the trial balance of Sumathi and the adjustments prepare the trading and profit and loss account for the year ended 31^st March, 2016, and a balance sheet as on that date.

Adjustments
(a) Six months interest on loan is outstanding.
(b) Two months rent is due from tenant, the monthly rent being ₹ 25.
(c) Salary for the month of March 2016, ₹ 75 is unpaid.
(d) Stock in hand on March 31, 2016 was valued at ₹ 1,030.
Answer:
Trading and Profit & Loss A/c of Sumathi
for the year ended 31^st March, 2016

Balance Sheet of Sumathi as on 31.03.2016

Question 16.
The following trial balance was extracted from the books of Arun Traders as on 31^st March, 2018.

Answer:
Prepare trading and profit and loss account for the year ending 31^st March, 2018 and balance sheet as on that date after considering the following:
(a) Depreciate Plant and machinery @ 20%
(b) Wages outstanding amounts to ₹ 750.
(c) Half of repairs and maintenance paid is for the next year.
(d) Closing stock was valued at ₹ 15,000.
Answer:
Trading and Profit & Loss A/c of Arun Traders for the year ended 31.03.2018

Balance Sheet of Arun Traders as on 31.03.2018

Question 17.
The following is the trial balance of Babu as on 31^st December, 2016.

Prepare trading and profit and loss account for the year ended 31^st December, 2016 and a balance sheet as on that date after the following adjustments.
(a) Salaries outstanding ₹ 500
(b) Interest on investments receivable at 10%.
(c) Provision required for bad debts is 5%.
(d) Closing stock is valued at ₹ 9,900.
Answer:
Trading and Profit & Loss A/c for the year ended 31.12.2016

Balance Sheet as on 31.12.2016

Question 18.
From the following trial balance of Ramesh as on 31^st March, 2017, prepare the trading and profit and loss account and the balance sheet as on that date.

Answer:
Adjustments:
Closing stock was valued at ₹ 35,000
(b) Unexpired advertising ₹ 250
(c) Provision for bad and doubtful debts is to be increased to ₹ 3,000
(d) Provide 2% for discount on debtors.
Answer:
Trading and Profit & Loss A/c of Ramesh for the year ended 31.03.2017

Balance Sheet of Ramesh as on 31.03.2017

Question 19.
Following are the ledger balances of Devi as on 31^st December, 2016.

Prepare trading and profit and loss account for the year ended 31^st December, 2016 and balance sheet as on that date.
(a) Stock on 31^st December, 2016 ₹ 5,800.
(b) Write off bad debts ₹ 500.
(c) Make a provision for bad debts @ 5%.
(d) Provide for discount on debtors @ 2%.
Answer:
Trading and Profit & Loss A/c of Devi for the year ended 31.12.2016

Balance Sheet of Devi as on 31.12.2016

Question 20.
From the following trial balance of Mohan for the year ended 31^st March, 2017 and additional information, prepare trading and profit and loss account and balance sheet.

Additional information:
(a) Closing stock is valued at ₹ 15,500
(b) Write off ₹ 500 as bad debts and create a provision for bad debts @ 10% on debtors.
(c) Depreciation @ 10% required
Answer:
Trading and Profit and Loss A/c of Mohan for the year ended 31.03.2017

Balance Sheet of Mohan as on 31.03.2017

Question 21.
From the following trial balance of Subramaniam, prepare his trading and profit and loss account and balance sheet as on 31^st December, 2016.

Take into account the following adjustments:
(a) Charge interest on drawings at 8%.
(b) Outstanding salaries ₹ 3,000
(c) Closing stock was valued at ₹ 48,000
(d) Provide for 5% interest on capital.
Answer:
Trading and Profit & Loss A/c of Subramaniam for the year ended 31.12.2016

Balance Sheet of Subramaniam as on 31.12.2016

Question 22.
Prepare trading and profit and loss account and balance sheet from the following trial balance of Madan as on 31^st March, 2018.

Adjustments:
(a) The closing stock was ₹ 80,000
(b) Provide depreciation on plant and machinery @ 20%
(c) Write off ₹ 800 as further bad debts
(d) Provide the doubtful debts @ 5% on sundry debtors
Answer:
Trading and Profit & Loss A/c for the year ended 31.03.2018

Balance Sheet as on 31.03.2018

Question 23.
From the following information prepare trading and profit and loss account and balance sheet of Kumar for the year ending 31^st December, 2017.

Adjustments:
(a) The closing stock on 31st December, 2017 was valued at ₹ 3,900.
(b) Carriage inwards prepaid ₹ 250
(c) Rent received in advance ₹ 100
(d) Manager is entitled to receive commission @ 5% of net profit after providing such commission.
Answer:
Trading and Profit & Loss Account of Kumar for the year ended 31.12.2017

Balance Sheet of Kumar as on 31.12.2017

Question 24.
From the following information, prepare trading and profit and loss account and balance sheet in the books of Sangeetha for the year ending 31^st March, 2018.

Adjustments:
(a) Stock on 31st March, 2018 ₹ 14,200
(b) Income tax of Sangeetha paid ₹ 800
(c) Charge interest on drawings @ 12% p.a.
(d) Provide managerial remuneration @ 10% of net profit before charging such commission.
Answer:
Trading and Profit & Loss Account of Sangeetha for the year ended 31.03.2018

Balance Sheet of Sangeetha as on 31.03.2018

Textbook Case Study Solved

Question 1.
James is a trader who sells washing machines on credit. But, he does not remember the due date to collect the money from his debtors. Some of his customers do not pay on time. His cash inflow is becoming worse. As a result, he could not pay his telephone bill and rent at the end of the accounting period. Hence, he showed only the amount paid as expense. He has many washing machines unsold at the year end. He is worried about the performance of his business. So, he is planning to appoint a manager to take care of his business. The new manager insists James to apply the accounting principle of prudence and matching and also to allow cash discount.
Now, discuss on the following points:

Question 1.
Why does James sell on credit?
Answer:
James sells goods on credit to increase the sales volume and reduce the stock.

Question 2.
Are there any ways to encourage his debtors to make the payment on time?
Answer:
Yes, there are many ways to encourage his debtors to make the payment on time by way of cash discount and trade discount.

Question 3.
What might happen if the debtors do not pay?
Answer:
If the debtors do not pay, the bad debts will be increased in the business.

Question 4.
In what ways prudence and matching principles can be applied for the business of James?
Answer:
Prudence principle can be applied for the business here closing stock was valued on cost price or market price whichever is lower under the prudence principle. Matching principle can be applied here for revenue and expense.

Question 5.
What will be the impact on income statement and the balance sheet, if the outstanding expenses are not adjusted?
Answer:
Outstanding expenses to be added with the concerned expenditure in the income Statement and the outstanding expenses will be recorded in liabilities side.

Question 6.
On what basis the unsold washing machines should be valued?
Answer:
The unsold washing machine should be valued at cost price or market price, whichever is lower under prudence principle. Managerial commission can be given to motivate the new manager to retain him in the business of James.

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Accountancy Final Accounts of Sole Proprietors – II Additional Questions and Answers

I. Multiple Choice Questions (Other important questions)
Choose the correct answer

Question 1.
If closing stock is already adjusted, adjusted purchase account and ………………. stock will appear in trial balance.
(a) Opening
(b) Closing
(c) Average
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Closing

Question 2.
Outstanding expense account is a ………………. account.
(a) Nominal
(b) Real
(c) Representative personal
(d) Personal
Answer:
(c) Representative personal

Question 3.
When bad debts already appears in the trial balance, it is taken only to debit side of ………………. account.
(a) Profit and Loss
(b) Balance sheet
(c) Asset side
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Profit and Loss

Question 4.
Income tax paid by the business for the proprietor is treated as ……………….
(a) Expense
(b) Profit and Loss A/c
(c) Drawings
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Drawings

Question 5.
Commission on net profit after charging such commission:

Answer:

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Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Accountancy Solutions Chapter 11 Capital and Revenue Transactions

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Accountancy Capital and Revenue Transactions Text Book Back Questions and Answers

I. Multiple Choice Questions
Choose the Correct Answer

Question 1.
Amount spent on increasing the seating capacity in a cinema hall is ……………….
(a) Capital expenditure
(b) Revenue expenditure
(c) Deferred revenue expenditure
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) Capital expenditure

Question 2.
Expenditure incurred ₹ 20,000 for trial run of a newly installed machinery will be ……………….
(a) Preliminary expense
(b) Revenue expenditure
(c) Capital expenditure
(d) Deferred revenue expenditure
Answer:
(c) Capital expenditure

Question 5.
Revenue expenditure is intended to benefit ……………….
(a) Past period
(b) Future period
(c) Current period
(d) Any period
Answer:
(c) Current period

Question 6.
Pre – operative expenses are ……………….
(a) Revenue expenditure
(b) Prepaid revenue expenditure
(c) Deferred revenue expenditure
(d) Capital expenditure
Answer:
(d) Capital expenditure

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is meant by revenue expenditure?
Answer:
The expenditure incurred for day to day running of the business or for maintaining the earning capacity of the business is known as revenue expenditure. It is recurring in nature. It is incurred to generate revenue for a particular accounting period. The revenue expenditure may be incurred in relation with revenue or in relation with a particular accounting period.

Question 2.
What is capital expenditure?
Answer:
It is an expenditure incurred during an accounting period, the benefits of which will be available for more than one accounting period. It includes any expenditure resulting in the acquisition of any fixed asset or contributes to the revenue earning capacity of the business. It is non-recurring in nature.

Question 3.
What is capital profit?
Answer:
Capital profit is the profit which arises not from the normal course of the business. Profit on sale of fixed asset is an example for capital profit.

Question 4.
Write a short note on revenue receipt.
Answer:
Receipts which are obtained in the normal course of business are called revenue receipts. It is recurring in nature. The amount received is generally small.

Question 5.
What is meant by deferred revenue expenditure?
Answer:
An expenditure which is revenue expenditure in nature, the benefits of which is to be derived over a subsequent period or periods is known as deferred
revenue expenditure.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Distinguish between capital expenditure and revenue expenditure.
Answer:

Question 2.
Distinguish between capital receipt and revenue receipt.
Answer:

Question 3.
What is deferred revenue expenditure? Give two examples.
Answer:
An expenditure, which is revenue expenditure in nature, the benefits of which is to be derived over a subsequent period or periods is known as deferred revenue expenditure. The benefit usually accrues for a period of two or more years. It is for the time being, deferred from being charged against income. It is charged against income over a period of certain years. Examples: Considerable amount spent on advertising and major repairs to plant and machinery.

IV. Exercises

Question 1.
State whether the following expenditures are capital, revenue or deferred revenue.
(a) Advertising expenditure, the benefits of which will last for three years.
(b) Registration fees paid at the time of registration of a building.
(c) Expenditure incurred on repairs and whitewashing at the time of purchase of an old building in order to make it usable.
Answer:
(a) Deferred revenue expenditure
(b) Capital expenditure
(c) Capital expenditure

Question 2.
Classify the following items into capital and revenue.
(a) Registration expenses incurred for the purchase of land.
(b) Repairing charges paid for remodelling the old building purchased.
(c) Carriage paid on goods purchased.
(d) Legal expenses paid for raising of loans.
Answer:
(a) Capital expenditure
(b) Capital expenditure
(c) Revenue expenditure
(d) Capital expenditure

Question 3.
State whether they are capital and revenue.
(a) Construction of building ₹ 10,00,000.
(b) Repairs to furniture ₹ 50,000.
(c) White-washing the building ₹ 80,000.
(d) Pulling down the old building and rebuilding ₹ 4,00,000.
Answer:
(a) Capital expenditure
(b) Revenue expenditure
(c) Revenue expenditure
(d) Capital expenditure

Question 4.
Classify the following items into capital and revenue.
(a) ₹ 50,000 spent for railway siding.
(b) Loss on sale of old furniture.
(c) Carriage paid on goods sold.
Answer:
(a) Capital expenditure
(b) Capital loss
(c) Revenue expenditure

Question 5.
State whether the following are capital, revenue and deferred revenue.
(a) Legal fees paid to the lawyer for acquiring a land ₹ 20,000.
(b) Heavy advertising cost of ₹ 12,00,000 spent on introducing a new product.
(c) Renewal of factory licence ₹ 12,000.
(d) A sum of ₹ 4,000 was spent on painting the factory.
Answer:
(a) Capital expenditure
(b) Deferred revenue expenditure
(c) Revenue expenditure
(d) Revenue expenditure

Question 6.
Classify the following receipts into capital and revenue.
(a) Sale proceeds of goods ₹ 75,000.
(b) Loan borrowed from bank ₹ 2,50,000.
(c) Sale of investment ₹ 1,20,000.
(d) Commission received ₹ 30,000.
(e) ₹ 1,400 wages paid in connection with the erection of new machinery.
Answer:
(a) Revenue receipts
(b) Capital receipts
(c) Capital receipts
(d) Revenue receipts
(e) Capital expenditure

Question 7.
Identify the following items into capital or revenue.
(a) Audit fees paid ₹ 10,000.
(b) Labour welfare expenses ₹ 5,000.
(c) ₹ 2,000 paid for servicing the company vehicle.
(d) Repair to furniture purchased second hand ₹ 3,000.
(e) Rent paid for the factory ₹ 12,000.
Answer:
(a) Revenue expenditure
(b) Revenue expenditure
(c) Revenue expenditure
(d) Capital expenditure
(e) Revenue expenditure

Textbook Case Study Solved

Question 1.
Sadhana decides to start a business of selling air – conditioners. She buys different brands of air – conditioners. She also buys a delivery van, some furniture and some tools to fix air- conditioners. She buys some stationery items and cleaning liquid. She spends some amount on advertising her shop. She records the entire amount spent in the trading account.
Now, discuss on the following points:

Question 1.
Is it correct to record the entire amount spent in the first year of trading in the trading account? What impact will it have on the profit for the year?
Answer:
It is not correct to record the entire amount spent in the first year of trading in the trading account. It will be shown as a capital expenditure. For example: furniture and delivery van.

Question 2.
What are her fixed assets?
Answer:

1. A delivery van.
2. Some furniture.
3. Some tools.

Question 3.
Does she apply accounting concepts? If not which is the concept she does not apply?
Answer:
No, she does not apply accounting concepts. She does not apply business entity concepts.

Question 4.
Can you help Sadhana to classify the expenditure?
Answer:
Yes, I can help Sadhana to classify the expenditure:

Question 5.
What other capital, revenue and deferred revenue expenditure her business may incur in the future?
Answer:
In the future:

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Accountancy Capital and Revenue Transactions Additional Questions and Answers

I. Multiple Choice Questions
Choose the correct answer

Question 1.
Cost of acquisition of land and building is an example of ………………
(a) Capital expenditure
(b) Revenue expenditure
(c) Capital receipts
(d) Revenue receipts
Answer:
(a) Capital expenditure

Question 2.
There are types of expenditure ………………
(a) One
(b) Two
(c) Three
(d) Four
Answer:
(c) Three

Question 3.
……………… expenditure is recurring in nature.
(a) Capital expenditure
(b) Revenue expenditure
(c) Capital loss
(d) Capital profit
Answer:
(b) Revenue expenditure

Question 4.
Considerable amount spent on advertising is an example of ……………… expenditure.
(a) capital
(b) revenue
(c) deferred
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) deferred

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What is capital receipt?
Answer:
Receipt which is not revenue in nature is called capital receipt. It is non-recurring in nature. The amount received is normally substantial. It is shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheet.

Question 2.
Write any two features of revenue expenditure.
Answer:

1. It is recurring in nature.
2. It is incurred for maintaining the earning capacity of the business.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write three features of deferred revenue expenditure.
Answer:

1. It is a revenue expenditure, the benefits of which is to be derived over a subsequent period or periods.
2. It is not fully written off in the year of actual expenditure. It is written off over a period of certain years.
3. The balance available after writing off (i.e., Actual expenditure – Amount written off) is shown on the assets side balance sheet.

Question 2.
What are the classifications of expenditures?
Answer:

1. Capital expenditure
2. Revenue expenditure
3. Deferred revenue expenditure

Question 3.
Write any three examples of revenue expenditure.
Answer:

1. Purchase of goods for sale
2. Administrative, selling and distribution expenses
3. Manufacturing expenses

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Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 7th Maths Solutions Term 3 Chapter 3 Algebra Intext Questions

Exercise 3.1
Think (Text book Page No. 50)

Question 1.
Is it the only way to decompose the numbers representing length and breadth? Discuss.
Solution:
No, for example 15 can be decompose into 1 × 15, 3 × 5, 5 × 3, 15 × 1

Try These (Text book Page No. 52)

Question 1.
Observe the following figures and try to find its area, geometrically. Also verify the same by multiplication of monomial.

Solution:
Area of each box = xy
Totally 12 boxes
∴ Total area = 12 × xy = 12xy
Also multiplying the length 4x and breadth 3y
We have area of the rectangle = 4x × 3y = 12xy

(ii) Area of each small box = x²
Total number of boxes = 3
∴ Total area = 3x²
Also length of the rectangle = 3x
breadth of the rectangle = x
Area of the rectangle = length × breadth
= 3x × x
= 3x²

(iii) Area of each small box is ay, by, cy
∴ Total area = ay + by + cy = y (a + b + c)
Area of the rectangle = length × breadth
= (a + b + c) y

(iv) Area of each small square = x²
There are 4 small squares
∴ Total area of the given square = 4x²
Also side of the big square = 2x
∴ Area of the square = (2x)² = 4x²

(v) Area of each small rectangle = xy
There are 9 such rectangles
∴ Total area = 9xy
Area of big rectangle = lenght × breath
= 3x × 3y = 9xy

Question 2.
Let the length and breadth of a tile be x and y respectively. Using such tiles construct as many rectangles as you can and find out the length and breadth of the rectangles so formed such that its area is
(i) 12 xy
(ii) 8xy
(iii) 9xy
Solution:

Try These (Text book Page No. 58)

Question 1.
Consider a square shaped paddy field with side of 48 m. A pathway with uniform breadth is surrounded the square field and the length of the outer side is 52 m. Can you find the area of the pathway by using identities?
Solution:
Let a = 52
b = 4

(a – b)² = a² – 2ab + b² = 52² – 2 (52) (4) + 4²
= 2704 – 416 + 16 = 2304

Think (Text book Page No. 60)

Question 1.
Can we factorize the following expressions using any basic identities? Justify your answer.
(i) x² + 5x + 4
(ii) x² – 5x + 4
Solution:
(i) x² + 5x + 4 = x2 + (1 + 4)x + (1 × 4)
Which is of the form x² + (a + b) x + ab
= (x + a) (x + b)
x² + (1 + 4)x + (1 × 4) = (x + 1) (x + 4)
∴ x² + 5x + 4 = (x + 1) (x + 4)

(ii) x² – 5x + 4 = x² + ((-1) + (- 4))x + (-1) (- 4)
Which is of the form x² + (a + b) x + ab
= (x + a) (x + b)
x² + ((-1) + 4))x + ((-1)(-4)) = (x + (-4)) = (x – 1) (x – 4)
x² – 5x + 4 = (x – 1) (x – 4))

Exercise 3.2
Try These (Text book Page No. 63)

Question 1.
Construct inequations for the following statements:
1. Ramesh’s salary is more than ₹ 25,000 per month.
2. This lift can carry maximum of 5 persons.
3. The exhibition will be there in town for at least 100 days.
Solution:
1. x > 25,000, where x is Ramesh’s Salary per month.
2. y < 5, where y is the maximum number of persons the left can carry.
3. z > 100, where z is the number of days when the exhibition is there.

Think (Text book Page No. 65)

Question 1.
Hameed saw a stranger in the street. He told his parent, “The stranger’s age is between 40 to 45 years, and his height is between 160 to 170 cm”
Convert the above verbal statement into algebraic inequations by using x and y as variables of age and height.
Solution:
Let x be the age and y be the height then
40 < x < 45 and 160 < y < 170

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Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Story Writing

1. A young student–Keerti–rainy season–enjoying the evening tea–hears some noise–opens the door–a small cat–drenched in rain–looks at Keerti–meows as if pleading–Keerti confused–cat continues meowing–Keerti stays silent–cat runs inside–Keerti searches–cat not found–forgets about the cat–goes to bed–Keerti hears a noise from the garden–sees the cat fighting with a snake–gets frightened–thank God for saving life through the cat–Keerti’s generosity’ paid off.

A young student, Keerti was having her evening tea enjoying the rains. Suddenly she hears some noise and goes out to check. When she opens the door, she finds a small cat meowing as if pleading to be let inside. Keerti didn’t know what to do as she felt pity for the cat. The cat kept on meowing and finding Keerti silent, it ran inside to a safe and warm comer of the house. Keerti couldn’t find where the cat had hidden. She forgot about it and after finishing dinner with her parents went to her bedroom.

While she was rethinking about the! cat’s incident and was asking herself if she had done the right thing by being generous to the cat. Suddenly she heard a noise from the garden. When she opened the windows, she found the cat tearing at a snake’s head with it’s fingernails. Keerti realised the value of being generous and thanked God for having rewarded her for the generosity she showed towards the cat.

2. Raghavan reading newspaper–his wife mentioned her lottery ticket–Raghavan–no interest–asked for ticket number–wife gave him the number–series number found–started imagining–planning to spend–ticket number not found–disappointed–dreams came to an end.

Raghavan, a middle class man basically did not have faith in lottery luck. His wife Shobha a house wife once bought a lottery. On her request Raghavan saw results. He realized the series 1045 had won a prize. Shobha insisted on verifying the last two digits. Brushing aside her concern, he started daydreaming. He started his plan of buying an estate with twenty five lakhs in Ooty or Munnar. He wished to pay ten thousand on immediate expenses like new house, furniture, travel and paying small debts.

The thought of travel w ith his wife repulsed him. He even planned to go abroad. He started hating his wife’s poor relatives. Shobha also got annoyed seeing her husband’s plan of spending her money. When the hostility became unbearable, he disclosed the results with spite, the last tw o digits were 56 and not 36. His i wife Shobha got upset. She pitied her husband. Raghavan went out in helpless fury.

3. Old fisherman–as usual cast his net–caught a gold–fish–fish cried, “take pity and put me back in water”–promised to compensate handsomely–fisherman returned home empty handed–wife angry–asked for a new tub–went to fish–wish granted–next the wife asked for a new home–wish granted–again the wife demanded for a marble palace, v silk dresses and servants–wife not satisfied–w ished to be queen and rule–fisherman went to fish–fish disappeared without granting any wish–fisherman returned home; saw wife washing clothes in old leaking tub in the old wooden hut.

Once there was a poor fisherman who lived with his w ife in a hut. One day as usual he left for fishing and cast his net into the sea. He caught a small gold–fish. He was taken aback when he heard the fish pleading for it’s life. She promised to compensate him handsomely. He returned home empty–handed which made his wife angry. So he narrated the whole story’ to his wife. The wife couldn’t believe what he said. To test the truth, firstly she asked him to ask the fish for a new tub. The fisherman went and asked the fish for a new tub, the fish replied, “go back home, your wish will be granted’’.

When he went back home, he found ’ the new tub. This made his wife greedy. The wife again asked him to and ask the fish for a new’ house, he did so. The fish granted that wish also. Fisherman’s wife didn’t stop with this, she again asked for a marble palace, new dresses and servants. The fish granted them also, This made her w’onder if she could become a queen and rule over the whole earth. When the fisherman w ent and told the fish about this wish, it didn’t speak anything, but disappeared.

The fisherman came back to see that all they wished for were gone and his wife was washing clothes again in the old leaking tub.

4. Doorbell rang–Kumar opened the door–tall and well–dressed man stood before him–could not recognise–tall man spoke–Kumar recognised the voice–could not believe–Aravind returned–Aravind–elder brother–when young–scored poor marks–school teachers called parents–bad student–father furious–bet him–father angry–Aravind sad–runs away–father and mother search for Aravind–not found–police complaint–still not found–parents sad for long–forgot Aravind–Aravind returned–parents happy–arrangement for marriage.

Sunil, a youngster, was watching movie at his home. Doorbell rang and he went to look who it was. When he opened the door, he saw a well–dressed tall man standing in front of him. He could not recognise at first. When the man started talking, he suddenly recognised his voice and understood that his elder brother Aravind was standing in front of him. Aravind had run away when he was in school. He had scored poor marks in the examination and the teachers complained this to his parents. His dad was furious and when he returned home showed his anger on Aravind.

Aravind was so afraid and ran away from home. Parents were so worried and looked for him everywhere. He could be found nowhere. So, they made a police complaint. But they too couldn’t find him out. After so many years, Aravind has returned and he shared all his experiences. Mom and dad were so happy and proud that he has become a successful gentleman and was eager to get him married. All the relatives and neighbours gathered to celebrate the lost son’s homecoming.

5. Develop the hints given into a story of about 200 words.

A boy associates with bad company–father upset–makes a plan–brings apples–puts them in cup–board–places a rotten apple among them–all apples rots in a few days–boy realises–gives up bad company.

There was a good boy. Unfortunately he got associated with bad company. His behaviour changed drastically. He began to disobey his parents, roamed all day long in the company of bad boys and did not study. This upset his father. He tried his best to bring his son on the right path, but of no use.

One day, the father came up with a plan. He brought some fresh apples from the market. He also brought one rotten apple and mixed it with good ones. He said to his son to put all the apples in the cupboard and leave them for a few days. The son did so.

After a few days, the father asked his son to bring the apples. The son was shocked to find all the apples had got rotten. At this the father said to his son how one rotten apple spoiled all the good ones. Bad friends were just like bad apples. They would lead you into trouble. The father’s words had great impact on the son. He gave up bad company and became a good son once again.

6. A missionary–sitting in cottage near the sea–a woman came with a handful of sand dripping–woman says “my sins are countless as the sands of the sea”–woman unable to get over her guilt–missionary replies, “pile the sand and keep near the sea shore”–“tide will slowly wash it away”–God’s forgiveness works like this.

There was a missionary who stayed in a hut close to the sea. One day a woman from the village came carrying a handful of dripping sand which she picked from the beach. She looked very troubled. She asked the missionary, “Do you know what this is?” “It looks like sand”, replied the missionary calmly. “Do you know why I brought it here”, she asked. “No”, replied the missionary. “The sand grains indicate the number of sins that I have committed in my life”, said she. “Is it ever possible for me to receive forgiveness and live happily”, asked she. The missionary replied, “take the sand and place it near the sea shore, wait and watch how the tide comes in slowly wash it away. It can be seen no more. That is how God’s forgiveness works.

The Bible says: Even if your are stained red with sin, I will wash you as clean as snow.

7. Old couple–staying together–son abroad–one day got message from son–excitedly opened and read the letter–man becomes sad–wife asks why have you become sad–gives letter to wife–wife reads and become sad too–neighbour visits–sees the old couple sad–asks what happened–couple gives the letter to the neighbour–the neighbour reads–feels disappointed–son going to sell the house–asking parents to go to old–age home–neighbour sees photo and another letter–new villa–son asking mom and dad to come and live with him.

There lived an old couple and their son and his wife were settled abroad. One day they received a letter from his son. After reading the letter the old man became depressed. His wife observed this and enquired of what was written in the letter that has made him so sad. He gave the letter to his wife and asked her to read it for herself. When she read, she too became sad and both were worried of what would happen to them. The message was that, the son was asking the parents to vacate the house as he had made a deal to sell the house.

After a while their neighbour, Mr. Hari arrives asking them what had happened as their son had called him and seemed worried as they had not picked up his call. They gave him the letter and he too read the letter and was dismayed. Later he checked the envelope and found a photo of a villa with their parents name engraved in the name plate and a small note, asking their parents to move in with them in that big villa. The old couple were so delighted and thanked the neighbor.

8. A 5th standard child–got poor marks–classmates and teachers disregards him–boy shows report card to mom–mom worried–boy careless and taking sufficient efforts–mom schedules a time–table–boy disinterested to follow–mom strictly orders–boy accepts–follows mom’s instruction–becomes topper in class–classmates and teachers astonished–boy also overwhelmed–understands and follows mom’s good advice–now grown up and a neurosurgeon, author and politician–Benjamin Carson.

A child studying in 5th standard performed poorly, scored less and the teachers and classmates disregarded him. He takes his report card and shows it to his mom. Mom was worried and thought for herself that her son is talented enough but wasn’t taking enough efforts. She makes a time table for him to follow, asking him to do his daily homeworks and read extra books to improve knowledge.

The boy hesitates and tries to convince his mom to back up from this plan. Mother gives him strict orders to follow this time table and that there will be no change. Within few weeks he scores well and eventually becomes the topper. Everybody in his class were surprised and he himself was overwhelmed with his progress. He followed his mother’s advice and now that boy has grown into a well known neurosurgeon, author and a politician. He is none other than Benjamin Carson.

9. In the beginning of the world–all animals worked for man–except camel–animals complained to man–man asked him to work double time–animals angry–complained to Djinn–Djinn talked to the camel–camel merely said “Humph”–Djinn created the humph for the camel–camel could never get rid of that humph.

It was the beginning of the world. All animals worked for man except the camel. When the dog and horse asked the camel, he simply said ‘humph’. They took the matter to man. Man carefully listened to the complaint and decided not to waste his energy on the idle camel. Man made the other animals work double the time. The animals were infuriated by man’s unjust action.

They met the Djinn of the desert and complained. He met the camel and asked him why he did not join the other animals in the work. The camel said “Humph”. Djinn warned the camel of his rude behaviour and advised him to mend his ways. Despite the Djinn’s warning, he repeated “Humph”. Angered by the indifference of camel, the Djinn chanted some magic words and suddenly the camel grew a huge hump on its back. Now the camel is working but the hump stayed.

10. In England–an orphan Pip–one afternoon seized by the neck–fearful man–fetters in legs–was a convict–Pip pleaded not to cut his throat–convict asked for food and file–Pip ran to get them–convict freed himself–had food–boarded a ship to Australia–Pip grew up–dreamt of becoming a prosperous gentleman–highly educated–one day a man brought message–the convict died–made Pip the inheritor of his property–Pip realised–man with fetters–file and food years ago.

In England there was an orphan named Pip. One day as he was walking down the street, a man from back seized him by throat. Pip was frightened and pleaded the man not to cut his throat and kill him. Pip turned to see the man who seemed to be a convict with fetters in his legs. The man accepted Pip’s request if he would bring him a file and some food. Pip immediately ran to the market and bought what was demanded by the convict and gave it to him. The convict freed himself and had the food.

He boarded the ship to Australia and Pip never saw him again. Years passed by and Pip grew and he always dreamt of becoming a well educated and rich gentleman. One day as Pip was walking by, a man came and gave him a small piece of paper in which it was written that Pip was to come to Australia and inherit the property a convict had left. The convict was none other than the one whom he had given food and file years ago. Pip was overjoyed and immediately left to Australia.

Students can Download Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Construction of Dialogues, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Construction of Dialogues

1. Frame a dialogue with a minimum of ten exchanges for the given situation: Between a man and his wife discussing the arrangements to be made to celebrate their child’s third birthday.

Naina : Maya’s third birthday falls on 15th December.
Poomi : I do know.
Naina : We must celebrate it differently this year.
Poomi : How?
Naina : We must prepare food for 20 persons.
Poomi : No, we will order it from a mess.
Naina : No, we will assist our cook to prepare the food.
Poomi : Are we going to invite 20 persons here?
Naina : No, we will take the food to the nearest orphanage.
Poorni : We can let Maya see us serv ing the food.
Naina : She will also leam to be kind to fellow humans.
Poomi : Yes. It is a good idea.

2. Frame a dialogue with a minimum of ten exchanges for the given situation: Between two cricket players after their team lost a match very narrowly
Arjun : You should have hit the last ball for six,
Han : 1 did try but it got deflected.
Arjun : The first fifteen overs were very rewarding. We had even thought we’d win.
Han : Truc, but after the fall of Shikar’s wicket, things changed.
Arjun : Yes. I saw how wickets started falling in quick succession.
Han : The new bowler from Australia is doing wonders with the ball.
Arjun : Yes, even ¡ found some of the balls very tricky.
Han : He changes the length and combines spin bowling with medium pace bowling.
Han : His bowling only turned the game on Australia’s favour.
Arjun : 0k! We will beat them in the next match.
Han : Yes, we must.

3. Frame a dialogue with a minimum of ten exchanges for the given situation: You have joined a new school. You meet a student. Introduce yourself and make friends with that student, requesting him/her to accompany you to school and back.
Myself : Hai, I am Swetha, a new student in your school.
Student : Oh, I see. In which class?
Myself : XIA section. May I know your sweet name?
Student : I am Radhika. I am a standard-X student. But my sister Anitha is there in
your class. I drop in to see her sometimes. When I don’t have special classes, we go home together.
Myself : When do you leave for school daily?
Student : 8.20 am.
Myself : Will you please allow me to join you?
Student : Certainly, I will.
Myself : Thank you, Radhika. It’s so kind of you.
Student : You are most welcome.

4. Frame a dialogue with a minimum of ten exchanges for the given situation: Between house owner and a tenant about hike of rent.
House owner : Mr. Ramesh, I wish to remind you that from this month you have to give 1000 rupees more rent.
Ram : Why Sir?
House owner : That’s what the rent agreement says.
Ram : Sir, there’s mosquito menace.
House owner : You need to protect yourself from it.
Ram : You need to cover the windows with netlon.
House owner : It will cost about Rs. 2000/
Ram : Can’t you do it as the owner of the house?
House owner : I can do it if you share 50% of the cost.
Ram : O.K. In that case, you postpone the rent hike to next year.
House owner : No, that’s not possible. You better find a new home then.
Ram : What?

5. Frame a dialogue with a minimum of ten exchanges for the given situation: Between a bank manager and a student who wants to open a bank account
Keerthi : Sir. 1 want to open a Savings account in your bank.
Manager : What for?
Keerthi : It is for my loan purpose, Sir.
Manager : Is it an educational Loan?
Keerthi : Yes, Sir.
Manager : GoodS Do you have a Ration Card?
Keerthi : Yes, Sir.
Manager : You should have some money for initial deposit say Rs 500 or Rs 1000/-.
Keerthi : Sure, Sir.
Manager : 0K. Take this application. Fill it in and bring 2 photographs.
Keerthi : Certainly. Thank you very much, Sir.

6. Frame a dialogue with a minimum of ten exchanges for the given situation: Between a book seller and a student.
Bookseller : Which book do you want?
Ravi : I want you to replace this dictionary.
Bookseller : Why?
Ravi : Few pages are tom, Sir.
Bookseller : Why didn’t you check it before leaving?
Ravi : I did check.
Bookseller : Then?
Ravi : At that time, I could not locate the problem.
Bookseller : Flave you brought the bill?
Ravi : Yes, Sir. Flere is it.
Bookseller : OK, take this new dictionary’.

7. Frame a dialogue with a minimum of ten exchanges for the given situation: Sheela enters a Jewel shop. Build a dialogue between her and the salesman.

Salesman : Welcome. What do you want?
Sheethal : I want a bracelet, Sir.
Salesman : Okay. Do you want bracelet with stones?
Sheethal : Yes, with latest design.
Salesman : No problem. Please tell me if you want to use it for everyday use or for social functions.
Sheethal : I want one for social occasions.
Salesman : Then, please try these. They are the best in Tamil Nadu.
Sheethal : I like this one. How much does it cost?
Salesman : It costs Rs. 39,999 /-
Sheethal : Please pack it up for me, Sir.

8. Frame a dialogue with a minimum of ten exchanges for the given situation: A college student is looking for buying Microbiology books. Build a conversation between the bookseller and the college student.

Droov : ExcusemeSir.
Bookseller : Good morning, welcome, Sir.
Droov : 1 want to buy some engineering books.
Bookseller : Which subject’?
Droov : Medical Microbiology books?
Bookseller : Title of the book?
Droov : Jawetz Melnick&Adelbergs Medical Microbiology.
Bookseller : We have the book with 4 different editions. Tell me the edition.
Droov : 4th edition.
Bookseller : Here il is. Pay Rs. 1096/-. Do you need any other books? We do seel second hand books which arc little cheaper.
Droov : Oh yes 1 need I need Statistics books too.
Bookseller : Here they are. It is only Rs. 500/-.

9. Frame a dialogue with a minimum of ten exchanges for the given situation: Build a dialogue between a mother of two babies and a doctor on the ways to prevent Dengue fever
Mother : Good evening, Doctor.
Doctor : Good evening. Anything wrong with your health?
Mother : No, Doctor; I am as fit as a fiddle.
Doctor : Then what brings you here?
Mother : In my neighbourhood. Dengue fever is spreading very fast.
Doctor : So, you want me to suggest some preventive medicines.
Mother : Yes doctor.
Doctor : If you take your kids to the Government Hospital, it will be free.
Mother : After the death of 60 babies in the Government Hospital in UP
Doctor : Come on. In Tamil Nadu, Government Hospitals are doing a great job.
However, if you want to have vaccination in my clinic, bring 1500 rupees tomorrow evening. We will get your kids the vaccination.
Mother : Thank you, Doctor.
Doctor : You are most welcome.

10. Frame a dialogue with a minimum of ten exchanges for the given situation: A dialogue between two girls after NEET results.
Priya : Why are you crying?
Neetha : I lost my chance to join medicine just by two marks.
Priya : Don’t be upset.
Neetha : Do you know how hard I worked?
Priya : I know’, Priya.
Neetha : I dreamt of joining AIIMS in New Delhi.
Priya : For a brilliant student like you, is medicine the only option?
Neetha : Of course not.
Priya : Then why do you worry?
Neetha : I delayed preparation believing that we will get waiver from NEET.
Priya : Don’t worry, we will talk to J.P. Gandhi Sir and explore other options
suitable to your talents and attitude.
Neetha : OK.

Students can Download English Poem 6 Incident of the French Camp Questions and Answers, Summary, Activity, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Solutions Supplementary Chapter 6 Remember Caesar (Play)

Warm up

Study the title of the play “Remember Caesar”. Who is Caesar? What is he remembered for? Let us go through the pages of history succinctly to answer the above questions.

• Julius Caesar was a brilliant military general and great Roman monarch.
• He was bom on the 13th of July in 100 BC (BCE).
• He created the Julian calendar which is the basis for todays calendar.
• He was assassinated by a group of Roman senators in 44 BC(BCE).
• The day that Julius Caesar was murdered,
• 15 March, was called the Ides of March in ancient Rome.

1. Complete the summary of the play, choosing the appropriate words from the list given below the passage.

Lord Weston was a(1) _____ judge in England. Being pompous and vain, he told his secretary Roger that he had attained glory by hard work and (2) _____ He expressed his displeasure over Roger’s request for a half-holiday. Suddenly, he discovered a piece of paper with the words (3) _____ in his pocket, and he feared that the message was a warning conveyed by his enemies who had received legal punishments from him. As the message was sent on the 15th of March, (the day Julius Caesar was assassinated), he was (4) _____ that someone affected by his fair judgement was plotting his murder. Sensing the definite attack, Lord Weston ordered his secretary to (5) _____ all the doors and windows. But his wife remained (6) _____ by the threat. So, Lord Weston was angered by her (7) _____ reaction. He ordered Roger to send the cook and the (8) _____ away. Both Weston and Roger took elaborate precautionary measures to thwart the (9) _____ attempt. Finally, Weston was able to recollect that he had written the message “Remember Caesar” himself as a (10) _____ Caesar was actually a gardener who had an appointment to visit Weston’s garden. The play revolves around Weston’s absentmindedness which is the crux of the play.
Answer:

1. well-known
2. zealous service
3. Remember Caesar
4. convinced
5. shut
6. unperturbed
7. callous
8. gardener
9. assassination
10. reminder

2. Based on your understanding of the text, answer the following questions briefly.

Question (а)
How did Lord Weston describe himself?
Answer:
Lord Weston claimed that he had won his honours by hard work and zealous service. He is acknowledged as the most impartial judge in England.

Question (b)
How did Roger react to Lord Weston’s advice?
Answer:
Roger was jolted from his self-indulgent absent mindedness. He made a calculated guess that Mr. Weston must have recounted his rise to success and advised him to emulate his hard work and zealous service. When Mr. Weston was busy advising, Roger had resumed his work of taking notes.

Question (c)
What made Lord Weston think that his life was in danger?
Answer:
Lord Weston dug out a scrap of paper from his coat pocket. He imagined that it should have been placed by some unknown adversary. The words “Remember Caesar” reminded him of the Ides of March when Caesar was assassinated. Unfortunately, it was also the 15th of March. So, Mr. Weston deduced that he was likely to be assassinated on that day by someone who got punished through him in the court.

Question (d)
Why was the speaker keen to know what day it was?
Answer:
The speaker was keen to connect the scrap of paper with the Ides of March.

Question (e)
Mention the immediate steps taken by Lord Weston to protect himself from his assassin.
Answer:
He had all the doors except the kitchen bolted and locked from within. He wanted to diffuse allegedly a parcel deemed to contain a bomb, by keeping it soaked completely in a pail of water. He ordered the gardener to sit under the Ilex tree so that snipers can’t have access point to shoot at him. He sent all the servants away.

Question (f)
Do you think that Lady Weston did not care about the threat to her husband? State reasons.
Answer:
Lady Weston did not care much about the threat to her husband because she does not believe in the seriousness of the threat. She wanted to remove the portrait of his aunt from gun shot point so that Mr. Weston’s property is saved. She says only big people get assassinated. The assassination, if it happens, will make Mr. Weston great. She wants to let the grocer in. She is cool headed throughout the play.

Question (g)
How did Lord Weston ‘defuse’ the ‘infernal machine’?
Answer:
Lord Weston asked Roger to bring the pail of water, he placed the parcel of infernal machine inside. It floated. To drown it, Mr. Weston used some books.

Question (h)
Whose life was of ‘great value’ to England? In what way?
Answer:
According to Roger, Mr. Weston’s life was of great value. He was the most well-known and most impartial judge in England.

Question (i)
Why did the speaker consider his life less important?
Answer:
The speaker considered his life less important as he was just an assistant of Mr. Weston.

Question (j)
Who reminded Lord Weston about Mr. Caesar?
Answer:
Mr. Roger reminded Mr. Weston of the appointment made between him and Mr. Caesar regarding rose trees. He had come to discuss the deal on planting rose trees in his garden.

Question (k)
What was the truth about the crumpled piece of paper?
Answer:
Judge Weston himself had written “Remember Caesar” to remind himself about the appointment on 15th March with that gardener.

Question (l)
Bring out the irony in the message “Remember Caesar”.
Answer:
The message “Remember Caesar” was written by judge Weston. He himself forgot the context in which he had written it. Being an absent-minded fellow, he thought it was a coded message informing him of a w ell-thought out assassination on the Ides of March.

Additional Questions

Question (a)
Why did Mr. Weston rebuke Mr. Roger for asking half-a-day leave?
Answer:
Roger had availed half a day leave only the previous month. Mr. Weston thought that he was trying to have needless leisure time. So, he rebuked him.

Question (b)
How did Roger convince Mr. Weston of the need to avail half a day leave?
Answer:
Mr. Roger said that he wanted to interview the clerk of Awards Committee and find out why he had not sent the document. Thus he convinced his boss of the need for half a day leave.

Question (c)
Why did the judge link the words “Remember Caesar” to Ides of March?
Answer:
Julius Caesar was assassinated on the Ides of March. “Remember Caesar” took him to the scene of assassination.

Question (d)
What according to Weston is the beginning of greatness?
Answer:
According to Weston, attention to detail is the beginning of greatness.

Question (e)
How does Weston justify the cause for the impending assassination?
Answer:
For an instrument of justice (i.e.) judge over men sooner or later revenge awaits. And the juster ‘ a judge has been, the more fearless, so much greater will be the hate that pursues.

Question (f)
Why does Weston want to thank them for the warning?
Answer:
Mr. Weston wants to thank them for the warning given because it helped him in making sure that even if he may die before his time, he won’t die on 15th March. As there was time to bar doors and take preventive actions.

3. Based on your understanding of the play, complete the Graphic Organiser (GO)

Answer:

4. Answer the following questions in a paragraph about 150 words each.

Question (a)
“Remember Caesar” is a light hearted comedy. Discuss the statement in a group and identify various aspects such as title, plot and characterisation that contribute to the humour in the play.
Answer:
Remember Caesar is a light hearted comedy. The name Caesar is the name of a tragic hero Julius Caesar in one of the plays of William Shakespeare. Weston gives an appointment to Mr. Caesar to discuss rose tree planting work in his garden. Just to remind him of the proffered appointment, he scribbles two words “Remember Caesar” and keeps that scrap of paper in his coat pocket. Roger, the assistant of the judge elevates him to the level of a tragic hero. He flatters the judge that his death could be a great loss to England as he was a great impartial judge whose integrity could not be bargained or bribed. Mrs. Weston’s entry lightens up the whole drama and the tragedy transitions into a dark comedy. Lady Weston keeps hinting about earlier attempts when he was eating a game pie.

She becomes seriously playful when she says, “you’ve ahvays w’anted to be a great man and now you’ve got your wish. They don’t assassinate nobodies.” She cool-headedly tells her husband that he can stay indoors and have drinks. Lady Weston asks her husband if someone was planning to murder him. He says, “obviously”. She gives a curt retort, “I wonder someone hasn’t done it long ago. A great many people must hate judges. And you are a strict judge, they say.” When Weston says he has instructed Roger to barricade all doors, her immediate worry is about the grocery awaited. She asks if he was expecting both French and Dutch together in the attempt to assassinate. When Weston asks if a little pepper was more important to her than her husband’s life, she says that he would be the first person to complain if the bread was short and the gravy thin. The cook disobeys the order. She has never been “behind the bars”. She will handle any one who enters by the kitchen. A judge and his assistant want the door locked but a cook is not afraid. Lady Weston doesn’t want to send away the cook. She is practical. She w’ants her to stay back to cook his pet dishes.

Lady Weston brings a handful of candles to keep the room lit if Mr. Weston has to stay underground for a while. A velvet coat is construed as an infernal machine that could blow up the whole place is smothered with books inside a pail of w ater to the great annoyance of Lady Weston. She casually reminds her husband that doctor disapproves of excitement. It was only on this account, Lady Weston bears the nonsense and whimsical behaviour of Mr. Weston. The arrival of Mr. Caesar only sorts out the knot. The judge remembers to meet Mr. Caesar on 15th March.

Question (b)
Compare the character traits of Lord Weston and his wife.
Answer:
Lord Weston is a well established judge. He is respected for being the most impartial judge in England. He is inflated with pride on his success as a judge. He keeps on advising Roger about diligence, courage and attention to details to climb the ladder of success. He reprimands him for seeking half a day leave. When Roger qualifies his request with the purpose of interviewing the clerk Mr. Clays to get the data required for his case. A scrap of paper upsets him. He reads it out “Remember Caesar”. Mr. Weston interprets those two words as “death warrant”. Mrs. Weston doesn’t take those words as any threat to anybody. But the judge senses something evil. He declares some illiterate must have scribbled those words. He deduces that a pirate he

had punished or the offenders in the treason case could be behind the conspiracy to eliminate him. His undue fear of ‘velvet coat parcel’ is really comic. His wife’s efforts to be normal provokes him. She casually indicates that she was wondering why he was not assassinated earlier as he must have won the hatred of many law breakers. She is a charming woman and an excellent housewife. But one is never sure how much intelligence and sweet malice there lies behind her practical simplicity. She teasingly says were she to shoot him, she would choose the ilex tree as it had thick foliage to hide any sniper and still give him enough room to aim at the judge. Mrs. Weston mocks at Weston’s idea of shutting all the doors leaving large space at the roof. When someone knocks it is she who tells Weston that it could be some perfectly innocent person. She is right. It was an innocent Caesar who he had agreed to meet on that day. Mrs. Weston is more practical and level headed than Mr. Weston.

(c) Group Work

The play revolves around a ‘perceived threat’ and how Lord Weston and Lady Weston react to it. Let’s reverse their roles. Imagine a panic-stricken Lady Weston and a frivolous Lord Weston. Read the following piece of dialogue from the play and rewrite it to suit the changed roles.

LADY WESTON: My dear, your life is in grave danger and you are being so cool. WESTON : Don’t worry. Nothing will happen to me.
LADY WESTON: How can you be so sure? I found this small scrap of paper “Remember Caesar” and it doesn’t look like a joke to me.
WESTON : (Ha! Ha! Ha!) My dear lady, this is also another hoax. Why do you make a fuss asking the servants to bar and bolt the doors.
LADY WESTON: Why do you laugh?
WESTON : What else do I do dear lady? I had fixed an appointment with Mr. Caesar to meet me today to discuss about planting rose trees in our garden as you had wished.
LADY WESTON: Oh! How could I have misunderstood the whole thing! So silly of me.

Remember Caesar (Play) About The Author

Gordon Daviot (1896 – 1952) is the pen name of Miss. Elizabeth McKintosh, a Scottish born novelist and playwright. She served educational institutions in England and Scotland as a physical education instructor and soon took to writing novels under another pseudonym Josephine Tey.

Remember Caesar (Play) Summary in English

Introduction
This one act play is a parody of Julius Caesar sans the tragic element in it. Lord Weston, a well-established judge is vain. He almost always boasts of his diligence and zealous service to the society. His assistant Roger is bored as a result of having been forced to listen to his tale of success often exposing his inflated ego. With his inflated ego, Judge Weston mistakes the scribbled words “Remember Caesar” to be a threat to his life.The comedy unfolds as the man called Caesar makes his appearance in the end to discuss rose trees to be planted. “Remember Caesar” is a Parody on William Shakespeare’s “Julius Caesar”.

Sermon on diligence
In the beginning of the play Roger demands half-day leave and that was enough for the judge to start his sermon 1 on the value of hard work and his standing in the society as an impartial judge. Roger conveniently switches off; his attention and pretends to take notes of  the instructions of the judge. The judge I almost catches in his self-indulgent j absent-mindedness. Roger escapes by the skin of his teeth by just rewinding from his memory the of-repeated j story of his success. He hoodwinks the judge as to the purpose of his demand for half-a-day leave by saying that he wanted to personally interview the award committee as to why they had not forwarded the documents. The judge was quite impressed. The judge asked him to walk to Mr. Clay’s office in the afternoon. He reiterated that diligence, courage and attention to details are required to cultivate an orderly mind. Without an orderly mind no man can hope to excel in any learned profession.

An assassination note
At this juncture, he takes out a crumpled paper from his court pocket. While smoothening the rough paper he insisted j that attention to detail was the beginning ! of greatness. He reads two words “Remember Caesar”. His scholarly mind j connects Caesar to Ides of March and ; the most acted out scene of assassination in Shakespeare’s play “Julius Caesar”.As a coincidence that particular day turns out to be 15th March when Caesar was assassinated by senators. Roger senses the premonition of the boss about a possible assassination. Both discuss the cases in which the strict judgement had angered the affected parties. Roger takes the opportunity to flatter his boss saying that he is always strict. But the judge says the law’s of England are strict.

Mrs. Weston’s sense of humour
When Mrs. Weston hears about it, she tries to play the fool to satisfy the inflated ego of her husband. But she remembers to crack wise jokes all along. She hints that assassins try to hit only famous persons. She allows him to ruin the velvet coat by letting him soak it in a pail of water assuming that parcel would be a bomb to blow him up. When Weston brandishes the gun, she marks it as a poor attempt to foil the assassin by shooting oneself. She obeys the commands of her husband and closes all the doors except the kitchen because the maid is unperturbed by any threat. She is confident of handling any assassin. The ilex tree top gives an ideal location to shoot Mr. Weston according to Mrs. Weston. So, Mrs. Weston orders Joel, the gardener to stay under the ilex tree until further orders.

Comic relief
It was only when one of Weston’s friends called Caesar comes to discuss about rose trees, he recalls that the writing on the paper was his own. He had falsely imagined the short ugly man who dashed against him to have kept it inside his pocket. Lady Weston apologises for having made a statement that an illiterate had made a venomous scribbling in the paper. Roger achieves spending the whole day doing nothing by flattering the boss that his safety was his priority and he could think of other things after he comes out safe.

Conclusion
People who think highly of themselves become butt of ridicule when they stretch their imagination too far.

Remember Caesar (Play) Summary in Tamil

முன்னுரை:
இந்த ஓரங்க நாடகம் உலகப் புகழ் பெற்ற நாடக ஆசிரியர் வில்லியம் ஷேக்ஸ்பியர் எழுதிய “ஜுலியஸ் சீசர்” என்ற வரலாற்றுத் துயர நாடகத்தை நையாண்டி செய்து எழுதப்பட்ட நகைச்சுவை நாடகம் ஆகும். திரு. வெஸ்டன் என்பவர் ஓர் பெருமை மிக்க நீதிபதி ஆவார். எப்போதும் தமது அறிவாற்றல், உழைப்பு மற்றும் சமூ கத்துக்கு தான் ஆற்றிவரும் ஆர்வமுள்ள சேவை பற்றி தம்பட்டம் அடித்துக் கொள்வார். அவரது தற்பெருமைக் கதைகளைத் தினமும் கேட்டு அவரது அலுவலக உதவியாளர் ரோஜர் களைப்படைந்து விட்டார். ரோஜா கன்றுகளை நடுவதற்காக சீசர் விவாதிக்க – முடிவெடுப்பதில் அவருடைய தோற்றத்தில் | நகைச்சுவை வெளிப்படுகிறது. ‘Remember Caesar’என்பது, வில்லியம் சேக்ஸ்பியர் எழுதிய ‘Julius Caesar’ என்பதன் நையாண்டி நாடகம்.

ஊக்கம், சுறுசுறுப்பு, உழைப்பு பற்றிய உபதேசம்
நாடகத்தின் துவக்கத்தில் ரோஜர் வெஸ்டன் அவர்களிடம் அரை நாள் சிறுவிடுப்புக் கேட்கிறார். இந்த ஒரு நிகழ்வே தமது வாழ்க்கைப் பயணத்தைப் பற்றியும், கடின உழைப்பின் தேவை மற்றும் பாரபட்சமில்லாமல் தீர்ப்பு வழங்கும் தமது அளப்பறிய திறன் பற்றியும் சொற்பொழிவு நிகழ்த்தப் போதுமானதாக இருந்தது. ரோஜர் தனது அறிவுத்திறனை புறம் தள்ளிவைத்து விட்டு இயந்திரகதியாக நீதிபதி சொல்வதைக் குறிப்பெடுப்பது போல் பாசாங்கு செய்து கொண்டிருக்கிறார். நீதிபதி ரோஜரின் பாசாங்கைக் கண்டுபிடித்து தான் எதைப் பற்றிப் பேசியதாகக் கேட்கிறார். வழக்கமாக அவர் பாடும் பல்லவியாகத் தான் அது இருக்க வேண்டும் எனச் சரியாக யூகித்த ரோஜர், “அய்யா தாங்கள் வெற்றியை எப்படி அடைந்தீர்கள் என விவரித்துக் கொண்டிருந்தீர்கள்” எனச் சொல்கிறார். அரைநாள் விடுப்பு கேட்ட காரணமாக ஓர் பொய்யை ரோஜர் சொல்லி நீதிபதியை சுலபமாக ஏமாற்றுகிறார். வெகுமதிக் குழுவின் ஆவணங்களை நேரில் பேசி வாங்கத்தான் விடுப்புக் கேட்டதாகச் சொல்லுகிறார். இதனால் அகமகிழ்ந்த நீதிபதி வெஸ்டன் மதிய வேளையில் அவர் திரு. க்ளே அவர்களது அலுவலகத்திற்கு ரோஜர் சென்று வருவதில் தனக்கு எந்த மறுப்பும் இல்லை எனத் தெளிவு படுத்துகிறார். ஓர் சமநிலையான மனதை உருவாக்கிக் கொள்ள தளரா ஊக்கமும், வீரமும் சிறு விவரங்களின் மீது அதீதமான கவனமும் செலுத்த வேண்டும் என வெஸ்டன் அறிவுரை பகன்றார். சீர்நிலையில் உள்ள மனமே எந்த ஓர் தொழிலிலும் கைதேர்ந்தவர்களாக வளர உதவும் எனவும் அவர் கூறினார்.

படுகொலை குறிப்பு
அந்த நேரம் வெஸ்டன் தனது மேற்சட்டைப் பையில் கசங்கிய ஒரு காகிதத்துண்டை எடுக்கிறார். அந்த காகிதத்தை சிரத்தையோடு சீர்படுத்திக் கொண்டிருக்கும் போது ரோஜரிடம் சொல்கிறார், “சிறு விபரங்களிலும் முழுக் கவனம் செலுத்துவது ஓர் தலைசிறந்த மனிதராவதற்கு ஆரம்பம் ஆகும் . அந்தக் காகிதத்தில் “சீசரை மறக்காதே” என்ற இரண்டே வார்த்தைகள் கிறுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. யாரோ படிப்பறிவில்லாதவனின் கிறுக்கல் அது எனச் சொன்னாலும் அது சீசர் மார்ச் 15 ஆம் நாள் தனது சகாக்கலாலேயே கொலை செய்யப்பட்டதை நினைவூட்டுகிறது. அன்று என்ன தேதி என ரோஜரிடம் அவர் கேட்கிறார்.) மார்ச் பதினைந்து என்று அவர் சொன்னவுடன் தனது முதலாளிக்கும் சீசருக்கு ஏற்பட்ட துயரம் ஏற்படுவதற்கான ஓர் அபாய எச்சரிக்கையாகவே ரோஜரும் அந்தக் கிறுக்கலை நம்புகிறார். சமீபத்திய தீர்ப்புகளையும் அவற்றால் பாதிப்புள்ளாகி கோபத்தில் இருக்கும் நபர்களைப் பற்றி இருவரும் பேசிக் கொள்கிறார்கள்.

திருமதி வெஸ்டன் அவர்களின் நகைச்சுவை உணர்வு
திருமதி வெஸ்டன் இந்தச் செய்தியைக் கேள்விப் பட்டவுடன் கணவனது தற்பெருமை உணர்வைக் காயப்படுத்த வேண்டாமே என எண்ணி நடக்கும் சம்பவங்களை மனதிற்குள் இரசித்த படியே வலம் வருகிறார். அரசியல் படுகொலைகள் பெரும்பாலும் தலைசிறந்த பெருந்தலைவர்களை நோக்கியே திட்டமிட்டு நிகழ்த்தப்படும். எனவே, வெஸ்டன் பெரும் புள்ளியென்று நிரூபிக்க ஓர் வாய்ப்புள்ளதாக அவருக்கு வாழ்த்துத் தெரிவிக்கிறார். விலையுயர்ந்த வெல்வெட் மேற்சட்டை (coat) வந்த பொட்டலத்தை தம்மைக் கொலை செய்ய அனுப்பப்பட்ட குண்டாக இருக்கலாம் |என அஞ்சி அதை வாளித் தண்ணீரில் புதைக்க முயற்சி செய்து புத்தங்களை வைத்து அமுக்கும் போது அதைத் தடுக்க இயலாமல் மனதுக்குள் வைத்துக் கொண்டு திருமதி, வெஸ்டன் புலம்புகிறார். கணவர் கையில் துப்பாக்கியைப் பார்த்தவுடன், திருமதி. வெஸ்டன் “அரசியல் படுகொலையைத் தடுக்க துப்பாக்கியால் உங்களை நீங்களே சுட்டுக் கொள்ளாதீர்கள்” என விஷமமாக அறிவுரை கூறுகிறார். கணவன் கட்டளையை நிறைவேற்ற அனைத்துக் கதவுகளையும் அடைத்து விடுகிறார். ஆனால் சமையல்காரி சமையல் அறைக் கதவை மூட அனுமதி மறுக்கிறார். யார் வந்தாலும் தன்னால் தனியே சமாளிக்க முடியும் என அவர் கூறி விடுகிறார். திருமதி. வெஸ்டன் அவர்கள் தமது தோட்டத்தில் உள்ள இலெக்ஸ் (அடர்த்தியான இலைகளைக் கொண்டது) மர உச்சியில் இருந்து திரு. வெஸ்டன் அவர்களை சுடுவது எளிது எனக் கிண்டலாகக் கூறுகிறார். உடனே வெஸ்டன் அவர்களது உத்தரவுப்படி தோட்டக்காரரை மரத்தடியில் அமருமாறு திருமதி. வெஸ்டன் கூறுகிறார்

நகைச்சுவையான முடிவு
மூடப்பட்ட கதவை யாரோ ஓங்கித் தட்டுவது கேட்கிறது. ரோஜர் ஓர் நாற்காலி மற்றும் அதன் மேல் ஓர் முக்காலியைக் போட்டு ஏறி யார் எனப் பார்க்கிறார். ரோசா மரம் பதியம் போடுவது பற்றி நீதிபதி வெஸ்டன் ஏற்கனவே சந்திக்க ஒப்புக் கொண்ட அவரது தோழர்களுள் ஒருவரான சீசர் வந்திருக்கிறார். இதைக் கேள்விப்பட்ட பின்பே நீதிபதிக்கு தானே கிறுக்கியத் தாளைப் பார்த்து இவ்வளவு பீதியடைந்திருக்கத் தேவையில்லை என உணருகிறார். கணவரின் குற்றவுணர்வைக் குறைக்க அவரே சொன்ன “யாரோ படிப்பறிவில்லாதவன் விஷமத்தனமாக கிறுக்கியுள்ளான்” என்பதைத் தான் சொன்னதாக மன்னிப்புக் கோருகிறார்.

முடிவுரை
ரோஜர் ஒரு வேலையும் செய்யாமல் | முதலாளியின் பாதுகாப்பே தனக்கு முக்கியம் எனக் கூறி தனது முதலாளியைப் புகழ்ந்து ஒரு நாள் முழுவதையும் வீணடிக்கிறார்.

Remember Caesar (Play) Glossary

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