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Students can Download Tamil Nadu 12th Computer Science Model Question Paper 4 English Medium Pdf, Tamil Nadu 12th Computer Science Model Question Papers helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

TN State Board 12th Computer Science Model Question Paper 4 English Medium

General Instructions:

1. The question paper comprises of four parts.
2. You are to attempt all the parts. An internal choice of questions is provided wherever applicable.
3. All questions of Part I, II, III and IV are to be attempted separately.
4. Question numbers 1 to 15 in Part I are Multiple Choice Questions of one mark each.
   These are to be answered by choosing the most suitable answer from the given four alternatives and writing the option code and the corresponding answer
5. Question numbers 16 to 24 in Part II are two-mark questions. These are to be answered in about one or two sentences.
6. Question numbers 25 to 33 in Part III are three-mark questions. These are to be answered in about three to five short sentences.
7. Question numbers 34 to 38 in Part IV are five-mark questions. These are to be answered in detail Draw diagrams wherever necessary.

Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 70

PART – I

Choose the correct answer. Answer all the questions [15 x 1 = 15]

Question 1.
If the function is not a recursive one, then is used.
(a) abc
(b) gcd
(c) let
(d) let rec
Answer:
(c) let

Question 2.
The process of providing only the essentials and hiding the details is called
(a) modularity
(b) structure
(c) tuple
(d) abstraction
Answer:
(d) abstraction

Question 3.
All members in a python class are by default.
(a) private
(b) public
(c) protected
(d) local
Answer:
(b) public

Question 4.
………… is a simple sorting algorithm.
(a) binary
(b) bubble
(c) selection
(d) insertion
Answer:
(b) bubble

Question 5.
………… is an example for octal integers.
(a) 102
(b) 08
(c) 0432
(d) 0 × 43
Answer:
(c) 0432

Question 6.
Which of the following operator is used for concatenation?
(a) +
(b) &
(c) *
(d) =
Answer:
(c) *

Question 7.
…………… function returns the sum of values in a list.
(a) sum
(b) total
(c) tot
(d) ε
Answer:
(a) sum

Question 8.
GIS stands for…………
(a) Geographic Information System
(b) Grap Individual System
(c) Graph Information System
(d) Global Information System
Answer:
(a) Geographic Information System

Question 9.
The default sorting order is…………..
(a) top
(b) bottom
(c) ascending
(d) descending
Answer:
(c) ascending

Question 10.
getopt mode is given by………..
(a) ;
(b) =
(c) #
(d) :
Answer:
(d) :

Question 11.
Which operators are used to fitter records based on more than one condition?
(a) AND
(b) NOT
(c) OR
(d) a & c
Answer:
(d) a & c

Question 12.
Which key is used to run the module?
(a) F6
(b) F4
(c) F3
(d) F5
Answer:
(d) F5

Question 13.
……… is used to add the elements in the list.
(a) add
(b) insert
(c) append
(d) update
Answer:
(c) append

Question 14.
The clause used to sort data in a database ..
(a) sort by
(b) order by
(c) group by
(d) select
Answer:
(b) order by

Question 15.
Which of the following method is used as destructor?
(a) _init_( )
(b) _dest-( )
(c) _rem_( )
(d) _del_( )
Answer:
(d) _del_( )

PART – II

Answer any six questions. Question No. 21 is compulsory. [6 x 2 = 12]

Question 16.
What are the two types of parameter passing?
Answer:

1. Parameter without type
2. Parameter with type

Question 17.
What is mapping?
Answer:
The process of binding a variable name with an object is called mapping. = (equal to sign) is used in programming languages to map the variable and object.

Question 18.
Write note on delimiters.
Answer:
Python uses the symbols and symbol combinations as delimiters in expressions, lists, dictionaries and strings. Following are the delimiters.

Question 19.
Write note on range () in loop.
Answer:
Usually in Python, for loop uses the range() function in the sequence to specify the initial, final and increment values. range() generates a list of values starting from start till stop-1.

Question 20.
What are the two methods of passing arguments in variable length arguments?
Answer:
In Variable Length arguments we can pass the arguments using two methods.

1. Non keyword variable arguments
2. Keyword variable arguments

Question 21.
Write program to remove duplicates from a list.
Answer:
Method 1:
mylist = [2, 4, 6, 8, 8, 4, 10]
myset = set(mylist)
print(myset)
Output:
{2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

Method II:
def remove(duplicate):
final_list=[]
for num in duplicate:
if num not in final list:
finallist.append(num)
return final_list
duplicate = [2, 4, 10, 20, 5, 2, 20, 4]
print(remove(duplicate))
Output:
[2, 4, 10, 20, 5]

Question 22.
List some examples of RDBMS.
Answer:
SQL server, Oracle, mysql, MariaDB, SQLite.

Question 23.
Write note on drop table command.
Answer:
Drop table command is used to remove a table from the database.
DROP TABLE Student;

Question 24.
Write note on scripting language.
Answer:
A scripting language is a programming language designed for integrating and communicating with other programming languages. Some of the most widely used scripting languages are JavaScript, VBScript, PHP, Perl, Python, Ruby, ASP and Tel.

PART – III

Answer any six questions. Question No. 29 is compulsory. [6 x 3 = 18]

Question 25.
Give the syntax for getopt module.
Answer:
The syntax for this method
<opts>, <args>= getopt.getopt( argv, options, [long_options])
Here is the detail of the parameters –

Question 26.
Differentiate Concrete data type and abstract data type.

Question 27.
Write note on Asymptotic notation.
Answer:
Asymptotic Notations:
Asymptotic Notations are languages that uses meaningful statements about time and space complexity.
1. Big O: Big O is often used to describe the worst-case of an algorithm.

2. Big Ω: Big Omega is the reverse Big O, if Big O is used to describe the upper bound (worst – case) of a asymptotic function, Big Omega is used to describe the lower bound (best-case).

3. Big Θ: When an algorithm has a complexity with lower bound = upper bound, say that an algorithm has a complexity O (n log n) and Ω (n log n), it’s actually has the complexity Θ (n log n), which means the running time of that algorithm always falls in n log n in the best-case and worst-case.

Question 28.
What are string literals? Explain.
Answer:
String Literals
In Python a string literal is a sequence of characters surrounded by quotes. Python supports single, double and triple quotes for a string. A character literal is a single character surrounded by single or double quotes. The value with triple-quote ”’ ”’ is used to give multi-line string literal.
strings = “This is Python”
char = “C”
multiline_str = ‘”This is a multiline string with more than one line code.”‘

Question 29.
Write a program to display Fibonacci Series 0 1 1 2 3 5………….. (upto n terms)
Answer:
nterms = int(input(“How many terms?”))
n1 = 0
n2 = 1
count = 2
# check if the number of terms is valid
if nterms <= 0:
print(“please enter a positive integer”)
elif nterms ==1:
print(“Fibonacci sequence :”)
print (n1)
else:
print(“Fibonacci sequence : “)
print (n1, “, “, n2, end = “,”)
while count < nterms:
nth = n1 + n2
print(nth, end = ‘,’)
n1 = n2
n2 = nth
count + = 1
Output:
How many terms? 10
Fibonacci sequence:
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34

Question 30.
Write the different types of function?
Answer:

1. User-defined Functions
2. Built-in Functions
3. Lambda Functions
4. Recursion Functions

Question 31.
Write a note on pow( ) function.
Answer:
pow ()
Description: Returns the computation of ab i.e. (a**b ) a raised to the power of b.
Syntax : pow (a, b)
Example:
a = 5
b = 2
c = 3.0
print (pow (a,b))
print (pow (a,c))
print (pow (a+b, 3))
Output:
25
125.0
343

Question 32.
Write a note on Return Statement.
Answer:

1. The return statement causes your function to exit and returns a value to its caller. The point of functions in general is to take inputs and return something.
2. The return statement is used when a function is ready to return a value to its caller. So, only . one return statement is executed at run time even though the function contains multiple return statements.
3. Any number of ‘return’ statements are allowed in a function definition but only one of them is executed at run time.

Question 33.
Explain Intersection with example.
Answer:
Intersection (symbol: ∩) A ∩ B
Defines a relation consisting of a set of all tuple that are in both in A and B. However, A and B must be union-compatible.
Example:

PART – IV

Answer all the questions. [5 × 5 = 25]

Question 34 (a).
Explain various types of variable scope.
Answer:
There are 4 types of Variable Scope, let’s discuss them one by one:
Local Scope:
Local scope refers to variables defined in current function. Always, a function will first look up for a variable name in its local scope. Only if it does not find it there, the outer scopes are checked.
Look at this example

On execution of the above code the variable a displays the value 7, because it is defined and available in the local scope.

Global Scope:
A variable which is declared outside of all the functions in a program is known as global variable. This means, global variable can be accessed inside or outside of all the functions in a program.
Consider the following example

On execution of the above code the variable a which is defined inside the function displays the value 7 for the function call Disp() and then it displays 10, because a is defined in global scope.

Enclosed Scope:
All programming languages permit functions to be nested. A function (method) with in another function is called nested function. A variable which is declared inside a function which contains another function definition with in it, the inner function can also access the variable of the outer function. This scope is called enclosed scope.

When a compiler or interpreter search for a variable in a program, it first search Local, and then search Enclosing scopes.
Consider the following example.

In the above example Disp 1 () is defined with in Disp (). The variable ‘a’ defined in Disp () can be even used by Disp 1 () because it is also a member of Disp ().

Built-in Scope:
Finally, we discuss about the widest scope. The built-in scope has all the names that are pre-loaded into the program scope when we start the compiler or interpreter. Any variable or module which is defined in the library functions of a programming language has Built-in or module scope. They are loaded as soon as the library files are imported to the program.

Normally only Functions or modules come along with the software, as packages. Therefore they will come under Built in scope.

[OR]

(b) Explain pure functions with example.
Answer:
Pure functions are functions which will give exact result when the same arguments are passed. For example the mathematical function sin (0) always results 0. This means that every time you call the function with the same arguments, you will always get the same result. A function can be a pure function provided it should not have any external variable which will alter the behaviour of that variable. Let us see an example:

The above function square is a pure function because it will not give different results for same input.
There are various theoretical advantages of having pure functions. One advantage is that if a function is pure, then if it is called several times with the same arguments, the compiler only needs to actually call the function once. Lt’s see an example:

If it is compiled, strlen (s) is called each time and strlen needs to iterate over the whole of ‘s’. If the compiler is smart enough to work out that strlen is a pure function and that ‘s’ is not updated in the loop, then it can remove the redundant extra calls to strlen and make the loop to execute only one time. From these what we can understand, strlen is a pure function because the function takes one variable as a parameter, and accesses it to find its length. This function reads external memory but does not change it, and the value returned derives from the external memory accessed.

Question 35 (a).
Explain selection sort.
Answer:
The selection sort is a simple sorting algorithm that improves on the performance of bubble sort by making only one exchange for every pass through the list. This algorithm will first find the smallest elements in array and swap it with the element in the first position of an array, then it will find the second smallest element and swap that element with the element in the second position, and it will continue until the entire array is sorted in respective order. This algorithm repeatedly selects the next-smallest element and swaps in into the right place for every pass. Hence it is called selection sort.

Pseudo code:

1. Start from the first element i.e., index-0, we search the smallest element in the array, and replace it with the element in the first position.
2. Now we move on to the second element position, and look for smallest element present in the sub-array, from starting index to till the last index of sub – array.
3. Now replace the second smallest identified in step-2 at the second position in the or original array, or also called first position in the sub array.
4. This is repeated, until the array is completely sorted.

Let’s consider an array with values {13, 16, 11, 18, 14, 15}
Below, we have a pictorial representation of how selection sort will sort the given array.

In the first pass, the smallest element will be 11, so it will be placed at the first position. After that, next smallest element will be searched from an array. Now we will get 13 as the smallest, so it will be then placed at the second position.

Then leaving the first element, next smallest element will be searched, from the remaining elements. We will get 13 as the smallest, so it will be then placed at the second position.

Then leaving 11 and 13 because they are at the correct position, we will search for the next smallest element from the rest of the elements and put it at third position and keep doing this until array is sorted. Finally we will get the sorted array end of the pass as shown above diagram.

[OR]

(b) Explain operators in python.
Answer:
Operators:
In computer programming languages operators are special symbols which represent computations, conditional matching etc. The value of an operator used is called operands. Operators are categorized as Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Assignment etc. Value and variables when used with operator are known as operands.
(i) Arithmetic operators:
An arithmetic operator is a mathematical operator that takes two operands and performs a calculation on them. They are used for simple arithmetic. Most computer languages contain a set of such operators that can be used within equations to perform different types of sequential calculations.
Python supports the following Arithmetic operators.

Program To test Arithmetic Operators:
#Demo Program to test Arithmetic Operators
a = 100
b = 10
print (“The Sum = “, a + b)
print (“The Difference = “, a – b)
print (“The Product. = “, a * b)
print (“The Quotient = “, a / b)
print (“The Remainder = “, a % 30)
print (“The Exponent = “, a ** 2)
print (“The Floor Division =”, a // 30)
#ProgramEnd
Output:
The Sum = 110
The Difference = 90
The Product = 1000
The Quotient = 10.0
The Remainder = 10
The Exponent = 10000
The Floor Division = 3

(ii) Relational or Comparative operators
A Relational operator is also called as Comparative operator which checks the relationship between two operands. If the relation is true, it returns True; otherwise it returns False.
Python supports following relational operators

Program To test Relational Operators:
#Demo Program to test Relational Operators
a = int (input(“Enter a Value for A:”))
b = int (input(“Enter a Value for B:”))
print (“A = “, a ,” and B = “, b)
print (“The a==b = “, a == b)
print (“The a > b = “, a > b)
print (“The a < b = “, a < b)
print (“The a >= b = “, a >= b)
print (“The a <= b = “, a <= 0)
print (“The a != b = “, a!=b)
#Program End
Output:
Enter a Value for A: 35
Enter a Value for B:56
A = 35 and B = 56
The a==b = False
The a > b = False
The a < b = True
The a >= b = False
The a <= b = False
The a != b = True

(iii) Logical operators
In python, Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on the given relational expressions. There are three logical operators they are and, or and not.

(iv) Assignment operators:
In Python, = is a simple assignment operator to assign values to variable. Let a = 5 and b = 10 assigns the value 5 to a and 10 to b these two assignment statement can also be given as a, b = 5, 10 that assigns the value 5 and 10 on the right to the variables a and b respectively. There are various compound operators in Python like +=, -=, *=, /=, %=, **= and //= are also available.

(v) Conditional operator:
Ternary operator is also known as conditional operator that evaluate something based on a condition being true or false. It simply allows testing a condition in a single line replacing the multiline if-else making the code compact.
The Syntax conditional operator is,
Variable Name = [on_true] if [Test expression] else [on_false]
Example:
min = 50 if 49 < 50 else 70 # min = 50 min = 50 if 49 > 50 else 70 # min = 70

Program to test Conditional (Ternary) Operator:
# Program to demonstrate conditional operator.
a, b = 30, 20
# Copy value of a in min if a < b else copy b
min = a if a < b else b print (“The Minimum of A and B is “,min) # End of the Program Output: The Minimum of A and B is 20

Question 36 (a).
Write a python script with SQL to display the name and grade of students who have born in the year 2001. Answer:
Querying a Date Column In this example we are going to display the name and grade of students who have born in the -year 2001
Example: import sqlite3
connection = sqlite3.connect (“Academy.db”)
cursor = connection.cursor ( )
cursor.execute(“SELECT Rollno,sname FROM student
WHERE(Birth_date >= 2001-01-01′ AND Birth_date <= ‘2001-12-01’)”)
result = cursor.fetchall( )
print(*result,sep=”\n”)
Output:
(5, ‘VARUN’)

[OR]

(b) Write a python program to display-
1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5
Answer:
Program to illustrate the use nested loop -for within while loop
i = 1
while (i <= 6): for j in range (1, i): print (j,end=’\t’) print (end-\n’) i + = 1
Output
1
1 2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5

Question 37 (a).
Explain the following built in functions.
(a) id ()
(b) Chr ()
(c) round ()
(d) type ()
(e) pow ()
Answer:

[OR]

(b) Explain how to delete elements from a list.
Answer:
Deleting elements from a list There are two ways to delete an element from a list viz. del statement and remove() function, del statement is used to delete known elements whereas remove() function is used to delete elements of a list if its index is unknown. The del statement can also be used to delete entire list.
Syntax:
del List [index of an element]
# to delete a particular element
del List [index from : index to]
# to delete multiple elements
del List
# to delete entire list
Example:
>>> MySubjects = [‘Tamil’, ‘Hindi’, ‘Telugu’, ‘Maths’]
>>> print (MySubjects)
[‘Tamil’, ‘Hindi’, ‘Telugu’, ’Maths’]
>>> del MySubjects[1]
>>> print (MySubjects)
[‘Tamil’, ‘Telugu’, ‘Maths’]

In the above example, the list MySubjects has been created with four elements, print statement shows all the elements of the list. In >>> del MySubjects[1] statement, deletes an element whose index value is 1 and the following print shows the remaining elements of the list.
Example:
>>> del MySubjects [1 :3]
>>> print(My Subjects)
[‘Tamil’]

In the above codes, >>> del MySubjects [1 : 3] deletes the second and third elements from the list. The upper limit of index is specified within square brackets, will be taken as -1 by the python.

Question 38 (a).
Explain various data model.
Answer:

1. A data model describes how the data can be represented and accessed from a software after complete implementation
2. It is a simple abstraction of complex real world data gathering environment.
3. The main purpose of data model is to give an idea as how the final system or software will look like after development is completed.

Types of Data Model
Following are the different types of a Data Model

1. Hierarchical Model
2. Relational Model
3. Network Database Model
4. Entity Relationship Model
5. Object Model

1. Hierarchical Model:
Hierarchical model was developed by IBM as Information Management System.

In Hierarchical model, data is represented as a simple tree like structure form. This model represents a one-to-many relationship i.e. parent – child relationship.

One child can have only one parent but one parent can have many children. This model is mainly used in IBM Main Frame computers.

2. Relational Model:
The Relational Database model was first proposed by E.F. Codd in 1970 . Now a days, it is the most widespread data model used for database applications around the world.

The basic structure of data in relational model is tables (relations). All the information’s related to a particular type is stored in rows of that table. Hence tables are also known as relations in a relational model. A relation key is an attribute which uniquely identifies a particular tuple (row in a relation (table)).

3. Network Model:
Network database model is an extended form of hierarchical data model. The difference between hierarchical and Network data model is:

• In hierarchical model, a child record has only one parent node,
• In a Network model, a child may have many parent nodes. It represents the data in many to – many relationships.

This model is easier and faster to access the data

School represents the parent node
Library, Office and Staff room is a child to school (parent node)
Student is a child to library, office and staff room (one to many relationship)

4. Entity Relationship Model.
In this database model, relationship are created by dividing the object into entity and its characteristics into attributes.

It was developed by Chen in 1976. This model is useful in developing a conceptual design for the database. It is very simple and easy to design logical view of data. The developer can easily understand the system by looking at ER model constructed.

Rectangle represents the entities. E.g. Doctor and Patient
Ellipse represents the attributes E.g. D-id, D-name, P-id, P-name. Attributes describes the characteristics and each entity becomes a major part of the data stored in the database. Diamond represents the relationship in ER diagrams
E.g. Doctor diagnosis the Patient.

5. Object Model
Object model stores the data in the form of objects, attributes and methods, classes and Inheritance. This model handles more complex applications, such as Geographic information System (GIS), scientific experiments, engineering design and manufacturing. It is ‘ used in file Management System. It represents real world objects, attributes and behaviors. It provides a clear modular structure. It is easy to maintain and modify the existing code.

An example of the Object model is Shape,
Circle, Rectangle and Triangle are all objects in this model.

• Circle has the attribute radius.
• Rectangle has the attributes length and breadth.
• Triangle has the attributes base and height.
• The objects Circle, Rectangle and Triangle inherit from the object Shape.

[OR]

(b) Explain creating a New Normal CSV file with syntex and program.
Answer:
Creating A New Normal CSV File
When you have a set of data that you would like to store inside a CSV file, it’s time to do the opposite and use the write function.
The csv.writer() method returns a writer object which converts the user’s data into delimited strings on the given file-like object. The writerow() method writes a row of data into the specified file.

You can create a normal CSV file using writer() method of csv module having default delimiter comma (,)
Here’s an example.
The following Python program converts a List of data to a CSV file called “Pupil.csv” that uses, (comma) as a value separator.

When you open the “Pupil.csv” file with a text editor, it will show the content as follows.

In this program, csv.writer() method converts all the data in the list “csvData” to strings and create the content as file like object. The writerows () method writes all the data in to the new CSV file “Pupil.csv”.

Students can Download Tamil Nadu 12th Economics Model Question Paper 4 English Medium Pdf, Tamil Nadu 12th Economics Model Question Papers helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

TN State Board 12th Economics Model Question Paper 4 English Medium

General Instructions:

1. The question paper comprises of four parts.
2. You are to attempt all the parts. An internal choice of questions is provided wherever applicable.
3. All questions of Part I, II, III and IV are to be attempted separately.
4. Question numbers 1 to 20 in Part I are Multiple Choice Questions of one mark each.
   These are to be answered by choosing the most suitable answer from the given four alternatives and writing the option code and the corresponding answer
5. Question numbers 21 to 30 in Part II are two-mark questions. These are to be answered in about one or two sentences.
6. Question numbers 31 to 40 in Part III are three-mark questions. These are to be answered in above three to five short sentences.
7. Question numbers 41 to 47 in Part IV are five-mark questions. These are to be answered in detail Draw diagrams wherever necessary.

Time: 3.00 Hours
Maximum Marks: 90

PART – I

Choose the correct answer. Answer all the questions: [20 × 1 = 20]

Question 1.
Economic system representing equality in distribution is………..
(a) Capitalism
(b) Globalism
(c)Mixedism
(d) Socialism
Answer:
(d) Socialism

Question 2.
Which is the largest figure?
(a) Disposable income
(b) Personal income
(c) NNP
(d) GNP
Answer:
(d) GNP

Question 3.
Match the following and choose the correct answer by using codes given below:

Code:

Answer:
(a) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3

Question 4.
Classical theory advocates………..
(a) Balanced budget
(b) unbalanced budget
(c) Surplus budget
(d) deficit Budget
Answer:
(a) Balanced budget

Question 5.
Pick the odd one out.
Types of unemployment
(a) Cyclical unemployment
(b) seasonal unemployment
(c) Frictional unemployment
(d) nature unemployment
Answer:
(d) nature unemployment

Question 6.
The term MEC was introduced by
(a) Adam Smith
(b) J.M. Keynes
(c) Ricardo
(d) Malthus
Answer:
(b) J.M. Keynes

Question 7.
Match the following and choose the answer by using codes given below:

Code:

Answer:
(b) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3

Question 8.
The RBI Headquarters is located at
(a) Delhi
(b) Chennai
(c) Mumbai
(d) Bengaluru
Answer:
(c) Mumbai

Question 9.
The direct exchange of goods for goods is known as
(a) Money exchange
(b) Money transfer
(c) Barter System
(d) Barter goods
Answer:
(c) Barter System

Question 10.
Monetary policy is formulated by
(a) Co-operative banks
(b) Commercial banks
(c) Central Bank
(d) Foreign banks
Answer:
(c) Central Bank

Question 11.
Assertion (A): Credit creation leads to increase in production.
Reason (R): Credit creation means the multiplication of loans and advances.
(a) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true and ‘R’ is the correct explanation to ‘A’
(b) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true but ‘R’ is not the correct explanation to ‘A’
(c) ‘A’ is true but ‘R’ is false
(d) ‘A’ is false but ‘R’ is true
Answer:
(a) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true and ‘R’ is the correct explanation to ‘A’

Question 12.
Which of the following is correctly matched:
(a) FDI – Foreign Direct Investment
(b) FOREX – Foreign Export
(c) UDC – Under Development Consumption
(d) MNC – Multi National Country
Answer:
(a) FDI – Foreign Direct Investment

Question 13.
State whether the statement is true or false.
Major Functions of the ASEAN
(i) It fosters co-operations in many areas including agriculture.
(ii) It paves way for market and investment opportunities for the all nations.
(а) Both (i) and (ii) are true
(b) Both (i) and (ii) are false
(c) (i) is true but (ii) is false
(d) (i) is false but (ii) is true
Answer:
(b) Both (i) and (ii) are false

Question 14.
………… is the duty of the state to make provisions for education, social security, social insurance, health and sanitation.
(a) Social Welfare
(b) Infrastructure
(c) Social Justice
(d) Macro Economic Policy
Answer:
(a) Social Welfare

Question 15.
Acid rain is one of the consequences of………….
(a) Water Pollution
(b) Land pollution
(c) Noise pollution
(d) Air pollution
Answer:
(a) Water Pollution

Question 16.
Soil pollution is another form of pollution.
(a) Land
(b) Fertilizer
(c) Chemical
(d) Medicinal
Answer:
(a) Land

Question 17.
State whether the statement is true or false.
(i) Environmental economics is a different branch of economics that recognizes the value of both the environment and economic activity.
(ii) Environmental Economics involves theoretical and empirical studies of the economic effects.
(a) Both (i) and (ii) are true
(b) Both (i) and (ii) are false
(c) (i) is true but (ii) is false
(d) (i) is false but (ii) is true
Answer:
(a) Both (i) and (ii) are true

Question 18.
Short-term plan is also known as……….
(a) Controlling Plans
(b) De-controlling Plans
(c) Rolling Plans
(d) De-rolling Plans
Answer:
(a) Controlling Plans

Question 19
…………. to central and state governments on policy and programmes.
(a) Internal consultancy
(b) Interface consultancy
(c) Conflict consultancy
(d) Monitoring consultancy
Answer:
(a) Internal consultancy

Question 20.
Econometrics is the integration of
(a) Economics and Statistics
(b) Economics and Mathematics
(c) Economics, Mathematics and Statistics
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Economics, Mathematics and Statistics

PART – II

Answer any seven question in which Question No. 30 is compulsory. [7 x 2 = 14]

Question 21.
Define the term ‘Inflation’.
Answer:
Inflation refers to steady increase in general price level. Estimating the general price level by constructing various price index numbers such as wholesale Price. Index, Consumer Price Index, etc, are needed.

Question 22.
Why is self consumption difficult in measuring national income?
Answer:
Farmers keep a large portion of food and other goods produced on the farm for self consumption. The problem is whether that part of the produce which is not sold in the market can be included in national income or not.

Question 23.
Define “Marginal propensity to consume”.
Answer:
Marginal Propensity to Consume is the additional consumption due to an additional unit of income.

Question 24.
Define Multiplier.
Answer:
The multiplier is defined as the ratio of the change in national income to change in investment. If AI stands for increase in investment and ΔY stands for resultant increase in income, the multiplier K = ΔY/ΔI.
Since ΔY results from AI, the multiplier is called investment multiplier.

Question 25.
What is Stagflation?
Answer:
Stagflation is a combination of stagnant economic growth, high unemployment and high inflation.

Question 26.
Define Central bank.
Answer:
A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages a state’s currency, money supply, and interest rates. Central banks also usually oversee the commercial banking system of their respective countries.

Question 27.
Define RBI Rural credit.
Answer:
Reserve Bank of India and Rural Credit: In a developing economy like India, the Central bank of the country cannot confine itself to the monetary regulation only, and it is expected that it should take part in development function in all sectors especially in the agriculture and industry.

Question 28.
What is Free trade area?
Answer:
A free trade area is the region encompassing a trade bloc whose member countries have signed a free-trade agreement (FTA). Such agreements involve cooperation between at least two countries to reduce trade barriers, e.g. SAFTA, EFTA.

Question 29.
Write some of the tax revenue sources.
Answer:
Some of the tax revenue sources are

1. Income tax
2. Corporate tax
3. Sales tax
4. Surcharge and
5. Cess

Question 30.
Mention the countries where per capita carbon dioxide emission is the highest in the world.
Answer:

1. United States of America – (USA)
2.  European Union – (EU)
3. Japan
4. Russian Federation
5. United Arab Emirates (UAE)
6.  Saudi Arabia
7. China

PART- III

Answer any seven question in which Question No. 40 is compulsory. [7 x 3 = 21]

Question 31.
Distinguish between Capitalism and Globalism.
Answer:

Question 32.
Write a short note on per capita income.
Answer:
Per Capita Income

1. The average income of a person of a country in a particular year is called Per Capita Income.
2. Per capita income is obtained by dividing national income by population.
   Per capita income = \(\frac{National Income}{Population}\)

Question 33.
Explain Keynes’ theory in the form of flow chart.
Answer:

Question 34.
Define Accelerator.
Answer:
“The accelerator coefficient is the ratio between induced investment and an initial change in consumption.” Assuming the expenditure of ’50 crores on consumption goods, if industries lead to an investment of 100 crores in investment goods industries, we can say that the accelerator is 2.
Accelerator = \(\frac{100}{Δy}\) = 2

Question 35.
Specify the functions of IFCI.
Answer:

1. Long-term loans; both in rupees and foreign currencies.
2. Underwriting of equity, preference and debenture issues.
3. Subscribing to equity, preference and debenture issues.
4. Guaranteeing the deferred payments in respect of machinery imported from abroad or purchased in India; and
5. Guaranteeing of loans raised in foreign currency from foreign financial institutions.

Question 36.
What are the ARDC – objectives?
Answer:
Objectives of the ARDO

1. To provide necessary funds by way of refinance to eligible institutions such as the Central Land Development Banks, State Co-operative Banks, and Scheduled banks.
2. To subscribe to the debentures floated by the Central Land Development banks, State Co-operative Banks, and Scheduled banks, provided they were approved by the RBI.

Question 37.
Define Terms of Trade.
Answer:
Terms of Trade:

1. The gains from international trade depend upon the terms of trade which refers to the ratio of export prices to import prices.
2. It is the rate at which the goods of one country are exchanged for goods of another country.
3. It is expressed as the relation between export prices and import prices.
4. Terms of trade improves when average price of exports is higher than average price of imports.

Question 38.
Write the World Bank’s Lending Procedure?
Answer:

1. Loans out of its own fund
2. Loans out of borrowed capital and
3. Loans through Bank’s guarantee

Question 39.
What are the remedial measures to control noise pollution?
Answer:
Remedial measures to control Noise Pollution

1. Use of noise barriers
2. Newer roadway for surface transport
3. Traffic control
4. Regulating times for heavy vehicles
5. Installations of noise barriers in the workplace
6. Regulation of Loudspeakers

Question 40.
Distinguish between functional and structural planning.
Answer:

PART – IV

Answer all the questions. [7 x 5 = 35]

Question 41 (a).
Briefly explain the two sector circular flow model.
Answer:
Circular Flow of Income in a Two-Sector Economy:
There are only two sectors namely, household sector and firm sector.
(i) Household Sector:

• The household sector is the sole buyer of goods and services, and the sole supplier of factors of production, i.e., land, labour, capital and organisation.
• It spends its entire income on the purchase of goods and services produced by other business sector.
• The household sector receives income from firm sector by providing the factors of production owned by it.

(ii) Firms:

• The firm sector generates its revenue by selling goods and services to the household sector.
• It hires the factors of production, i.e., land, labour, capital and organisation, owned by the household sector.
• The firm sector sells the entire output to households.
• In a two-sector economy, production and sales are equal and there will be a circular flow of income and goods.
• The outer circle represents real flow (factors and goods) and the inner circle represents the monetary flow (factor prices and commodity prices).
• Real flow indicates the factor services flow from household sector to the business sector, and goods and services flow from business sector to the household.
• The basic identities of the two-sector economy are as under:
  Y = C + I
  Where
  Y is Income; C is Consumption; I is investment.

[OR]

(b) List out the uses of national income.
Answer:
The following are some of the concepts used in measuring national income.
GDP:

1. GDP is the total market value of final goods and services produced within the country during a year.
2. This is calculated at market prices and is known as GDP at market prices. Thus GDP by expenditure method at market prices = C + I + G + (X – M)
   Where C – Consumption goods, I – Investment goods, G – Government purchases; (X – M) is net export which can be positive or negative.

Net National Product (NNP) (at Market price):

1. Net National Product refers to the value of the net output of the economy during the year.
2. NNP is obtained by deducting the value of depreciation, or replacement allowance of the capital assets from the GNP. It is expressed as,
   NNP = GNP – depreciation allowance.

NNP at Factor cost:

1. NNP refers to the market value of output.
2. NNP at factor cost is the total of income payment made to factors of production.

Personal Income:
Personal income is the total income received by the individuals of a country from all sources before payment of direct taxes in a year.

Per Capita Income:

1. The average income of a person of a country in a particular year is called Per Capita Income.
2. Per capita income is obtained by dividing national income by population.
   Per capita income = \(\frac{National Income}{Population}\)

Disposable Income:

1. Disposable Income is also known as Disposable personal income.
2. It is the individuals income after the payment of income tax.
3. This is the amount available for households for consumption.

Real Income:
Nominal income is national income expressed in terms of a general price level of a particular year in other words, real income is the buying power of nominal income.

GDP deflator:

1. GDP deflator is an index of price changes of goods and services included in GDP.
2. It is a price index which is calculated by dividing the nominal GDP in a given year by the real GDP for the same year and multiplying it by 100.

Question 42 (a).
According to classical theory of employment, how wage reduction solves the problem of unemployment? Diagrammatically explain.
Answer:
The classical theory of employment assumes that the economy operates at the level of foil employment without inflation in the long period. It also assumes that wages and prices of goods are flexible and the competitive market exists in the economy (laissez-faire economy). According to the classical theory of employment, foil employment condition can be achieved by cutting down the wage rate. Unemployment would be eliminated when wages are determined by the mechanism of economy itself. The following figure shows the relationship between wage rate and employment:

In the figure, when the wage rate is OW, then the employment is ON. As the wage rate is reduced to OW¹ then the employment has increased to ON¹ Prof. Pigou has taken this theory as base for developing the solution of unemployment problem.

[OR]

(b) Explain the differences between classical theory and Keynes theory.
Answer:

Question 43 (a).
Explain the operation of the Accelerator.
Answer:
Operation of the Acceleration Principle

1. Let us consider a simple example. The operation of the accelerator may be illustrated as follows.
2. Let us suppose that in order to produce 1000 consumer goods, 100 machines are required.
3. Also suppose that working life of a machine is 10 years.
4. This means that every year 10 machines have to be replaced in order to maintain the constant flow of 1000 consumer goods. This might be called replacement demand.
5. Suppose that demand for consumer goods rises by 10 percent (i.e. from 1000 to 1100).
6. This results in increase in demand for 10 more machines.
7. So that total demand for machines is 20. (10 for replacement and 10 for meeting increased demand).
8. It may be noted here a 10 percent increase in demand for consumer goods causes a-100 percent increase in demand for machines (from 10 to 20).
9. So we can conclude even a mild change in demand for consumer goods will lead to wide change in investment.

Diagrammatic illustration:
Operation of Accelerator.

1. SS is the saving curve. II is the investment curve. At point E₁ the economy is in equilibrium with OY₁, income. Saving and investment are equal at OL₂. Now, investment is increased from OI₂ to OI₄.
2. This increases income from OY₁ to OY₃, the equilibrium point being E₃ If the increase in investment by I₂, I₄ is purely exogenous, then the increase in income by Y₁, Y₃ would have been due to the multiplier effect.
3. But in this diagram it is assumed that exogenous investment is only by I₂1₃ and induced investment is by I₃1₄.
4. Therefore, increase in income by Y₁Y₂ is due to the multiplier effect and the increase in income by Y₂ Y₃ is due to the accelerator effect.

[OR]

(b) Briefly explain the Leakages of Multiplier.
Answer:
Leakages of multiplier:

1. The multiplier assumes that those who earn income are likely to spend a proportion of their additional income on consumption.
2. But in practice, people tend to spend their additional income on other items. Such expenses are known as leakages.

Payment towards past debts:
If a portion of the additional income is used for repayment of old loan, the MPC is reduced and as a result the value of multiplier is cut.

Purchase of existing wealth:

1. If income is used in purchase of existing wealth such as land, building and shares money is circulated among people and never enters into the consumption stream.
2. As a result the value of multiplier is affected.

Import of goods and services:

1. Income spent on imports of goods or services flows out of the country and has little chance to return to income stream in the country.
2. Thus imports reduce the value of multiplier.

Non availability of consumer goods:

1. The multiplier theory assumes instantaneous supply of consumer goods following demand.
2. But there is often a time lag.
3. During this gap (D > S) inflation is likely to rise.
4. This reduces the consumption expenditure and there by multiplier value.

Full employment situation:

1. Under conditions of full employment, resources are almost fully employed.
2. So, additional investment will lead to inflation only, rather than generation of additional real income.

Question 44 (a).
Illustrate Fisher’s Quantity theory of money.
Answer:
Fisher’s Quantity Theory of Money: The quantity theory of money is a very old theory. It was first propounded in 1588 by an Italian economist, Davanzatti. But, the credit for popularizing this theory in recent years rightly belongs to the well-known American economist, Irving Fisher who published his book, ‘The Purchasing Power of Money” in 1911. He gave it a quantitative form in terms of his famous “Equation of Exchange”.
The general form of equation given by Fisher is
MV = PT

1. Fisher points out that in a country during any given period of time, the total quantity of money (MV) will be equal to the total value of all goods and services bought and sold (PT).
MV = PT
Supply of Money = Demand for Money.

2. This equation is referred to as “Cash Transaction Equation”.
Where M = Money Supply/quantity of Money
V = Velocity of Money
P = Price level
T = Volume of Transaction.
It is expressed as P = MV / T which implies that the quantity of money determines the price level and the price level in its turn varies directly with the quantity of money, provided ‘V’ and ‘T’ remain constant.

4. According to Marshall, peoples desire to hold money (the coefficient, K) is more powerful in determination of money, rather than quantity of money (M). So, peoples desire to hold money is a determinant of value of money.

5. The above equation considers only currency money. But, in a modem economy, bank’s demand deposits or credit money and its velocity play a vital part in business. Therefore, Fisher extended his original equation of exchange to include bank deposits Mj and its velocity Vr The revised equation was:
PT = MV + M₁V₁
P = \(\frac{MV + M₁V₁}{T}\)

6. From the revised equation, it is evident, that the price level is determined by (a) the quantity of money in circulation ‘M’ (b) the velocity of circulation of money ‘V’ (c) the volume of bank credit money M₁, (d) the velocity of circulation of credit money V₁, and the volume of trade (T)

Quantity of Money:
1. Figure (A) shows the effect of changes in the quantity of money on the price level. When the quantity of money is OM, the price level is OP. When the quantity of money is doubled to 0M₂, the price level is also doubled to 0P₂. Further, when the quantity of money is increased four-fold to 0M₄, the price level also increases by four times to 0P₄. This relationship is expressed by the curve OP =/(M) from the origin at 45°.

2. Figure (B), shows the inverse relation between the quantity of money and the value of money, where the value of money is taken on the vertical axis. When the quantity of money is 0M₁ the value of money is 01 / P_r But with the doubling of the quantity of money to 0M₂, the value of money becomes one-half of what it was before, (01 / P₂). But, with the quantity of money increasing by four-fold to 0M₄, the value of money is reduced by 01 / P₄. This inverse relationship between the quantity of money and the value of money is shown by downward sloping curve 1 / 0P = f(M).

[OR]

(b) Explain the Measures of control inflation.
Answer:
Measures to Control Inflation:
Keynes and Milton Friedman together suggested three measures to prevent and control of inflation.

1.  Monetary measures,
2. Fiscal measures (J.M. Keynes) and (in) Other measures.

1. Monetary Measures:
These measures are adopted by the Central Bank of the country. They are

• Increase in Bank rate
• Sale of Government Securities in the Open Market
• Higher Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) and Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)
• Consumer Credit Control and
• Higher margin requirements
• Higher Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate.

2.  Fiscal Measures:

• Fiscal policy is now recognized as an important instrument to tackle an inflationary situation.
• The major anti-inflationary fiscal measures are the following: Reduction of Government Expenditure and Public Borrowing and Enhancing taxation.

3. Other Measures:
These measures can be divided broadly into short-term and long-term measures.
(a) Short-term measures can be in regard to public distribution of scarce essential commodities through fair price shops (Rationing). In India whenever shortage of basic goods has been felt, the government has resorted to import so that inflation may not get triggered.

(b) Long-term measures will require accelerating economic growth especially of the wage goods which have a direct bearing on the general price and the cost of living. Some restrictions on present consumption may help in improving saving and investment which may be necessary for accelerating the rate of economic growth in the long run.

Question 45 (a).
Explain the types of exchange rate systems and types of exchange rates?
Answer:
Types of Exchange Rate Systems
Broadly, there are two major exchange rate systems, namely,
(1) fixed (or pegged) exchange rate system and
(2) flexible (or floating) exchange rate system. Managed Floating Exchange Rate system also prevails in some countries (like India).
1. Fixed Exchange Rates
Countries following the fixed exchange rate (also known as stable exchange rate and pegged exchange rate) system agree to keep their currencies at a fixed rate as determined by the Government. Under the gold standard, the value of currencies was fixed in terms of gold.

2. Flexible Exchange Rates
Under the flexible exchange rate (also known as floating exchange rate) system, exchange rates are freely determined in an open market by market forces of demand and supply.

Types of Exchange Rates
Exchange rates are also in the form of (a) Nominal exchange rate (b) Real exchange rate (c) Nominal Effective Exchange Rate (NEER) and (d) Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER)
If 1 US Dollar = Rs 75,
Nominal exchange rate = 75/1 =75.
This is the bilateral nominal exchange rate. ePf
Real Exchange rate = \(\frac{eP_f}{P}\)
P = Price levels in India
Pf = Price levels in abroad (say US)
e = nominal exchange rate.
If a pen costs Rs 50 in India and it costs 5
USD in the US,
Real Exchange Rate = \(\frac{75×5}{50}\) = 7.5
If real exchange rate is equal to 1, the currencies are at purchasing power parity.
It the price of the pen in US is 0.66 USD,
then the real exchange rate = \(\frac{0.66×75}{50}\)
then it could be said that the USD and Indian rupee are at purchasing power parity.
NEER and REER are not explained here.
Interested students and teachers can search for them.

[OR]

(b) Bring out the objectives of IBRD.
Answer:
Objectives of World Bank

1. Reconstruction and Development
2. Encouragement to Capital Investment
3. Encouragement to International Trade
4. Establishment of Peace-time Economy
5. Environmental Protection

The following are the objectives of the World Bank:

1. To help member countries for economic reconstruction and development.
2. To stimulate long-run capital investment for restoring Balance of Payments (BoP) equilibrium and thereby ensure balanced development of international trade among the member nations.
3. To provide guarantees for loans meant for infrastructural and industrial projects of member nations.
4. To help war ravaged economies transform into peace economies.
5. To supplement foreign private investment by direct loans out of its own funds for productive purposes.

Question 46 (a).
Describe canons of Taxation.
Answer:
According to Adam Smith, there are four canons or maxims of taxation. They are as follows: Canons of Taxation:

1. Economical
2. Equitable
3. Convenient
4. Certain
5. (Efficient and Flexible)

1. Canon of Ability:

• The Government should impose tax in such a way that the people have to pay taxes according to their ability.
• In such case a rich person should pay more tax compared to a middle class person or a poor person.

2. Canon of Certainty:

• The Government must ensure that there is no uncertainty regarding the rate of tax or the time of payment.
• If the Government collects taxes arbitrarily, then these will adversely affect the efficiency of the people and their working ability too.

3. Canon of Convenience:

• The method of tax collection and the timing of the tax payment should suit the convenience of the people.
• The Government should make convenient arrangement for all the tax payers to pay the taxes without difficulty.

4. Canon of Economy:

• The Government has to spend money for collecting taxes, for example, salaries are given to the persons who are responsible for collecting taxes.
• The taxes, where collection costs are more are considered as bad taxes.
• Hence, according to Smith, the Government should impose only those taxes whose collection costs are very less and cheap.

[OR]

(b) Specify the meaning of material balance principle.
Answer:
The relationship between the economy and the environment is generally explained in the form of a “Material Balance Model” developed by AlenKneese and R.V. Ayres.
The model considers the total economic process as a physically balanced flow between inputs and outputs.
Inputs are bestowed with physical property of energy which is received from the environment.

The interdependence of economics and environment.
The first law of thermodynamics, i.e. the law of conservation of matter and energy, emphasizes that in any production system “what goes in must come out”. This is known as the Material Balance Approach or Material Balance Principle.

Moreover, all resources extracted from the environment eventually become unwanted wastes and pollutants. Production of output by firms from inputs resulting in discharge of solid, liquid and gaseous wastes. Similarly, waste results from consumption activities by households. In its simple form the Material Balance Approach can be put in form equation.

Question 47 (a).
Elucidate major causes of vicious circle of poverty with diagram.
Answer:

1. There are circular relationships known as the ‘vicious circles of poverty’ that tend to perpetuate the low level of development in Less Developed Countries (LDCs).
2. Nurkse explains the idea in these words: “It implies a circular constellation of forces tending to act and react upon one another in such a way as to keep a poor country in a state of poverty.
3. For example, a poor man may not have enough to eat; being underfed, his health may be weak; being physically weak, his working capacity is low, which means that he is poor, which in turn means that he will not have enough to eat and so on.
4. A situation of this sort relating to a country as a whole can be summed up in the proposition: “A county is poor because the country is poor”.
5. The vicious circle of poverty operates both on the demand side and the supply side.
6. On the supply side, the low level of real income means low savings.
7. The low level of saving leads to low investment and to deficiency of capital.
8. The deficiency of capital, in turn, leads to low levels of productivity and back to low income. Thus the vicious circle is complete from the supply side.
9. The demand-side of the vicious circle is that the low level of real income leads to a low level of demand which, in turn, leads to a low rate of investment and hence back to deficiency of capital, low productivity and low income.

[OR]

(b) State and explain the different kinds of Correlation.
Answer:
Type I: Based on the direction of change of variables

1. Correlation is classified into two types as Positive correlation and Negative Correlation based on the direction of change of the variables.
2. Positive Correlation: The correlation is said to be positive if the values of two variables move in the same direction.

Ex 1: If income and Expenditure of a Household may be increasing or decreasing simultaneously. If so, there is positive correlation. Ex. Y = a + bx
Negative Correlation: The Correlation is said to be negative when the values of variables move in the opposite directions. Ex. Y = a – bx
Ex 1: Price and demand for a commodity move in the opposite direction.

Type II: Based upon the number of variables studied
There are three types based upon the number of variables studied as
(a) Simple Correlation
(b) Multiple Correlation
(c) Partial Correlation

Simple Correlation: If only two variables are taken for study then it is said to be simple correlation. Ex. Y = a + bx

Multiple Correlations: If three or more than three variables are studied simultaneously, then it is termed as multiple correlation.
Ex: Determinants of Quantity demanded
Q_d = f(P, Pc, Ps, t, y)
Where Q_d stands for Quantity demanded,/stands for function.
P is the price of the goods,
P_c is the price of competitive goods
P_s is the price of substituting goods
t is the taste and preference
y is the income.

Partial Correlation: If there are more than two variables but only two variables are considered keeping the other variables constant, then the correlation is said to be Partial Correlation.

Type III: Based upon the constancy of the ratio of change between the variables
Correlation is divided into two types as linear correlation and Non-Linear, correlation based upon the Constancy of the ratio of change between the variables.

Linear Correlation: Correlation is said to be linear when the amount of change in one variable tends to bear a constant ratio to the amount of change in the other.
Ex. Y = a + bx

Non Linear: The correlation would be non-linear if the amount of change in one variable does not bear a constant ratio to the amount of change in the other variables.
Ex. Y = a + bx²

Students can Download Tamil Nadu 12th Computer Science Model Question Paper 3 English Medium Pdf, Tamil Nadu 12th Computer Science Model Question Papers helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

TN State Board 12th Computer Science Model Question Paper 3 English Medium

General Instructions:

1. The question paper comprises of four parts.
2. You are to attempt all the parts. An internal choice of questions is provided wherever applicable.
3. All questions of Part I, II, III and IV are to be attempted separately.
4. Question numbers 1 to 15 in Part I are Multiple Choice Questions of one mark each.
   These are to be answered by choosing the most suitable answer from the given four alternatives and writing the option code and the corresponding answer
5. Question numbers 16 to 24 in Part II are two-mark questions. These are to be answered in about one or two sentences.
6. Question numbers 25 to 33 in Part III are three-mark questions. These are to be answered in about three to five short sentences.
7. Question numbers 34 to 38 in Part IV are five-mark questions. These are to be answered in detail Draw diagrams wherever necessary.

Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 70

PART – I

Choose the correct answer. Answer all the questions [15 x 1 = 15]

Question 1.
………. function returns the smallest integer greater than or equal to x.
(a) sqrt
(b) flow
(c) floor
(d) ceil
Answer:
(d) ceil

Question 2.
……….. is used to indicate blocks of code in python.
(a) Spaces
(b) {}
(c) []
(d) <>
Answer:
(a) Spaces

Question 3.
Which amongst this is not a Jump Statement?
(a) for
(b) goto
(c) continue
(d) break
Answer:
(a) for

Question 4.
How many formats are there for format ()?
(a) 12
(b) 5
(c) 3
(d) 1
Answer:
(c) 3

Question 5.
Stings in python can be created using…………
{a) ” ”
(b) ’ ’
(c) ”’ ”’
(d) all of these
Answer:
(d) all of these

Question 6.
……….. function is used to generate a series of values in python.
(a) range
(b) series
(c) fill series
(d) auto fill
Answer:
(a) range

Question 7.
Duplicate row is. removed in………..
(a) α
(b) π
(c) x
(d) σ
Answer:
(b) π

Question 8.
Grant and Revoke commands comes under…………
(a) DML
(b) DCL
(c) DQL
(d) DDL
Answer:
(b) DCL

Question 9.
A CSV file is also called as………..file.
(a) flat
(b) 3D
(c) string
(d) random
Answer:
(a) flat

Question 10.
The module which allows you to interface with the Windows OS is…………
(a) OS module
(b) SYS module
(c) CSV module
(d) getopt module
Answer:
(a) OS module

Question 11.
The most commonly used command in SQL is…………
(a) cursor
(b) select
(c) execute
(d) commit
Answer:
(b) select

Question 12.
Which command is used to accept data during runtime in python?
(a) Insert ()
(b) Input ()
(c) create
(d) update ()
Answer:
(b) Input ()

Question 13.
The representation of information in a graphic format is…………
(a) chart
(b) graphics
(c) infographics
(d) graphs
Answer:
(c) infographics

Question 14.
What does name contains?
(a) clt filename
(b) main () name
(c) python filename
(d) OS module name
Answer:
(c) python filename

Question 15.
If the precision exceeds 64, then it is………….
(a) numeric
(b) real
(c) float
(d) decimal
Answer:
(c) float

PART – II

Answer any six questions. Question No. 21 is compulsory. [6 × 2 = 12]

Question 16.
Define Pseudo code.
Answer:

1. Pseudo code is a mix of programming-language-like constructs and Plain English.
2. Pseudo code is a notation similar to programming languages.
3. Algorithms expressed in pseudo code are not intended to be executed by computers, but for communication among people.

Question 17.
What is searching? Write its types.
Answer:
A search algorithm is the step-by-step procedure used to locate specific data among a collection of data. Types of searching algorithms are

1. Linear search
2. Binary search
3. Hash search
4. Binary Tree search

Question 18.
Name the factors where the program execution time depends on.
Answer:
The program execution time depends on:

1. Speed of the machine
2. Compiler and other system Software tools
3. Operating System
4. Programming language used
5. Volume of data required

Question 19.
Give any 6 keywords in python.
Answer:
false, class, none, continue, finally, return, is

Question 20.
Give the syntax of while loop.
Answer:
The syntax of while loop in Python has the following syntax:
Syntax:
while:
statements block 1 [else:
statements block2]

Question 21.
Write a program to display all 3 digit odd numbers.
Answer:
Odd Number (3 digits)
for a in range (100, 1000):
if a % 2 = 1:
print b
Output:
101, 103, 105,107 …… 997, 999

Question 22.
Write note on pass statement.
Answer:
pass statement in Python programming is a null statement, pass statement when executed by the interpreter it is completely ignored. Nothing happens when pass is executed, it results in no operation. pass statement can be used in ‘if’ clause as well as within loop construct, when you do not want any statements or commands within that block to be executed.

Question 23.
Define default arguments.
Answer:
In Python the default argument is an argument that takes a default value if no value is provided in the function call. The following example uses default arguments, that prints default salary when no argument is passed, def printinfo (sal = 3500):

Question 24.
Write a python program to find the length of the string.
Answer:
str = input(“Enter a string: “) print (len(str))
Output:
Enter a string: HELLO
5

PART – III

Answer any six questions. Question No. 29 is compulsory. [6 x 3 = 18]

Question 25.
Differentiate List and Dictionary.
Answer:

1. List is an ordered set of elements. But, a dictionary is a data structure that is used for matching one element (Key) with another (Value).
2. The index values can be used to access a particular element. But, in dictionary key represents index. Remember that, key may be a number of a string.
3. Lists are used to look up a value whereas a dictionary is used to take one value and look up another value.

Question 26.
What is normalization?
Answer:

1. Normalization is a process of organizing the data in the database to avoid data redundancy and to improve data integrity.
2. Database normalization was first proposed by Dr. Edgar F Codd as an integral part of RDBMS.
   These rules are known as E F Codd Rules.

Question 27.
What are the advantages of DBMS?
Answer:
Advantages of DBMS

1. Segregation of application program
2. Minimal data duplication or Data Redundancy
3. Easy retrieval of data using the Query Language
4. Reduced development time and maintenance

Question 28.
Write the use of savepoint command with an example.
Answer:
SAVEPOINT command
The SAVEPOINT command is used to temporarily save a transaction so that you can rollback to the point whenever required. The different states of our table can be saved at anytime using different names and the rollback to that state can be done using the ROLLBACK command.
SAVEPOINT savepoint_name;
UPDATE Student SET Name = ‘Mini ’ WHERE Admno = 105;
SAVEPOINT A;

Question 29.
Give a program for CSV file with a line terminator.
Answer:
import csv
Data = [[‘Fruit’, ‘Quantity’], [‘Apple’, ‘5’], [‘Banana’, ‘7’], [‘Mango’, ‘8’]]
csv.register_dialect(‘myDialect’, delimiter ‘|’, lineterminator = ‘\n’)
with open(‘c:\\pyprg\ \chl3\\line.csv’, ‘w’) as f:
writer = csv.writer(f, dialect = ‘myDialect’)
writer.writerows(Data)
f.close()
Output

Question 30.
What is MinGW?
Answer:
(MinGW refers to a set of runtime header files, used in compiling and linking the code of C, C++ and FORTRAN to be run on Windows Operating System.

MinGw-W64 (versionofMinGW) is the best compiler for C++ on Windows. To compile and execute the C++ program, you need ‘g++’ for Windows. MinGW allows to compile and execute C++ program dynamically through Python program using g++.

Python program that contains the C++ coding can be executed only through minGW-w64 project run terminal. The run terminal open the command-line window through which Python program should be executed.

Question 31.
How will you import modules in python?
Answer:
We can import the definitions inside a module to another module. We use the import keyword . to do this. To import the module factorial we type the following in the Python prompt.
>> import factorial
Using the module name we can access the functions defined inside the module. The dot(.) operator is used to access the functions. The syntax for accessing the functions from the module is
<module name><function name>
For example:

>>> factorial.fact(5)
120

Question 32.
Write a command to populate record in a table.
Answer:
To populate (add record) the table “INSERT” command is passed to SQLite. “execute” method executes the SQL command to perform some action. In most cases, you will not literally insert data into a SQL table. You will rather have a lot of data inside of some Python data type e.g. a dictionary or a list, which has to be used as the input of the insert statement.

Question 33.
Design an algorithm to find square of the given number and display the result.
Answer:
Problem: Design an algorithm to find square of the given number and display the result. The algorithm can be written as:
Step 1 – start the process
Step 2 – get the input x
Step 3 – calculate the square by multiplying the input value ie., square ← x * x
Step 4 – display the result square
Step 5 – stop
Algorithm could be designed to get a solution of a given problem. A problem can be solved in many ways. Among many algorithms the optimistic one can be taken for implementation.

PART – IV

Answer all the questions. [5 × 5 = 25]

Question 34 (a).
Explain about any 3 string operators in python with suitable example.
String Operators
Python provides the following operators for string operations. These operators are useful to manipulate string.
(i) Concatenation (+)
Joining of two or more strings is called as Concatenation. The plus (+) operator is used to concatenate strings in python.
Example
>>> “welcome” + “Python”
‘welcomePython’

(ii) Append (+ =)
Adding more strings at the end of an existing string is known as append. The operator += is used to append a new string with an existing string.
Example .
>>> strl =” Welcome to ”
>>> strl+=”Leam Python”
>>> print (strl)
Welcome to Learn Python

(iii) Repeating (*)
The multiplication operator (*) is used to display a string in multiple number of times.
Example
>>> strl = “Welcome ”
>>> print (strl *4)
Welcome Welcome Welcome Welcome

(iv) String slicing
Slice is a substring of a main string. A substring can be taken from the original string by using [ ] operator and index or subscript values. Thus, [ ] is also known as slicing operator. Using slice operator, you have to slice one or more substrings from a main string.
General format of slice operation:
str [start:end]
Where start is the beginning index and end is the last index value of a character in the string. Python takes the end value less than one from the actual index specified. For example, if you want to slice first 4 characters from a string, you have to specify it as 0 to 5. Because, python consider only the end value as n-1.
Example: slice a single character from a string
>>> strl = “THIRUKKURAL”
>>> print (strl[0])
T

(v) Stride when slicing string
When the slicing operation, you can specify a third argument as the stride, which refers to 1 the number of characters to move forward after the first character is retrieved from the string.
The default value of stride is 1.
Example
>>> strl = “Welcome to learn Python”
>>> print (strl [10:16])
learn
Note: Remember that, python takes the last value as n-1
You can also use negative value as stride (third argument). If you specify a negative value, it prints in reverse order.
Example
>>> strl = “Welcome to learn Python”
>>> print(strl[::-2])
nhy re teolW

[OR]

(b) Write a python program to print the maximum and minimum value in a dictionary.
Answer:
my_dict = {‘x’: 500, ‘y’: 5874, ‘z’: 560}
val = my_diet.values()
print(‘max value’, max(val))
print(‘min value’, min(val))
Output:
max value 5874
min value 500

Question 35 (a).
Write a class with two private class variables and print the sum using a method.
Answer:
class Sample:
def_init_(self, n1, n2):
self._n1 = n1
self._n2 = n2
def display(self):
print(“class variable 1:”, self._nl)
print(“class variable 2:”, self._n2)
print(“sum :”, self. nl + self._n2)
s = sample(10, 20)
s.display()
Output:
class variable 1 : 10
class variable 2 : 20
sum : 30

[OR]

(b) What are the various processing skills of SQL?
Answer:
The various processing skills of SQL are :

1. Data Definition Language (DDL) : The SQL DDL provides commands for defining relation schemes (structure), deleting relations, creating indexes and modifying relation schemes.
2. Data Manipulation Language (DML): The SQL DML includes commands to insert, delete, and modify tuples in the database.
3. Embedded Data Manipulation Language : The embedded form of SQL is used in high level programming languages.
4. View Definition : The SQL also includes commands for defining views of tables.
5. Authorization : The SQL includes commands for access rights to relations and views of tables.
6. Integrity’: The SQL provides forms for integrity checking using condition.
7. Transaction control : The SQL includes commands for file transactions and control over transaction processing.

Question 36 (a).
Write the steps for executing the C++ program to check whether a given number is palindrome or not.
Answer:
Step 1 : Type the C++ program to check whether the input number is palindrome or not in notepad and save it as “pali_cpp.cpp”.
Step 2: Type the Python program and save it as pali.py
Step 3: Click the Run Terminal and open the command window
Step 4: Go to the folder of Python using cd command.
Step 5: Type the command Python pali.py -i pali_cpp

[OR]

(b) Explain the various buttons in a matplotlib window.
Answer:

Home Button → The Home Button will help once you have begun navigating your chart. If you ever want to return back to the original view, you can click on this.

Forward/Back buttons → These buttons can be used like the Forward and Back buttons in your browser. You can click these to move back to the previous point you were at, or forward again.

Pan Axis → This cross-looking button allows you to click it, and then click and drag your graph around.

Zoom → The Zoom button lets you click on it, then click and drag a square that you would like I to zoom into specifically. Zooming in will require a left click and drag. You can alternatively zoom out with a right click and drag.

Configure Subplots → This button allows you to configure various spacing options with your figure and plot.

Save Figure → This button will allow you to save your figure in various forms.

Question 37 (a).
Explain the purposes of
(a) pltxlabel
(b) plt.ylabel
(c) plt.title
(d) plt.legend()
(e) plt.show()
Answer:
After installing Matplotlib, we will begin coding by importing Matplotlib using the command: import matplotlib.pyplot as pit
Now you have imported Matplotlib in your workspace. You need to display the plots. Using Matplotlib from within a Python script, you have to add plt.show() method inside the file to display your plot.

With plt.xlabel and plt.ylabel, you can assign labels to those respective axis. Next, you can assign the plot’s title with plt.title, and then you can invoke the default legend with pit.
legend().
plt.plot (years, total_populations)
plt.title (“Year vs Population in India”)
plt.xlabel (“Year”)
plt.ylabel (“Total Population”)
plt.legend()
plt.show()
Plt.title() → specifies title to the graph
Plt.xlabel() → specifies label for X-axis
Plt.ylabel() → specifies label for Y-axis

[OR]

(b) Evaluate the following functions and write the output.

Output:
1. 1) 13
2)3.2

2. (1)50
2) 36

3. <class ‘str’>

4. Ob10000

5. 1) CR (carriage return)
2) It moves the cursor to the beginning of same line

Question 38 (a).
Explain If and If…. else with sample programs.
Answer:
Simple if statement
Simple if is the simplest of all decision making statements. Condition should be in the form of relational or logical expression.
Syntax:
if :
statements-block 1
In the above syntax if the condition is true statements – block 1 will be executed.
Example
# Program to check the age and print whether eligible for voting
x = int (input(“Enter your age :”))
if x> = 18:
print (“You are eligible for voting”)
Output 1:
Enter your age : 34
You are eligible for voting Output 2:
Enter your age : 16
>>>
As you can see in the second execution no output will be printed, only the Python prompt will be displayed because the program does not check the alternative process when the condition is failed.

if..else statement:
The if., else statement provides control to check the true block as well as the false block. Following is the syntax of ‘if.else’ statement.

Syntax:
if :
statements-block 1
else:
statements-block 2
if.else statement thus provides two possibilities and the condition determines which BLOCK is to be executed.
Example: #Program to check if the accepted number odd or even
a = int(input(“Enter any number :”))
if a%2 == 0:
print (a,” is an even number”)
else:
print (a, ” is an odd number”)
Output 1:
Enter any number :56
56 is an even number
Output 2:
Enter any number :67
67 is an odd number
An alternate method to rewrite the above program is also available in Python. The complete if.else can also written as:
Syntax:
variable = variable1 if condition else variable 2

[OR]

(b) Explain while loop with sample program.
Answer:
while loop
The syntax of while loop in Python has the following syntax:

Syntax:
while :
statements block 1
[else:
statements block 2]
In the while loop, the condition is any valid Boolean expression returning True or False. The else part of while is optional part of while. The statements blockl is kept executed till the condition is True. If the else part is written, it is executed when the condition is tested False. Recall while loop belongs to entry check loop type, that is it is not executed even once if the condition is tested False in the beginning.
Example: program to illustrate the use of while loop – to print all numbers from 10 to 15
i = 10 # initializing part of the control variable
while (i<= 15): # test condition
print (i,end=’\t’) # statements – block 1
i = i + l # Updation of the control variable
Output:
10 11 12 13 14 15

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TN State Board 12th Economics Model Question Paper 1 English Medium

General Instructions:

1. The question paper comprises of four parts.
2. You are to attempt all the parts. An internal choice of questions is provided wherever applicable.
3. All questions of Part I, II, III and IV are to be attempted separately.
4. Question numbers 1 to 20 in Part I are Multiple Choice Questions of one mark each.
   These are to be answered by choosing the most suitable answer from the given four alternatives and writing the option code and the corresponding answer
5. Question numbers 21 to 30 in Part II are two-mark questions. These are to be answered in about one or two sentences.
6. Question numbers 31 to 40 in Part III are three-mark questions. These are to be answered in above three to five short sentences.
7. Question numbers 41 to 47 in Part IV are five-mark questions. These are to be answered in detail Draw diagrams wherever necessary.

Time: 3.00 Hours
Maximum Marks: 90

PART -1

Choose the correct answer. Answer all the questions: [20 x 1 = 20]

Question 1.
Who is regarded as the “Father of Modem Macro Economics”?
(a) Adam Smith
(b) J.M. Keynes
(c) Ranger Frisch
(d) Karl Marks
Answer:
(b) J.M. Keynes

Question 2.
The Financial year in India is………..
(a) April 1st to March 31st
(b) March 1st to April 30th
(c) March 1st to March 16th
(d) Jan 1st to Dec 31st
Answer:
(a) April 1st to March 31st

Question 3.
The concept, National Income was first introduced by ………..
(a) Alfred Marshall
(b) J.M. Keynes
(c) Richardo
(d) Simon Kuznets
Answer:
(d) Simon Kuznets

Question 4.
In disguised unemployment, the marginal productivity of labour is…………
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) positive
Answer:
(a) 0

Question 5.
The sum of MPC and MPS is………
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 0.1
(d) 1.1
Answer:
(a) 1

Question 6.
If the MPC is 0.5, the multiplier is………..
(a) 2
(b) 1/2
(c) 0.2
(d) 20
Answer:
(a) 2

Question 7.
The headquarters of Reserve Bank of India is located at……….
(a) Delhi
(b) Chennai
(c) Mumbai
(d) Banglore
Answer:
(c) Mumbai

Question 8.
The new currency symbol (T) in India was designed by………
(a) L. Sivakumar
(b) T. Udaya Chandran
(c) D. Udayakumar
(d) Amartya Kumar Sen
Answer:
(c) D. Udayakumar

Question 9.
“Repo rate (RR)” meAnswer:………..
(a) Rate at which the commercial banks are willing to lend to RBI
(b) Rate at which the RBI is willing to lend to commercial banks
(c) Exchange rate of foreign bank
(d) Growth rate of the economy
Answer:
(b) Rate at which the RBI is willing to lend to commercial banks

Question 10.
Export – Import bank was established in………..
(a) June 1982
(b) April 1982
(c) May 1982
(d) March 1982
Answer:
(d) March 1982

Question 11.
Exchange rates are determined in………
(a) Monetary economy
(b) Stock market
(c) Foreign exchange market
(d) Capital market
Answer:
(c) Foreign exchange market

Question 12.
IBRD is otherwise called as………..
(a) International Monetary Fund
(b) World bank
(c) ASEAN
(d) International finance corporations
Answer:
(b) World bank

Question 13.
International monetary fund has its headquarters at………
(a) Washington DC
(b) New York
(c) Vienna
(d) Geneva
Answer:
(a) Washington DC

Question 14.
Which of the following is not a tax under union list?
(a) Personal Income Tax
(b) Corporation Tax
(c) Agricultural Income Tax
(d) Excise duty
Answer:
(d) Excise duty

Question 15.
The true statements of the following………
(i) The 14th Finance commission is headed by C. Rangarajan
(ii) The recommendations of this commission will come into effect from April 1, 2015, is /are
(a) i only is correct
(b) ii only is correct
(c) both are correct
(d) none of the above is correct
Answer:
(d) none of the above is correct

Question 16.
Which of the following is the main cause for deforestation?
(a) Timber harvesting industry
(b) Natural afforestation
(c) Soil stabilization
(d) Climate stabilization
Answer:
(a) Timber harvesting industry

Question 17.
Which is responsible for protecting people from harmful ultra violet rays?
(a) UV -A
(b) UV – C
(c) Ozone layer
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Ozone layer

Question 18.
Arrange the following in chronological order……….
(i) People’s Plan
(ii) Bombay Plan
(iii) Jawaharlal Nehru Plan
(iv) Vishveshwarya Plan
(a) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
(b) (iv), (iii), (ii), (i)
(c) (i), (ii), (iv), (iii)
(d) (ii), (i), (iv), (iii)
Answer:
(b) (iv), (iii), (ii), (i)

Question 19.
Choose the correct answer for the given assertion and reason.
Assertion (A): The deficiency of capital, in turn leads to low levels of productivity and back to low income.
Reason (R): The low level of saving leads to low investment and to deficiency of capital.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A are R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Answer:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Question 20.
If both variables X and Y increase or decrease simultaneously, then the coefficient of correlation will be
(a) Positive
(b) Negative
(c) 0
(d) 1
Answer:
(a) Positive

PART – II

Answer any seven questions. Question No. 30 is compulsory. [7 x 2 = 14]

Question 21.
Define the term inflation.
Inflation refers to steady increase in general price level. Estimating the general price level by constructing various price index numbers such as wholesale Price. Index, Consumer Price Index, efc, are needed.

Question 22.
What is GDP deflator?
Answer:
GDP deflator is an index of price changes of goods and services included in GDP. It is a price index which is calculated by dividing the nominal GDP in a given year by the real GDP for the same year and multiplying it by 100.
GDP deflator = \(\frac{Nominal GDP}{Real GDP}\) x 100

Question 23.
What is investment functions?Answer:
The investment function refers to investment -interest rate relationship. There is a functional and inverse relationship between rate of interest and investment. The investment function slopes downward.
I = f(r)
1= Investment (Dependent variable)
r = Rate of interest (Independent variable)

Question 24.
Write a note on stagflation.
Answer:
Stagflation is a combination of stagnant economic growth, high unemployment and high inflation.

Question 25.
Distinguish between CRR and SLR.
Answer:

Question 26.
What is meant by Balance of Payment?
Answer:

1. BoP is a systematic record of a country’s economic and financial transactions with the rest of the world over a period of time.
2. When a payment is received from a foreign country, it is a credit transaction while a payment to a foreign country is a debit transaction.
3. The principal items shown on the credit side are exports of goods and services, transfer receipts in the form of gift etc., from foreigners, borrowing from abroad, foreign direct investment and official sale of reserve assets including gold to foreign countries and international agencies.
4. The principal items on the debit side include imports of goods and services, transfer payments to foreigners, lending to foreign countries, investments by residents in foreign countries and official purchase of reserve assets or gold from foreign countries and international agencies.

Question 27.
Write the meaning of special drawing rights.
Answer:
Special Drawing Rights (SDRs):

• The Fund has succeeded in establishing a scheme of Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) which is otherwise called ‘Paper Gold’.
• They are a form of international reserves created by the IMF in 1969 to solve the problem of international liquidity.
• They are allocated to the IMF members in proportion to their Fund quotas.
• SDRs are used as a means of payment by Fund members to meet balance of payments deficits and their total reserve position with the Fund.
• Thus SDRs act both as an international unit of account and a means of payment.
• All transactions by the Fund in the form of loans and their repayments, its liquid reserves, . its capital, etc., are expressed in the SDR.

Question 28.
Differentiate between tax and fee.
Answer:

Question 29.
Define regression.
Answer:

1. The term ‘Regression’ was first coined and used in 1877 by Francis Galton while studying the relationship between the height of fathers and sons.
2. The average height of children born of parents of a given height tended to move or “regress” toward the average height in the population as a whole.
3. Gabon’s law of universal regression was confirmed by his friend Karl Pearson, who collected more than a thousand records of heights of members of family groups.
4. The literal meaning of the word “regression” is “Stepping back towards the average”.

Question 30.
What is pollution and write the types of pollution?
Answer:
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that causes adverse change, in the form of killing of life, toxicity of environment, damage to ecosystem and aesthetics of our surrounding.
Types of Pollution

1. Air pollution
2. Water pollution
3. Noise pollution
4. Land pollution

PART – III

Answer any seven questions. Question No. 40 is compulsory. [7 x 3 = 21]

Question 31.
List out the uses of National Income.
The following are some of the concepts used in measuring national income.
GDP:
GDP is the total market value of final goods and services produced within the country during a year. This is calculated at market prices and is known as GDP at market prices. Thus GDP by expenditure method at market prices = C + I + G + (X – M)
Where C – Consumption goods;
I – Investment goods;
G – Government purchases;
(X – M) is net export which can be positive or negative.

Net National Product (NNP) (at Market price):
Net National Product refers to the value of the net output of the economy during the year. NNP is obtained by deducting the value of depreciation, or replacement allowance of the capital assets from the GNP. It is expressed as,
NNP = GNP – depreciation allowance.

NNP at Factor cost:
NNP refers to the market value of output. NNP at factor cost is the total of income payment made to factors of production.

Personal Income:
Personal income is the total income received by the individuals of a country from all sources before payment of direct taxes in a year.

Per Capita Income:
The average income of a person of a country in a particular year is called Per Capita Income. Per capita income is obtained by dividing national income by population.
Per Capita income = \(\frac{National income}{population}\)

Disposable Income:

1. Disposable Income is also known as Disposable personal income.
2. It is the individuals income after the payment of income tax.
3. This is the amount available for households for consumption.

Real Income:
Nominal income is national income expressed in terms of a general price level of a particular year in other words, real income is the buying power of nominal income.

GDP deflator:
GDP deflator is an index of price changes of goods and services included in GDP. It is a price index which is calculated by dividing the nominal GDP in a given year by the real GDP for the same year and multiplying it by 100.

Question 32.
Explain Keynes theory in the form of flow chart.
Answer:

Question 33.
Complete the table.

Answer:

Question 34.
What are the functions of NABARD?
Functions of NABARD:
NABARD has inherited its apex role from RBI i.e, it is performing all the functions performed by RBI with regard to agricultural credit.
(i) NABARD acts as a refinancing institution for all kinds of production and investment credit to agriculture, small-scale industries, cottage and village industries, handicrafts and rural crafts and real artisans and other allied economic activities with a view to promoting integrated rural development.

(ii) NABARD gives long-term loans (upto 20 Years) to State Government to enable them to subscribe to the share capital of co-operative credit societies.

(iii) NABARD gives long-term loans to any institution approved by the Central Government or contribute to the share capital or invests in securities of any institution concerned with agriculture and rural development.

(iv) NABARD has the responsibility of co-ordinating the activities of Central and State Governments, the Planning Commission (now NITI Aayog) and other all India and State level institutions entrusted with the development of small scale industries, village and cottage industries, rural crafts, industries in the tiny and decentralized sectors, etc.

(v) It maintains a Research and Development Fund to promote research in agriculture and rural development.

Question 35.
What are the import quotas?
Answer:
Import Control: Imports may be controlled by

1. imposing or enhancing import duties
2. restricting imports through import quotas
3. licensing and even prohibiting altogether the import of certain non-essential items. But this would encourage smuggling.

Question 36.
Multilateral Agreement – Comment.
Answer:
Multilateral trade agreement: It is a multi national legal or trade agreements between countries. It is an agreement between more than two countries but not many. The various agreements implemented by the WTO such as TRIPS, TRIMS, GATS, AoA, MFA have been discussed.

Question 37.
Point out any three differences between direct and indirect taxes.
Answer:

Question 38.
List out the functions of NITIAAYOG.
Answer:
Functions of NITI Aayog:

1. Cooperative and Competitive Federalism: To enable the States to have active participation in the formulation of national policy.
2. Shared National Agenda: To evolve a shared vision of national development priorities and strategies with the active involvement of States.
3. Decentralized Planning: To restructure the planning process into a bottom-up model.
4. Vision and Scenario Planning: To design medium and long-term strategic frameworks towards India’s future.
5. Network of Expertise: To mainstream external ideas and expertise into government policies and programmes through a collective participation.
6. Harmonization: To facilitate harmonization of actions across different layers of government, especially when involving cross-cutting and overlapping issues across multiple sectors; through communication, coordination, collaboration and convergence amongst all the stakeholders.
7. Conflict Resolution: To provide platform for mutual consensus to inter-sectoral, inter¬departmental, inter-state as well as centre-state issues for all speedy execution of the government programmes.
8. Coordinating Interface with the World: It will act nodal point to harness global expertise and resources coming from International organizations for India’s developmental process.
9. Internal Consultancy: It provides internal consultancy to Central and State governments on policy and programmes.
10. Capacity Building: It enables to provide capacity building and technology up-gradation across government, benchmarking with latest global trends and providing managerial and technical know-how.
11. Monitoring and Evaluation: It will monitor the implementation of policies and progammes and evaluate the impacts.

Question 39.
What are the determinants of money supply?
Answer:
Determinants of Money Supply:

1. Currency Deposit Ratio (CDR): It is the ratio of money held by the public in currency to that they hold in bank deposits. .
2. Reserve deposit Ratio (RDR): Reserve Money consists of two things (a) vault cash in banks and (b) deposits of commercial banks with RBI.
3. Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR): It is the fraction of the deposits the banks must keep with RBI.
4. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR): It is the fraction of the total demand and time deposits of the commercial banks is the form of specified liquid assets.

Question 40.
Mention the limitations of Macro Economics.
Answer:
Macro economics suffers from certain limitations. They are:

1. There is a danger of excessive generalisation of the economy as a whole.
2. It assumes homogeneity among the individual units.
3. There is a fallacy of composition. What is good of an individual need not be good for nation and vice versa. And, what is good for a country is not good for another country and at another time.
4. Many non-economic factors determine economic activities; but they do not find place in the usual macroeconomic books.

PART – IV

Answer all the questions. [7 × 5 = 35]

Question 41 (a).
Illustrate the functioning of an economy based on its activities.
Answer:
An economy is referred to any system or area where economic activities are carried out. Each economy has its own character. Accordingly, the functions or activities also vary. The functioning of an economy by its activities is explained in flow chart.

1. In an economy, the fundamental economic activities are production and consumption.
2. These two activities are supported by several other activities.
3. The ultimate aim of these activities is to achieve growth. The ‘exchange activity’ supports the production and consumption activities. These activities are influenced by several economic and non-economic activities.
4. The major economic activities include transportation, banking, advertising, planning, government policy and others.
5. The major non-economic activities are environment, health, education, entertainment, governance, regulations etc.
6. In addition to these supporting activities, external activities from other economies such as import, export, international relations, emigration, immigration, foreign investment, foreign exchange earnings, etc. also influence the entire functioning of the economy.

[OR]

(b) Calculate the Karl Person Correlation co-efficient for the following data.

Answer:

Take the assumed values A = 31 & B = 26
Therefore dx = X – A ⇒ X – 31 and
dy = Y – A ⇒ Y – 26

r = 0.9956 (or) 0.9955
= (0.9955)

Question 42 (a).
Discuss the economic determinants of economic development.
Answer:
Determinants of Economic Development:
Economic development is not determined by any single factor. Economic development depends on Economic, Social, Political and Religious factors.
Economic and Non-Economic Factors:

Economic Factors:
1. Natural Resource: The principal factor affecting the development of an economy is the availability of natural resources. The existence of natural resources in abundance is essential for development.

2. Capital Formation: Capital formation is the main key to economic growth. Capital formation refers to the net addition to the existing stock of capital goods which are either tangible like plants and machinery or intangible like health, education and research.

3. Size of the Market: Large size of the market would stimulate production, increase employment and raise the National per capita income. That is why developed countries expand their market to other countries through WTO.

4. Structural Change: Structural change refers to change in the occupational structure of the economy. Any economy of the country is generally divided into three basic sectors: Primary sector such as agricultural, animal husbandry, forestry, etc; Secondary sector such as industrial production, constructions and Tertiary sector such as trade, banking and commerce.

5. Financial System: Financial system implies the existence of an efficient and organized banking system in the country.

6. Marketable Surplus: Marketable surplus refers to the total amount of farm output cultivated by farmers over and above their family consumption needs. This is a surplus that can be sold in the market for earning income.

7. Foreign Trade: The country which enjoys favorable balance of trade and terms of trade is always developed. It has huge forex reserves and stable exchange rate.

8. Economic System: The countries which adopt free market mechanism (laissez faire) enjoy better growth rate compared to controlled economies.

Non-Economic Factors:
‘Economic Development has much to do with human endowments, social attitudes, political conditions and historical accidents. Capital is a necessary but not a sufficient condition of progress.’
1. Human Resources: Human resource is named as human capital because of its power to increase productivity and thereby national income. There is a circular relationship between human development and economic growth. A healthy, educated and skilled labour force is the most important productive asset. Human capital formation is the process of increasing knowledge, skills and the productive capacity of people.

2. Technical Know-how: As the scientific and technological knowledge advances, more and more sophisticated techniques steadily raise the productivity levels in all sectors.

3. Political Freedom: The process of development is linked with the political freedom.

4. Social Organization: People show interest in the development activity only when they feel that the fruits of development will be fairly distributed.

5. Corruption free administration: Corruption is a negative factor in the growth process. Unless the countries root-out corruption in their administrative system, the crony capitalists and traders will continue to exploit national resources.

6. Desire for development: The pace of economic growth in any country depends to a great extent on people’s desire for development.

7. Moral, ethical and social values: These determine the efficiency of the market, according to Douglas C. North. If people are not honest, market cannot function.

8. Casino Capitalism: If People spend larger proportion of their income and time on entertainment liquor and other illegal activities, productive activities may suffer, according to Thomas Piketty.

9. Patrimonial Capitalism: If the assets are simply passed on to children from their parents, the children would not work hard, because the children do not know the value of the assets.

[OR]

(b) Critically explain say’s law of market.
Answer:
Criticisms of Say’s Law:
The following are the criticisms against Say’s law:

1. According to Keynes, supply does not create its demand. It is not applicable where demand does not increase as much as production increases.
2. Automatic adjustment process will not remove unemployment. Unemployment can be removed by increase in the rate of investment.
3. Money is not neutral. Individuals hold money for unforeseen contingencies while businessmen keep cash reserve for future activities.
4. Say’s law is based on the proposition that supply creates its own demand and there is no over production. Keynes said that over production is possible.
5. Keynes regards full employment as a special case because there is under – employment in capitalist economies.
6. The need for state intervention arises in the case of general over production and mass unemployment.

Question 43 (a).
Explain the importance of National Income analysis.
Answer:
Importance of National Income Analysis:
National income is of great importance for the economy of a country. Nowadays the national income is regarded as accounts of the economy, which are known as social accounts. It enables us

1. To know the relative importance of the various sectors of the economy and their contribution towards national income; from the calculation of national income, we could find how income is produced, how it is distributed, how much is spent, saved or taxed.
2. To formulate the national policies such as monetary policy, fiscal policy and other policies; the proper measures can be adopted to bring the economy to the right path with the help of collecting national income data.
3. To formulate planning and evaluate plan progress; it is essential that the data pertaining to a country’s gross income, output, saving and consumption from different sources should be available for economic planning.
4. To build economic models both in short – run and long – run.
5. To make international comparison, inter – regional comparison and inter – temporal comparison of growth of the economy during different periods.
6. To know a country’s per capita income which reflects the economic welfare of the country (Provided income is equally distributed)
7. To know the distribution of income for various factors of production in the country.
8. To arrive at many macro economic variables namely, Tax – GDP ratio, Current Account Deficit – GDP ratio, Fiscal Deficit – GDP ratio, Debt – GDP ratio etc.

[OR]

(b) Briefly explain the relationship between GDP growth and the quality of environment.
Answer:

Question 44 (a).
Illustrate the working of multiplier.
Answer:
Working of Multiplier:

1. Suppose the Government undertakes investment expenditure equal to Rs 100 crore on some public works, by way of wages, price of materials etc.
2. Thus income of labourers and suppliers of materials increases by Rs 100 crore. Suppose the MPC is 0.8 that is 80 %.
3. A sum of Rs 80 crores is spent on consumption (A sum of Rs 20 Crores is saved).
4. As a result, suppliers of goods get an income of Rs 80 crores.
5. They intum spend Rs 64 crores (80% of Rs 80 cr).
6. In this manner consumption expenditure and increase in income act in a chain like maimer.

The final result is ΔY = 100 + 100 × 4/5 + 100 × [4/5]² + 100 × [4/5]³ or,
ΔY = 100 + 100 × 0.8 + 100 × (0.8)² + 100 × (0.8)³
= 100+ 80 + 64+ 51.2… = 500
that is 100 × 1/1 = 4/5
100 × 1/1/5
100 × 5 = Rs 500 crores
For instance if C = 100 + 0.8Y, I = 100,
Then Y = 100 + 0.8Y + 100
0. 2Y = 200
Y = 200/0.2 = 1000 → Point B
If I is increased to 110, then
0. 2Y = 210
Y = 210/0.2 = 1050 → Point D
For Rs 10 increase in I, Y has increased by Rs 50. This is due to multiplier effect.
At point A, Y = C = 500
C = 100 + 0.8 (500) = 500; S = 0
At point B, Y = 1000
C = 100 + 0.8 (1000) = 900; S = 100 = I
At point D, Y = 1050
C = 100 + 0.8 (1050) = 940; S = 110 = I
When I is increased by 10, Y increases by 50.
This is multiplier effect (K = 5)
K = \(\frac{1}{0.2}\)

[OR]

(b) Bring out the components of balance of payments accounts.
Answer:
Components of BOPs:
The credit and debit items are shown vertically in the BOP account of a country. Horizontally, they are divided into three categories, i.e.,

1. The current account,
2. The capital account and
3. The official settlements account or official reserve assets account.

1. The Current Account: It includes all international trade transactions of goods and services, international service transactions (i.e. tourism, transportation and royalty fees) and international unilateral transfers (i.e. gifts and foreign aid).

2. The Capital Account: Financial transactions consisting of direct investment and purchases of interest-bearing financial instruments, non-interest bearing demand deposits and gold fall under the capital account.

3. The Official Reserve Assets Account: Official reserve transactions consist of movements of international reserves by governments and official agencies to accommodate imbalances arising from the current and capital accounts.

The official reserve assets of a country include its gold stock, holdings of its convertible foreign currencies and Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) and its net position in the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Question 45 (a).
Explain in detail the measures to control inflation.
Answer:
Measures to Control Inflation
Keynes and Milton Friedman together suggested three measures to prevent and control of inflation.

1. Monetary measures,
2. Fiscal measures (J.M. Keynes) and
3. Other measures.

1. Monetary Measures: These measures are adopted by the Central Bank of the country. They are (i) Increase in Bankrate (ii) Sale of Government Securities in the Open Market (iii) Higher Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) and Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) (iv) Consumer Credit Control and (v) Higher margin requirements (vi) Higher Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate.

2. Fiscal Measures: Fiscal policy is now recognized as an important instrument to tackle an inflationary situation. The major anti-inflationary fiscal measures are the following: Reduction of Government Expenditure, Public Borrowing and Enhancing taxation.

3. Other Measures: These measures can be divided broadly into short-term and long-term measures.
i) Short-term measures can be in regard to public distribution of scarce essential commodities through fair price shops (Rationing). In India whenever shortage of basic goods has been felt, the government has resorted to import so that inflation may not get triggered.
ii) Long-term measures will require accelerating economic growth especially of the wage goods which have a direct bearing on the general price and the cost of living. Some restrictions on present consumption may help in improving saving and investment which may be necessary for accelerating the rate of economic growth in the long run.

[OR]

(b) Distinguish between Public Finance and Private Finance.
Answer:

Question 46 (a).
Describe the functions of RBI.
Answer:
Functions of Central Bank (Reserve Bank of India):
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is India’s central banking institution, which controls the monetary policy of the Indian rupee.

1. Monetary Authority: It controls the supply of money in the economy to stabilize exchange rate, maintain healthy balance of payment, attain financial stability, control inflation, strengthen banking system.

2. The issuer of currency: The objective is to maintain the currency and credit system of the country. It is the sole authority to issue currency. It also takes action to control the circulation of fake currency.

3. The issuer of Banking License: As per Sec 22 of Banking Regulation Act, every bank has to obtain a banking license from RBI to conduct banking business in India.

4. Banker to the Government: It acts as banker both to the central and the state governments. It provides short-term credit. It manages all new issues of government loans, servicing the government debt outstanding and nurturing the market for government securities. It advises the government on banking and financial subjects.

5. Banker’s Bank: RBI is the bank of all banks in India as it provides loan to banks, accept the deposit of banks, and re-discount the bills of banks.

6. Lender of last resort: The banks can borrow from the RBI by keeping eligible securities as collateral at the time of need or crisis, when there is no other source.

7. Act as clearing house: For settlement of banking transactions, RBI manages 14 clearing houses. It facilitates the exchange of instruments and processing of payment instructions.

8. Custodian of foreign exchange reserves: It acts as a custodian of FOREX. It administers and enforces the provision of Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999. RBI buys and sells foreign currency to maintain the exchange rate of Indian rupee v/s foreign currencies.

9. Regulator of Economy: It controls the money supply in the system, monitors different key indicators like GDP, Inflation, etc.

10. Managing Government securities: RBI administers investments in institutions when they invest specified minimum proportions of their total assets/liabilities in government securities.

11. Regulator and Supervisor of Payment and Settlement Systems: The Payment and Settlement Systems Act of 2007 (PSS Act) gives RBI oversight authority for the payment and settlement systems in the country. RBI focuses on the development and functioning of safe, secure and efficient payment and settlement mechanisms.

12. Developmental Role: This role includes the development of the quality banking system in India and ensuring that credit is available to the productive sectors of the economy. It provides a wide range of promotional functions to support national objectives. It also includes establishing institutions designed to build the country’s financial infrastructure. It also helps in expanding access to affordable financial services and promoting financial education and literacy.

13. Publisher of monetary data and other data: RBI maintains and provides all essential banking and other economic data, formulating and critically evaluating the economic policies in India. RBI collects, collates and publishes data regularly.

14. Exchange manager and controller: RBI represents India as a member of the International Monetary Fund [IMF], Most of the commercial banks are authorized dealers of RBI.

15. Banking Ombudsman Scheme: RBI introduced the Banking Ombudsman Scheme in 1995. Under this scheme, the complainants can file their complaints in any form, including online and can also appeal to the Ombudsman against the awards and the other decisions of the Banks.

16. Banking Codes and Standards Board of India: To measure the performance of banks against Codes and standards based on established global practices, the RBI has set up the Banking Codes and Standards Board of India (BCSBI).

[OR]

(b) Write a note on
(i) SAARC
(ii) BRICS
Answer:
(i) South Asian Association For Regional Co-Operation (SAARC):

1. The South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) is an organisation of South Asian nations, which was established on 8 December 1985 for the promotion of economic and social progress, cultural development within the South Asia region and also for friendship and co-operation with other developing countries.
2. The SAARC Group (SAARC) comprises of Bangaladesh, Bhutan, India, The Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka.
3. In April 2007, Afghanistan became its eighth member.
4. The basic aim of the organisation is to accelerate the process of economic and social development of member states through joint action in the agreed areas of cooperation.
5. The SAARC Secretariat was established in Kathmandu (Nepal) on 16th January 1987.
6. The first SAARC summit was held at Dhaka in the year 1985.
7. SAARC meets once in two years. Recently, the 20th SAARC summit was hosted by Srilanka in 2018.

(ii) BRICS:

1. BRICS is the acronym for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.
2. Since 2009, the BRICS nations have met annually at formal summits.
3. South Africa hosted the 10th BRICS summit in July 2018.
4. The agenda for BRICS summit 2018 includes Inclusive growth, Trade issues, Global governance, Shared Prosperity, International peace and security.
5. It’s headquarters is at Shanghai, China.
6. The New Development Bank (NDB) formerly referred to as the BRICS Development Bank was established by BRICS States.
7. The first BRICS summit was held at Moscow and South Africa hosted the Tenth Conference at Johanesberg in July 2018.
8. India had an opportunity of hosting fourth and Eighth summits in 2009 and 2016 respectively.
9. The BRICS countries make up 21 percent of global GDP. They have increased their share of global GDP threefold in the past 15 years.
10. The BRICS are home to 43 percent of the world’s population.
11. The BRICS countries have combined foreign reserves of an estimated $4.4 trillion.

Question 47 (a).
Describe the phases of trade cycle.
Answer:
Phases of Trade Cycle

The four different phases of trade cycle is referred to as

1. Boom
2. Recession
3. Depression and
4. Recovery. These are illustrated in the figure.

Phases of Trade Cycle
1. Boom or Prosperity Phase:

• The full employment and the movement of the economy beyond full employment is characterized as boom period.
• During this period, there is hectic activity in economy.
• Money wages rise, profits increase and interest rates go up.
• The demand for bank credit increases and there is all-round optimism.

2. Recession:

• the turning point from boom condition is called recession.
• This happens at higher rate, than what was earlier.
• Generally, the failure of a company or bank bursts the boom and brings a phase of recession.
• Investments are drastically reduced, production comes down and income and profits decline.
• There is panic in the stock market and business activities show signs of dullness.
• Liquidity preference of the people rises and money market becomes tight.

3. Depression:

• During depression the level of economic activity becomes extremely low.
• Firms incur losses and closure of business becomes a common feature and the ultimate result is unemployment.
• Interest prices, profits and wages are low. The agricultural class and wage earners would be worst hit.
• Banking institutions will be reluctant to advance loans to businessmen.
• Depression is the worst phase of the business cycle.
• Extreme point of depression is called as “trough”, because it is a deep point in business cycle.

4. Recovery:

• After a period of depression, recovery sets in.
• This is the turning point from depression to revival towards upswing.
• It begins with the revival of demand for capital goods.
• Autonomous investments boost the activity.
• The demand slowly picks up and in due course the activity is directed towards the upswing with more production, profit, income, wages and employment.
• Recovery may be initiated by innovation or investment or by government expenditure
  (autonomous investment).

[OR]

(b) What are the reasons for the recent growth in public expenditure?
Answer:
Causes for the Increase in Government Expenditure:
The modem state is a welfare state. In a welfare state, the government has to perform several functions viz Social, economic and political. These activities are the cause for increasing public expenditure.
(i) Population Growth:

1. During the past 67 years of planning, the population of India has increased from 36.1 crore in 1951, to 121 crore in 2011.
2. The growth in population requires massive investment in health and education, law and order, etc.
3. Young population requires increasing expenditure on education &. youth services, whereas the aging population requires transfer payments like old age pension, social security & health facilities.

(ii) Defence Expenditure:

1. There has been enormous increase in defence expenditure in India during planning period.
2. The defence expenditure has been increasing tremendously due to modernisation of defence equipment.
3. The defence expenditure of the government was Rs 10,874 crores in 1990-91 which increased significantly to Rs 2,95,511 crores in 2018-19.

(iii) Government Subsidies:

1. The Government of India has been providing subsidies on a number of items such as food, fertilizers, interest on priority sector lending, exports, education, etc.
2. Because of the massive amounts of subsidies, the public expenditure has increased manifold.

(iv) Debt Servicing:
The government has been borrowing heavily both from the internal and external sources, As a result, the government has to make huge amounts of repayment towards debt servicing.

(v) Development Projects:

1. The government has been undertaking various development projects such as irrigation, iron and steel, heavy machinery, power, telecommunications, etc.
2. The development projects involve huge investment.

(vi) Urbanisation:

1. There has been an increase in urbanization.
2. In 1950-51 about 17% of the population was urban based.
3. Now the urban population has increased to about 43%.
4. There are more than 54 cities above one million population.
5. The increase in urbanization requires heavy expenditure on law and order, education and civic amenities.

(vii) Industrialisation:

1. Setting up of basic and heavy industries involves a huge capital and long gestation period.
2. It is the government which starts such industries in a planned economy.
3. The under developed countries need a strong of infrastructure like transport, communication, power, fuel, etc.

(viii) Increase in grants in aid to state and union territories:
There has been tremendous increase in grant-in-aid to state and union territories to meet natural disasters.

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Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Applications Solutions Chapter 18 Tamil Computing

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Applications Tamil Computing Text Book Back Questions and Answers

I. Answer To The Following Questions

Question 1.
List of the search engines supporting Tamil?
Answer:
Google, Bing and Yahoo are takes first three places respectively. Google and Bing provide searching facilities in Tamil, which me you can search everything through Tamil. A Google search engine gives you an inbuilt Tamil virtual keyboard.

Question 2.
What are the keyboard layouts used in Android?
Answer:
Sellinam and Ponmadal are familiar Tamil keyboard layouts that works on android operating system in Smart phone using phonetics.

Question 3.
Write a short note about Tamil Programming Language?
Answer:
Programming languages to develop software to computers and smart phones are available only in English. Now, efforts are taken to develop programming languages in Tamil.

Based on Python programming language, the first Tamil programming language “Ezhil” (எழில்) is designed. With the help of this programming language, you can write simple programs in Tamil:

Question 4.
What is TSCII?
Answer:
TSCII (Tamil Script Code for Information Interchange) is the first coding system to handle our Tamil language in an analysis of an encoding scheme that is easily handled in electronic devices, including non- English computers. This encoding scheme was registered in IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) unit of ICANN.

Question 5.
Write a short note on Tamil Virtual Academy?
Answer:
With the objectives of spreading Tamil to the entire world through Internet, Tamil Virtual University was established on 17th February 2001 by the Government of Tamilnadu.

Now, this organisation functioning with the name “Tamil Virtual Academy”. This organisation offers different courses regarding Tamil language, Culture, heritage etc… from kindergarten to under graduation level.

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Applications Tamil Computing Additional Important Questions and Answer

I. Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
Human civilization developed with the innovation of computer in the …………………….
(a) 11th century
(b) 13th century
(c) 16th century
(d) 20th century
Answer:
(d) 20th century

Question 2.
…………………… is not just a language, it is our identity, our life and our source.
(a) English
(b) Sanskrit
(c) Tamil
(d) Hindi
Answer:
(c) Tamil

Question 3.
Getting government services through internet is known as
(a) e-library
(b) e-govemance
(c) Tamil programming language
(d) Tamil translation applications
Answer:
(b) e-govemance

II. Short Answers

Question 1.
What is e-governance?
Answer:
Getting Government services through internet is known as e-Govemance. Govt, of Tamil Nadu has been giving its services through Internet.

One can communicate with Govt, of Tamil Nadu from any comer of the state. One can get important’announcements, government orders, and government welfare schemes from the web portal of Govt. of. Tamil Nadu.

Question 2.
Write short notes on e-library?
Answer:
E-Libraries are portal or website of collection of e-books. Tamil e-Library services provide thousands of Tamil Books as ebooks mostly at free of cost. It is the most useful service to Tamil people who live far away from their home land.

Question 3.
Explain Tamil translation applications?
Answer:
Thamizpori (தமிழ்பொறி) is a Tamil translation application having more than 30000 Tamil words equalent to English words. Using this application, we can translate small English sentences into Tamil. Google also gives an online translation facility, using this online facility we can translate from Tamil to any other language and vice versa.

Question 4.
Define Tamil office automation application?
Answer:
Famous Office automation software like Microsoft Office, Open Office etc., provides complete Tamil interface facility. These softwares are downloadable and installed in your computer.

After installation, your office automation software environment will be completely changed to Tamil. Menu bars, names of icons, dialog boxes will be shown in Tamil. Moreover, you can save files with Tamil names and create folders with Tamil names.

Question 5.
Explain ISCII?
Answer:
Indian Script Code for Information Interchange (ISCII ), is one of the encoding schemes specially designed for Indian languages including Tamil. It was unified with Unicode.

III. Short Answers

Question 1.
What is Unicode?
Answer:
Unicode is an encoding system, designed to handle various world languages, including Tamil. Its first version 1.0.0 was introduced on October 1991.

While introduction of this scheme, can be able to handle nearly 23 languages including Tamil. Among the various encoding scheme, – Unicode is the suitable to handle Tamil.

Question 2.
Define tamil typing and interface software?
Answer:
Tamil is mostly used to type documents in word processors and search information from internet. Typing Tamil using Tamil interface software is the familiar one among the different methods of typing. This is the simplest method of typing Tamil in both Computer and Smart phones.

Question 3.
Write a short note on Tamil in internet?
Answer:
Internet is the best information technological device, through which we get know everything from Internet. In 2017 a study conducted by KPMG a Singapore based organization along with google, reported that, Tamil topped the list, among the most widely used languages in India where 42% are using the Internet in Tamil. Moreover in 2021 onwards, 74% of people in India will access internet using Tamil and it will be in the top usage of Internet in India.

Question 4.
Explain Tamil operating system?
Answer:
An operating system is needed to access electronic systems such as computer and smart phone. Microsoft Windows is very popular operating system for personal computers.

Linux is another popular open source operating system. Operating systems are used to access a computer easily. An operating system should be easy to work and its environment should be in understandable form. Thus, all operating systems used in computers and smart phones offered environment in Tamil.

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TN State Board 12th Economics Model Question Paper 2 English Medium

General Instructions:

1. The question paper comprises of four parts.
2. You are to attempt all the parts. An internal choice of questions is provided wherever applicable.
3. All questions of Part I, II, III and IV are to be attempted separately.
4. Question numbers 1 to 20 in Part I are Multiple Choice Questions of one mark each.
   These are to be answered by choosing the most suitable answer from the given four alternatives and writing the option code and the corresponding answer
5. Question numbers 21 to 30 in Part II are two-mark questions. These are to be answered in about one or two sentences.
6. Question numbers 31 to 40 in Part III are three-mark questions. These are to be answered in above three to five short sentences.
7. Question numbers 41 to 47 in Part IV are five-mark questions. These are to be answered in detail Draw diagrams wherever necessary.

Time: 3.00 Hours
Maximum Marks: 90

PART – I

Choose the correct answer. Answer all the questions: [20 × 1 = 20]

Question 1.
The Circular Flow Model that represents an open Economy.
(a) Two Sector Model
(b) Three Sector Model
(c) Four Sector Model
(d) All the above
Answer:
(c) Four Sector Model

Question 2.
Pick the odd one out……….
(a) Rapid Economic growth
(b) Balanced Economic growth
(c) Economic Equality
(d) Inefficiency
Answer:
(d) Inefficiency

Question 3.
Write the Four Sector Model of National Income?
(a) Y = C + I + G + (X – M)
(b) Y = C + I + G + X
(c) Y = C +1 + G + M
(d) Y = C + I + G(M – X)
Answer:
(a) Y = C + I + G + (X – M)

Question 4.
Which of the following is correctly matched?
(a) PQLI – Physical Quantity of Life Index
(b) PQLI – Personal Quantity of Life Index
(c) PQLI – Personal Quality of Life Index
(d) PQLI – Physical Quality of Life Index
Answer:
(d) PQLI – Physical Quality of Life Index

Question 5.
Say’s law stressed the operation of in the economy.
(a) Induced price mechanism
(b) Automatic price mechanism
(c) Induced demand
(d) Induced investment
Answer:
(b) Automatic price mechanism

Question 6.
Which of the following is correctly matched?
(a) Seasonal unemployment – Type of unemployment
(b) Technical unemployment – Some season only
(c) Cyclical unemployment – Public capital
(d) Full employment – Not willing to job
Answer:
(a) Seasonal unemployment – Type of unemployment

Question 7.
Match the following and choose the correct answer by using codes given below

Codes:
(a) A (iv) B (i) C (iii) D (ii)
(b) A (i) B (ii) C (iv) D (iii)
(c) A (ii) B (iii) C (i) D (iv)
(d) A (iii) B (iv) C(ii) D (i)
Answer:
(a) A (iv) B (i) C (iii) D (ii)

Question 8.
Which of the following is not correctly matched?
(a) Inflation – Rise in price
(b) Deflation – Fall in price
(c) Hyper Inflation – India
(d) Hyper deflation – Phases of Trade cycle
Answer:
(d) Hyper deflation – Phases of Trade cycle

Question 9.
2016 Demonetization of currency includes denominations of……….
(a) Rs 500 and Rs 1000
(b) Rs 1000 and Rs 2000
(c) Rs 200 and Rs 500
(d) All the above
Answer:
(a) Rs 500 and Rs 1000

Question 10.
To promote ………….. stability is one of the aims of IMF.
(a) Exchange
(b) Money
(c) Investment
(d) Finance
Answer:
(a) Exchange

Question 11.
Match the following and choose the correct answer by using codes given below.

Codes:
(a) A (1) B (ii) C (iii) D (iv)
(b) A (iv) B (iii) C (ii) D (i)
(c) A (ii) B (iv) C (i) D (iii)
(d) A (iii) B (i) C (iv) D (ii)
Answer:
(c) A (ii) B (iv) C (i) D (iii)

Question 12.
BENELUX is a form of
(a) Free trade area
(b) Economic Union
(c) Common market
(d) Customs union
Answer:
(d) Customs union

Question 13.
Which is the following is correctly matched:
(a) ITO – 1944
(b) World bank – 1946
(c) WTO – 1947
(d) IMF – 1995
Answer:
(a) ITO – 1944

Question 14.
Which one of the following deficits does not consider borrowing as a receipt?
(a) Revenue deficit
(b) Budgetary deficit
(c) Fiscal deficit
(d) Primary deficit
Answer:
(c) Fiscal deficit

Question 15.
Match the following and choose the correct answer by using codes given below.

Codes:
(a) A (i) B (ii) C (iii) D (iv)
(b) A (iii) B (iv) C (ii) D (i)
(c) A (ii) B (i) C (iv) D (iii)
(d) A (iv) B (iii) C (i) D (ii)
Answer:
(a) A (i) B (ii) C (iii) D (iv)

Question 16.
Alkali soils are predominantly located in the plains.
(a) Indus-Ganga
(b) North-Indian
(c) Gangetic plains
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 17.
Environmental externalities are called:
(a) Externality
(b) Economic externalities
(c) Negative externalities
(d) Positive externalities
Answer:
(d) Positive externalities

Question 18.
Assertion (A): Soil pollution is another form of water pollution.
Reason (R): The upper layer of the soil is damaged is caused by the over use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
(a) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true and ‘R’ is the correct explanation to ‘A’
(b) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true but ‘R’ is not the correct explanation to ‘A’
(c) ‘A’ is true but ‘R’ is false
(d) ‘A’ is false but ‘R’ is true
Answer:
(d) ‘A’ is false but ‘R’ is true

Question 19.
Which is the following is correctly matched:
(a) NITI Aayog – Union cabinet resolution
(b) Financial planning – Controlling plans
(c) Short term plans – Technique planning
(d) Indicative planning – Capitalist economy
Answer:
(a) NITI Aayog – Union cabinet resolution

Question 20.
The term regression was used by
(a) Newton
(b) Pearson
(c) Spearman
(d) Galton
Answer:
(d) Galton

PART – II

Answer any seven question in which Question No. 30 is compulsory. [7 × 2 = 14]

Question 21.
‘Circular Flow of Income’ – Define.
Answer:

1. The circular flow of income is a model of an economy showing connections between different sectors of an economy.
2. It shows flows of income, goods and services and factors of production between economic agents such as firms, households, government and nations.
3. The circular flow analysis is the basis of national accounts and macroeconomics.

Question 22.
Define “Social and Environmental Cost”.
Answer:
Social and Environmental Cost: while producing economic goods, many environmental and social bads are also generated. Hence, they also must be considered while enumerating National income.

Question 23.
Write the types of unemployment.
Types of unemployment:

1. Cyclical Unemployment
2. Seasonal Unemployment
3. Frictional Unemployment
4. Educated Unemployment
5. Technical Unemployment
6. Structural Unemployment
7. Disguised Unemployment

Question 24.
Define “Autonomous consumption”.
Answer:
Autonomous Consumption:
Autonomous consumption is the minimum level of consumption or spending that must take place even if a consumer has no disposable income, such as spending for basic necessities.

Question 25.
Mention the functions of agriculture credit department.
Answer:
Functions of Agriculture Credit Department :

1. To maintain an expert staff to study all questions on agricultural credit;
2. To provide expert advice to Central and State Government, State Co-operative Banks and other banking activities.
3. To finance the rural sector through eligible institutions engaged in the business of agricultural credit and to co-ordinate their activities.

Question 26.
What are the functions of primary deposits?
Answer:
Primary Deposits:

1. It is out of these primary deposits that the bank makes loans and advances to its customers.
2. The initiative is taken by the customers themselves. In this case, the role of the bank is passive.
3. So these deposits are also called “Passive deposits”.

Question 27.
What is Free trade area?
Answer:
A free trade area is the region encompassing a trade bloc whose member countries have signed a free-trade agreement (FTA). Such agreements involve cooperation between at least two countries to reduce trade barriers, e.g. SAFTA, EFTA.

Question 28.
What is “AoA”?
Answer:
AoA means Agreement on Agriculture. Agriculture was included for the first time under GATT. The important aspects of the agreement are Tariffication, Tariff cuts and Subsidy reduction.

Question 29.
Define “Public debt”.
Answer:
The debt is the form of promises by the Treasury to pay to the holders of these promises a principal sum and in most instances interest on the principal. Borrowing is resorted to in order to provide funds for financing a current deficit. – J. Philip E. Taylor

Question 30.
State the meaning of Environmental Economics.
Answer:
Environmental Economics is an area of economics that studies the financial impact of environmental issues and policies.

PART – III

Answer any seven question in which Question No. 40 is compulsory. [7 × 3 = 21]

Question 31.
State the importance of Macro Economics.
Answer:
The importance and the need for introducing a macro outlook of an economy are given below:

1. There is a need to understand the functioning of the economy at the aggregate level to evolve suitable strategies and to solve the basic problems prevailing in an economy.
2. Understanding the future problems, needs and challenges of an economy as a whole is important to evolve precautionary measures.
3. Macro economics provides ample opportunities to use scientific investigation to understand the reality.
4. Macro economics helps to make meaningful comparison and analysis of economic indicators.
5. Macro economics helps for better prediction about future and to formulate suitable policies to avoid economic crises, for which Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences is awarded.

Question 32.
Discuss the limitations of Macro Economics.
Answer:
Macro economics suffers from certain limitations. They are:

1. There is a danger of excessive generalisation of the economy as a whole.
2. It assumes homogeneity among the individual units.
3. There is a fallacy of composition. What is good of an individual need not be good for nation and vice versa. And, what is good for a country is not good for another country and at another time.
4. Many non-economic factors determine economic activities; but they do not find place in the usual macroeconomic books.

Question 33.
Describe the features of classicism.
Answer:

1. Long-run equilibrium
2. Saving is a social virtue.
3. The function of money is to act as a medium of exchange
4. Micro foundation to macro problems
5. Champions of Laissez-fair policy
6. Applicable only to the full employment situation.
7. Capitalism is well and good.
8. Balanced budget
9. The equality between saving and investment is achieved through changes of rate of interest.
10. Rate of interest is determined by saving and investment.
11. Rate of interest is a stock.
12. Supply creates its own demand.
13. Rate of interest is a reward for saving.

Question 34.
Explain the Deflation.
Answer:
Deflation:
The essential feature of deflation is falling prices, reduced money supply and unemployment. Though falling prices are desirable at the time of inflation, such a fall should not lead to the fall in the level of production and employment. But if prices fall from the level of full employment both income and employment will be adversely affected.

Question 35.
Write the mechanism of credit creation by commercial banks.
Answer:
Mechanism / Technique of Credit Creation by Commercial Banks :

1. Bank credit refers to bank loans and advances.
2. Money is said to be created when the banks, through their lending activities, make a net addition to the total supply of money in the economy.
3. Money is said to be destroyed when the loans are repaid by the borrowers to the banks and consequently the credit already created by the banks is wiped out in the process.
4. Banks have the power to expand or contract demand deposits and they exercise this power through granting more or less loans and advances and acquiring other assets.
5. This power of commercial bank to create deposits through expanding their loans and advances is known as credit creation.

Question 36.
Mention the various forms of economic integration.
Answer:
An economic union is composed of a common market with a customs union. The participant countries have both common policies on product regulation, freedom of movement of goods, services and the factors of production and a common external trade policy. (e.g. European Economic Union)
EU > CM > CU > FTA
EU – Economic Union >
CM – Common-Market >
CU – Customs Union >
FTA – Free Trade Area
The regional economic integration among the trade blocks such as SAARC (South Asian nations), ASEAN (South East Asia) and BRICS and their achievements.

Question 37.
Mention any three similarities between public finance and private finance.
Answer:
Similarities:
1. Rationality:

• Both public finance and private finance are based on rationality.
• Maximization of welfare and least cost factor combination underlie both.

2. Limit to borrowing:

• Both have to apply restraint with regard to borrowing.
• The Government also cannot live beyond its meAnswer:
• There is a limit to deficit financing by the state also.

3. Resource utilisation:

• Both the private and public sectors have limited resources at their disposal.
• So both attempt to make optimum use of resources.

Question 38.
Write the Determinants of Investment Function?
Answer:
The classical economists believed that investment depended exclusively on rate of interest. In reality investment decisions depends on a number of factors. They are as follows:
However, Keynes contended that business expectations and profits are more important in deciding investment. He also pointed out that investment depends on MEC (Marginal Efficiency of Capital) and rate of interest.
(i) Private investment is an increase in the capital stock such as buying a factory or machine.
(ii) The marginal efficiency of capital (MEC) states the rate of return on an investment project. Specifically, it refers to the annual percentage yield (output) earned by the last additional unit of capital.

Question 39.
Explain the disadvantages of FDI.
Answer:
The following criticisms are leveled against foreign direct investment.

1. Private foreign capital tends to flow to the high profit areas rather than to the priority sectors.
2. The technologies brought in by the foreign investor may not be appropriate to the consumption needs, size of the domestic market, resource avilabilities, stage of development of the economy, etc.
3. Foreign investment, sometimes, have unfavourable effect on the the Balance of Payments of a country because when the drain of foreign exchange by way of royalty, dividend, etc. is more than the investment made by the foreign concerns.
4. Foreign capital sometimes interferes in the national politics.
5. Foreign investors sometimes engage in unfair and unethical trade practices.
6. Foreign investment in some cases leads to the destruction or weakening of small and medium enterprises.
7. Sometimes foreign investment can result in the dangerous situation of minimizing / eliminating competition and the creation of monopolies or oligopolistic structures.
8. Often, there are several costs associated with encouraging foreign investment.

Question 40.
Mention the sources of revenue municipalities.
Answer:

1. Taxes on property.
2. Taxes on goods, particularly octroi and terminal tax.
3. Personal taxes, taxes on profession, trades and employment.
4. Taxes on vehicles and animals.
5. Theatre or show tax, and
6. Graints – in – aid from State Government.

PART – IV

Answer all the questions. [7 × 5 = 35]

Question 41 (a).
Discuss the scope of Macro Economics.
Answer:
The study of macro economics has wide scope and it covers the major areas as follows:
1. National Income: Measurement of national income and its composition by sectors are the basic aspects of macroeconomic analysis. The trends in National Income and its composition provide a long term understanding of the growth process of an economy.

2. Inflation: It refers to steady increase in general price level. Estimating the general price level by constructing various price index numbers such as Wholesale Price Index, Consumer Price Index, etc, are needed.

3. Business Cycle: Almost all economies face the problem of business fluctuations and business cycle. The cyclical movements (boom, recession, depression and recovery) in the economy need to be carefully studied based on aggregate economic variables.

4. Poverty and Unemployment: The major problems of most resource – rich nations are poverty and unemployment. This is one of the economic paradoxes. A clear understanding about the magnitude of poverty and unemployment facilitates allocation of resources and initiating corrective measures.

5. Economic Growth: The growth and development of an economy and the factors determining them could be understood only through macro analysis.

6. Economic Policies: Macro Economics is significant for evolving suitable economic policies. Economic policies are necessary to solve the basic problems, to overcome the obstacles and to achieve growth.

[OR]

(b) Briefly explain circular flow of Income in a Three Sector Economy.
Answer:
Circular Flow of Income in a Three-Sector Economy:

1. In addition to household and firms, inclusion of the government sector makes this model a three-sector model.
2. The government levies taxes on households and firms, purchases goods and services from firms, and receive factors of production from household sector.
3. On the other hand, the government also makes social transfers such as pension, relief, subsidies to the households.
4. Similarly, Government pays the firms for the purchases of goods and services. The Flow Chart illustrates three-sector economy model:
5. Under three sector model, national income (Y) is obtained by adding Consumption expenditure (C), Investment expenditure (I) and Government expenditure (G).
6. Therefore:
   Y = C + I + G.

Question 42 (a).
Explain the importance of national income.
Answer:
Importance of National Income Analysis:
National income is of great importance for the economy of a country. Nowadays the national income is regarded as accounts of the economy, which are known as social accounts. It enables us-
1. To know the relative importance of the various sectors of the economy and their contribution towards national income; from the calculation of national income, we could find how income is produced, how it is distributed, how much is spent, saved or taxed.

2. To formulate the national policies such as monetary policy, fiscal policy and other policies; the proper measures can be adopted to bring the economy to the right path with the help of collecting national income data.

3. To formulate planning and evaluate plan progress; it is essential that the data pertaining to a country’s gross income, output, saving and consumption from different sources should be available for economic planning.

4. To build economic models both in short – run and long – run.

5. To make international comparison, inter – regional comparison and inter – temporal comparison of growth of the economy during different periods.

6. To know a country’s per capita income which reflects the economic welfare of the country (Provided income is equally distributed)

7. To know the distribution of income for various factors of production in the country.

8. To arrive at many macro economic variables namely, Tax – GDP ratio, Current Account Deficit – GDP ratio, Fiscal Deficit – GDP ratio, Debt – GDP ratio etc.

[OR]

(b) Explain about aggregate supply with the help of diagram.
Answer:

1. Aggregate supply function is an increasing function of the level of employment.
2. Aggregate supply refers to the value of total output of goods and services produced in an economy in a year.
3. In other words, aggregate supply is equal to the value of national product, i.e., national income.
4. Aggregate Supply = C + S + T + Rf = Aggregate income generated in the economy.
5. The following figure shows the shape of the two aggregate supply curves drawn for the assumption of fixed money wages and variable wages.

AGGREGATE SUPPLY CURVE:

1. Z curve is linear where money wages remains fixed; Z₁ curve is non – linear since wage rate increases with employment.
2. When full employment level of Nf is reached it is impossible to increase output by employing more men.
3. So aggregate supply curve becomes inelastic (Vertical straight line).
4. The slope of the aggregate supply curve depends on the relation between the employment and productivity.
5. Based upon this relation, the aggregate supply curve can be expected to slope upwards.
6. In reality the aggregate supply curve will be like Z₁.
7. Therefore, the aggregate supply depends on the relationship between price and wages.

Question 43 (a).
Describe the Say’s Law of Market.
Answer:

1. Say’s law of markets is the core of the classical theory of employment.
2. J.B.Say (1776 – 1832) was a French Economist and an industrialist.
3. He was influenced by the writings of Adam Smith and David Ricardo.
4. J.B. Say enunciated the proposition that “Supply creates its own demand”.
5. Hence there cannot be general over production or the problem of unemployment in the economy.
6. According to Say, “When goods are produced by firms in the economy, they pay reward to the factors of production.
7. The households after receiving rewards of the factors of production spend the amount on the purchase of goods and services produced by them.
8. Therefore, each product produced in the economy creates demand equal to its value in the market.
9. In short, this classical theory explains that “A person receives his income from production which is spent on the purchase of goods and services produced by others.
10. For the economy as a whole, therefore, total production equals total income”.

[OR]

(b) Explain Marginal Propensity to Consume [MPC] and Multiplier with diagram and Diagrammatic explanation.
Answer:
Marginal propensity to consume and multiplier:

The propensity to consume refers to the portion of income spent on consumption.
The MPC refers to the relation between change in consumption (C) and change in income (Y).
Symbolically MPC = AC/AY The value of multiplier depends on MPC
Multiplier (K)= 1/1-MPC The multiplier is the reciprocal of one minus marginal propensity to consume.
Since marginal propensity to save is 1 – MPC. (MPC + MPS = 1). Multiplier is 1/ MPS. The multiplier is therefore defined as reciprocal of MPS.
Multiplier is inversely related to MPS and directly with MPC.
Numerically if MPC is 0.75, MPS is 0.25 and k is 4.
Using formula k = 1/1 – MPC
1/1 – 0.75 = 1/0.25 = 4
Taking the following values, we can explain the functioning of multiplier.

C = 100 + 0.8 y;
I = 10
Y = C + I
Y= 100 + 0.8y + 100
0. 2y = 200
Y= 1000
Here, C = 100 + 0.8y = 100 + (1000) = 900;
S= 100 = I
After I is raised by 10, now I = 110,
Y = 100 + 0.8y + 110
0. 2y = 210
y = \(\frac{210}{0.2}\) = 1050
Here C = 100 = 0.8 (1050) = 940; S = 110 = I
Diagrammatic Explanation.
At 45° line y = C + S
It implies the variables in axis and axis are equal.
The MPC is assumed to be at 0.8 (C = 100 + 0.8y)
The aggregate demand (C +1) curve intersects 45° line at point E.
The original national income is 500.
(C = 100 + 0.8y = 100 + 0.8 (500) = 500) ,
When I is 100, y = 1000, C = 900;
S = 100 = I
The new aggregate demand curve is C + F = 100 + 0.8y + 100 + 10
y = \(\frac{210}{0.2}\) = 1050
S = 110 = I

Question 44 (a).
Write the types of inflation.
Answer:
The four types of inflation are
(i) Creeping Inflation: Creeping inflation is slow-moving and very mild. The rise in prices will not be perceptible but spread over a long period. This type of inflation is in no way dangerous to the economy. This is also known as mild inflation or moderate inflation.

(ii) Walking Inflation: When prices rise moderately and the annual inflation rate is a single digit (3% – 9%), it is called walking or trolling inflation.

(iii) Running Inflation: When prices rise rapidly like the running of a horse at a rate of speed of 10% – 20% per annum, it is called running inflation.

(iv) Galloping inflation: Galloping inflation or hyper inflation points out to unmanageably high inflation rates that run into two or three digits. By high inflation the percentage of the same is almost 20% to 100% from an overall perspective.

Other types of inflation (on the basis of inducement):

1. Currency inflation: The excess supply of money in circulation causes rise in price level.
2. Credit inflation: When banks are liberal in lending credit, the money supply increases and thereby rising prices.
3. Deficit induced inflation: The deficit budget is generally financed through printing of currency by the Central Bank. As a result, prices rise.
4. Profit induced inflation: When the firms aim at higher profit, they fix the price with higher margin. So prices go up.
5. Scarcity induced inflation: Scarcity of goods happens either due to fall in production (e.g. farm goods) or due to hoarding and black marketing. This also pushes up the price. (This has happened is Venezula in the year 2018).
6. Tax induced inflation: Increase in indirect taxes like excise duty, custom duty and sales tax may lead to rise in price (e.g. petrol and diesel). This is also called taxflation.

[OR]

(b) What are the functions of NABARD?
Answer:
Functions of NABARD:
NABARD has inherited its apex role from RBI i.e, it is performing all the functions performed by RBI with regard to agricultural credit.
(i) NABARD acts as a refinancing institution for all kinds of production and investment credit to agriculture, small-scale industries, cottage and village industries, handicrafts and rural crafts and real artisans and other allied economic activities with a view to promoting integrated rural development.

(ii) NABARD gives long-term loans (upto 20 Years) to State Government to enable them to subscribe to the share capital of co-operative credit societies.

(iii) NABARD gives long-term loans to any institution approved by the Central Government or contribute to the share capital or invests in securities of any institution concerned with agriculture and rural development.

(iv) NABARD has the responsibility of co-ordinating the activities of Central and State Governments, the Planning Commission (now NITI Aayog) and other all India and State level institutions entrusted with the development of small scale industries, village and cottage industries, rural crafts, industries in the tiny and decentralized sectors, etc.

(v) It maintains a Research and Development Fund to promote research in agriculture and rural development

Question 45 (a).
Briefly explain facilities offered by IMF.
Answer:
Facilities offered by IMF:
The Fund has created several new credit facilities for its members. Chief among them are:
(i) Basic Credit Facility:

• The IMF provides financial assistance to its member nations to overcome their temporary difficulties relating to balance of payments.
• A member nation can purchase from the Fund other currencies or SDRs, in exchange for its own currency, to finance payment deficits.
• The loan is repaid when the member repurchases its own currency with other currencies or SDRs.
• A member can unconditionally borrow from the Fund in a year equal to 25% of its quota.
• This unconditional borrowing right is called the reserve tranche.

(ii) Extended Fund Facility:

• Under this arrangement, the IMF provides additional borrowing facility up to 140% of the member’s quota, over and above the basic credit facility.
• The extended facility is limited for a period up to 3 years and the rate of interest is low.

(iii) Compensatory Financing Facility:

• In 1963, IMF established compensatory financing facility to provide additional financial assistance to the member countries, particularly primary producing countries facing shortfall in export earnings.
• In 1981, the coverage of the compensatory financing facility was extended to payment problem caused by the fluctuations in the cost of cereal inputs.

(iv) Buffer Stock Facility:

• The buffer stock financing facility was started in 1969.
• The purpose of this scheme was to help the primary goods (food grains) producing countries to finance contributions to buffer stock arrangements for the stabilisation of primary product prices.

(v) Supplementary Financing Facility:
Under the supplementary financing facility, the IMF makes temporary arrangements to provide supplementary financial assistance to member countries facing payments problems relating to their present quota sizes.

(vi) Structural Adjustment Facility:

1. The IMF established Structural Adjustment Facility (SAF) in March 1986 to provide additional balance of payments assistance on concessional terms to the poorer member countries.
2. In December 1987, the Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (ESAF) was set up to augment the availability of concessional resources to low income countries.
3. The purpose of SAF and ESAF is to force the poor countries to undertake strong macroeconomic and structural programmes to improve their balance of payments positions and promote economic growth.

[OR]

(b) Briefly explain effects of Noise pollution.
Answer:
Effects of Noise Pollution:
(a) Hearing Loss:

1. Chronic exposure to noise may cause noise-induced hearing loss.
2. Older people are exposed to significant occupational noise and thereby reduced hearing sensitivity.

(b) Damage Physiological and Psychological health:

1. Unwanted noise can damage physiological and psychological health.
2. For example, annoyance and aggression, hypertension, and high stress levels.

(c) Cardiovascular effects:
High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular problems and exposure to blood pressure.

(d) Detrimental effect on animals and aquatic life:
Noise can have a detrimental effect on animals, increasing the risk of death.

(e) Effects on wildlife and aquatic animals:
It creates hormone imbalance, chronic stress, panic and escape behavior and injury.

Question 46 (a).
State the classification of public expenditure.
Answer:
1. Classification on the Basis of Benefit:

• Public expenditure benefiting the entire society, e.g., the expenditure on general administration, defence, education, public health, transport.
• Public expenditure conferring a special benefit on certain people and at the same time common benefit on the entire community, e.g., administration of justice etc.
• Public expenditure directly benefitting particular group of persons and indirectly the entire society, e.g., social security, public welfare, pension, unemployment relief etc.
• Public expenditure conferring a special benefit on some individuals, e.g., subsidy granted to a particular industry.

2. Classification on the Basis of Function:
Adam Smith classified public expenditure on the basis of functions of government in the
following main groups:

• Protection Functions: This group includes public expenditure incurred on the security of the citizens, to protect from external invasion and internal disorder, e.g., defence, police, courts etc.
• Commercial Functions: This group includes public expenditure incurred on the development of trade and commerce, e.g., development of means of transport and communication etc.
• Development Functions: This group includes public expenditure incurred for the development infrastructure and industry.

[OR]

(b) Explain the effects of Air pollution.
Answer:
1. Respiratory and heart problems: It creates several respiratory and heart ailments along with cancer. Children are highly vulnerable and exposed to air pollutants and commonly suffer from pneumonia and asthma.

2. Global warming: Increasing temperature in the atmosphere leads to global warming and thereby to increase sea level rise and melting of polar icebergs, displacement and loss of habitat.

3. Acid rain: Harmful gases like nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides are released into the atmosphere during the burning of fossil fuels. Acid rain causes grate damage to human beings, animals and crops.

4. Eutrophication: Eutrophication is a condition where high amount of nitrogen present in some pollutants which adversely affects fish, plants and animal species.

5. Effect on Wildlife: Toxic chemical present in the air can force wildlife species to move to new place and change their habitat.

6. Depletion of Ozone layer: Ozone exists in earth’s atmosphere and is responsible for protecting humans from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. Earth’s Ozone layer is depleting due to presence of chlorofluorocarbons and hydro chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere.

7. Human Health: Outdoor air pollution is a major cause of death and disease globally. The health effects range from increased hospital admissions and emergency room visits, to increase risk of premature death. An estimated 4.2 billion premature deaths globally are linked to ambient air pollution.

Question 47 (a).
What are the types of Public Debt?
Answer:
1. Internal Public debt
An internal public debt is a loan taken by Government from the citizens or from different institutions within the country. An internal public debt only involves transfer of wealth. The main sources of internal public debt are as follows:

• Individuals, who purchase government bonds and securities;
• Banks, both private and public, buy bonds from the Government.
• Non-fmancial institutions like UTI, LIC, GIC etc. also buy the Government bonds.
• Central Bank can lend the Government in the form of money supply. The Central Bank can also issue money to meet the expenditure of the Government.

2. External public debt
When a loan is taken from abroad or from an international organization it is called external public debt. The main sources of External public debt are IMF, World Bank, IDA and ADB etc. Loan from other countries and the Governments.

[OR]

(b) Write the State Financial Corporations (SFCs) Act.
Answer:
State Financial Corporation (SFCs)
The government of India passed in 1951 the State Financial Corporation Act and SFCs were set up in many states. The SFCs are mainly intended for the development of small and medium industrial units within their respective states. However, in some cases they extend to neighboring states as well.
The SFCs provide loans and underwriting assistance to industrial units having paid – up capital and reserves not exceeeding Rs 1 crore. The maximum amount that can be sanctioned to an industrial concern by SFC is Rs 60 lakhs.

SFCs depend upon the IDBI for refinance in respect of the term loans granted by them. Apart from these, the SFCs can also make temporaiy borrowings from the RBI and borrowings from IDBI and by the sale of bond

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I. Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
The parameters work as:
(a) local variable
(b) global Variable
(c) file variable
(d) block variable
Answer:
(a) local variable

Question 2.
Predefined functions are also called as:
(a) library functions
(b) storage functions
(c) instructions
(d) commands
Answer:
(a) library functions

Question 3.
Larger programs are divided into smaller are called:
(a) modules
(b) block
(c) sets
(d) group
Answer:
(a) modules

Question 4.
Which of the following is used to enhance re-usability and program clarity?
(a) Functions
(b) Modules
(c) Sets
(d) Instructions
Answer:
(a) Functions

Question 5.
Which of the following allow the programmer to modularize a program?
(a) Library functions
(b) User defined functions
(c) Normal functions
(d) Ordinary functions
Answer:
(b) User defined functions

II. Answer To The Following Questions

Question 1.
What is a function in JavaScript?
Answer:
A function is a block of JavaScript code that is defined once but may be executed or invoked any number of times. Functions are used to encapsulate code that performs a specific task.

Question 2.
What is the use of function?
Answer:
Sometimes functions are defined for commonly required tasks to avoid the repetition entailed in typing the same statements over and over. More generally, they are used to keep code that performs a particular job in one place in order to enhance re-usability and program clarity.

Question 3.
Write a note on Library functions?
Answer:
Pre-defined functions are already defined in the JavaScript library which are also called Library functions. For example isNaN( ), toUpperCase( ), toLowerCase( ), length( ), alert( ), prompt( ),write( ) etc… are pre-defined functions.

Question 4.
Write a note on user defined functions?
Answer:
User-defined functions allow the programmer to modularize a program. Most computer programs that solve real-world problems are much large, occupy more space in the computer memory and takes more time to execute. Hence such large programs are divided into small programs are called modules.

Question 5.
Write the syntax of functions?
Answer:
The format of a function definition is –
Function function-name(parameters list)
{
Declaration of variable Executable statements;
}

III. Answer To The Following Questions

Question 1.
Write a program in JavaScript to find the cube of a number using function?
Answer:
<html>
<head>
<title> print the cube number
</title>
</head>
<Title>
Function cube</Title>
<Script type = “text/Javascript”>
<!—
var input = window.prompt (“Enter value : ”, “0”);
var v = parselnt (input); var c = cube (v);
document, write In (“<br><h4><u> cube function </u> </h4>”);
document, write In (“Number *V* “<br> The cube =” *C);
function cube (x)
{
var cube = x* x * x; return c;
}
//–>
</script>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT
Enter value : 5
Cube Function Number : 5
The cube : 125

Question 2.
Write a program in JavaScript to find the sum of 10 numbers using function?
Answer:
<html>
<head>
<Title> Function sum of 10 Numbers </Title>
<Script type = “text/Javascript”>
<!—
var input 1 = window.prompt (“Enter initial value : ”, “0”);
var input 2 = window.prompt (“Enter final value : ”, “0”);
var v1 = parse Int (input 1);
var v2 = parse Int (input 2);
var r = res (v1 , v2);
document, write In (“<br><h4><u> Function for sum of 10 Numbers </u> </h4>”);
document, write In (“Initial Number : “ +v1+” <br> Final Number : “+v2+”<br>
The result =”+r);
function result (n)
{
var r = n* (n+1)/2
return r;
//–>
</script>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
OUTPUT
Enter initial value : 1
Enterfinal value : 10
Function for sum of 10 numbers
Initial No : 1
FinalNo : 10
The result : 55

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Applications Javascript Functions Additional Questions and Answers

I. Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
…………………… often use their argument values to compute a return value that becomes the value of the function invocation expression.
(a) function
(b) parameter
(c) non-parameter
(d) expression
Answer:
(a) function

Question 2.
…………………… method returns the element that has the ID attribute with the specified value.
(a) elements [o]
(b) getElementByid( )
(c) Nan ( )
(d) NaN (“A”)
Answer:
(b) getElementByid( )

II. Short Answers

Question 1.
What are the types of function?
Answer:
JavaScript supports two types functions. They are:

1. Pre-defined or Library Functions
2. User-defined Functions

Question 2.
Define NaN( )?
Answer:
The is NaN( ) function is used to check whether the given value or variable is valid number. This function returns true if the given value is not a number. For example is NaN(“12”), is NaN(“A”).

Question 3.
What are the different types of predefined functions?
Answer:

III. Explain in Detail

Question 1.
Write a program to find the sum of 2 numbers?
Answer:
<html>
<head>
<title>Function Example</title>
<script type=“text/JavaScript”>
var input1=window.prompt(“Enter Value 1 “0”);
var input2=window.prompt(“Enter Value2 “0”);
var v1=parselnt(input1);
var v2=parselnt(input2);
var s=sum(v1,v2);
document.writeln(“<br><h4><u>Example for Function</u></h4>”);
document.writeln(“First No + v1 + “ <br>Second No + v2 + “<br> The Sum =” + s);
function sum(x, y)
{
var s=x+y;
return s;
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>

Question 2.
Write a program to validate whether the entered value is a number or not?
Answer:
<html>
<head>
<title>Example Program to test isNan( ) Function</title>
</head>
<body>
<h4><u>Example Program to test isNan() Function</u></h4>
<script language=“JavaScript”>
function checknum( )
{
var n=document.form1.text1 .value;
if(isNaN (n)==true)
{
document.form1.text2.value=“Not a Number +n;
}
else
{
document, form 1 ,text2.value=“It is Number : ”+n;
}
}
</script>
<form name=“form1’’>
Enter a Number 1:
<input type=“text” name=“textl” size=3>
<br><br>
<input type= “button” value=“Click to Check” onClick=“checknum( )”>
<input type=“text” name=“text2” size=30>
<br>
</form>
</body>
</html>

Question 3.
Write a program using functions to have an online quiz?
Answer:
<html>
<head>
<title>On-line Quiz</title>
<script type= “text/JavaScript”>
function checkAnswer( )
{
//var myQuiz=document.getElementById(“myQuiz”);
if (document.getElementById(“myQuiz”).elements[0],checked)
alert(“Congratulations, Your Answer is correct”);
else
alert(“Your Answer is incorrect, Please try Again”);
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form id=“myQuiz” aotion=“JavaScript:checkAnswer( )”>
<p> Which is not a Programming Language: <br>
<input type=“radio” name=“radiobutton” value=“Word” />
<label> MS-Word</label>
<input type=“radio” name=“radiobutton” value=“Cobol” />
<label> COBOL</label>
<input type=“radio” name=“radiobutton” value=“CPP” />
<label> C++</label>
<input type=“radio” name=“radiobutton” value=“VB” />
<label>Visual BASIC</label><br><br>
<input type=“submit” name-“submit” value=“Submit” />
<input type=“reset” name=“reset” value=“Reset” />
</p>
</form>
</body>
</html>

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Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Applications Solutions Chapter 17 Computer Ethics and Cyber Security

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Applications Computer Ethics and Cyber Security Text Book Back Questions and Answers

I. Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
Which of the following deals with procedures, practices and values?
(a) Piracy
(b) Programs
(c) Virus
(d) Computer ethics
Answer:
(d) Computer ethics

Question 2.
Commercial programs made available to the public illegally are known as:
(a) freeware
(b) warez
(c) free software
(d) software
Answer:
(b) warez

Question 3.
Which one of the following are self-repeating and do not require a computer program to attach themselves?
(a) Cirases
(b) Worms
(c) Spyware
(d) Trojans
Answer:
(b) Worms

Question 4.
Which one of the following tracks a user visits a website?
(a) Spyware
(b) Cookies
(c) Worms
(d) Trojans
Answer:
(b) Cookies

Question 5.
Which of the following is not a malicious program on computer systems?
(a) Worms
(b) Trojans
(c) Spyware
(d) Cookies
Answer:
(d) Cookies

Question 6.
A computer network security that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing traffic is:
(a) Cookies
(b) Virus
(c) firewall
(d) Worms
Answer:
(c) firewall

Question 7.
The process of converting cipher text to plain text is called:
(a) encryption
(b) decryption
(c) key
(d) proxy server
Answer:
(b) decryption

Question 8.
e-commerce means:
(a) electronic commerce
(b) electronic data exchange
(c) electric data exchange
(d) electronic commercialization
Answer:
(a) electronic commerce

Question 9.
Distributing unwanted e-mail to others is called:
(a) scam
(b) spam
(c) fraud
(d) spoofing
Answer:
(b) spam

Question 10.
Legal recognition for transactions are carried out by:
(a) Electronic Data Interchange
(b) Electronic Data Exchange
(c) Electronic Data Transfer
(d) Electrical Data Interchange
Answer:
(a) Electronic Data Interchange

II. Answer To The Following Questions

Question 1.
What is harvesting?
Answer:
A person or program collects login and password information from a legitimate user to illegally gain access to other’s account(s).

Question 2.
What are Warez?
Answer:
Commercial programs that are made available to the public illegally are often called Warez.

Question 3.
Write a short note on cracking?
Answer:
Cracking is where someone edits a program source so that the code can be exploited or modified. A cracker (also called a black hat or dark side hacker) is a malicious or criminal hacker. “Cracking” meAnswer:trying to get into computer systems in order to steal, corrupt, or illegitimately view data.

Question 4.
Write two types of cyber attacks?
Answer:

Question 5.
What is a Cookie?
Answer:
A cookie is a small piece of data sent from a website and stored on the user’s computer memory (Hard drive) by the user’s web browser while the user is browsing internet.

III. Answer To The Following Questions

Question 1.
What is the role of firewalls?
Answer:
A firewall is a computer network security based system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predefined security rules. A firewall commonly establishes a block between a trusted internal computer network and entrusted computer outside, the network.

They are generally categorized as network- based or host-based. Network based firewalls are positioned on the gateway computers of LAN [Local area Network], WAN [Wide Area Network] and intranets.

Question 2.
Write about encryption and decryption?
Answer:
Encryption and decryption are processes that ensure confidentiality that only authorized persons can access the information. Encryption is the process of translating the plain text data (plaintext) into random and mangled data (called cipher-text).

Decryption is the reverse process of converting the cipher-text back to plaintext. Encryption and decryption are done by cryptography. In cryptography a key is a piece of information (parameter) that determines the functional output of a cryptographic algorithm.

Question 3.
Explain symmetric key encryption?
Answer:
Symmetric encryption is a technique to use the same key for both encryption and decryption. The main disadvantage of the symmetric key encryption is that all authorized persons involved, have to exchange the key used to Encrypt the data before they can decrypt it. If anybody intercepts the key information, they may read all message.

Question 4.
What are the guidelines to be followed by any computer user?
Answer:
Generally, the following guidelines should be observed by computer users:

1. Honesty: Users should be truthful while using the internet.
2. Confidentiality: Users should not share any important information with unauthorized people.
3. Respect: Each user should respect the privacy of other users.
4. Professionalism: Each user should maintain professional conduct.
5. Obey The Law: Users should strictly obey the cyber law in computer usage.
6. Responsibility: Each user should take ownership and responsibility for their actions.

Question 5.
What are ethical issues? Name some?
Answer:
An Ethical issue is a problem or issue that requires a person or organization to choose between alternatives that must be evaluated as ethical) or wrong (unethical). These issues must, be addressed and resolved to have a positive influence in society.
Some of the common ethical issues are listed below:

1. Cyber crime
2. Software Piracy
3. Unauthorized Access
4. Hacking
5. Use of computers to commit fraud
6. Sabotage in the form of viruses

IV. Answer To The Following Questions

Question 1.
What are the various crimes happening using computer?
Answer:

Question 2.
What is piracy? Mention the types of piracy. How can it be prevented?
Answer:
Software Piracy is about the copyright violation of software created originally by an individual or an institution. It includes:

(i) Stealing of codes / programs and other information illegally and creating duplicate copies by unauthorized meAnswer:and utilizing this data either for one’s own benefit or for commercial profit.

(ii) Downloading software from illegal network sources.

• An entirely different approach to software piracy is called shareware, acknowledges the futility of trying to stop people from copying software and instead relies on people’s honesty. Shareware publishers encourage users to give copies of programs to friends and colleagues but ask everyone who uses that program regularly to pay a registration fee to the program’s author directly.
• To prevent unauthorized access, Firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), Virus and Cpntent Scanners, Patches and Hot fixes are used.

Question 3.
Write the different types of cyber attacks?
Answer:

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Applications Computer Ethics and Cyber Security Additional Questions and Answers

I. Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
A moral code that is evaluated as right is …………………..
(b) viruses
(c) cracking
(d) ethics
Answer:
(d) ethics

Question 2.
………………… is a crime where the criminals impersonate individuals for financial gain.
(a) intellectual property theft
(b) Identity theft
(c) Salami slicing
(d) Spoofing
Answer:
(b) Identity theft

Question 3.
Stealing data from a computer system without the knowledge or permission is called
(a) warez
(b) hacking
(c) cracking
(d) phishing
Answer:
(b) hacking

Question 4.
One of the most common virus is ……………………..
(a) Ransomware
(b) Spyware
(c) worms
(d) Trojan
Answer:
(d) Trojan

Question 5.
…………………….. is the intermediary between the end users and a web browser.
(a) Firewall
(b) Proxy server
(c) Cookies
(d) Warez
Answer:
(b) Proxy serve

II. Short Answers

Question 1.
What is hacking?
Answer:
Hacking is intruding into a computer system to steal personal data without the owner’s permission or knowledge (like to steal a password). It is also gaining unauthorized access to a computer system, and altering its contents.

Question 2.
What is proxy server? Explain its working?
Answer:
A proxy server acts as an intermediary between the end users and a web server. A client connects to the proxy server, requesting some service, such as a file, connection, web page, or other resources available from a different server. The proxy server examines the request, checks authenticity and grants the request based on that. Proxy servers typically keep the frequently visited site addresses in its cache which leads to improved response time.

Question 3.
Mention any 2 reasons as to why the websites use cookies?
Answer:

1. To collect demographic information about who has visited the Web site.
2. It helps to personalize the user’s experience on the Website.

Question 4.
What is meant by MITM?
Answer:
Man-in-the-middle attack (MITM; also Janus attack) is an attack where the attacker secretly relays and possibly alters the communication between two parties who believe they are directly communicating with each other.

Question 5.
Define software piracy?
Answer:
Software Piracy is about the copyright violation of software created originally by an individual or an institution. It includes stealing of codes / programs and other information illegally and creating duplicate copies by unauthorized means and utilizing this data either for one’s own benefit or for commercial profit.

III. Short Answers

Question 1.
What is cyber crime?
Answer:
A cyber-crime is a crime which involves computer and network. This is becoming a growing threat to society and is caused by criminals or irresponsible action of individuals who are exploiting the widespread use of Internet. It presents a major challenge to the ethical use of information technologies. Cyber-crime also poses threats to the integrity, safety and survival of most business systems.

Question 2.
Write a short note on ethics?
Answer:
Ethics means “What is wrong and What is Right”. It is a set of moral principles that rule the behavior of individuals who use computers. An individual gains knowledge to follow the right behavior, using morals that are also known as ethics. Morals refer to the generally accepted standards of right and wrong in the society. Similarly, in cyber-world, there are certain standards such as

1. Do not use pirated software
2. Do not use unauthorized user accounts
3. Do not steal others’ passwords
4. Do not hack

Question 3.
Differentiate Spyware and Ransomware?
Answer:

Question 4.
What are the types of encryption?
Answer:
There are two types of encryption schemes as listed below:

(i) Symmetric Key encryption:
Symmetric encryption is a technique to use the same key for both encryption and decryption.

(ii) Public key encryption:
Public key encryption is also called Asymmetric function. It uses the concept of a key value pair, a different key is used for the encryption and decryption process.

Question 5.
Write down the points to be noted to be safe from cyber crime?
Answer:
To protect the information the following points to be noted:

1. Complex password setting can make your surfing secured.
2. When the internet is not in use, disconnect it.
3. Do NOT open spam mail or emails that have an unfamiliar sender.
4. When using anti-virus software, keep it up-to-date.

IV. Explain in Detail

Question 1.
Explain public key encryption and asymetric encryption in digital certificate?
Answer:
1. Public key encryption is also called Asymmetric encryption. It uses the concept of a key value pair, a different key is used for the encryption and decryption process. One of the keys is typically known as the private key and the other is known as the public key.

2. The private key is kept secret by the owner and the public key is either shared amongst authorized recipients or made available to the public at large. The data encrypted with the recipient’s public key can only be decrypted with the corresponding private key.

3. A digital certificate in a client-server model of communication is one of the example of Asymmetric Encryption. A certificate is a package of information that identifies a user and a server. It contains information such as an organization’s name, the organization that issued the certificate, the users’ email address and country, and user’s public key.

4. When, a server and a client require a secure encrypted communication, they send a query over the network to the other party, which sends back a copy of the certificate. The other party’s public key can be extracted from the certificate. A certificate can also be used to uniquely identify the holder.

Question 2.
Write short notes on:

1. Spam
2. Fraud
3. Cyber stalking
4. Spoofing
5. Virus
6. Worms

Answer:

1. Spam: Distribute unwanted e-mail to a large number of internet users.
2. Fraud: Manipulating data, for example changing the banking records to transfer money to an unauthorized account.
3. Cyber stalking: Harassing through online.
4. Spoofing: It is a malicious practice in which communication is send from unknown source disguised as a source known to the receiver.
5. Virus: A virus is a small piece of computer code that can repeat itself and spreads from one computer to another by attaching itself to another computer file. One of the most common virus is Trojan.
6. Worms: Worms are self- repeating and do not require a computer program to attach themselves. Worms continually look for vulnerabilities and report back to the author of the worm when weaknesses are discovered.

Question 3.
Explain digital signature with a functional diagram?
Answer:
Digital signatures are based on asymmetric cryptography and can provide assurances of evidence to origin, identity and status of an electronic document, transaction or message, as well as acknowledging information given by the signer. To create a digital signature, signing software (email) creates a one-way hash of the electronic data to be signed. The user’s private key to encrypt the hash, returning a value that is unique to the hashed data.

The encrypted hash, along with other information such as the hashing algorithm, forms the digital signature. Any change in the data, even to a single bit, results in a different hash value. This attribute enables others to validate the integrity of the data by using the signer’s public key to decrypt the hash. If the decrypted hash matches a second computed hash of the same data, it proves that the data hasn’t changed since it was signed.

If the two hashes don’t match, the data has either been tampered with in some way (indicating a failure of integrity) or the signature was ,created with a private key that doesn’t correspond to the public key presented by the signer (indicating a failure of authentication).

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TN State Board 12th Economics Model Question Paper 3 English Medium

General Instructions:

1. The question paper comprises of four parts.
2. You are to attempt all the parts. An internal choice of questions is provided wherever applicable.
3. All questions of Part I, II, III and IV are to be attempted separately.
4. Question numbers 1 to 20 in Part I are Multiple Choice Questions of one mark each.
   These are to be answered by choosing the most suitable answer from the given four alternatives and writing the option code and the corresponding answer
5. Question numbers 21 to 30 in Part II are two-mark questions. These are to be answered in about one or two sentences.
6. Question numbers 31 to 40 in Part III are three-mark questions. These are to be answered in above three to five short sentences.
7. Question numbers 41 to 47 in Part IV are five-mark questions. These are to be answered in detail Draw diagrams wherever necessary.

Time: 3.00 Hours
Maximum Marks: 90

PART – I

Choose the correct answer. Answer all the questions: [20 × 1 = 20]

Question 1.
A steady increase in general price level is termed as……….
(a) Wholesale price index
(b) Business Cycle
(c) Inflation
(d) National income
Answer:
(c) Inflation

Question 2.
The word ‘Macro’ is derived from the Greek word………….
(a) Makros
(b) Macros
(c) Macrow
(d) mac
Answer:
(a) Makros

Question 3.
When net factor income from abroad is deducted from NNP, the net value is………..
(a) Gross National Product
(b) Disposable Income
(c) Net Domestic Product
(d) Personal Income
Answer:
(c) Net Domestic Product

Question 4.
Who first introduced the concept of national Income?
(a) Simon Kuznets
(b) Karl Marx
(c) Marshall
(d) Adam Smith
Answer:
(a) Simon Kuznets

Question 5.
The core of the classical theory of employment is
(a) Law of Diminishing Return
(b) Law of Demand
(c) Law of Markets
(d) Law of Consumption
Answer:
(c) Law of Markets

Question 6.
Match the following and choose the correct answer by using codes given below:

(a) A (i) B (ii) C (iii) D (iv)
(b) A (ii) B (i) C (iv) D (iii)
(c) A (iii) B (iv) C (ii) D (i)
(d) A (iv) B (iii) C (i) D (ii)
Answer:
(b) A (ii) B (i) C (iv) D (iii)

Question 7.
An increase in the marginal propensity to consume will:
(a) Lead to consumption function becoming steeper
(b) Shift the consumption function upwards
(c) Shift the consumption function downwards
(d) Shift savings function upwards
Answer:
(a) Lead to consumption function becoming steeper

Question 8.
State whether the statement is true or false.
(a) Keynes propounded the fundamental psychological law of consumption.
(ii) J.M. Keynes has divided factors influencing the consumption function.
(a) Both (i) and (ii) are true
(b) Both (i) and (ii) are false
(c) (i) is true but (ii) is false
(d) (i) is false but (ii) is true
Answer:
(a) Both (i) and (ii) are true

Question 9.
………… inflation results in a serious depreciation of the value of money.
(a) Creeping
(b) Walking
(c) Running
(d) Hyper
Answer:
(d) Hyper

Question 10.
Bank rate is lowered during………….
(a) Inflation
(b) Price
(c) Employment
(d) Deflation
Answer:
(d) Deflation

Question 11.
Bank Rate means………..
(a) Re-discounting the first class securities
(b) Interest rate
(c) Exchange rate
(d) Growth rate
Answer:
(a) Re-discounting the first class securities

Question 12.
Which of the following is not correctly matched:
(a) RBI – Reserve Bank of India
(b) SBI – State Bank of India
(c) IMF – International Monetary Fund
(d) ATM – Any Time Money
Answer:
(d) ATM – Any Time Money

Question 13.
Exchange rates are determined in ……….
(a) money market
(b) foreign exchange market
(c) stock market
(d) capital market
Answer:
(b) foreign exchange market

Question 14.
Foreign Investment mostly takes the form of………….
(a) Indirect investment
(b) Direct investment
(c) IMF investment
(d) World bank investment
Answer:
(b) Direct investment

Question 15.
New Development Bank is associated with…………..
(a) BRICS
(b) WTO
(c) SAARC
(d) ASEAN
Answer:
(a) BRICS

Question 16.
Assertion (A): SAARC is promote the welfare of the people of South Asia and improve their quality of life.
Reason (R): To strengthen co-operation with other under developing countries.
(a) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true and ‘R’ is the correct explanation to ‘A’
(b) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true but ‘R’ is not the correct explanation to ‘A’
(c) ‘A’ is true but ‘R’ is false
(d) ‘A’ is false but ‘R’ is true
Answer:
(c) ‘A’ is true but ‘R’ is false

Question 17.
Methods of repayment of public debt is…………
(a) Conversion
(b) Sinking fund
(c) Funded debt
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) All of these

Question 18.
………. means different sources of government income.
(a) Public finance
(b) Public revenue
(c) Public expenditure
(d) Public credit
Answer:
(b) Public revenue

Question 19.
Which of the following is main cause for deforestation?
(a) Timber harvesting industry
(b) Natural afforestation
(c) Soil stabilization
(d) Climate stabilization
Answer:
(a) Timber harvesting industry

Question 20.
M.N. Roy was associated with ………….
(a) Congress Plan
(b) People’s Plan
(c) Bombay Plan
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) People’s Plan

PART – II

Answer any seven question in which Question No. 30 is compulsory. [7 × 2 = 14]

Question 21.
Define ‘Economic Model’.
Answer:

1. A model is a simplified representation of real situation.
2. Economists use models to describe economic activities, their relationships and their behaviour.
3. A model is an explanation of how the economy, or part of the economy, works.
4. Most economic models are built with mathematics, graphs and equations, and attempt to explain relationships between economic variables.

Question 22.
Define Profit Motive.
Answer:
Profit Motive: Profit is the driving force behind all economic activities in a capitalistic economy. Each individual and organization produce only those goods which ensure high profit. Advance technology, division of labour, and specialisation are followed. The golden rule for a producer under capitalism is ‘to maximize profit.’

Question 23.
Define National Income.
Answer:
National Income means the total money value of all final goods and services produced in a country during a particular period of time (one year).

Question 24.
Define “Capital Gains”.
Answer:
The problem also arises with regard to capital gains. Capital gains arise when a capital asset such as a house, other property, stocks or shares, etc. is sold at higher price than was paid for it at the time of purchase. Capital gains are excluded from national income.

Question 25.
Define full employment.
Answer:
Full employment refers to a situation in which every able bodied person who is willing to work at the prevailing wage rate, is employed. In other words full employment means that persons who are willing to work and able to work must have employment or a job.

Question 26.
What do you mean by propensity to save?
Answer:

1. Thus the consumption function measures not only the amount spent on consumption but also the amount saved.
2. This is because the propensity to save is merely the propensity not to consume.
3. The 45° line may therefore be regarded as a zero-saving line, and the shape and position of the C curve indicate the division of income between consumption and saving.

Question 27.
Define “Ceteris paribus”.
Answer:
Ceteris paribus (constant extraneous variables): The other variables such as income distribution, tastes, habits, social customs, price movements, population growth, etc. do not change and consumption depends on income alone.

Question 28.
Write IMF Functions group.
Answer:
The functions of the IMF are grouped under three heads.

1. Financial – Assistance to correct short and medium term deficit in BOP;
2. Regulatory – Code of conduct and ‘
3. Consultative – Counseling and technical consultancy.

Question 29.
Define public finance.
Answer:
“Public finance is one of those subjects that lie on the border line between Economics and Politics. It is concerned with income and expenditure of public authorities and with the adjustment of one to the other”. – Huge Dalton
“Public finance is an investigation into the nature and principles of the state revenue and expenditure”. – Adam Smith

Question 30.
State the meaning of environment.
Answer:
Meaning of Environmental Economics is a different branch of economics that recognizes the value of both the environment and economic activity and makes choices based on those values. The goal is to balance the economic activity and the environmental impacts by taking into account all the costs and benefits.

In short, Environmental Economics is an area of economics that studies the financial impact of environmental issues and policies. Environmental Economics involves theoretical and empirical studies of the economic ‘ effects of national or local environmental policies around the world.

PART – III

Answer any seven question in which Question No. 40 is compulsory. [7 × 3 = 21]

Question 31.
Indicate the demerits of socialism.
Answer:
Demerits of Socialism:

1. Red Tapism and Bureaucracy: As decision are taken by government agencies, approval of many officials and movement of files from one table to other takes time and leads to red tapism.
2. Absence of Incentive: The major limitation of socialism is that this system does not provide any incentive for efficiency. Therefore, productivity also suffers.
3. Limited Freedom of Choice: Consumers do not enjoy freedom of choice over the consumption of goods and services.
4. Concentration of Power: The State takes all major decisions. The private takes no initiative in making economic decisions. Hence, the State is more powerful and misuse of power can also take place.

Question 32.
Differentiate between personal and disposable income.
Answer:

Question 33.
What is the main feature of rural unemployment?
Answer:

1. India’s rural economy has both unemployment and underemployment.
2. The major feature of rural unemployment is the existence of unemployment in the form of disguised unemployment and seasonal unemployment.
3. In agriculture and agro based industries like sugar, production activities are carried out only in some seasons.

Question 34.
Compare the Classical Theory of international trade with Modern Theory of International trade.
Answer:

Question 35.
Write the agenda of BRICS Summit, 2018.
Answer:
South Africa hosted the 10th BRICS summit in July 2018. The agenda for BRICS summit 2018 includes Inclusive growth, Trade issues, Global governance, Shared Prosperity, International peace and security.

Question 36.
Write the preparation of the Budget.
Answer:
Preparation of the Budget
The Ministry of Finance prepares the Central Budget every year. At the state level the finance department is responsible for the Annual State Budget. While preparing the budget, the following factors are taken into account.

1. The macro economic targets to be achieved within a plan period;
2. The basic strategy of the budget;
3. The financial requirements of different projects;
4. Estimates of the revenue expenditures (includes defence expenditure, subsidy, interest payment on debt etc.)
5. Estimates of the capital expenditures (includes development of railways, roadways, irrigations etc.);
6. Estimates of revenue receipts from tax and non-tax revenues;
7. Estimates of capital receipts from the recovery of loans, disinvestment of public sector units, market borrowings etc.
8. Estimates of the gap between revenue receipts and revenue expenditure; and
9. Estimates of fiscal deficit, primary deficit and revenue deficit.

Question 37.
Explain the principles of organic farming.
Answer:
The general principles of organic farming are:

1. Protect the environment, minimize soil degradation and erosion, decrease pollution, optimize biological productivity and promote a sound state of health.
2. Maintain long-term soil fertility by optimizing conditions for biological activity within the soil.
3. Maintain biological diversity within the system.
4. Recycle materials and resources to the greatest extent possible within the enterprise.
5. Provide attentive care that promotes the health and meets the behavioural needs of livestock.
6. Prepare organic products, emphasizing careful processing, and handling methods in order to maintain the organic integrity and vital qualities of the products at all stages of production.

Question 38.
What are the functions of statistics?
Answer:

1. Statistics presents facts in a definite form.
2. It simplifies mass of figures.
3. It facilitates comparison.
4. It helps in formulating and testing.
5. It helps in prediction.
6. It helps in the formulation of suitable policies.

Question 39.
State the concept of super multiplier.
Super Multiplier: (k and β interaction)
Answer:

1. The super multiplier is greater than simple multiplier which includes only autonomous investment and no induced investment, while super multiplier includes induced investment.
2. In order to measure the total effect of initial investment on income, Hicks has combined the k and β mathematically and given it the name of the Super Multiplier.
3. The super multiplier is worked out by combining both induced consumption and induced investment.

Question 40.
What is the main difference between Adam Smith and Ricardo with regard to the emergence of foreign trade?
Answer:

PART – IV

Answer all the questions. [7 × 5 = 35]

Question 41 (a).
Illustrate the functioning of an economy based on its activities.
Answer:
An economy is referred to any system or area where economic activities are carried out. Each economy has its own character. Accordingly, the functions or activities also vary. The functioning of an economy by its activities is explained in flow chart.

1. In an economy, the fundamental economic activities are production and consumption.
2. These two activities are supported by several other activities.
3. The ultimate aim of these activities is to achieve growth. The ‘exchange activity’ supports the production and consumption activities. These activities are influenced by several economic and non-economic activities.
4. The major economic activities include transportation, banking, advertising, planning, government policy and others.
5. The major non-economic activities are environment, health, education, entertainment,
   governance, regulations etc.

In addition to these supporting activities, external activities from other economies such as import, export, international relations, emigration, immigration, foreign investment, foreign exchange earnings, etc. also influence the entire functioning of the economy.

[OR]

(b) Discuss the importance of social accounting in economic analysis.
Answer:
National Income and Social Accounting:

1. National income is also being measured by the social accounting method.
2. Under this method, the transactions among various sectors such as firms, households, government, etc., are recorded and their interrelationships traced.
3. The social accounting framework is useful for economists as well as policy makers, because it represents the major economic flows and statistical relationships among various sectors of the economic system.
4. It becomes possible to forecast the trends of economy more accurately.

Social Accounting and Sector:
Under this method, the economy is divided into several sectors. A sector is a group of individuals or institutions having common interrelated economic transactions. The economy is divided into the following sectors:

1. Firms,
2. Households,
3. Government,
4. Rest of the world and
5. Capital sector.

1. “Firms” undertake productive activities. Thus, they are all organizations which employ the factors of production to produce goods and services.
2. “Households” are consuming entities and represent the factors of production, who receive payment for services rendered by them to firms. Households consume the goods and services that are produced by the firms.
3. “The Government sector” refers to the economic transactions of public bodies at all levels, centre, state and local. The main function of the government is to provide social goods like defence, public health, education, etc.
4. “Rest of the world sector” relates to international economic transactions of the country. It contains income, export and import transactions, external loan transaction, and allied overseas investment income and payments.
5. “Capital sector” refers to saving and investment activities. It includes the transactions of banks, insurance corporations, financial houses, and other agencies of the money market.

Question 42 (a).
Explain the following in short:
(i) Seasonal unemployment
(ii) Frictional unemployment
(iii) Educated unemployment Seasonal Unemployment:
Answer:
(i) Seasonal unemployment

1. This type of unemployment occurs during certain seasons of the year.
2. In agriculture and agro based industries like sugar, production activities are carried out only in some seasons.
3. These industries offer employment only during that season in a year. Therefore people may remain unemployed during the off season.
4. Seasonal unemployment happens from demand side also; for example ice cream industry,
   holiday resorts etc.

(ii) Frictional Unemployment (Temporary Unemployment):

1. Frictional unemployment arises due to imbalance between supply of labour and demand for labour.
2. This is because of immobility of labour, lack of necessary skills, break down of machinery, shortage of raw materials etc.
3. The persons who lose jobs and in search of jobs are also included under frictional unemployment.

(iii) Educated Unemployment:

1. Sometimes educated people are underemployed or unemployed when qualification does not match the job.
2. Faulty education system, lack of employable skills, mass student turnout and preference for white collar jobs are highly responsible for educated unemployment in India.

[OR]

(b) Describe the types of unemployment.
Answer:
The following are the types of unemployment.

1. Cyclical Unemployment
2. Seasonal Unemployment
3. Frictional Unemployment
4. Educated Unemployment
5. Technical Unemployment
6. Structural Unemployment
7. Disguised Unemployment

1. Cyclical Unemployment:

• This unemployment exists during the downturn phase of trade cycle in the economy.
• In a business cycle during the period of recession and depression, income and output fall leading to widespread unemployment.
• It is caused by deficiency of effective demand.
• Cyclical unemployment can be cured by public investment or expansionary monetary policy.

2. Seasonal Unemployment:

• This type of unemployment occurs during certain seasons of the year.
• In agriculture and agro based industries like sugar, production activities are carried out only in some seasons.
• These industries offer employment only during that season in a year. Therefore people may remain unemployed during the off season.
• Seasonal unemployment happens from demand side also; for example ice cream industry, holiday resorts etc.

3. Frictional Unemployment (Temporary Unemployment):

• Frictional unemployment arises due to imbalance between supply of labour and demand for labour.
• This is because of immobility of labour, lack of necessary skills, break down of machinery, shortage of raw materials etc.
• The persons who lose jobs and in search of jobs are also included under frictional unemployment.

4. Educated Unemployment:

• Sometimes educated people are underemployed or unemployed when qualification does not match the job.
• Faulty education system, lack of employable skills, mass student turnout and preference for white collar jobs are highly responsible for educated unemployment in India.

5. Technical Unemployment:

• Modem technology being capital intensive requires less labourers and contributes to technological unemployment.
• Now a days, invention and innovations lead to the adoption of new techniques there by the existing workers are retrenched.
• Labour saving devices are responsible for technological unemployment.

6. Structural Unemployment:

• Structural unemployment is due to drastic change in the structure of the society.
• Lack of demand for the product or shift in demand to other products cause this type of unemployment.
• For example rise in demand for mobile phones has adversely affected the demand for cameras, tape recorders etc.
• So this kind of unemployment results from massive and deep rooted changes in economic structure.

7. Disguised Unemployment:

• Disguised unemployment occurs when more people are than what is actually required.
• Even if some workers are withdrawn, production does not suffer.
• This type of unemployment is found in agriculture.
• A person is said to be disguisedly by unemployed if his contribution to output is less than what he can produce by working for normal hours per day.
• In this situation, marginal productivity of labour is zero or less or negative.

Question 43 (a).
Mention the differences between accelerator and multiplier effect.
Answer:

[OR]

(b) What are the causes of inflation on the economy?
Answer:
Causes of Inflation:
The main causes of inflation in India are as follows:
(i) Increase in Money Supply: Inflation is caused by an increase in the supply of money which leads to increase in aggregate demand. The higher the growth rate of the nominal money supply, the higher is the rate of inflation.

(ii) Increase in Disposable Income: When the disposable income of the people increases, it raises their demand for goods and services. Disposable income may increase with the rise in national income or reduction in taxes or reduction in the saving of the people.

(iii) Increase in Public Expenditure: Government activities have been expanding due to developmental activities and social welfare programmes. This is also a cause for price rise.

(iv) Increase in Consumer Spending: The demand for goods and services increases when they are given credit to buy goods on hire-purchase and installment basis.

(v) Cheap Monetary Policy: Cheap monetary policy or the policy of credit expansion also leads to increase in the money supply which raises the demand for goods and services
in the economy.

(vi) Deficit Financing: In order to meet its mounting expenses, the government resorts to deficit financing by borrowing from the public and even by printing more notes.

(vii) Black Assests, Activities and Money: The existence of black money and black assests due to corruption, tax evasion etc., increase the aggregate demand. People spend such money, lavishly. Black marketing and hoarding reduces the supply of goods.

(viii) Repayment of Public Debt: Whenever the government repays its past internal debt to the public, it leads to increase in the money supply with the public.

(ix) Increase in Exports: When exports are encouraged, domestic supply of goods decline. So prices rise.

Question 44 (a).
Explain the role of Commercial Banks in economic development.
Answer:
Role of Commercial Banks in Economic Development of a Country
(i) Capital Formation:

1. Banks play an important role in capital formation, which is essential for the economic development of a country.
2. They mobilize the small savings of the people scattered over a wide area through their network of branches all over the country and make it available for productive purposes.

(ii) Creation of Credit:

1. Banks create credit for the purpose of providing more funds for development projects.
2. Credit creation leads to increased production, employment, sales and prices and thereby they bring about faster economic development.

(iii) Channelizing the Funds towards Productive Investment:

1. Banks invest the savings mobilized by them for productive purposes.
2. Capital formation is not the only function of commercial banks.

(iv) Encouraging Right Type of Industries:

1. Many banks help in the development of the right type of industries by extending loan to right type of persons.
2. In this way, they help not only for industrialization of the country but also for the economic development of the country.
3. They grant loans and advances to manufacturers whose products are in great demand.

(v) Banks Monetize Debt:

1. Commercial banks transform the loan to be repaid after a certain period into cash, which can be immediately used for business activities.
2. Manufacturers and wholesale traders cannot increase their sales without selling goods on credit basis.

(vi) Finance to Government:

1. Government is acting as the promoter of industries in underdeveloped countries for which finance is needed for it.
2. Banks provide long-term credit to Government by investing their funds in Government securities and short-term finance by purchasing Treasury Bills.

(vii) Employment Generation:

1. After the nationalization of big banks, banking industry has grown to a great extent.
2. Bank’s branches are opened frequently, which leads to the creation of new employment opportunities.

(viii) Banks Promote Entrepreneurship:
In recent days, banks have assumed the role of developing entrepreneurship particularly in developing countries like India by inducing new entrepreneurs to take up the well- formulated projects and provision of counseling services like technical and managerial guidance.

[OR]

(b) State the objectives of Foreign Direct Investment.
Answer:
Objectives of FDI:
FDI has the following objectives.

1. Sales Expansion
2. Acquisition of resources
3. Diversification
4. Minimization of competitive risk.

(i) FDI may help to increase the investment level and thereby the income and employment in the host country.
(ii) Direct foreign investment may facilitate transfer of technology to the recipient country.
(iii) FDI may also bring revenue to the government of host country when it taxes profits of foreign firms or gets royalties from concession agreements.
(iv) A part of profit from direct foreign investment may be ploughed back into the expansion, modernization or development of related industries.
(v) It may kindle a managerial revolution in the recipient country through professional management and sophisticated management techniques.
(vi) Foreign capital may enable the country to increase its exports and reduce import requirements. And thereby ease BOP disequilibrium.
(vii) Foreign investment may also help increase competition and break domestic monopolies.
(viii) If FDI adds more value to output in the recipient country than the return on capital from foreign investment, then the social returns are greater than the private returns on foreign investment.
(ix) By bringing capital and foreign exchange FDI may help in filling the savings gap and the foreign exchange gap in order to achieve the goal of national economic development.
(x) Foreign investments may stimulate domestic enterprise to invest in ancillary industries in collaboration with foreign enterprises.

Question 45 (a).
What are the causes for the increase in government expenditure?
Answer:
The modem state is a welfare state. In a welfare state, the government has to perform several functions viz Social, Economic and political. These activities are the cause for increasing public expenditure.
1. Population Growth
During the past 67 years of planning, the population of India has increased from 36.1 crore in 1951, to 121 Crore in 2011. The growth in population requires massive investment in health and education, law and order, etc. Young population requires increasing expenditure on education and youth services, whereas the aging population requires transfer payments like old age pension, social security and health facilities.

2. Defence Expenditure
There has been enormous increase in defence expenditure in India during planning period. The defence expenditure has been increasing tremendously due to modernisation of defence equipment. The defence expenditure of the government was Rs 10,874 crores in 1990-91 which increased significantly to Rs 2,95,511 crores.

3. Government Subsidies .
The Government of India has been providing subsidies on a number of items such as food, fertilizers, interest on priority sector lending, exports, education, etc. Because of the massive amounts of subsidies, the public expenditure has increased manifold..

The expenditure on subsidies by central government in 1990-91 was Rs 9581 crores which increased significantly to Rs 2,29,715.67 crores in 2018-19. Besides this, the corporate sectors also receive subsidies (incentives) of more than Rs 5 lakh crores.

4. Debt Servicing
The Government has been borrowihg heavily both from the internal and external sources. As a result, the government has to make huge amounts of repayment towards debt servicing.
The interest payment of the central government has increased from Rs 21,500 crores in 1990-91 to Rs 5,75,794 crores in 2018-19.

5. Development Projects
The government has been undertaking various development projects such as irrigation, iron and steel, heavy machinery, power, telecommunications, etc. The development projects involve huge investment.

6. Urbanization
There has been an increase in urbanization. In 1950-51 about 17% of the population was urban based. Now the urban population has increased to about 43%. There are more than 54 cities above one million population. The increase in urbanization requires heavy expenditure on law and order, education and civic amenities.

7. Industrialization
Setting up of basic and heavy industries involves a huge capital and long gestation period. It is the government which starts such industries in a planned economy. The under developed countries need a strong of infrastructure like transport, communication, power, fuel, etc….

8. Increase in grants in aid to state and union territories
There has been tremendous increase in grant – in – aid to state and union territories to meed natural disasters.

[OR]

(b) Describe the types of exchange rates.
Answer:
Exchange rates are also in the form of (a) Nominal exchange rate (b) Real exchange rate (c) Nominal Effective Exchange Rate (NEER) and (d) Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER).
If 1 US Dollar = Rs 75
Nominal exchange rate = 75/1 = 75.
This is the bilateral nominal exchange rate.
Real Exchange Rate = \(\frac{ep_f}{p}\)
P = Price levels in India
P = Price levels in India
e = nominal exchange rate
If a pen costs Rs 50 in India and it costs 5 USD in the US,
Real Exchange Rate = = \(\frac{75×5}{5}\) = 7.5
If real exchange rate is equal to 1, the currencies are at purchasing power parity.
If the price of the pen in US = 0.66 USD, then,
the real exchange rate = = \(\frac{0.66×75}{50}\)
then it could be said that the USD and Indian Rupee are at purchasing power parity.

Question 46 (a).
Explain the Cambridge approach.
(OR)
Cash Balance approach of Marshall equation.
Answer:
Marshall’s Equation
The Marshall equation is expressed as:
M = KPY
Where
M is the quantity of money
Y is the aggregate real income of the community
P is Purchasing Power of money
K represents the fraction of the real income which the public desires to hold in the form of money
Thus, the price level P = M/KY or the value of money in terms of this equation can be found out by dividing the total quantity of goods which the public desires to holdout of the total income by the total supply of money.
According to Marshall’s equation the value of money is influenced not only by change in M, but also by changes in K.

[OR]

(b) Write the flow chart of correction of balance of payment disequilibrium?
Answer:

Question 47 (a).
Explain the methods of debt redemption.
Answer:
Methods of Redemption of Public Debt:
The process of repaying a public debt is called redemption. The Government sells securities to the public and at the time of maturity, the person who holds the security surrenders it to the Government. The following methods are adopted for debt redemption.
(i) Sinking Fund:

1. “Under this method, the Government establishes a separate fund known as “Sinking Fund”.
2. The Government credits every year a fixed amount of money to this fund.
3. By the time the debt matures, the fund accumulates enough amount to pay off the principal along with interest.
4. This method was first introduced in England by Walpol.

(ii) Sinking Fund:
Conversion of loans is another method of redemption of public debt.

1. It means that an old loan is converted into a new loan.
2. Under this system a high interest public debt is converted into a low interest public debt.
3. Dalton felt that debt conversion actually relaxes the debt burden.

(iii) Budgetary Surplus:

1. When the Government presents surplus budget, it can be utilised for repaying the debt.
2. Surplus occurs when public revenue exceeds the public expenditure.
3. However, this method is rarely possible.

(iv) Terminal Annuity:

1. In this method, Government pays off the public debt on the basis of terminal annuity in equal annual installments.
2. This is the easiest way of paying off the public debt.

(v) Repudiation:

1. It is the easiest way for the Government to get rid of the burden of payment of a loan.
2. In such cases, the Government does not recognise its obligation to repay the loan.
3. It is certainly not paying off a loan but destroying it.
4. However, in normal case the Government does not do so; if done it will lose its credibility,

(vi) Reduction in Rate of Interest:
Another method of debt redemption is the compulsory reduction in the rate of interest, during the time of financial crisis.

(vii) Capital Levy:

1. When the Government imposes levy on the capital assets owned by an individual or any institution, it is called capital levy.
2. This levy is imposed on capital assets above a minimum limit on a progressive scale.
3. The fund so collected can be used by the Government for paying off war time debt obligations.
4. This is the most controversial method of debt repayment

[OR]

(b) Differentiate the economic model with econometric model.
Answer:

Students can Download Computer Applications Chapter 15 Control Structure in JavaScript Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Applications Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Applications Solutions Chapter 15 Control Structure in JavaScript

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Applications Control Structure in JavaScript Text Book Back Questions and Answers

I. Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
Which conditional statement is used to transfer control from current statement to another statement? (LOT)
(a) Branching
(b) Sequencing
(c) Looping
(d) Iterating
Answer:
(a) Branching

Question 2.
……………………. statement can be used as alterative to multiple if-else statement (LOT)
(a) while
(b) if
(c) else-if
(d) switch
Answer:
(d) switch

Question 3.
Which statement in switch case is used to exit the statement once the appropriate choice is found? (MOT)
(a) exit
(b) default
(c) case
(d) break
Answer:
(d) break

Question 4.
Which of the following is not a looping statement? (LOT)
(a) switch
(b) while
(c) do-while
(d) for
Answer:
(a) switch

Question 5.
Which part of the loop statement determines the number of times, the loop will be iterated? (MOT)
(a) First
(b) Second
(c) Third
(d) Final
Answer:
(b) Second

Question 6.
Which of the following is not a branching statement? (LOT)
(a) Loop
(b) If-else
(c) Switch
(d) For
Answer:
(d) For

Question 7.
What will be the output for the following snippet? (HOT)
For (var n=0; n<10; n+1)
{
if (n==3)
{
break;
}
document write (n+ “<br>”);
}
(a) 0 1 2
(b) 0 1 2 3 4
(c) 0 1 2 3 4
(d) 0, 1, 3
Answer:
(a) 0 1 2

Question 8.
In which loop the condition is evaluated, before executing a statement? (MOT)
(a) while
(b) do while
(c) break
(d) continue
Answer:
(a) while

Question 9.
The …………………… statement is especially useful when testing all the possible results of an expression? (LOT)
(a) while
(b) do while
(c) switch
(d) if
Answer:
(a) while

Question 10.
In the ……………………. loop, body of the loop always executed at least once before the condition is checked? (LOT)
(a) for
(b) while
(c) if
(d) do while
Answer:
(d) do while

Question 11.
<script type = “text /javascript”>
x = 6 + “3”;
document Write (x);
<script> what will be the output?
(a) 6
(b) 9
(c) 63
(d) Error
Answer:
(c) 63

II. Answer To The Following Questions

Question 1.
What are the different types of control statement used in JavaScript?
Answer:
There are two types of controls,

1. Branching / Selection
2. Looping / repetitive

Question 2.
What is meant by conditional statements in JavaScript?
Answer:
Conditional statements execute or skip one or set of statements depending on the value of a specified conditional expression.

Question 3.
List out the various branching statements in JavaScript?
Answer:
There are different branching statements. They are,

1. if statement
2. if… else statement
3. else if statement
4. switch statement

Question 4.
Write the general syntax for switch statement?
Answer:
switch(expression)
{
case label 1:
statements 1;
break;
case label2:
statements 2;
break;
case labeln;
statements – N;
break;
default:
statements;
}

Question 5.
Differentiate the break and continue statement?
Answer:
Break Statement:

1. The break statement will terminate the loop early.
2. The break statement is executed and the loop is terminated.

Continue Statement:

1. The continue statement will skip back to the loop condition check.
2. When the continue statement is executed, the current is iteration of the enclosing loop is terminated.

III. Answer To The Following Questions

Question 1.
What is ‘if’ statement and write its types?
Answer:
The if statement is the fundamental control statement that allows Java Script to make decisions to execute statements conditionally. This statement has two forms:

1. if form
2. if else form

Question 2.
Write the syntax for else-if statement?
Answer:
if(n== 10)
{
// Execute code block #1
}
else if (n == 20)
{
// Execute code block #2
}
else if (n == 30)
{
// Execute code block #3
else
{
// If all else fails,
execute block #4
}

Question 3.
What is a loop and what are its types?
Answer:
In Java Script there are times when the same portion of code needs to be executed many times with slightly different values is called Loops. JavaScript supports three kinds of looping statements. They are:

1. for loop
2. while loop
3. do.. while loop

Question 4.
Differentiate between while and do while statements.
Answer:
While:

1. In Java Script while loop is most basic loop.
2. First condition will be evaluated and then only based on the result of the condition the body of the loop will be executed or not.
3. While loop is false not a single statement inside the loop is executed.

Do…while:

1. The do…..while loop is like a while loop.
2. The Body of the loop always executed at least once before the condition can be executed.
3. Do while loop is false then also the body of the loop is executed.

Question 5.
What message will be displayed, if the input for age is given as 20, for the following snippet?
Answer:
if (age> = 18)
{
alert (“you are eligible to get Driving licence”)
}
else
{
alert (“you are not eligible to get driving licence”);
}
you are eligible to get driving license.

IV. Answer To The Following Questions.

Question 1.
Explain for loop with example?
Answer:
The for loop is a very rigid structure that loops for a pre-set number of times. In JavaScript for structure is very flexible, which makes this type is very useful. The syntax of the for loop . looks like the following: for(initialization; condition; increment/decrement)
{
Body of the loop;
}
The for structure within parenthesis there are three parts each separated by semicolon. They are,

1. The first part of the loop initialize a variable which is also called as control variable. In most case the control variable is declared as well as initialized.
2. The second part is the conditional statement that determines how many times the loop will be iterated.
3. The third and final part determines how the value of control variable is changed . (Incremented/Decremented).

Using for loop
<Html>
<Head>
<Title> Program – To test for statement in JavaScript </Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<script language = “javascript” type = “text/javascript”>
var no1 = prompt(“Please enter Table You want“0”);
document.write(“<h2> Multiplication for your need </h2>”);
for( var no2=0 ;no2<= 10 ;no2++)
{
document.write(no1+ “x” + no2+ “=”+nol*no2+“<br>”);
}
</script>
</Body>
</Html>

Question 2.
Explain switch case statement with example?
Answer:
Java Scripts offers the switch statement as an alternate to using if…else structure. The switch statement is especially useful when testing all the possible results of an expression. The syntax of a switch structure as the following: switch(expression)
{
case label1:
statements 1;
break;
case label2:
statements2;
break;
case labeln;
statements – N;
break;
default:
statements;
}

Question 3.
Write the output for the following program?
Answer:
<Html>
<Head>
<Title> for statement </title>
<Head>
<Body>
<script language= “java Script” type = “text / javaScript”) var nol= prompt (“please enter table you want:”, “0” ); document write (“<h2> multiplication table </h2>”) for (Var no2= 0; no2<=10; no2++)
{
document write (nol+ “x” + no2+ “=” + nol+no2+ “<br>”);
}
</script>
</body>
</Html>

Question 4.
Write a Java Script program using while statement to display 10 numbers?
Answer:
<Html>
<Head>
<Title> Display 10 Numbers in Javascript</Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<script language = “java script” type = “text / java script”>
document.write (“<h2> using while statement </h2>”)
Var no2= 0;
while (no2<=10)
{
document.write (no2+ “ ”);
no2=no2+1;
}
</script>
</body>
</Html>

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Applications Control Structure in JavaScript Additional Questions and Answers

I. Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
The simple if construction, no special processing is performed when the condition evaluates to false?
(a) if else
(b) switch
(c) nested if
(d) if
Answer:
(a) if else

Question 2.
The statement begins by evaluating an expression placed between parenthesis, much like the if statement?
(a) break
(b) default
(c) continue
(d) switch
Answer:
(d) switch

Question 3.
……………………… is can be at the end of a switch structure if the result of the expression that do not match any of the case labels?
(a) break statement
(b) switch structure
(c) continue statement
(d) default structure
Answer:
(d) default structure

Question 4.
The loop initialize a variable which is also called as control variable ………………………..
(a) Third
(b) First
(c) Second
(d) All the above
Answer:
(b) First

Question 5.
……………………… statement is executed, the current iteration of the enclosig loop is terminated and the next iteration begins?
(a) switch
(b) break
(c) continue
(d) if
Answer:
(c) continue

Question 6.
The purpose of a ………………………. is to execute a statement/block of’statement repeatedly as long as an expression is true?
(a) for loop
(b) do while loop
(c) while loop
(d) all the above
Answer:
(c) while loop

II. Short Answers

Question 1.
What is branching statements?
Answer:
Java Script supports branching statements which are used to perform different actions based on different conditions. Branching is a transfer of control from the current statement to another statement or construct in the program unit. A branch alters the execution sequence.

Question 2.
Write the syntax of the if else statement?
Answer:
if (expression)
{
statements if true
} else
{
statements if false
}

Question 3.
Write a short note on continue statement?
Answer:
The continue statement will skip back to the loop condition check. When the continue statement is executed, the current iteration of the enclosing loop is terminated, and the next iteration begins.

III. Explain in Brief

Question 1.
What is while loop?
Answer:
In Java Script while loop is another most basic loop. The purpose of a while loop is to execute a statement /block of statement repeatedly as long as an expression is true.
The while statement creates a loop that executes a specified statement as long as the test condition evaluates to true. The condition is evaluated before executing the statement.
The syntax is:
while (condition)
{
body of the loop
}

Question 2.
Write the example of break statement?
Answer:
The break statement will terminate the loop early. For example, for (var n = 0; n < = 10; n++)
{
if (n == 5)
{
break;
}
document. write(n+”<br>”);
}

Question 3.
What are the parts of for loops?
Answer:

1. The first part of the loop initialize a variable which is also called as control variable. In most case the control variable is declared as well as initialized.
2. The second part is the conditional statement that determines how many times the loop will be iterated.
3. The third and final part determines how the value of control variable is changed (Incremented/Decremented).

IV. Explain in Detail

Question 1.
Explain if statement with suitable example?
Answer:
The if statement is the fundamental control statement that allows JavaScript to make decisions to execute statements conditionally. This statement has two forms. The form is for only true condition. The syntax is
if (condition)
{
True block;
}
In the if form, condition contains relational/logical expression is evaluated. If the resulting value is true the true block is executed. True block may contain one or more than one statement. For example.
Demo to Test if command
<Html>
<Head>
<Title>Demo Program – To test if command in JavaScript
</Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<script language = “javascript” type = “text/javascript”>
var age = prompt(“Please enter your Age “0”);
if (age >=16)
{
alert(“You Are Eligible to Vote ….”);
}
</script>
</Body>
</Html>
The output will be

Question 2.
Write the output for the following program?
Answer:
Using break statement
<Html>
<Head>
<Title>Demo Program – To test Break command in JavaScript </Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<script language = “javascript” type = “text/javascript”>
document.write(“<h2> Using Break Statement </h2>”);
for( var no2=0;no2<=l 0;no2++)
{
if(no2==5)
{break;}
document.write(no2 + “ ”);
}
</script>
</Body>
</Html>