Laxmi

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Tamil Nadu Samacheer Kalvi 10th Tamil Model Question Paper 4

நேரம்: 3,00 மணி
மதிப்பெண்கள் : 100

(குறிப்புகள்:

• இவ்வினாத்தாள் ஐந்து பகுதிகளைக் கொண்டது. அனைத்து பகுதிகளுக்கும் விடையளிக்க – வேண்டும். தேவையான இடங்களில் உள் தேர்வு வினாக்கள் கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. காக
• பகுதி I, II, III, IV மற்றும் Vல் உள்ள அனைத்து வினாக்களுக்குத் தனித்தனியே விடையளிக்க வேண்டும்.
• வினா எண். 1 முதல் 15 வரை பகுதி-1ல் தேர்வு செய்யும் வினாக்கள் தரப்பட்டுள்ளன. ஒவ்வொரு வினாவிற்கும் ஒரு மதிப்பெண். சரியான விடையைத் தேர்ந்தெடுத்து குறியீட்டுடன் எழுதவும்.
• வினா எண் 16 முதல் 28 வரை பகுதி-IIல் இரண்டு மதிப்பெண் வினாக்கள் தரப்பட்டுள்ளன: ஏதேனும் 9 வினாக்களுக்கு மட்டும் விடையளிக்கவும்.
• வினா எண் 29 முதல் 37 வரை பகுதி-IIIல் மூன்று மதிப்பெண் வினாக்கள் தரப்பட்டுள்ளன. –
  ஏதேனும் 6 வினாக்களுக்கு மட்டும் விடையளிக்கவும்.
• வினா எண் 38 முதல் 42 வரை பகுதி-IVல் ஐந்து மதிப்பெண் வினாக்கள் தரப்பட்டுள்ளன. ஏதேனும் 5 வினாக்களுக்கு மட்டும் விடையளிக்கவும்.
• வினா எண் 43 முதல் 45 வரை பகுதி-Vல் எட்டு மதிப்பெண் வினாக்கள் தரப்பட்டுள்ளன. அனைத்து வினாவிற்கும் விடையளிக்கவும்.

பகுதி – 1 (மதிப்பெண்கள்: 15)

(i) அனைத்து வினாக்களுக்கும் விடையளிக்கவும்.
(ii) கொடுக்கப்பட்ட நான்கு விடைகளில் சரியான விடையினைத் தேர்ந்தெடுத்துக் குறியீட்டுடன் விடையினையும் சேர்த்து எழுதுக. [15 x 1 = 15]

(குறிப்பு: விடைகள் தடித்த எழுத்தில் உள்ளன)

Question 1.
”அன்னை மொழியே” என்ற தலைப்பில் அமைந்த கவிதையில் குறிப்பிடாத நூல் ………..
(அ) திருக்குறள்
(ஆ) பத்துப்பாட்டு
(இ) எட்டுத்தொகை
(ஈ) தொல்காப்பியம்
Answer:
(ஈ) தொல்காப்பியம்

Question 2.
செய்தி 1 – ஒவ்வோர் ஆண்டும் ஜுன் 15 ஐ உலகக் காற்று நாளாகக் கொண்டாடி வருகிறோம்.
செய்தி 2 – காற்றாலை உற்பத்தியில் இந்தியாவில் தமிழகம் இரண்டாமிடம் என்பது எனக்குப் பெருமையே.
செய்தி 3 – காற்றின் ஆற்றலைப் பயன்படுத்திக் கடல் கடந்து வணிகம் செய்து வெற்றி கண்டவர்கள் தமிழர்கள்.
(அ) செய்தி மட்டும் சரி
(ஆ) செய்தி 1, 2 ஆகியன சரி
(இ) செய்தி 1, 2, 3 சரி –
(ஈ) செய்தி 1, 3 ஆகியன சரி
Answer:
(இ) செய்தி 1, 2, 3 சரி –

Question 3.
சார்பெழுத்துக்களின் வகைகள்………
(அ) எட்டு
(ஆ) ஒன்பது
(இ) பத்து
(ஈ) ஏழு
Answer:
(இ) பத்து

Question 4.
பாரத ஸ்டேட் வங்கியின் உரையாடு மென்பொருள் எது?
அ) துலா
(ஆ) சீலா
(இ) குலா
(ஈ) இலா
Answer:
(ஈ) இலா

Question 5.
‘மூலித் தீர் தேன் வழிந்து ஒழுகு தாரானைக் கண்டு’ என்னும் தொடரில் தாரணை என்பது யாரைக் குறிக்கிறது?
(அ) சிவபெருமான்
(ஆ) கபிலர்
(இ பாண்டியன்
(ஈ) இடைக்காடனார்
Answer:
(இ பாண்டியன்

Question 6.
சரியான விடை வரிசையைத் தேர்ந்தெடு.
1) கரகாட்டம் – உறுமி எனப்படும் தேவதுந்துபி
2) மயிலாட்டம் – தோலால் கட்டப்பட்ட குடம், சிங்கி, டோலாக், தப்பு
3) ஒயிலாட்டம் – நையாண்டி மேள இசை
4) தேவராட்டம் – நையாண்டி மேள இசை, நாகசுரம், தவில், பம்பை
(அ) 4, 3, 2, 1 (ஆ) 1, 2, 3, 4- (இ) 3, 4, 1, 2 (ஈ) 2, 1, 4, 3
Answer:
1) கரகாட்டம் – உறுமி எனப்படும் தேவதுந்துபி

Question 7.
‘நசை’ என்ற சொல்லின் பொருள் …..
(அ) விருப்பம்
(ஆ) அவமானம்
(இ) வசை
(ஈ) இசை
Answer:
(அ) விருப்பம்

Question 8.
காலக்கணிதம் கவிதையில் இடம்பெற்ற தொடர்….
(அ) இகழ்ந்தால் என்மனம் இறந்துவிடாது
(ஆ) என் மனம் இகழ்ந்தால் இறந்துவிடாது
(இ) இகழ்ந்தால் இறந்துவிடாது என் மனம்
(ஈ) என் மனம் இறந்துவிடாது இகழ்ந்தால்
Answer:
(அ) இகழ்ந்தால் என்மனம் இறந்துவிடாது

Question 9.
உயிரளபெடைகளின் வகைகள்
(அ) ஒன்று
(ஆ) இரண்டு
(இ) மூன்று
(ஈ) நான்கு
Answer:
(இ) மூன்று

Question 10.
செந்தீ – இலக்கணக் குறிப்பு
(அ) பண்புத்தொகை
(ஆ) வினைத்தொகை
(இ) வேற்றுமைத் தொகை
(ஈ) சொல்லிசை அளபெடை
Answer:
(அ) பண்புத்தொகை

Question 11.
சந்தக் கவிமணி எனப்படுபவர்…..
(அ) தமிழழகனார்
(ஆ) பெருஞ்சித்திரனார்
(இ) வெள்ளி வீதியார்
(ஈ) அம்மூவனார் பாடலைப்
Answer:
(அ) தமிழழகனார்

படித்துப் பின்வரும் வினாக்களுக்கு (12, 13, 14, 15) விடை தருக.
செந்தீச் சுடரிய ஊழியும், பனியொடு
தண்பெயல் தலைஇய ஊழியும், அவையிற்று
உள்முறை வெள்ளம் மூழ்கி ஆர்தருபு,
மீண்டும் பீடு உயர்பு ஈண்டி, அவற்றிற்கும்
உள்ளீடு ஆகிய இருநிலத்து ஊழியும்…..

Question 12.
பாடலிலுள்ள எதுகைச் சொற்கள்………
(அ) உள் முறை – உள்ளீடு
(ஆ) வெள்ளம் – மூழ்கி
(இ) தண்பெயல் – தலைஇய
(ஈ) செந்நீர் – தண்பெயல்
Answer:
(அ) உள் முறை – உள்ளீடு

Question 13.
மேற்கண்ட பாடலடிகள் இடம் பெற்ற நூல் ……..
அ) பத்துப்பாட்டு
(ஆ) சங்க இலக்கியங்கள்
(இ) பரிபாடல்
(ஈ) எட்டுத்தொகை
Answer:
(இ) பரிபாடல்

Question 14.
பாடலின் ஆசிரியர் …
(அ) நக்கீரர்
(ஆ) கீரந்தையார்
(இ) பெருங்கௌசிகனார்
(ஈ) குலசேகராழ்வார்
Answer:
(ஆ) கீரந்தையார்

Question 15.
தண்பெயல் என்பதன் பொருள்……..
(அ) குளிர்ந்த மழை
(ஆ) காற்று
(இ) வானம்
Answer:
(அ) குளிர்ந்த மழை

பகுதி – II (மதிப்பெண்க ள்: 18)

பிரிவு – 1

எவையேனும் நான்கு வினாக்களுக்கு மட்டும் குறுகிய விடையளிக்க.
21 ஆவது வினாவிற்குக் கட்டாயமாக விடையளிக்க வேண்டும். [4 x 2 = 8]

Question 16.
விடைக்கேற்ற வினாக்கள் அமைக்க.
(அ) இயல், இசை, நாடகம் ஆகியன முத்தமிழ் எனப்படும்.
(ஆ) முதற்சங்கம், இடைச்சங்கம், கடைச்சங்கம் விடை:
Answer:
(அ) முத்தமிழ்’ தொகைச் சொல்லை விரித்து எழுதுக.
ஆ) முச்சங்கம்’ தொகைச் சொல்லை விரித்து எழுதுக.

Question 17.
“கழிந்த பெரும் கேள்வியினான் எனக் கேட்டு முழுது உணர்ந்த கபிலன் தன் பால் பொழிந்த பெரும் காதல் மிகு கேண்மையினான் இடைக்காட்டுப் புலவன் தென் சொல்” – இவ்வடிகளில் கழிந்த பெரும் கேள்வியினான் யார்? காதல்மிகு கேண்மையினான் யார்?
Answer:
இவ்வடியில் கழிந்த பெரும் கேள்வியினான்: குசேல பாண்டியன் காதல்மிகு கேண்மையினான். இடைக்காடனார்.

Question 18.
ஆண்பாற் பிள்ளை தமிழ், பெண்பாற் பிள்ளை தமிழ் விளக்குக.
Answer:
ஆண்பாற் பிள்ளைத்தமிழ் (கடைசி மூன்று பருவம்) – சிற்றில், சிறுபறை, சிறுதேர் பெண்பாற் பிள்ளைத்தமிழ் (கடைசி மூன்று பருவம்) – கழங்கு, அம்மானை, ஊசல் இருபாலருக்கும் பொதுவான பருவங்கள் – காப்பு, செங்கீரை, தால், சப்பாணி, முத்தம், வருகை, அம்புலி

Question 19.
பாசவர், வாசவர், பல்நிண விலைஞர், உமணர் – சிலப்பதிகாரம் காட்டும் இவ்வணிகர்கள் யாவர்?
Answer:
வெற்றிலை விற்பவர் – பாசவர் என்றும், ஏலம் முதலான ஐந்து நறுமணப்பொருள் விற்பவர் – வாசவர் என்றும், பல வகையான இறைச்சிகள் விற்பவர் – பல் நிண விலைஞர் என்றும், வெண்மையான உப்பு விற்பவர் – உமணர் என்றும் சிலப்பதிகாரம் காட்டுகிறது.

Question 20.
தானியம் ஏதும் இல்லாத நிலையில் விதைக்காக வைத்திருந்த தினையை உரலில் இட்டுக் குற்றியெடுத்து விருந்தினருக்கு விருந்தளித்தாள் தலைவி’ என்பது இலக்கியச் செய்தி. விருந்தோம்பலுக்குச் செல்வம் மட்டுமே இன்றியமையாத ஒன்றா? உங்கள் கருத்தைக் குறிப்பிடுக.
Answer:
விருந்தளிக்க செல்வம் மட்டும் இருந்தால் போதாது விருந்து கொடுக்க வேண்டும் என்ற எண்ணமும் வேண்டும். பணம் இல்லை என்றாலும் எண்ணம் இருந்தால் தன்னிடம் இல்லை என்றாலும் பிறரிடம் கடன் பெற்றாவது விருந்து அளிக்கப்படும் அதற்குப் பணம் முக்கியம் இல்லை எண்ணம்தான் முக்கியம்.

Question 21.
‘பொருள்’ என முடியும் குறள் எழுதுக.
Answer:
பொருளல் லவரைப் பொருளாகச் செய்யும் பொருளல்ல தில்லை பொருள்.

பிரிவு – 2

எவையேனும் ஐந்து வினாக்களுக்கு மட்டும் குறுகிய விடையளிக்க. [5 x 2 = 10]

Question 22.
நேற்று என்னைச் சந்தித்தார். அவர் என் நண்பர். (வினைமுற்றை, வினையாலணையும் பெயராக மாற்றுக.)
Answer:
நேற்று என்னைச் சந்தித்தவர் என் நண்பர்.

Question 23.
கீழ்க்காணும் தொடரில் கோடிட்ட சொற்களுக்கு ஏற்ற அதே பொருளுடைய வேறு சொல் அமைத்து எழுதுக. (துணைவியும், முகில், மஞ்சை, களி)
Answer:
நளனும் அவனது துணைவியும் நிடதநாட்டுக்கு வந்ததைக் கண்டு, அந்நாட்டு மக்கள் மழைமுகில் கண்ட மஞ்ஞை போலக் களி கொண்டனர். நளனும் அவனது மனைவியும் நிடதநாட்டுக்கு வந்ததைக் கண்டு, அந்நாட்டு மக்கள் மழைமேகம் கண்ட மயில் போல மகிழ்ச்சி கொண்டனர்.

Question 24.
இரு சொற்களையும் ஒரே தொடரில் அமைத்து எழுதுக.
Answer:
தொடு – தோடு
காதை தொடு, தோடு இருக்கும்.

Question 25.
கலைச்சொற்கள் தருக.
Answer:
(அ) Homograph – ஒப்பெழுத்து
(ஆ) Conversation – உரையாடல்

Question 26.
வா – வேர்ச்சொல்லைக் கொண்டு எழுவாய் தொடர், வினையெச்சத் தொடர் ஆகியவை எழுதுக.
Answer:

Question 27.
பொருத்தமான நிறுத்தற் குறிகளை இடுக.
தமிழை அதன் வழிமொழிகளாகிய தெலுங்கு கன்னட மலையாள துளுவங்களோடு அடங்கி உண்ணாட்டு மொழிகள் என வகைப்படுத்தினர் சிலர்.
Answer:
விடை: தமிழை அதன் வழிமொழிகளாகிய தெலுங்கு, கன்னட, மலையாள, துளுவங்களோடு அடங்கி ‘உண்ணாட்டு மொழிகள்’ என வகைப்படுத்தினர் சிலர்.

Question 28.
பொறித்த – பகுபத உறுப்பிலக்கணம் தருக
Answer:
பொறித்த = பொறி + த் + த் + அ
பொறி – பகுதி
த் – சந்தி
த் – இறந்தகால இடைநிலை
அ – பெயரெச்ச விகுதி பகுதி

III (மதிப்பெண்கள்: 18)

பிரிவு – 1

எவையேனும் இரண்டு வினாக்களுக்கு மட்டும் சுருக்கமாக விடையளிக்க. [2 x 3 = 6]

Question 29.
தோற்பாவைக் கூத்து பற்றி விளக்குக.
Answer:

• தோலில் செய்த வெட்டு வரைபடங்களை, விளக்கின் ஒளி ஊடுருவும் திரைச்சீலையில் பொருத்தி, கதைக்கேற்ப மேலும் கீழும் பக்கவாட்டிலும் அசைத்துக்காட்டி, உரையாடியும் பாடியும் காட்டுவது தோற்பாவைக் கூத்து.
• தோலால் ஆன பாவையைக் கொண்டு நிகழ்த்தும் கலையாதலால் தோற்பாவை என்னும் பெயர் பெற்றது.
• இசை , ஓவியம், நடனம், நாடகம், பலகுரலில் பேசுதல் ஆகியவை இதில் இணைந்துள்ளன. கூத்து நிகழ்த்தும் திரைச்சீலையின் நீளம்.
• அகலம் ஆகியன பாவையின் அமைப்பையும் எண்ணிக்கையையும் பொறுத்து வேறுபடுகின்றன.
• இந்நிகழ்ச்சியில் பாவையின் அசைவு, உரையாடல், இசை ஆகியனவற்றோடு ஒளியும் முதன்மை பெறுகின்றது.

Question 30.
ஜெயகாந்தன் குறிப்பு வரைக.
Answer:

• கருத்தாழமும் வாசகச் சுவைப்பும் கலந்து இலக்கியங்கள் படைத்தவர் ஜெயகாந்தன்.
• சமகாலக் கருத்துகளையும் நிகழ்வுகளையும் சமகால மொழியில் சமகால உணர்வில் தந்தவர்.
• மனிதம் தோய்ந்த எழுத்தாளுமை மிக்கவர் ஜெயகாந்தன்.
• காந்தத் தன்மையுடைய எழுத்தை நினைவூட்டும் வகையில் அவரது படைப்புப் புதையலிலிருந்து சில.
• மணிகளைத் தொடுத்து ஜெயகாந்தம் என்னும் நினைவு இதழ் உருவாக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது.
• குறும்புதினங்களையும், புதினங்களையும், கட்டுரைகளையும், கவிதைகளையும் படைத்துள்ளார்.
• தன் கதைகளைத் திரைப்படமாக இயக்கியிருக்கிறார்; தலைசிறந்த உரத்த சிந்தனைப் பேச்சாளராகவும் திகழ்ந்தார்.
• சாகித்திய அகாதெமி விருதையும் ஞானபீட விருதையும் பெற்ற இவருடைய கதைகள் பிறமொழிகளில் மொழிபெயர்க்கப்பட்டுள்ளன.
• அவருடைய படைப்புகள் உணர்ச்சி சார்ந்த எதிர்வினைகளாக இருக்கின்றன.

இதுவே அவருக்குச் “சிறுகதை மன்னன்” என்ற பட்டத்தைத் தேடித்தந்தது

Question 31.
உரைப்பத்தியைப் படித்து வினாக்களுக்கு விடை தருக.
Answer:
ஒரு மொழி பொதுமக்களாலும் அதன் இலக்கியம், புல மக்களாலும் அமையப்பெறும். தமிழ்ப் பொதுமக்கள் உயர்ந்த பகுத்தறிவுடையர். எத்துணையோ ஆராய்ச்சி நடந்துவரும் இக்காலத்திலும் எத்துணையோ மொழிகளினின்று கடன் கொண்ட ஆங்கில மொழியிலும் நூலிலும் இலையைக் குறிக்க Leaf (லீஃப் என ஒரே சொல் உள்ளது.

ஆங்கில நூல்களிலும் வேறு பல வகைகளில் இலைகளைப் பாகுபாடு செய்தனரேயன்றி, தமிழ்ப்பொதுமக்களைப் போல வன்மை மென்மை பற்றித் தாள், இலை, தோகை, ஓலை எனப் பாகுபாடு செய்தாரில்லை. இத்தகைய பாகுபாடு ஏனைய உறுப்புகளுக்குள்ளும் செய்யப்பட்டது முன்னர்க் காட்டப்பெற்றது.

(அ) தமிழ்ப் பொதுமக்கள் எத்தகைய தன்மையுடையவர்?
Answer:
தமிழ்ப் பொதுமக்கள் உயர்ந்த பகுத்தறிவுடையவர்.

(ஆ) ஆங்கில மொழியிலும், நூலிலும் இலையைக் குறிக்கப் பயன்படும் ஒரே சொல் என்ன?
Answer:
Leaf (லீஃப்)

(இ) இலையைக் குறிக்கும் மற்ற சொற்கள் யாவை?
Answer:
தோகை, ஓலை

பிரிவு – 2

எவையேனும் இரண்டு வினாக்களுக்கு மட்டும் சுருக்கமாக விடையளிக்க.
34 ஆவது வினாவிற்குக் கட்டாயமாக விடையளிக்க வேண்டும். [233 = 6]

Question 32.
தமிழன்னையை வாழ்த்துவதற்கான காரணங்களாகப் பாவலரேறு சுட்டுவன யாவை?
Answer:

• அன்னைத் தமிழ்மொழியே! அழகாய் அமைந்த செந்தமிழே! பழமைக்கும் பழமையாய்த் தோன்றிய நறுங்கனி நீயே!
• கடல் கொண்ட குமரிக் கண்டத்தில் அரசாண்ட மண்ணுலகப் பேரரசே! பாண்டிய மன்னனின் மகளே!
• திருக்குறளின் பெரும் பெருமைக்குரியவளே, இனிமையான பத்துப்பாட்டே, எட்டுத்தொகையே பதினெண்கீழ்க்கணக்கே நிலைத்த சிலப்பதிகாரமே.
• அழகான மணிமேகலையே ! விளங்கும் உன்னைத் தலைபணிந்து வாழ்த்துகின்றோம்.
• பழமைக்கும் பழமையாய்த் தோன்றியது.
• கடல் கொண்ட குமரிக்கண்டத்தில் அரசாண்ட மண்ணுலகப் பேரரசாகத் திகழ்வது.
• பாண்டிய மன்னனின் மகளாகத் தோன்றியது. திருக்குறளைப் பெற்ற பெருமைக்குரியது.
• பத்துப்பாட்டு, எட்டுத்தொகை, பதினெண்கீழ்க்கணக்கு போன்ற நூல்களையும் சிலப்பதிகாரம்.
• மணிமேகலை போன்ற காப்பியங்களையும் பெற்ற பெருமைக்குரியது.

Question 33.
முல்லை நிலத்து முதற்பொருள் கரும்பொருள் உரிப்பொருள் ஆகியவற்றை விரித்து எழுதுக.
Answer:

• முதற்பொருள் நிலம் – காடும் காடு சார்ந்த இடமும்
• பொழுது – பெரும்பொழுது கார்காலம் ஆவணி, புரட்டாசி
• சிறுபொழுது – மாலை கருப்பொருள் – நீர்- குறுஞ்சுனை நீர், காட்டாறு
• மரம் – கொன்றை, காயா, குருந்தம்
• பூ- முல்லை, பிடவம், தோன்றிப்பூ
• உரிப்பொருள் – இருத்தலும் இருத்தல் நிமித்தமும்

Question 34.
அடிபிறழாமல் எழுதுக.
Answer:
”தண்டலை மயில்களாட” எனத் தொடங்கும் கம்பராமாயணப் பாடல்.
தண்டலை மயில்களாட தாமரை விளக்கந் தாங்க,
கொண்டல்கள் முழவினேங்க குவளைகண் விழித்து நோக்க,
தெண்டிரை யெழினி காட்ட தேம்பிழி மகரயாழின்
வண்டுகளி னிதுபாட மருதம் வீற்றிருக்கும்மாதோ – கம்பர்

(அல்லது)

“தூசும் துகிரும்” எனத் தொடங்கும் சிலப்பதிகாரப் பாடல்.

தூசும் துகிரும் ஆரமும் அகிலும்
மாசு அறு முத்தும் மணியும் பொன்னும்
அருங்கல வெறுக்கையோடு அளந்துகடை அறியா
வளம் தலை மயங்கிய நனந்தலை மறுகும்;
பால்வகை தெரிந்த பகுதிப் பண்டமொடு
கூலம் குவித்த கூல வீதியும்; – இளங்கோவடிகள்.

பிரிவு – 3

எவையேனும் இரண்டு வினாக்களுக்கு மட்டும் சுருக்கமாக விடையளிக்க. [2 x 3 = 6]

Question 35.
தொழிற்பெயருக்கும், வினையாலணையும் பெயருக்கும் உள்ள வேறுபாட்டை எழுதுக.
Answer:

Question 36.
நன்றிக்கு வித்தாகும் நல்லொழுக்கம் தீயொழுக்கம் என்றும் இடும்பை தரும். இக்குறட்பாவினை அலகிட் பாடு தருக.
Answer:

Question 37.
நிரல்நிறை அணி என்றால் என்ன? சான்றுடன் விளக்குக.
Answer:
நிரல் = வரிசை ; நிறை = நிறுத்துதல் சொல்லையும் பொருளையும் வரிசையாக நிறுத்தி அவ்வரிசைப்படியே இணைத்துப் பொருள் கொள்வது நிரல்நிறை அணி எனப்படும்.

(எ.கா.) அன்பும் அறனும் உடைத்தாயின் இல்வாழ்க்கை
பண்பும் பயனும் அது.

பாடலின் பொருள் : இல்வாழ்க்கை அன்பும், அறமும் உடையதாக விளங்குமானால், அந்த வாழ்க்கையின் பண்பும் பயனும் அதுவே ஆகும்.

அணிப்பொருத்தம்: இக்குறளில் அன்பும் அறனும் என்ற சொற்களை வரிசையாக நிறுத்தி, பண்பும் பயனும் என்ற சொற்களை முறைப்படக் கூறியுள்ளமையால் இது நிரல் நிறை அணி ஆகும்.

பகுதி – IV (மதிப்பெண்கள்: 25)

அனைத்து வினாக்களுக்கும் விடையளிக்க. [5 x 5 = 25]

Question 38.
(அ) ஆற்றுப்படுத்தல் என்பது அன்றைக்குப் புலவர்களையும் கலைஞர்களையும்
வள்ளல்களை நோக்கி நெறிப்படுத்துவதாக இருந்தது. அது இன்றைய நிலையில் ஒரு வழிகாட்டுதலாக மாறியிருப்பதை விளக்குக.
Answer:

• ஆற்றுப்படுத்துதல் என்பது வள்ளலை நாடி எதிர்வருபவர்களை அழைத்து யாம் இவ்விடத்தே சென்று இன்னவெல்லாம் பெற்று வருகின்றோம்.
• நீயும் அந்த வள்ளலிடம் சென்று வளம் பெற்று வாழ்வாயாக என்று கூறுதல் ஆற்றுப்படை ஆகும்.
• ஆற்றுப்படுத்துதல் என்பது இன்றைய நிலையில் ஒரு வழிகாட்டுதலாக இருக்கிறது.
• தன்னிடம் இல்லை என்றோ அல்லது தெரியாது என்றோ கூறாமல் யார் வந்தாலும்.
• அவர்களுக்கு வழிகாட்டுதலாகவும் இருக்கிறது.
• அவர்களுக்கு அறிவுரை கூறி அவர்களை வழிகாட்டுகின்றனர்.
• அன்றைய ஆற்றுப்படுத்துதல் இன்றைய வழிகாட்டுதலாக மாறியுள்ளது.
• இது ஒவ்வொரு நிலையிலும் மாற்றம் அடைந்துள்ளது. உதவி தேவைப்படுபவர்களுக்கு பெரும் உதவியாக இருந்து வருகிறது.
• இதுவே இன்றைய ஆற்றுப்படுத்துதல் ஆகும். பாகானை

(அல்லது)

(ஆ) காலக்கணிதம் கவிதையில் பொதிந்துள்ள நயங்களைப் பாராட்டி எழுதுக.
Answer:
கவிஞன் யானோர் காலக் கணிதம்
கருப்படு பொருளை உருப்பட வைப்பேன்!
புவியில் நானோர் புகழுடைத் தெய்வம்
பொன்னினும் விலைமிகு பொருளென் செல்வம்!
இவைசரி யென்றால் இயம்புவதென் தொழில்
இவைதவ றாயின் எதிர்ப்பதென் வேலை!
ஆக்கல் அளித்தல் அழித்தல் இம் மூன்றும்
அவனும் யானுமே அறிந்தவை, அறிக! – கண்ண தாசன்

கருத்து:
நான் தான் காலக்கணிதன் கருப்படும் பொருளை உருப்பட வைப்பேன் ! புவியில் நல்லவர்கள் பலபேர் இருக்கின்றனர். பொன்னும் விலைமிகு பொருளும் இருக்கிறது. அது செல்வம், இது சரி, இது தவறு என்று சொல்வது என் வேலை செய்வது தவறாயின் எதிர்ப்பது என் வேலை சரி என்றால் புகழ்வது என் தொழில் ஆக்கல், காத்தல், அழித்தல் இம்மூன்றும் இறைவனும் நானும் மட்டுமே அறிந்த தொழில்களாகும். எதுகை. செய்யுளின் இரண்டாம் எழுத்து ஒன்றி வரத் தொடுப்பது எதுகை.

கவிஞன், புவியில் மோனை: செய்யுளில் முதல் எழுத்து ஒன்றிவரத் தொடுப்பது மோனை. கவிஞன், காலம், கணிதம், கருப்படு முரண்: சரி X தவறு, ஆக்கல் x அழித்தல் சொல் நயம்: கவிஞன் யானோர் காலக் கணிதம் கருப்படு பொருளை உருப்பட வைப்பேன் என்ற சொற்றொடர்களை அமைத்துப் பாடலுக்குச் சிறப்புச் சேர்த்துள்ளார்.

(எ.கா.) தெய்வம் எனத் தன்னைக் கூறும் கவிஞர் புகழுடைத் தெய்வம் என்ற சொற்றொடரைக் கையாளும் நயம் படித்து இன்புறத்தக்கது.

பொருள் நயம்: ஆக்கல் அளித்தல் அழித்தல் இம்மூன்றும் அவனும் யானுமே அறிந்தவை என்றும் ஆழ்ந்த பொருள் சுவை உடையது (எ.கா.) தன் செல்வம் எது எனக் கூற வந்த கவிஞர், பொன் விலை உயர்ந்தது. அதைக் காட்டிலும் விலை உயர்ந்த கவிதைப்பொருளே என் செல்வம் எனக் கூறியிருக்கும். இக்கவிதையின் பொருள்நயம் போற்றுதற்குரியது.

Question 39.
(அ) உங்கள் பள்ளிக்குத் தேவையான கையேடுகளை அனுப்பித் தருமாறு புத்தக பதிப்பகத்திற்கு கடிதம் வரைக.
Answer:
அனுப்புநர்
கண்ண ன், அரசினர் மேல்நிலைப் பள்ளி, மேலூர்,
திருச்சி – 620 018.

பெறுநர்
உயர்திரு நவீன் அவர்கள்,
சாரதா பதிப்பகம், 10/34,
மகாலட்சுமி தெரு,
தி.நகர்,
சென்னை – 600 017.

ஐயா,
பொருள்: கையேடுகள் சில அனுப்பி வைத்தல் – தொடர்பாக வணக்கம். எம் பள்ளிக்கு சில கையேடுகள் தேவைப்படுகின்றன. அவற்றிற்குரிய தொகையினைப் பணவிடைத்தாள் மூலம் அனுப்பியுள்ளேன். கீழே குறிப்பிட்ட எனது முகவரிக்குப் பதிவஞ்சல் மூலமாகத் தாமதமின்றி கையேடுகளை அனுப்பி வைக்குமாறு. தாழ்மையுடன் வேண்டுகிறேன்.

நன்றி,

இடம்: திருச்சி
தேதி: 10.04.2019

இங்ஙனம்,
தங்கள் உண்மையுள்ள
கண்ண ன்.

தேவையான கையேடுகள்

• தமிழ் பத்தாம் வகுப்புக் கையேடு – 30 பிரதிகள்
• ஆங்கிலம் பத்தாம் வகுப்புக் கையேடு – 15 பிரதிகள்
• கணிதம் பத்தாம் வகுப்புக் கையேடு – 20 பிரதிகள்
• அறிவியல் பத்தாம் வகுப்புக் கையேடு – 10 பிரதிகள்

உறைமேல் முகவரி
பெறுநர்
உயர்திரு நவீன் அவர்கள்,
சாரதா பதிப்பகம்,
10/34, மகாலட்சுமி தெரு, தி. நகர்,
சென்னை – 600017.

(அல்லது)

(ஆ) பள்ளி வளாகத்தில் நடைபெற்ற மரம் நடுவிழாவுக்கு வந்திருந்த சிறப்பு விருந்தினருக்கும் பெற்றோருக்கும் பள்ளியின் பசுமைப் பாதுகாப்புப் படை’ சார்பாக நன்றியுரை எழுதுக.
Answer:
வீட்டுக்கொரு மரம் வளர்ப்போம் என்பது அன்றைய வாசகம். ஆளுக்கொரு மரம் வளர்க்க வேண்டிய தேவை இன்று ஏற்பட்டுள்ளது. மரங்கள் இயற்கையின் கொடை இயற்கை அன்னையின் மடியில் மலர்ந்த முதல் குழந்தை மரம் தானே! அவற்றை நாம் இல்லாமல் செய்யலாமா? இயற்கையின் வழியில் செல்வோம் ! மரங்களையும், பயனுள்ள செடி, கொடிகளையும் வளர்ப்போம் பயன் பெறுவோம் பசுமை பாரதத்தை உருவாக்குவோம் என்ற சிந்தனையை மாணவர்கள் மனதில் விதை ஊன்றிய எம் சிறப்பு விருந்தினருக்கு நன்றிகளை எங்கள் பள்ளியின் சார்பாகத் தெரிவித்துக் கொள்கிறோம். இங்கு வந்திருந்து எங்களைச் சிறப்பித்த பெற்றோருக்கும் நன்றிகளைத் தெரிவித்துக் கொள்கிறோம்.

Question 40.
படம் உணர்த்தும் கருத்தை நயமுற எழுதுக.

Answer:
விடை மனிதர்களே! தன் மனதிற்கும்
அறிவுக்கும் பூட்டு போட்டுக்கொள்ளாதீர்கள்
திறந்த மனதுடன் தொலைநோக்குடன்
கல்வியைக் கற்க பழகுங்கள் – நம்
எண்ணங்களுக்குப் பூட்டு போட்டுக்
கொண்டால் விழிப்புணர்வும் – அறிவு
முதிர்ச்சியும் இல்லாமல் போகும்.

Question 41.
கீழ்க்காணும் படிவத்தை நிரப்புக.
Answer:
நூலக உறுப்பினர் படிவம் மதுரை மாவட்ட நூலக ஆணைக்குழு மைய கிளை ஊர்ப்புற நூலகம் மைய நூலகம்.

உறுப்பினர் சேர்க்கை அட்டை

அட்டை எண்
உறுப்பினர் எண் 567

• பெயர் – கந்தன்
• தந்தை பெயர் – ஆறுமுகம்
• பிறந்த தேதி – 06.06.2005
• வயது – 14
• படிப்பு – பத்தாம் வகுப்பு
• தொலைபேசி எண் – 98678 64590
• முகவரி – 35 அம்மன் கோயில் தெரு

(அஞ்சல் குறியீட்டு எண்ணுடன்) – 5வது தெரு, மேலவீதி, மதுரை – 625 002

நான் அ. கந்தன் நூலகத்தில் உறுப்பினராகப் பதிவு செய்ய இத்துடன் காப்புத்தொகை ரூ 100 சந்தா தொகை ரூ 100 ஆக மொத்தம் ரூ 200 ரொக்கமாகச் செலுத்துகிறேன். நூலக நடைமுறை மற்றும் விதிகளுக்குக் கட்டுப்படுகிறேன் என உறுதியளிக்கிறேன்.

இடம் : மதுரை
நாள் : 24.5.2019

தங்கள் உண்மையுள்ள
அ. கந்தன்

திரு/திருமதி / செல்வி /செல்வன் அவர்களை எனக்கு நன்கு தெரியும் எனச் சான்று அளிக்கிறேன்.

தீபா அலுவலக முத்திரை
பிணைப்பாளர் கையொப்பம்
(பதவி மற்றும் அலுவலகம்)

மாநில மைய அரசு அதிகாரிகள், கல்லூரி முதல்வர்கள் பேராசிரியர்கள்,
உயர் மேல்நிலைப்பள்ளி தலைமை ஆசிரியர்கள், சட்டமன்ற நாடாளுமன்ற
உறுப்பினர்கள், நகராட்சி/மாநகராட்சி ஒன்றிய பேரூராட்சி உறுப்பினர்கள்

Question 42.
(அ) புயலின் போது – கீழ்க்கண்ட அறிவிப்பைக் கேட்ட நீங்கள், உங்களையும் உங்கள் குடும்பத்தாரையும் காப்பாற்றும் வகையில் செய்யும் செயல்களை வரிசைப்படுத்தி எழுதுக.

Answer:

விடை

• புயலின் போது மின்சாரம் துண்டிக்க நேரிடும் அதனால் மெழுகுவர்த்தி தீப்பெட்டி அருகில் வைத்துக் கொள்ளவும்.
• பிஸ்கெட், பால் பாக்கெட்களை வாங்கி வைத்துக் கொள்ள வேண்டும்.
• வெளியே செல்வதைத் தவிர்க்க வேண்டும்.
• மரங்களின் அருகில் நிற்கக் கூடாது.
• உதவிக்கு அழைக்க அவசர எண்களைத் தெரிந்து வைத்துக் கொள்ள வேண்டும்.

(அல்லது)

(ஆ) மொழிபெயர்க்க.
Respected ladies and gentlemen, I am Ilangovan studying tenth standard. I have come here to say a few words about our Tamil culture. Sangam literature shows that Tamils were best in culture and civilization about two thousand years ago. Tamils who have defined grammar for language have also defined grammar for life. Tamil culture is rooted in the life styles of Tamils throughout India. Srilanka, Malaysia, Singapore, England and Worldwide. Though our culture is very old, it has been updated consistently. We should feel proud about our culture. Thank you one and all.

விடை இங்கு கூடி இருக்கும் அனைவருக்கும் என் மனமார்ந்த வணக்கம். என் பெயர் இளங்கோவன். நான் 10 ஆம் வகுப்பு படிக்கிறேன். தமிழ்க் கலாச்சாரத்தைப் பற்றி சில வார்த்தைகள் கூற வந்துள்ளேன். இரண்டாயிரம் ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன்னரே தமிழன் கலாச்சாரத்திலும், நாகரிகத்திலும் மேம்பட்டு இருந்தான் என்பதைச் சங்க இலக்கியங்கள் புலப்படுத்துகின்றன தமிழ் மொழிக்கு இலக்கணம் வகுத்த தமிழன் வாழ்க்கை நெறிக்கும் இலக்கணம் வகுத்துள்ளான்.

தமிழ்க் கலாச்சாரம் இலங்கை, சிங்கப்பூர், இங்கிலாந்து மற்றும் உலகளாவிய இந்தியத் தமிழ் மக்களின் வாழ்வாதாரங்களில் வேரூன்றி நிற்கிறது. நம் கலாச்சாரம் பழமை வாய்ந்ததாக இருப்பினும் அது தொடர்ச்சியாகப் புதுப்பித்த வண்ணமே இருக்கின்றன. நாம் நம் கலாச்சாரத்தைப் பற்றி பெருமை கொள்ள வேண்டும். அனைவருக்கும் நன்றி.

பகுதி – V (மதிப்பெண்கள்: 24) 

அனைத்து வினாக்களுக்கும் விரிவாக விடையளிக்க. [3 x 8 = 24]

Question 43.
(அ) ஜெயகாந்தன் நினைவுச் சிறப்பிதழை, வார இதழ் ஒன்று வெளியிட இருக்கிறது. அதற்கான ஒரு சுவரொட்டியை வடிவமைத்து அளிக்க
மாவட்ட ஆட்சியர் தலைமையில்
நினைவுச் சிறப்பிதழ் வெளியீட்டு விழா
ஞானபீட விருது பெற்ற காலம் சென்ற
எழுத்துலக வித்தகர். தெய்வத்திரு
ஜெயகாந்தன்

அவர்களின் நினைவுச் சிறப்பிதழ் வெளியீட்டு விழா
நாள் : 14.4.2019
நேரம் : 6.00 மாலை

இடம் : கலையரங்கம்
சென்னை

(அல்லது)
(ஆ) ஒரு குழந்தையைத் தூக்கவும் கீழே விழுந்த ஒரு தேனீர்க் கோப்பையை எடுக்கவும் மென்பொருள் அக்கறை கொள்ளுமா? வெறும் வணிகத்துடன் நின்றுவிடுமா? இக்கருத்துகளை ஒட்டிச் செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவின் எதிர்கால வெளிப்பாடுகள்’ பற்றி ஒரு கட்டுரை எழுதுக.

எதிர்காலத்தில் ரோபோக்கள் :
வேலை வாய்ப்புகளில் கணிசமான மாற்றங்களைச் செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவு கொண்டுவரப்போகிறது. எதிர்காலத்தில் ரோபோ’ விடம் குழந்தையை ஒப்படைத்துவிட்டு நிம்மதியாக அலுவலகம் செல்லும் பெற்றோர்களை நாம் பார்க்கப்போகிறோம். வயதானவர்களுக்கு உதவிகள் செய்தும் அவர்களுக்கு உற்ற தோழனாய்ப் பேச்சுக் கொடுத்தும் பேணும் ரோபோக்களை நாம் பார்க்கப்போகிறோம்! செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவுள்ள ரோபோக்களால், மனிதர் செய்ய இயலாத, அலுப்புத் தட்டக்கூடிய, கடினமான செயல்களைச் செய்ய முடியும்; மனித முயற்சியில் உயிராபத்தை விளைவிக்கக் கூடிய செயல்களைச் செய்யமுடியும்!

புதிய வணிக வாய்ப்புகளைச் செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவு நல்குகிறது. பெருநிறுவனங்கள் தங்கள் பொருள்களை உற்பத்தி செய்யவும் சந்தைப்படுத்தவும் செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவைப் பயன்படுத்துகின்றன. விடுதிகளில், வங்கிகளில், அலுவலகங்களில் தற்போது மனிதர் அளிக்கும் சேவைகளை ரோபோக்கள் அளிக்கும். மேலும், நம்முடன் உரையாடுவது, ஆலோசனை வழங்குவது, பயண ஏற்பாடு செய்துதருவது, தண்ணீர் கொண்டு வந்து தருவது, உடன் வந்திருக்கும் குழந்தைகளுக்கு வேடிக்கை காட்டுவது எனப் பலவற்றைச் செய்யும்.

எதிர்காலத்தில் நாம் பயணிக்கும் ஊர்திகளைச் செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவைக் கொண்டு இயக்கவேண்டியிருக்கும். இத்தகைய ஊர்திகள் ஏற்படுத்தும் விபத்துகள் குறையும்; போக்குவரத்து நெரிசல் இருக்காது. அதன்மூலம் பயண நேரம் குறையும் ; எரிபொருள் மிச்சப்படும். இத்தகைய மென்பொருள்கள் கவிதைகள், கதைகள், விதவிதமான எழுத்து நடைகள் போன்றவற்றைக் கற்றுக்கொண்டு மனிதர்களுடன் போட்டியிட்டாலும் வியப்பதற்கில்லை. கல்வித் துறையில் இத்தொழில் நுட்பத்தைப் பலவிதங்களில் பயன்படுத்தும் சாத்தியக்கூறுகள் இருக்கின்றன.

செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவின் பொதுவான கூறுகள்:
செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவு நமது வாழ்க்கையையும் வணிகத்தையும் நம்மை அறியாமலேயே வளப்படுத்திக் கொண்டிருக்கின்றது. இந்தத் தொழில் நுட்பத்தைக் கண்டு அச்சப்பட்டவர்களின் அலறல்களை நாம் எதிர்கொள்வதே முதல் அறைகூவல். ஒவ்வொரு புதிய கண்டுபிடிப்பு அறிமுகமாகும் போதும் பழைய வேலைவாய்ப்புகள் புதிய வடிவில் மாற்றம் பெறுகின்றன. ஆகவே, செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவுத் தொழில்நுட்பம் அளிக்கும் வியக்கத்தக்க நன்மைகளைப் புரிந்துகொள்ளவும் வரவேற்கவும் நாம் தயாராக வேண்டும்.

மனித இனத்தைத் தீங்குகளிலிருந்து காப்பாற்றவும் உடல் நலத்தைப் பேணவும் கொடிய நோய்களைத் தொடக்க நிலையிலேயே கண்டறியவும் மருத்துவம் செய்யும் முறைகளைப் பட்டறிவு மிக்க மருத்துவரைப் போலப் பரிந்துரை செய்யவும் செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவைப் பயன்படுத்தும் ஆராய்ச்சிகள் மும்முரமாக நடந்து வருகின்றன.

கல்வியில் செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவு :
ஒரு காலத்தில் வாழ்க்கையில் முன்னேறுவதற்கு எழுதப் படிக்கத் தெரிந்த கல்வியறிவே போதுமானதாக இருந்தது. இப்போது கல்வியறிவுடன் மின்னணுக் கல்வியறிவையும் மின்னணுச் சந்தைப்படுத்துதலையும் அறிந்திருப்பது வாழ்க்கையை எளிதாக்கவும் வணிகத்தில் வெற்றியடையவும் உதவுகிறது. ஆனால் எதிர்காலத்தில் செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவு பற்றிய அறிவும் நான்காவது தொழிற்புரட்சியின் தொழில் நுட்பங்களைப் பயன்படுத்தும் அறிவுமே நம்மை வளப்படுத்த உதவும்.

ஆனாலும் முன்னேற்றமே! :
மனிதக் கண்டுபிடிப்புகள் அனைத்திலும் நன்மை, தீமை என்று இரண்டு பக்கங்கள் இருந்தே வந்திருக்கின்றன. அதற்கேற்ப மனிதர்கள் தங்களை மாற்றிக்கொள்வார்கள். இப்போது உலகில் இங்கொன்றும் அங்கொன்றுமாகப் பயன்பாட்டில் இருக்கின்ற செயற்கை நுண்ணறிவுத் தொழில்நுட்பம், எதிர்காலத்தில் உலகின் ஒவ்வொரு துறையிலும் அளவிடற்கரிய முன்னேற்றத்தைத் தரும்.

Question 44.
(அ) குறிப்புகளைக் கொண்டு ஒரு பக்க அளவில் நாடகம் எழுதுக. மாணவன் – கொக்கைப் போல, கோழியைப் போல – உப்பைப் போல – இருக்க வேண்டும் – கொக்கு காத்திருந்து கிடைக்கும் வாய்ப்பைப் பயன்படுத்திக்கொள்ளும் – குப்பையைக் கிளறினாலும் தனது உணவை மட்டுமே எடுத்துக்கொள்ளும் கோழி – கண்ணுக்குத் தெரியாவிட்டாலும் உப்பின் சுவையை உணரமுடியும் – ஆசிரியர் விளக்கம் – மாணவன் மகிழ்ச்சி
Answer:

காட்சி – 1

இடம் : வகுப்பறை
பங்கு பெறுவோர் : தமிழ் ஆசிரியர் மாணவிகள் (செல்வி, மேரி, பர்வினா) (ஆசிரியர் இலக்கிய மன்றப் போட்டிக்கான தலைப்புகளை அறிவித்தல்) பாகை கலை கள்
மாணவர்கள் : வணக்கம் அம்மா ! ஆசிரியரே!)
ஆசிரியர் : வணக்கம் மாணவிகளே அனைவரும் நலம் தானே உங்களுக்கெல்லாம் ஒரு
மகிழ்ச்சியான செய்தி : சொல்லட்டுமா?
செல்வி : அது என்ன செய்தி ஆசிரியரே ஆர்வமாக இருக்கு கொஞ்சம் விளக்கிக் கூறுங்கள்
ஆசிரியர் : வருகின்ற புதன்கிழமையன்று, இலக்கிய மன்ற விழா நடைபெற இருக்கிறது. அதன் சிறப்பு விருந்தினர் நம் பள்ளி முதல்வர். அந்த விழாவில் சொற்பொழிவில் பங்குபெறும் மாணவிகளுக்குச் சிறப்பு பரிசுகளை நம் முதல்வர் கையால் வழங்குவார்.
மேரி : மிக்க மகிழ்ச்சி ஆசிரியரே அதன் தலைப்புகள் என்ன?
ஆசிரியர் : கொக்கு! கோழி ! உப்பு இவற்றின் சிறப்புத் தன்மைகளை விளக்கிக் கூற வேண்டும். இதைப்பற்றிய கூடுதல் தகவல்களை வீட்டில் உள்ளவர்களிடமும் கேட்டு அறிந்து கொண்டு, போட்டியில் பங்கு பெற்று, பரிசு பெற உங்களை வாழ்த்துகிறேன்.
பர்வின் : நன்றி ஆசிரியரே!
ஆசிரியர் : நாளை தான் கடைசி நாள்! போட்டியில் பங்கு பெறுவோர் பெயர் பட்டியலை கொடுக்கவும்.

காட்சி – 2

இடம் : வீடு
பங்கு பெறுவோர் : மேரி, அப்பா, அம்மா, தாத்தா (மாணவிகள் வீட்டுக்கு சென்று போட்டிக்கான விவரங்களை சேகரித்தல்)
அப்பா : மேரி இன்னைக்கு (இன்றைக்கு என்ன ஆச்சு உனக்கு? பள்ளி முடிந்து வீட்டிற்கு வந்ததிலிருந்து ஏதோ யோசிச்சிட்டே
இருக்கிற? : அது அப்பா ! எங்க பள்ளியிலே இலக்கிய மன்ற விழா நடக்க போகிறது. அதில் சொற்பொழிவு நடத்த எங்க தமிழ் ஆசிரியர் மூன்று தலைப்புகளை
கொடுத்திருக்காங்க அது பற்றிதான் ஒரே யோசனையா இருக்கு அப்பா!
அப்பா : அது என்ன தலைப்பு மேரி?
மேரி : கொக்கு, கோழி, உப்பு இவற்றின் சிறப்புகளைக் கூற வேண்டும் அப்பா.
அப்பா : அவ்வளவு தானே உன் சோகத்தை விடு எனக்குத் தெரிந்த கொக்கின் சிறப்புக்களைக் கூறுகிறேன் கேட்டுக்கோ!
மேரி : சரி அப்பா நீங்க சொல்ல சொல்ல நானும் எழுதிக் கொள்கிறேன்.
அப்பா : கொக்கானது தனக்கு ஏற்ற பெரிய மீன் வரும் வரை ஓடையில், வாடிய நிலையில் இருக்கும், தனக்கு ஏற்ற பெரிய மீன் வருவதை அறிந்தவுடன் விரைந்து தன் கூர்மையான அலகுகளால் கொத்தி எடுக்கும். அதுபோல நாமும் எந்தச் செயலைச் செய்தாலும் காலத்தின் இறப்பை உணர்ந்து விரைந்து செயல்பட வேண்டும். காலத்தின் முக்கியத்துவத்தை உணர்ந்ததால் தான் திருவள்ளுவரும், கொக்கொக்கக் கூம்பும் பருவத்து மற்றதன் குத்தொக்க சீர்த்த இடத்து என்று கூறியுள்ளார்.
மேரி : சிறப்பான செய்திகள் அப்பா
அப்பா : அடுத்த தலைப்பான கோழியின் தன்மைகளைத் தாத்தாவிடம் கேட்டுத் தெரிந்துகொள். அப்பாவிற்கு சில முக்கியமான அலுவலக வேலைக் காரணமாக வெளியே செல்ல வேண்டும் சரியா மேரி.
மேரி : சரி அப்பா ! தாத்தா ! தாத்தா! எனக்குக் கொஞ்சம் கோழியின் பண்புகளைச் சொல்வீங்களா!
தாத்தா : சொல்கிறேன் மேரி குட்டி ! கோழி தனக்கு வேண்டிய உணவினைக் குப்பைமேட்டில் தேடித்தான் உட்கொள்ளும். எல்லாக் குப்பைகளையும் உட்கொள்ளாமல், தனக்கு வேண்டிய உணவினை மட்டுமே உண்ணும் அதைப் போல நாமும், நம் முன்னேற்றத்திற்கான நல்ல செய்திகளை மட்டுமே எடுத்துக் கொண்டு வேண்டாதவற்றை விட்டொழிக்க வேண்டும் மேரி.
மேரி : தாத்தா உண்மையிலேயே நீங்க மிக நல்ல தாத்தா.
அம்மா : மேரி கொஞ்சம் சமையலறைக்கு ஓடி வா! (என்று அம்மா அழைக்க சமையலறைக்கு மேரி செல்கிறாள்)
மேரி : என்னம்மா அவசரம்! அம்மா : அண்ணாச்சி கடைக்குச் சென்று உப்பு வாங்கிக் கொண்டு வா !
மேரி : அம்மா உப்பு என்ற உடனேதான் ஞாபகம் வருது? உப்பின் சிறப்புகள் என்னம்மா?
அம்மா : உப்பில்லா பண்டம் குப்பையிலே’ என்ற பழமொழிக்கேற்பே உணவில் நாம் சுவைத்து உண்ண உப்புதான் முதற்காரணம் ! உப்பு சமையலில் சேர்த்த உடனே தான் இரண்டறக் கலந்து தன் சுவையினைக் கொடுக்கும், அதுபோல நீயும் சமூகப் பணிகளில் மக்களோடு மக்களாகக் கலந்து உன்னால் முடிந்த பயனைநாட்டுக்கும், சமுதாயத்திற்கும் செய்து சிறந்த தொண்டாற்றும் சாதனை பெண்ணாக உயர வேண்டும். சரியா மேரி?!

காட்சி-3

இடம் : பள்ளி (இலக்கிய மன்ற விழா)
பங்கு பெறுவோர் : (தலைமையாசிரியர், தமிழ் ஆசிரியர், மேரி மற்றும் சில மாணவர்கள்) (மேரி இலக்கிய மன்ற விழாவில் பங்கேற்றுத் தலைமையாசிரியர் கையால் பரிசு பெறுதல்)
தமிழ் ஆசிரியர் : இவ்விலக்கிய மன்ற விழாவிற்கு வருகை புரிந்துள்ள தலைமை ஆசிரியரையை வரவேற்று பேச்சுப்போட்டியில் முதலில் பேச ஒன்பதாம் வகுப்பு மாணவி மேரியை அழைக்கிறேன்.
மேரி : அனைவருக்கும் வணக்கம்! (என்று கூறி தான் சேகரித்த செய்திகளை எல்லாம் நிரல்பட, சுவைபட அனைவரும் மகிழும் வண்ணம் எடுத்துக் கூறுதல்) [மேரியின் பேச்சுத்திறனைக் கேட்ட அனைவரும் கைகளைத்தட்டி தங்கள் மகிழ்ச்சியினை வெளிப்படுத்துதல்.
தமிழ் ஆசிரியர் : பேச்சுப் போட்டியில் பங்கேற்கப் பெயர்ப் பதிவு செய்துள்ள மாணவிகள் ஒவ்வொருவராக வந்து பேசுங்கள். [போட்டியாளர்கள் அனைவரும் பேசி முடிகின்றனர்)
தலைமையாசிரியர் : இவ்விலக்கிய மன்ற விழாவில் சிறப்பாகப் பேசிய அனைத்து மாணவிகளுக்கும் எனது பாராட்டுகள் ! வாழ்த்துகள்! பரிசு மட்டும் வெற்றியில்லை இம்மேடையில் பேசிய ஒவ்வொருவரும் வெற்றியாளர்களே ! என்றாலும் சிறப்பாகப் பேசி, நம்மை எல்லாம் சிந்திக்கச் செய்த மேரிக்கு இப்பரிசினை அளிப்பதில் நான் மிக்க மகிழ்ச்சியடைகிறேன்.
மேரி : நன்றி ஐயா! [பரிசினைப் பெற்ற பெருமிதத்தில் மேரி வீட்டுக்கு செல்லுதல்]

(அல்லது)
(அ) புயலிலே ஒரு தோணி கதையில் இடம்பெற்றுள்ள வருணனைகளும் அடுக்குத் தொடர்களும் ஒலிக்குறிப்பு சொற்களும் புயலில், தோணி படும் பாட்டை எவ்வாறு விவரிக்கின்றன?

முன்னுரை :
1. இந்தோனேசியாவில் மெயின் நகரில் இருந்தபோது இரண்டாம் உலகப்போர் நிகழ்ந்தது.

2. ஆசிரியரின் நேரடி அனுபவங்களோடு கற்பனையும் கலந்த கதைதான் புயலிலே ஒரு தோணி என்னும் புதினம் கடற்பயணத்தில் கண்ட காட்சிகளும் அதன் தொடர்ச்சியாக நடைபெறும் நிகழ்வுகளும் தான் இக்கதைப்பகுதி.

3. தொங்கான் படும்பாடு கொளுத்திக் கொண்டிருந்த வெயில் இமை நேரத்தில் மறைந்துவிட்டது.

4. புழுங்கிற்று. பாண்டியன் எழுந்து போய் அண்ணாந்து பார்த்தான். மேகப் பொதிகள் பரந்து திரண்டு கும்மிருட்டாய் இறுகி நின்றன. அலைகள் எண்ணெய் பூசியவை போல் மொழுமொழுவென நெளிந்தன.

5. காற்றையே காணோம். ஒரே இறுக்கம். எதிர்க்கோடியில் வானையும், கடலையும் மாறிமாறிப் பார்த்தவாறு தலைமை மாலுமி பரபரப்பாகப் பேசிக் கொண்டிருந்தார். மாலுமிகள் திடுமெனப் பாய்மரத்தை நோக்கி ஓடிச்சென்று கட்டுக் கயிறுகளை இறுக்குகிறார்கள். விவரிக்க இயலாத ஓர் உறுத்தல் ஒவ்வோர் உணர்விலும் பட்டது.

6. எல்லோரும் எழுந்து ஒருவர் முகத்தை ஒருவர் பார்த்து மிரண்டு விழித்தனர். திடுமென அமைதி பாய்ந்து வந்து மிரட்டியது. வானும் கடலும் பிரிந்து தனித்துத் தென்பட்டன. பலகை அடைப்புக்குள்ளிருந்து கப்பித்தான் (கேப்டன்) கத்துகிறான்.

7. “ஓடி வாருங்கள் ! இங்கே ஓடி வாருங்கள்” பாண்டியன் எழுந்தான். எங்கெங்கோ இடுக்குகளில் முடங்கிக் கிடந்த உருவங்கள் தலை தூக்கின. தொங்கான் தள்ளாடுகிறது அலைகள் மலைத்தொடர் போன்ற அலைகள் மோதித் தாக்குகின்றன. தட்டுத் தடுமாறி நடந்தோடினர்.

தொங்கானின் நிலை:

• வானும் கடலும் வளியும் மழையும் மீண்டும் ஒன்றுகூடிக் கொந்தளிக்கின்றன.
• வானம் பிளந்து தீ கக்கியது. மழை வெள்ளம் கொட்டுகிறது. வளி முட்டிப் புரட்டுகிறது.
• கடல் வெறிக் கூத்தாடுகிறது.
• கப்பல் நடுநடுங்கித் தாவித் தாவிக் குதிகுதித்து விழுவிழுந்து நொறுநொறு நொறுங்குகிறது.
• முகத்தில் வெள்ளம் உடலில் வெள்ளம். கால் கையில் வெள்ளம்.
• உடை உடலை இறுக்கியிறுக்கி ரம்பமாய் அறுக்கிறது. மரத்தூண்.
• கல்தூண் இரும்புத்தூண், உயிர்த்தூண் கப்பல் தாவி விழுந்து சுழல்கிறது.
• மூழ்கி நீந்துகிறது, தாவி நீந்துகிறது. இருட்டிருட்டு கும்மிருட்டு, குருட்டிருட்டு.
• சிலுசிலு மரமரப்பு இடி முழக்கச் சீனப் பிசாசுகள் தாவி வீசுகின்றன.

தொங்கான் மிதந்து சென்ற காட்சி:

• • மூடைகள் சிப்பங்கள் நீந்தியோடி மறைகின்றன. தொங்கான் குதித்து விழுந்து நொறுநொறு நொறுங்குகிறது.
• சுழன்று கிறுகிறுத்துக் கூத்தாடுகிறது கலவை அடிக்கிறது.
• என்னயிது சூரிய வெளிச்சம் ! சூரியன் சூரியன் சூரியன் கப்பலில் நீர் நெளிகிறது.
• பாய்மரம் ஒடிந்து கிடக்கிறது. கப்பலின் இருபுறமும் பின்னேயும் தேயிலைப் பெட்டிகளும் புகையிலைச் சிப்பங்களும் மிதந்து வருகின்றன.
• பாண்டியன் நாற்புறமும் கடலைப் பார்த்து மலைத்து நின்றான்.
• கடற்கூத்து எவ்வளவு நேரம் நீடித்ததென்று கணக்கிட முடியவில்லை.
• தொடங்கியபோதோ, முடிந்தபோதோ முடிந்து வெகுநேரம் வரையிலோ யாரும் கடிகாரத்தைப் பார்க்கவில்லை.
• பார்த்தபோது எல்லாக் கடிகாரங்கள் நின்று போயிருந்தன.
• இனிமேல் பயமில்லை இரண்டு நாளில் கரையைப் பார்க்கலாம்.
• அன்றிறவு யாரும் உண்ணவில்லை பேச்சாடவில்லை.

முடிவுரை:

• கடற்கூத்துக்குப் பின் ஐந்தாம் நாள் மாலையில் வானொடு வானாய் கடலோடு கடலை மரப்பச்சை தெரிவது போலிருந்து அடுத்த நாள் முற்பகலால் பினாங்குத் துறைமுகத்தை அணுகினார்கள்.
• தொங்கான் கரையை நெருங்கிப் போய் நின்றது.

Question 45.
(அ) இந்தியாவின் கணினிப் புரட்சி – எனும் தலைப்பில் கட்டுரை ஒன்று எழுதுக.
Answer:
முன்னுரை:
உலக நாடுகளிடையே இந்தியாவும் முன்னேற்ற மடைந்த வளர்ச்சியுற்ற நாடாக வேண்டும். இக்கனவு நனவாகுமா? இதற்குப் பாரதம் பல துறைகளிலும் நன்கு உழைக்க வேண்டும். அவற்றுள் ஒன்றுதான் கணினிப் புரட்சி. உலக நாடுகள் அனைத்தும் கணினித் துறையில் வளர்ந்த அளவிற்கு நாமும் உயர வேண்டும் என்ற எண்ணம் தான் 1984இல் கணினியைக் கொணர்ந்தோம். அன்றைய பிரதமர் திரு. ராஜீவ் காந்தி அவர்கள் கணினிக்கு முக்கியத்துவம் கொடுத்து முதலிடம் அளித்தார்.

பாரதத்தில் கணினியின் வளர்ச்சி :
முதன் முதலாக மும்பையிலுள்ள டாடா ஆய்வு மையம் தான் 1966இல் கணினியை செயல்படத் தொடங்கியது. நம் நாட்டிலுள்ள மின்னியல் கழகம் கணினிகளை வாணிக நோக்குடன் தயாரிக்கத் தொடங்கியது. மின்னியல் துறையில் ஒரு புரட்சி ஏற்பட்டது. அப்போதைய பிரதமர் திரு ராஜீவ் காந்தி அவர்கள் இந்தியாவிற்கு நல்ல எதிர்காலம் நல்கும் என வலியுறுத்தினார். வேலையில்லாத் திண்டாட்டத்திற்கு முற்றுப்புள்ளி வைக்கும் அளவிற்கு மின்னியல் துறையை வளர்த்தார். தற்போது நல்ல அடிப்படையுடன் கணினித் துறை பல துறைகளிலும் நிலைபெற்று விட்டது.

கணினியின் பயன்கள் :
மக்கள் சபையிலும், மாநில சட்ட மன்றங்களிலும் கூட கணினி பயன்படுகிறது. தேர்தல் முடிவுகளை உடனுக்குடன் அறிவிப்பதிலும், வானொலி, தொலைக்காட்சி நிகழ்ச்சிகளைத் தயாரிப்பதிலும் கணினித் தொழில் நுட்பம் அங்கம் வகிக்கிறது. எல்லா மாநிலத் தலைநகரங்களிலும், மாவட்டத் தலைநகரங்களிலும் கணினி மயமாக்கப்பட்டுவிட்டது. போர்க்கால அடிப்படையில் வங்கிகள் யாவும் கணினியை ஏற்றுக்

கொண்டுவிட்டன. தேசிய மயமாக்கப்பட்ட வங்கிகளைக் கணினியைக் கொண்டு கண்காணிக்க உதவுகிறது. தேசிய காப்பீட்டுக் கழகம் பெரிய அளவில் கணினி மயமாக்கப்பட்டு விட்டது.

பிறதுறைகளில் கணினி :
போக்குவரத்துத் துறையான விமான, இரயில் துறைகளில் இருக்கை முன்பதிவு செய்யவும், அவற்றைக் கட்டுப்பாட்டுக்குள் செயல்படவும் கணினி பயன்படுகிறது. குற்றவாளிகளைக் கண்டு பிடிக்கக் கூடிய முறைகள் கையாளப்படுகின்றன. மருத்துவத் துறையில் இரத்தப் பரிசோத ருத்துவத் துறையில் இரத்தப் பரிசோதனை, இருதய ஆய்வு, அறுவைச் சிகிச்சையிலும் கூட குறிப்பிடத்தக்க அளவில் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகிற.

கல்வி நிலையங்களிளும் கணினி :
வணிகம், தொழில், தபால், தந்தி போன்ற பல துறைகளிலும் கணினி புரட்சி ஏற்பட்டு விட்டது. கல்வி நிலையங்களில், பல்கலைக் கழகங்களில் கல்வி மேம்பாட்டுப் பணிகளைச் செய்து விடுகிறது. பலரும் கணினி பற்றிய கல்வி நிலையங்களைத் துவங்கி பட்டம் பட்டமேற்படிப்பு என வகைப்படுத்தி இந்தியாவில் அனைவருமே கணினி பற்றிய கல்வி நிலையங்களைத் துவங்கி பட்டம் பட்ட மேற்படிப்பு என வகைப்படுத்தி இந்தியாவில் அனைவருமே கணினி அறிவு பெற்றுத் திகழ வாய்ப்பினை ஏற்படுத்தி விட்டது. இதன்மூலம் நம் நாட்டு இளைஞர்கள் மேனாடுகளில் சென்று வேலைவாய்ப்பு பெற்று நிரம்பப் பொருளீட்டும் வாய்ப்பும் பெற்றுள்ளனர். கணினித் தொழில் நுட்பம் செய்திகளை அனுப்பவும், தொலை தூர நாடுகளிடையே தொடர்பு ஏற்படுத்தவும் பெரிதும் உதவுகிறது. கல்வி நிலையங்களில் கணினி ஒரு பாடத் திட்டமாக அமைந்துள்ளது. தற்கால இளைஞர்கள் கணினியை விரும்பிக் கற்று புரட்சி ஏற்படுத்துவதில் முனைந்துவிட்டனர்.

முடிவுரை:
கணினித்துறை, நம் நாட்டின் எதிர்காலத்தில் மிக விரைவாகவும், திறமையாகவும் செயல்படும் என்பதில் ஐயமில்லை. பாரதத்தின் தொழில் வளர்ச்சிக்கேற்ப கணினித் துறை பெருமளவில் வளர்ச்சி பெறுவது இயற்கை நியதிகளில் ஒன்றாகிவிடும்.

(அல்லது)

(ஆ) குறிப்புகளைப் பயன்படுத்திக் கட்டுரை ஒன்று வரைக.
முன்னுரை – முறையான ஒப்பந்தம் – நீர் தேவையை சமாளித்தல் – குறைபாடுகள் – திட்டம் – நன்மைகள் – முடிவுரை.
தேசிய நதி நீர் இணைப்புத் திட்டம்

முன்னுரை:
21 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் மிகப்பெரிய பிரச்சினையாக உருவெடுப்பது தண்ணீர் பிரச்சினையாகும். இதனைத் தீர்க்க தண்ணீர் பிரச்சினையைச் சமாளிக்க நதிகளை இணைக்க வேண்டும் என்பது பல்லாண்டுகளாகப் பேசப்பட்டு வருவதொன்றாகும். இதற்கு ஓராண்டில் 56 கோடி ரூபாய் செலவாகும் என்று திட்டமிடப்படுகிறது.

முறையான ஒப்பந்தம் :
ஆயிரம் கிலோ மீட்டர் நீளத்திற்குக் கால்வாய்கள் அமைத்து 30 நதிகளை அடுத்த இரண்டு ஆண்டுகளில் ஒன்றாக இணைக்கலாம். 10 ஆயிரம் மெகா வாட் மின்சாரம் எடுக்க முடியும் 11 ஆயிரம் கியூ செக்ஸ் நீர் தேவைப்படும். இதற்கு 400 புதிய நீர்நிலைகள் அமைக்கப்பட்டு நதிநீர் இணைப்புத் திட்டத்தைச் செயல்படுத்த எந்த இடத்தின் வழியாகக் கால்வாய் அமைத்தால் பயனுள்ளதாக அமையும் எனத் திட்டமிட வேண்டும். மகாந்தி, கோதாவரி ஆகிய நதிகளில் நீர் அதிகம் உள்ளது. ஆனால் வல்லுநர்களிடையே விவாதம் நடத்தி முறையான ஒப்பந்தம் ஏற்பட வேண்டும்.

நீர் தேவையை சமாளித்தல் :
மழைக் காலங்களில் வட இந்தியாவில் பாயும் பல நதிகளில் வெள்ள அபாயம் ஏற்படுகிறது. இதைத் தடுக்க வேண்டுமானால், கால்வாய்கள் வெட்டி அந்நீரை ஒருநிலைப்படுத்த வேண்டும். இதற்காக வெட்டப்படும் கால்வாய்கள் மூலம் ஏராளமான தொழிலாளர்களுக்கு வேலை கிடைப்பதுடன் கூடுதல் வருவாயும் கிடைக்கும். அதிகமாகக் கிடைக்கும் மழைநீரைச் சேமித்து வைக்கத் தேவையான திட்டங்கள் நிறைவேற்றப்படவேண்டும். இந்தியாவில் வறட்சி ஏற்படும் பெரும்பாலான பகுதிகளில் நீர் தேவையை எளிதாகச் சமாளிக்க முடியும்.

குறைபாடுகள் :
தமிழகத்தில் வற்றாத ஜீவநதிகள் இல்லாத காரணத்தால் மழைக்காலங்களில் மட்டுமே இத்திட்டத்தின் மூலம் நீர் பெறமுடியும். காவிரி டெல்டா பகுதியிலுள்ள நிலத்தடி நீர்வளம், குடிநீருக்கு ஆதாரமாக உள்ளது. இதனால் இப்பகுதிகளில் தண்ணீருக்காகக் கிணறுகள் தோண்ட வேண்டிய நிலை உள்ளது. இந்நிலையில் வற்றாத ஜீவந்திகளான கிருஷ்ணா, கோதாவரி, மகாந்தி போன்ற தென்னிந்திய நதிகளை தமிழகத்தின் நதிகளோடு இணைத்தால் மட்டுமே ஆண்டு முழுவதும் நீர்வளம் குறையாமல் இருக்கும். இன்றைய நிலையில் பல கடைக்கோடி கிராமங்களில் வசிக்கும் மக்களுக்குச் சராசரி இரண்டு லிட்டர் குடிநீர் கூடக் கிடைப்பதில்லை.

மூன்று நீர்வழித்திட்டம்:
மூன்று நீர்வழிகளைக் கொண்டதாக இத்திட்டம் அமைக்கப்பட்டு ஒன்றன் பின் ஒன்றாக நிறைவேற்றலாம்.

• இமயமலை நீர்வழி. இது கங்கை பிரம்மபுத்திரா நதிகளை இணைக்கும்.
• மத்திய நீர்வழி : கங்கை, மகாந்தி, தபதி ஆகிய நதிகளை இணைக்கிறது.
• தென்னக நீர்வழி: இது கோதாவரி, கிருஷ்ணா, காவிரி மற்றும் கேரள நதிகளை.

இணைக்கும் இந்நீர்நிலைகள் 120 மீட்டர் அகலமும் 10 மீட்டர் ஆழமும் கொண்டதாக இருக்கும். இவை உரிய வழியில் ஒன்றுடன் ஒன்று இணைக்கும். நீர் சேமிப்பு போக்குவரத்து மற்றும் நீரைப் பல்வேறு நதிகளில் பகிர்ந்தளித்தல் போன்ற பல நன்மைகளைக் கொண்டதாக விளங்கும்.

நன்மைகள் :
மழைக்காலங்களில் ஏற்படும் கட்டுப்படுத்த முடியாத வெள்ளத்தை இத்திட்டத்தின் மூலம் கட்டுப்படுத்தலாம். இதனால் அசாம், பீகார், உத்தரப் பிரதேசம், மேற்கு வங்கம் போன்ற மாநிலங்களில் ஏற்படும் அபாய வெள்ள அளவைக் குறைக்கலாம்.

வெள்ளத்தினால் ஏற்படும் பாதிப்பு குறைந்து வெள்ள நிவாரணப் பணிக்கு ஒதுக்கப்படும் தொகையும் வெகுவாகக் குறையும். அனைத்து முக்கிய நகரங்களுக்கும், கிராமங்களுக்கும் போதுமான குடிநீர் வசதியை ஆண்டு முழுவதும் வழங்க முடியும்.

முடிவுரை:
தேவையான அளவு நீர்வள மேலாண்மைத் திட்டங்கள் செயல்படுத்தாத காரணத்தால் கிடைக்கும் மழைநீர் அனைத்தும் கடலில் வீணாகக் கலந்து நாட்டில் நீர்ப் பற்றாக்குறை ஏற்பட்டு உழல்கிறோம். அதனால் தேசிய நதிகளை இணைத்து சிறந்த முறையில் சுற்றுச் சூழலைப் பாதுகாத்து வாழ்வோம்.

Students can Download Science Term 3 Chapter 1 Sound Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Solutions Term 3 Chapter 1 Sound

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Sound Text Book Exercises

I. Choose the best answer:

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 8th Science Question 1.
Sound waves travel very fast in …………..
(a) air
(b) metals
(c) vacuum
(d) liquids
Answer:
(b) metals

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Book Solutions Question 2.
Which of the following are the characteristics of vibrations?
(i) Frequency
(ii) Time period
(iii) Pitch
(iv) Loudness

(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i) and (iv)
Answer:
(c) (iii) and (iv)

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 8th Question 3.
The amplitude of the sound wave decides it’s ……………
(a) speed
(b) pitch
(c) loudness
(d) frequency
Answer:
(c) loudness

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Guide Question 4.
What kind of musical instrument is a sitar?
(a) String instrument
(b) Percussion instrument
(c) Wind instrument
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) String instrument

8th Standard Sound Lesson Question 5.
Find the odd one out.
(a) Harmonium
(b) Flute
(c) Nadaswaram
(d) Violin
Answer:
(d) Violin

Reason:
Violin is a stringed instrument. Other are wind or reed instruments.

Samacheer Kalvi.Guru 8th Question 6.
Noise is produced by …………..
(a) vibrations with high frequency
(b) regular vibrations.
(c) regular and periodic vibrations
(d) irregular and non-periodic vibrations.
Answer:
(d) irregular non-periodic vibrations

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Question 7.
The range of audible frequency for the human ear is …………..
(a) 2 Hz to 2000 Hz
(b) 20 Hz to 2000 Hz
(c) 20 Hz to 20000 Hz
(d) 200 Hz to 20000 Hz
Answer:
(c) 20 Hz to 20000 Hz

Samacheer Kalvi.Guru 8th Science Question 8.
If the amplitude and frequency of a sound wave are increased, which of the following is true?
(a) Loudness increases and pitch is higher
(b) Loudness increases and pitch is unchanged
(c) Loudness increases and pitch is lower
(d) Loudness decreases and pitch is lower
Answer:
(a) Loudness increases and pitch is higher

II. Fill in the blanks:

1. Sound is produced by …………
2. The vibrations of a simple pendulum are also known as …………
3. Sound travels in the form of …………
4. High frequency sounds that cannot be heard by you are called …………
5. Pitch of a sound depends on the ………… vibration.
6. If the thickness of a vibrating string is increased, its pitch …………

Answer:

1. vibrating bodies
2. oscillation
3. mechanical waves
4. Ultrasonic
5. frequency of the
6. decrease

III. Match the following:

1. Ultrasonics – Frequency below 20Hz
2. Speed of sound in air – Needs material medium
3. Infrasonics – 330 m
4. Sound propagation – Frequency more than 20000 Hz

Answer:

1. Ultrasonics – Frequency more than 20000 Hz
2. Speed of sound in air – 330 m
3. Infrasonics – Frequency below 20Hz
4. Sound propagation – Needs material medium

IV. Choose the correct option:

(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false but reason is true.
(e) Both Assertion and reason are false.

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 8 Science Question 1.
Assertion: When lightning strikes, the sound is heard a little after the flash is seen.
Reason: The velocity of light is greater than that of the sound.
Answer:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

Samacheer Kalvi .Guru 8th Question 2.
Assertion: Two persons on the surface of moon cannot talk to each other.
Reason: There is no atmosphere on moon.
Answer:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

V. Answer briefly:

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 8th Science Solutions Question 1.
What are vibrations?
Answer:
Vibration means a kind of rapid to and fro motion of an object.

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Standard Science Question 2.
Give an example to show that light travels faster than sound.
Answer:
Lightning:
The most common example of showing that light travels faster than sound is lightning. Whenever a lightning strikes, you see the lightning first and then hear the thunder after some time.

8th Science Solutions Samacheer Kalvi Question 3.
To increase loudness of sound by four times, by how much should the amplitude of vibration be changed?
Answer:
Loudness of a sound depends on the amplitude of the vibration. So to increase loudness of sound by four times, the amplitude of the vibration also to be increased by four times.

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Solutions Question 4.
What is an ultrasonic sound?
Answer:
A sound with a frequency greater than 20000 Hz is called as ultrasonic sound.

Science Term 3 Question 5.
Give two differences between music and noise.
Answer:
Music:

1. The sound that provides a pleasing sensation to the ear.
2. It is produced by the regular patterns of vibrations.

Noise:

1. Sound that is unpleasant to the ear
2. It is produced by the irregular and non-periodic vibrations.

8th Science Sound Lesson Question 6.
What are the hazards of noise pollution?
Answer:

1. Noise may cause irritation, stress, nervousness and headache.
2. Long term exposure to noise may change the sleeping pattern of a person.
3. Sustained exposure to noise may affect hearing ability. Sometimes, it leads to loss of hearing.
4. Sudden exposure to louder noise may cause a heart attack and unconsciousness.
5. Noise of horns, loud speakers, etc., cause disturbances leading to lack of concentration.
6. Noise pollution affects a person’s peace of mind.

8th Standard Science Sound Lesson Question 7.
Mention few measures to be taken to reduce the effect of noise pollution.
Answer:

1. Strict guidelines should be set for the use of loudspeakers on social, religious and political occasions.
2. All automobiles should have effective silencers.

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Question 8.
Answer:
Define the following terms:

1. Amplitude
2. Loudness

1. Amplitude:
Amplitude is the maximum displacement of a vibrating particle from its mean position. It is denoted by ‘A’ and its unit is ‘metre’ (m).

2. Loudness:
It is defined as the characteristic of a sound that enables us to distinguish a weak or feeble sound from a loud sound. The unit of loudness of sound is decibel (dB).

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 8th Standard Question 9.
How does planting trees help in reducing noise pollution?
Answer:

• Plant parts such as stems, leaves, branches wood, etc., absorb sound.
• Rough bark and thick, fleshy leaves are particularly effective at absorbing sound due to their dynamic surface area and helps in reducing noise pollution.

VI. Answer in detail:

Question 1.
Describe an experiment to show that sound cannot travel through vacuum.
Answer:
1. Aim:
To prove that sound cannot travel through vacuum and it needs a medium for propagation.

2. Materials Required:
Bell jar, mobile phone and vacuum pump.

Procedure:

1. Take a bell jar and a mobile phone.
2. Switch on the music in the mobile phone and place it in the jar.
3. Now, pump out the air from the bell jar using a vacuum pump.
4. As more and more air is removed from the jar, the sound from the mobile phone becomes feebler and finally, very faint.

Conclusion:
This experiment proves that sound cannot travel in vacuum and it needs a medium.

Question 2.
What are the properties of sound?
Answer:

1. Loudness
2. Pitch
3. Quality or Timbre

1. Loudness:

• It is defined as the characteristic of a sound that enables us to distinguish a weak or feeble sound from a loud sound.
• The loudness of a sound depends on its amplitude.
• Higher the amplitude louder will be the sound and vice-versa.
• When a drum is softly beaten, a weak sound is produced. However, when it is beaten strongly, a loud sound is produced.
• The unit of loudness of sound is decibel (dB).

2. Pitch:

• The pitch is the characteristic of sound that enables us to distinguish between a flat sound and a shrill sound.
• Higher the frequency of sound, higher will be the pitch. High pitch adds shrillness to a sound.
• The sound produced by a whistle, a bell, a flute and a violin are high pitch sounds.

3. Quality or Timbre:

• The quality or timbre is the characteristic of sound that enables us to distinguish between two sounds that have the same pitch and amplitude.
• For example in an orchestra, the sounds produced by some musical instruments may have the same pitch and loudness.

Question 3.
What steps should be taken to reduce the effect of noise pollution?
Answer:

1. Strict guidelines should be set for the use of loudspeakers on social, religious and political occasions.
2. All automobiles should have effective silencers.
3. People should be encouraged to refrain from excessive honking while driving.
4. Industrial machines and home appliances should be properly maintained.
5. All communication systems must be operated in low volumes.
6. Residential areas should be free from heavy vehicles.
7. Green corridor belt should be set up around the industries as per the regulations of the pollution control board.
8. People working in noisy factories should wear ear plugs.
9. People should be encouraged to plant trees and to use absorbing materials like curtains and cushions in their home.

Question 4.
Describe the structure and function of the human ear.
Answer:

1. The outer and visible part of the human ear is called pinata (curved in shape).
2. It is specially designed to gather sound from the environment, which then reaches the ear drum (tympanic membrane) through the ear canal.
3. When the sound wave strikes the drum, the vesicles move inward and outward to create the vibrations.
4. These vibrations are then picked up by special types of cells in the inner ear. From the inner ear the vibrations are sent to the brain in the form of signals.
5. The brain perceives these signals as sounds.

VII. Problem:

Question 1.
Ruthvik and Ruha hear a gunshot 2 second after it is fired. How far away from the gun they are standing ? (Speed of sound in air is equal
to 330ms^-1).
Solution:
Given data: time t = 2s
Speed of sound V = 330 ms^-1
To find: Distance d = ?
Formula: Distance = Speed x time
Distance d = 330 x 2 = 660 m

Question 2.
A sound wave travels 2000 m in 8 s. What is the velocity of the sound?
Solution:
Given data:
Distance travelled by a sound wave d = 2000 m
time taken t = 8s
To find: Velocity of sound V = ?
Formula:

Question 3.
What is the frequency of a mechanical wave that has a velocity of 25 ms^-1 and a wavelength of 12.5 m?
Solution:
Given data: Frequency n = ?
Velocity V = 25 ms^-1
To find: Frequency n = ?

Question 4.
What is the wavelength?
Solution:
Given data:
Frequency n = 500 Hz
Speed V = 200 ms^-1
To find: Wavelength λ = ?

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Sound Additional Questions

I. Choose the correct Answer:

Question 1.
Sound cannot travel through ………………..
(a) solid
(b) liquid
(c) vacuum
(d) air
Answer:
(c) vacuum

Question 2.
Vibrations in a body produce ………………..
(a) pressure
(b) sound
(c) density
(d) current
Answer:
(b) sound

Question 3.
Frequency is expressed in ………………..
(a) hertz
(b) meter
(c) Kilogram
(d) second
Answer:
(a) hertz

Question 4.
Unwanted sounds are called ………………..
(a) noise
(b) music
(c) both a and b
(d) none
Answer:
(a) noise

Question 5.
Pitch of sound is determined by its ………………..
(a) speed
(b) loudness
(c) amplitude
(d) frequency
Answer:
(d) frequency

Question 6.
The hearing range of human ear is ………………..
(a) 20 Hz to 20 kHz
(b) less than 20 Hz
(c) more than 20 k Hz
(d) none
Answer:
(a) 20 Hz to 20 kHz

Question 7.
The voices of men, women and children differ because of difference in their ………………..
(a) lungs
(b) vocal cords
(c) larynx
(d) wind pipe
Answer:
(b) vocal cords

Question 8.
The time taken for one complete vibration is called its ………………..
(a) loudness
(b) pitch
(C) time period
(d) frequency
Answer:
(c) time period

Question 9.
……………….. instruments produce a specific sound when they are struck, scrapped or clashed together.
(a) Reed
(b) Stringed
(c) Percussion
(d) None
Answer:
(c) Percussion

Question 10.
Bats produce ……………….. sound during screaming.
(a) infrasonic
(b) ultrasonic
(c) noise
(d) none
Answer:
(b) ultrasonic

II. Fill in the blanks:

1. …………… is produced when an object is set to vibrate.
2. The substance through which sound is transmitted is called ……………
3. Sound cannot travel in ……………
4. The speed of sound is …………… in solids than in liquids.
5. …………… is the distance between two consecutive particles, which are in the same phase of vibration.
6. …………… is the number of vibrations of a particle in the medium in one second.
7. In any medium, as the …………… increases, the speed of sound also increases.
8. The speed of sound in air is 331 ms^-1 at …………… and …………… at 22°C.
9. The unit of frequency is ……………
10. The amount of water vapour in the air is known as ……………

Answer:

1. Sound
2. medium
3. vacuum
4. more
5. Wavelength
6. Frequency
7. temperature
8. 0°C, 344 ms^-1
9. hertz
10. humidity

III. True or False – if false, give the correct statement:

Question 1.
The seismic wave formed during earthquake is an example for a transverse wave.
Answer:
False:
Correct statement: The seismic wave formed during earthquake is an example for a longitudinal wave.

Question 2.
The loudness of a sound depends on its pitch.
Answer:
False:
Correct statement: The loudness of a sound depends on its amplitude.

Question 3.
The pitch is the characteristic of sound that enables us to distinguish between a flat sound and a shrill sound.
Answer:
True:

Question 4.
The voice of a female has a lower pitch than a male.
Answer:
False:
Correct statement: The voice of a female has a higher pitch than a male.

Question 5.
Longitudinal waves are produced in solids liquids and also in gases.
Answer:
True

IV. Match the following:

Question 1.

1. String vibration – (a) Flute
2. Membrane vibration – (b) Bicycle bell
3. Vibration of air – (e) Table
4. Vibration of plate – (d) Gitar

Answer:

1. d
2. c
3. a
4. b

Question 2.

1. Audible range – (a) 50 Hz to 45000 Hz
2. Infrasonic range – (b) Above 20.000 Hz
3. Ultrasonic range – (c) 20 Hz to 20 k Hz
4. Dog’s hearing range – (d) Below 20 Hz

Answer:

1. c
2. d
3. b
4. a

Question 3.

1. pitch – (a) Woman
2. Loudness – (b) Man
3. Shriller voice – (c) Frequency
4. Flatter voice – (d) Amplitude

Answer:

1. c
2. d
3. a
4. b

V. Assertion and Reason:

Mark the correct choice as:

(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false but reason is true.
(e) Both Assertion and reason are false.

Question 1.
Assertion: Sound waves do not travel through vacuum.
Reason: The speed of sound Is too small when compared to speed of light.
Answer:
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertlon.

Reason:
Sound is mechanical wave, which require medium to travel.

Question 2.
AssertIon: We cannot hear the sound produced by a vibrating pendulum.
Reason: The frequency of the pendulum is very less.
Answer:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason Is the correct explanation of assertion.

Question 3.
Assertion: Trees should be planted along the road to control noise pollution.
Reason: Trees act as noise buffers.
Answer:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason ¡s the correct explanation of assertion.

Question 4.
Assertion: Women have shriller sound than men.
Reason: Men produced higher frequency sound than women.
Answer:
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false

Reason:
Women produce higher frequency sound than men.

VI. Pick out the odd one and give reason:

Question 1.
Trumpet, Flute, Saxophone, Mouthorgan.
Answer:
Mouthorgan.
Reason:
Mouthorgan is a reed instrument whereas the others are wind instruments.

Question 2.
Drum, Violin, Guitar, Sitar.
Answer:
Drum.
Reason:
Drum is a percussion instrument whereas the others are stringed instruments.

Question 3.
Sonar, Gatton’s whistle, Sonogram, hydrophone.
Answer:
Hydrophone.
Reason:
Hydrophone uses infrasonic wave whereas the others are using ultrasonic sound wave.

VII. Very short answer questions:

Question 1.
In which medium the speed of the sound is maximum?
Answer:
Solids.

Question 2.
On which factor pitch of the sound depends?
Answer:
Frequency.

Question 3.
What types of medium is required for sound to travel?
Answer:
Solid, liquid and gases.

Question 4.
Can sound travel through vacuum?
Answer:
No, sound cannot travel through vacuum. It needs medium to travel.

Question 5.
Do the frequency of sound produced by Men and Women are same?
Answer:
No, the frequency of sound produced by men and women are different.

Question 6.
Name the sound producing organ in human.
Answer:
Voice box or Larynx.

Question 7.
What is the name of the sound produced by irregular vibrations?
Answer:
Noise.

Question 8.
Mention the name of passage is the outer ear which carries sound waves to the eardrum.
Answer:
Ear canal.

Question 9.
What happens to the speed of sound when it gases from solid to gaseous state?
Answer:
The speed of sound decreases when it goes from solid to gaseous state.

Question 10.
What is the lowest limit of audible frequency?
Answer:
20 Hz.

Question 11.
Define the term frequency.
Answer:
The number of vibrations produced by a vibrating body in one second is called frequency.

VIII. Short answer type questions:

Question 1.
Derive the mathematical relation between the frequency and the time period of a sound wave.
Answer:
Velocity of sound V = Frequency (n) x wavelength (λ). V = n λ

Question 2.
Write any two uses of ultrasonic sound.
Answer:

1. It is extensively used in medical applications like sonogram.
2. It is also employed in dishwashers.

Question 3.
What do you understand by the term echo?
Answer:
The repetition of the sound, which is reflected from a high building or any such object is called an echo.

Question 4.
What are the uses of infrasonic sound?
Answer:

1. Infrasonic wave is used in the study of the mechanism of the human heart.
2. It is employed in the Earth monitoring system.

Question 5.
What are the symptoms of hearing loss?
Answer:

1. Ear ache.
2. A feeling of fullness or fluid in the air.
3. Ringing in your ears.

Question 6.
What is meant by audible sound?
Answer:
Sound with the frequency ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz is called sonic sound or audible sound.

Question 7.
Mention any two ways to control noise pollution.
Answer:

1. All automobiles should have effective silencers.
2. People should be encouraged to plant trees and to use absorbing materials like curtains and cushions in their home.

IX. Long answer questions:

Question 1.
Explain the types of mechanical wave.
Answer:
There are two types of mechanical wave.

1. Transverse wave
2. Longitudinal wave

1. Transverse wave:

• The particles of the medium vibrate in a direction, which is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave.
• E.g. Waves in strings, light waves, etc.
• Transverse waves are produced only in solids and liquids.

2. Longitudinal wave:

• The particles of the medium vibrate in a direction, which is parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave.
• E.g. Waves in springs, sound waves in a medium.
• Longitudinal waves are produced in solids, liquids and also in gases.

Question 2.
Draw and explain larynx and its functions.
Answer:

1. In a human being, the sound is produced in the voice box, called the larynx, which is present in the throat.
2. It is located at the upper end of the windpipe.
3. The larynx has two ligaments called ‘vocal cords’, stretched across it.
4. The vocal cords have a narrow slit through which air is blown in and out.
5. When a person speaks, the air from the lungs is pushed up through the trachea to the larynx.
6. When this air passes through the slit, the vocal cords begin to vibrate and produce a sound.
7. By varying the thickness of the vocal cords, the length of the air column in the slit can be changed.
8. This produces sounds of different pitches.
9. Males generally have thicker and longer vocal cords that produce a deeper, low pitch sound in comparison with females.

X. Solve the following cross word with the help of the given clues:

Clues Across:

2. The bouncing back of sound wave when it strikes a hard surface.
4. Form of matter of fixed shape other than liquid or gas.
6. Maximum distance moved by a vibrating body form its position of rest.
8.Waves which need a material medium for its propagation.
10. A kind of raepid to and fro motion of an object.

Down:

1. A unit used to measure the loudness or intensity of sound.
3. Sound wave whose frequency is too high to be heard by humans.
5. Sound wave whose frequency is too low to be heard by humans.
7. A reflection of sound.
9. The branch of science deals with the study of seismic waves.

XI. Problems for practice:

Question 1.
A sound has a frequency of 60 Hz and a wavelength of 20 m. What is the speed of the sound?
Solution:
Given: Frequency n = 60 Hz
Wavelength λ = 20 m
To find: Speed V = ?
Formula: V = n λ
V = 20 x 60
V = 120 ms^-1

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Sound Intext Activities

Activity – 1

Take the tray of an empty match box and stretch a rubber band around it, along its length. Then, pluck the stretched rubber band with your index finger. What do you observe? Do you hear any sound?
Answer:
Observation:

1. On plucking the rubber band, it starts vibrating.
2. We can hear a feeble humming sound as long as the rubber band is vibrating.
3. The humming sound stops as soon as the rubber band stops vibrating.

Conclusion:
This confirms that sound is produced by vibrating bodies.

Activity – 2

Take a metal shallow pan. Hang it at a convenient place in such a way that it does not touch anything. Now, strike it with a stick. Touch the pan gently with your index finger. Do you feel the vibrations? Again, strike the pan with the stick and hold it tightly with your hands, immediately after striking. Do you still hear the sound?

Answer:
Case 1:

1. Now, strike it with a stick.
2. Touch the pan gently with your index finger. Do you feel the vibrations?

Observation:
we can the feel the vibration for sometime.

Case 2:

1. Strike the pan with the stick and hold tightly with your hands, immediately after striking.
2. Do you still hear the sound?

Observation:
we cannot hear the sound.

Conclusion:
This activity shows the vibrating pan produces sound.

Activity – 3

Question 1.
Take a metal dish, pour some water in it. Strike it at its edge with a spoon. Do you hear any sound?
Answer:
We see that a vibrating object produces sound.

Question 2.
Again strike the dish and touch it. Can you feel the dish vibrating?
Answer:
I can feel the dish vibrating.

Question 3.
Strike the dish again. Look at the surface of water. Do you see any movement on the water surface?
Answer:
I can see the waves on the surface of water.

Question 4.
Now, hold the dish. What change do you observe on the surface of water?
Answer:
I cannot see the waves on the surface of water.

Activity – 4

Question 1.
Take two stones and strike them together and listen to the sound produced by them. Now take the stones underwater and strike them. You will find that the sound produced by the stones underwater is feeble and not very clear.
Answer:
Observation:
We observe that the sound produced by the stones underwater is feeble and not very clear.
Conclusion:
This activity shows that the speed of sound depends on the properties of the medium through which it travels.

Students can Download English Lesson 3 A Visitor from Distant Lands Questions and Answers, Summary, Activity, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 6th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 6th English Solutions Term 1 Prose Chapter 3 A Visitor from Distant Lands

Look at the pictures

What do their expressions tell you? Fill in the blanks with the item that tastes the same.

One example is given for each.

1. Sweet : sugarcane – Candy, Cake, Ice-cream.
2. Sour : lime – Cheese, Vinegar, Yogurt
3. Bitter : bitter gourd – fenugreek, olives, spinach.
4. Salty : salt – Pickles, Seaweed.
5. Astringent : betel nut – Pomegranate, Broccoli, Lentils.
6. Pungent : ginger – Garlic, Onion, Blackpepper.

Read and Understand

A. Work in pairs. Tick the best option.

A Visitor From Distant Lands Question 1.
When Amma said, ‘Don’t upset our foreign visitor’ she meant _______.
(a) potatoes
(b) pepper
(c) chilli
Answer:
(c) chilli

A Visitor From Distant Lands Questions And Answers Question 2.
Selvi asked, ‘Did they come in an aeroplane?’ because she ________
(a) was joking
(b) did not understand her mother
(c) thought it would be fun
Answer:
(a) was joking

A Visitor From Distant Lands Book Back Answers Question 3.
Amma bought the vegetables from the _______
(a) shops
(b) shopping mall
(c) Super market
Answer:
(a) shops

B. Answer these questions.

A Visitor From Distant Lands Summary Question 1.
Who first brought these vegetables to India?
Answer:
Portuguese first brought these vegetables to India.

A Visitor From Distant Lands In Tamil Question 2.
Who came to India from Portugal in search of pepper?
Answer:
Vascoda Gama came to India from Portugal in search of pepper.

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 6th English Question 3.
What did Amma mean when she said tomatoes, ladies’ fingers and corn came from other countries?
Answer:
They were not found in India, they were brought by foreigners.

C. Read the comic strip again. Make groups of four and frame some questions on what you have read. Each group should ask a question in turns. You cannot repeat the same question. The team which asks more questions is the winner.

Samacheer Kalvi 6th English Book Question 1.
Which are the foreign vegetables mentioned?
Answer:
Potato, tomato, ladies finger.

Samacheer Kalvi Books 6th English Question 2.
Why was Columbus sad?
Answer:
Columbus was sad because he could not discover India.

D. Discuss in groups and share your views in three or four sentences with others in the class.

Samacheerkalvi.Guru 6th English Question 1.
What is your favourite dish? Do you know the spices that go into it?
Answer:
My favourite dish is Briyani. I know it is yummy due to the spices in it. My mother uses garlic, ginger, curd, cumin seeds, pepper, chillies etc.

Vocabulary

E. Add Y, ‘er’ or ‘or’ to get the name of the person who does the activity. Take turns in class to make sentences with the words you have formed.

e.g: A teacher is a person who teaches. Teach + er – Teacher.

use,buy,sail,watch,operate,foreign,bake,write,govern,act

F. Complete this table with the help of the given example.

e.g: Portugal is the name of the country. People from Portugal are called the Portuguese.

COUNTRY	NATIONALITY
Ex. Portugal	Portuguese
France	French
China	Chinese
America	American
Sri Lanka	Sri Lankan
Spain	Spaniard
Burma	Burmese
India	Indian
Thailand	Thai

Listening

G. Listen to some interesting facts about spices and choose the best option..

Samacheer Kalvi 6th Books English Question 1.
Red peppers have _______
(a) Vitamin A
(b) Vitamin C
(c) Vitamin D
Answer:
(b) Vitamin C

Samacheer Kalvi 6th Standard English Book Question 2.
Red chilli is also called as _______
(a) Paprika
(b) Carica
(c) Pyrus
Answer:
(a) Paprika

Question 3.
One pound is equal to _______ grams
(a) 480
(b) 450
(c) 500
Answer:
(b) 450

Question 4.
Mint leaves help to cure _______
(a) body pain
(b) fever
(c) upset stomach
Answer:
(c) upset stomach

Speaking

H. Work in pairs. Take turns and speak about spices.

Saritha : Hi Divya, how are you?
Divya : Hi, I’m fine Saritha.
Saritha : What did you have for breakfast?
Divya : I had idlies with onion chutney.
Saritha : Do you know where onions came from ?
Divya : Yes, I guess it is from Central Asia.
Saritha : Do you know chilli too has come from somewhere else?
Divya : Is it from Portuguese ?
Saritha : Yes you are right.
Divya : Many of the spices & vegetables came from foreign nations.

Use Grammar

Use two or three words from the box to describe each picture

Answer:

I. Correct the order of the words in bold and write them in the blanks.

1. Green little the chilli _______ was very hot.
2. Sailors many brave _______ tried to find a sea route to India.
3. Brown dog the big _______ barked at the children.
4. The spice most common _______ used today is the red chilli pepper.
5. _______ The path mud long led to a beautiful lake.

Answers:

1. The little green chilli was very hot.
2. Many brave sailors tried to find a sea route to India.
3. The big brown dog barked at the children.
4. The most common spice used today is the red chilli pepper.
5. The long mud path led to a beautiful lake.

J. Play this game in the class.
Make two teams. Each team should describe something in the class using at least three words. The other team should guess it.
(To be done by Ihe students)

Writing

K. How do you cook rice in your house?

Fill in the gaps in this recipe for cooking rice. Use the words in the box.
wash, boil, water, heat, keep, rice, lid, low, water, more, ready

How to make it

1. Wash the rice until the water runs clear.
2. Drain the water and keep the rice aside.
3. In a medium sized pan, bring water to stove and boil it.
4. Add the salt, stir, and then add the rinsed and drained rice.
5. Reduce the heat, cover the rice, and let it simmer on low heat for 20 minutes.
6. Check after 15 minutes to see if all the water has evaporated. If it has, the rice is cooked.
7. If not, replace the lid and let the rice simmer for 5 more minutes.
8. Remove from the pan and serve.

L. Work in groups.

• Discuss how your mother cook rice in your house.
• Write down the ingredients you need like rice and water.
• List the steps in cooking. The words in the recipe above will help you.
• Each person in the group should tell the others how rice is made in their house.
• Now write down the recipe.

(To be done by the students)

Creative Writing

M. Your mother has written a message for you before going out.
Write a message to her after finishing your lunch.

Your mother’s message

Your lunch is in the kitchen. Please warm before eating it. There is some curd in the pot, if you want it. Clean up the kitchen after you finish eating. I will be back at 4 p.m. You can go out to play at 3.30 p.m, if you want but be back by 5.30 p.m.
Answer:

1. Mom, I had the lunch.
2. I liked the curd.
3. I have cleaned the kitchen.
4. I am going to play.
5. I will be back by 5.30 p.m.

Write about the following in your message.

• You ate lunch _______
• What you liked _______ (mention the dish)
• You have cleaned the kitchen _______
• You are going out to play. _______ (mention when you will be back).

Answer:

• You ate lunch which was in the kitchen.
• What you liked I liked the curd.
• You have cleaned the kitchen after eating.
• You are going out to play. I will be back by 5.30 pm.

A Visitor from Distant Lands Additional Questions

I. Select the Suitable Synonyms.

1. foreign
(a) domestic
(b) native
(c) abroad
Answer:
(c) abroad

2. sail
(a) cruise
(b) sale
(c) move
Answer:
(a) cruise

3. adventurous
(a) fearsome
(b) bold
(c) timid
Answer:
(b) bold

4. popular
(a) lovable
(b) well known
(c) unknown
Answer:
(b) well known

5. stubby
(a) thin
(b) lean
(c) thick
Answer:
(c) thick

6. delicious
(a) salty
(b) tasty
(c) divine
Answer:
(b) tasty

7. different
(a) similar
(b) various
(c) mild
Answer:
(b) various

8. spicy
(a) sweet
(b) salt
(c) savoury
Answer:
(c) savoury

II. Select the Suitable Antonyms.

1. distant
(a) aloof
(b) near
(c) far
Answer:
(b) near

2. attractive
(a) repulsive
(b) cute
(c) appealing
Answer:
(a) repulsive

3. visitor
(a) caller
(b) guest
(c) host
Answer:
(c) host

4. sweet
(a) delicious
(b) bitter
(c) yummy
Answer:
(b) bitter

5. locally
(a) globally
(b) regionally
(c) natively
Answer:
(a) globally

6. fat
(a) plump
(b) obese
(c) slim
Answer:
(c) slim

7. popular
(a) well known
(b) unknown
(c) famous
Answer:
(b) unknown

8. stubby
(a) long
(b) stocky
(c) short
Answer:
(a) long

9. delicious
(a) tasty
(b) palatable
(c) unsavory
Answer:
(c) unsavory

III. Choose The Correct Answers (MCQ).

1. Mani liked only a few _____
(a) fruits
(b) vegetables
(c) items
(d) dishes
Answer:
(b) vegetables

2. Mani’s family lived in a village near _______
(a) Senji
(b) Madurai
(c) Palani
(d) Arcot
Answer:
(a) Senji

3. Our _______ said that we should buy and eat locally grown food.
(a) master
(b) headmaster
(c) mother
(d) teacher
Answer:
(d) teacher

4. She also told us to use things made in our _______
(a) city
(b) country
(c) house
(d) neighborhood
Answer:
(b) country

5. People came to India in search of
(a) rice
(b) pepper
(c) spices
(d) chilli
Answer:
(b) pepper

6. They took a lot of back to their country.
(a) salt
(b) chillies
(c) vegetables
(d) pepper
Answer:
(d) pepper

7. This has travelled so far.
(a) lady’s finger
(b) mango
(c) brinjal
(d) potato
Answer:
(d) potato

8. Amma, you are making _______ of me.
(a) fool
(b) fun
(c) stupid
(d) great
Answer:
(b) fun

9. Chillies are very popular in _______
(a) Africa
(b) India
(c) South America
(d) London
Answer:
(c) South America

10. They shouted and quickly took a bite of the
(a) chilli
(b) pepper
(c) salt
(d) spices
Answer:
(a) chilli

IV. Very Short Answer Questions.

Question 1.
Where did Mani’s family live?
Answer:
Mani’s family lived in a village near Senji in Villupuram district.

Question 2.
What did Mani liked the beet?
Answer:
Mani liked only a few vegetables. Potatoes and ladies’ finger were the two that he liked the best.

Question 3.
What is the name of Mani’s sister?
Answer:
Her name was Selvi.

Question 4.
Who brought chillies to India?
Answer:
The Portuguese brought chillies to India.

Question 5.
Where did the sailors find black pepper?
Answer:
They found black pepper at Kozhikode.

V. Short Answer the Questions.

Question 1.
What did Mani’s teacher tell Mani?
Answer:
The teacher told the class that they should buy and eat locally grown food. She also told them that they should use things made in our country.

Question 2.
What did his parents and his sister tell him when he told them not to eat foreign vege-tables?
Answer:
They were kidding him saying that he “cannot order henceforth for a tomato soup or a pineapple juice. He cannot eat popcorn, the next time, they go to watch a movie.

Question 3.
Why did they say so?
Answer:
They said so because com, tomatoes and even lady’s finger – all came from the other countries by some merchants.

Question 4.
Who came to India in search of spices?
Answer:
People came to India in search of spices especially black pepper. A man from Portugal named Vasco-da-Gama sailed to Kerala and took a lot of black pepper to his country.

Question 5.
Where was chilli first brought in India?
Answer:
Chilli was first brought into Goa and the people there learnt to use this new spice in their cooking.

VI. Paragraph Question.

Question 1.
Who is the foreign visitor mentioned in the lesson and how did it travel to India?
Answer:
Chilli is the foreign visitor mentioned in the lesson. Chillies were very popular in South America, but no one else knew of this spicy fruit. One day, a sailor named Christopher Columbus sailed to South America. This sailor was actually looking for India. He wanted to buy black pepper. Instead, he found South America and the Chilli. As it was as spicy as the black pepper, he packed the Chilli and took it back to his country with him. Then the Portuguese brought the Chillies to India.

Question 2.
Describe black pepper in few sentence.
Answer:
Black pepper also known as ‘Black gold’. It was the most prized spice traded from the Kerala coast. Indians have been using black pepper for a very long time. Farmers began growing it in around 5000 years ago. They exported it to North and West Asia. The trade soon spread to Greece, Rome, Europe,1 and China, and also became popular in the Islamic empire. Recipes from rich Roman households show the value of the spice in ancient Rome. The Romans sent 120 ships a year from Egypt to trade with India and bring back enormous quantities of pepper.

Picto Grammar

Noun And Adjective Types

Nouns are names of people, places, animals or things.
Example : Geetha went to the market to buy some fruits.
In the given sentence, the words in italics are nouns.

kinds of Nouns

1. Common Nouns : A common noun is a name which does not point out any particular person, animal, place or thing, but is common to all persons or things or the same class or kind. Some examples of common nouns are school, book, teacher, city, girl, men, boys, girls, pupils, etc.

2. Proper Nouns : A proper noun is a particular name of a person, animal or place. It always begins with a capital letter. For example, Vasu is a Proper Noun, for it is the name of a particular boy. Similarly, Lucknow is a Proper Noun for it is the name of a particular place.

3. Collective Nouns : A collective noun represents the name of a collection of persons or things which is considered as one complete whole. Following are some collective nouns :

4. Abstract Nouns : An abstract noun is the name of something, which we can neither see nor touch, but we can only think of. For example, fear, bravery, love, health, curiosity, kindness, etc.

Abstract nouns can be formed from different words by adding suffixes.

from common nouns:

enemy – enmity
patient – patience
poet – poetry
child – childhood
student – study
friend – friendship

from verbs:

decide – desision
punish – punishment
act – action
advise – advice
laugh – laughter
depart – departure

from adjectives:

dark – darkness
honest – honesty
young – youth
obstinate – obstinacy
happy – happiness
accurate – accuracy

Material Nouns : A material noun stands for the name of matter or substance of which things are made. For example, wood, cotton, glass, iron, rock, etc.

Countable And Uncountable Nouns

Generally, most of the common and collective nouns are countable. For example, girls, boys, keys, birds, etc. can be counted.

Proper nouns like Kolkata, Suraj, India are names of particular places or persons. There is only one of their kind so, they are uncountable.

Some common nouns that name materials like wood, iron, milk, silk, etc. are uncountable.

Sugar, Rice, Wheat, etc. are also uncountable.

Abstract nouns like pride, beauty, hardness, health, etc. cannot be counted.

A countable noun has a plural, however, an uncountable noun does not have one. For example, the plural of dog is dogs, the plural of flower is flowers but we cannot write prides, healths, etc.

Countables may be used with words like a one, two, few, a few, many, etc. For example, a table, one boy, a few mangoes, many people, etc.

Uncountables cannot be used with these words. We cannot say, one milk, a few happiness or a water. We can use words like little (a little), much, etc. with uncountables. For examples, a little milk, much help.

A. Match each proper noun with a suitable common noun.

Answer:

1. – (j)
2. – (i)
3. – (h)
4. – (b)
5. – (g)
6. – (n)
7. – (f)
8. – (k)
9. – (o)
10. – (m)
11. – (e)
12. – (d)
13. – (c)
14. – (a)
15. – (l)

B. Choose the correct Adjectives:

1. At home there is a _______ table in the dining room.
(a) beautiful square wooden
(b) wooden beautiful square
(c) beautiful wooden square
Answer:
(a) beautiful square wooden

2. I was offered _______ ring by my husband.
(a) an unusual gold
(b) a gold unusual
Answer:
(a) an unusual gold

3. My grandmother has knitted _______ pullover for me.
(a) a new nice woollen
(b) a woollen new nice
(c) a nice new woollen
Answer:
(c) a nice new woollen

4. I saw _______ movie with friends at home.
(a) an old American interesting
(b) an American old interesting
(c) an interesting old American
Answer:
(c) an interesting old American

5. It may rain ! There are _______ clouds floating in the air
(a) big black
(b) black big
Answer:
(a) big black

6. It was such _______ day that we decided to go out for a walk.
(a) a sunny lovely
(b) a lovely sunny
Answer:
(b) a lovely sunny

7. My daughter has _______ hair
(a) beautiful long black
(b) black long beautiful
(c) long beautiful long
Answer:
(a) beautiful long black

8. Last week, I visited _________ town in a remote Place
(a) a little lovely old
(b) a lovely little old
(c) an old lovely little
Answer:
(b) a lovely little old

9. The gallery exhibited mainly _______ paintings
(a) French old strange
(b) old strange French
(c) strange old French
Answer:
(c) strange old French

10. John was given _______ kitten by his sister.
(a) an adorable little black
(b) a little black adorable
(c) a black little adorable
Answer:
(a) an adorable little black

C. Order of Adjectives.

1. We wanted _______ table (grey a metal).
2. They bought _______ car (a red new).
3. She went home and sat on her _______ bed (old wooden comfortable).
4. He bought a _______ suit (British woollen fabulous).
5. They have _______ bicycles (Dutch black).
6. He wants _______ cheese (delicious French some).
7. _______ girl walked into the room (young a pretty).
8. He has _______ books (old lot of a interesting).
9. She bought _______ He is looking for gnome (new plastic a red).
10. He is looking for _______ bag (stylish a black leather).

Answers:

1. a grey metal
2. a new red
3. old comfortable wooden
4. fabulous British woollen
5. black Dutch
6. some delicious French
7. a pretty young
8. a lot of interesting old
9. a new red plastic
10. a stylish black leather

A Visitor from Distant Lands Summary

This lesson is about native and imported vegetables. One-day, when Amma served potato curry, Mani’s favourite dish, he refused. He told that potato is a foreign vegetable and he would like locally grown food. Tomatoes, pine-apple, com, ladies fingers were other foreign vegetables. When Mani asked how these vegetables reached India, his father explained that merchants brought them by sea. The merchants came to India to take spices and in turn Portuguese gave us potatoes. The chillies were grown in south America where Columbus discovered it and later it reached India from Portuguese. Before chillies, we used pepper in cooking.

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 6th Social Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 6th Social Science History Solutions Term 1 Chapter 4 Ancient cities of tamilagam

Samacheer Kalvi 6th Social Science Textual Evaluation 4 Ancient cities of tamilagam

I. Choose the correct answer

Ancient Cities Of Tamilagam Question 1.
Which of the following region has a city more than 6500 years old?
(a) Iraq
(b) Indus Valley
(c) Tamilagam
(d) Thondaimandalam
Answer:
(b) Indus Valley

Ancient Cities Of Tamilagam 6th Standard Question 2.
Which one of the following is a Tamil city?
(a) Iraq
(b) Harappa
(c) Mohenjo – Daro
(d) Kancheepuram
Answer:
(d) Kancheepuram

Mention The Ancient Cities Of Tamil Nadu Question 3.
Which city is not related to the Bay of Bengal?
(a) Poompuhar
(b) Thondi
(c) Korkai
(d) Kancheepuram
Answer:
(d) Kancheepuram

Ancient Cities Of Tamil Nadu Question 4.
Water management system of Tamils are known from …………………
(a) Kallanai
(b) Tanks in Kancheepuram
(c) Prakirama Pandyan Tank
(d) River Cauvery
(a) a is correct
(b) b is correct
(c) c is correct
(d) a and b are correct
Answer:
(d) a and b are correct

Question 5.
Which is not the oldest city among the following ones?
(a) Madurai
(b) Kancheepuram
(c) Poompuhar
(d) Chennai
Answer:
(d) Chennai

Question 6.
Which city is related to keezhadi excavation?
(a) Madurai
(b) Kancheepuram
(c) Poompuhar
(d) Harappa
Answer:
(a) Madurai

II. Tick the appropriate answer Match the Statement with the Reason.

Question 1.
Statement: Goods were imported and exported from the city Poompuhar.
Reason: Bay of Bengal was suitable for trading with neighbouring countries.
(a) Statement is correct, but reason is wrong.
(b) Statement and its reason are correct.
(c) Statement is wrong, but reason is correct.
(d) Both are wrong.
Answer:
(b) Statement and its reason are correct

Question 2.
(a) Thirunavukkarasar said “Kalvyil karaillatha”. This statement refers to the city Kancheepuram.
(b) Hieun Tsang said, “Kancheepuram is one among the seven – sacred places of India”.
(c) Kalidasa said, “Kancheepuram is the best city among the cities”
(a) Only a is correct
(b) Only b is correct
(c) Only c is correct
(d) All are correct
Answer:
(d) All are correct

Question 3.
Find out the correct statement
(a) Naalangadi – Night shop
(b) Allangdi – Day-time shop
(c) Ancient Roman coin factory was found at Poompuhar.
(d) Pearls were exported from Uvari near Korkai.
Answer:
(d) Pearls were exported from Uvari near Korkai

Question 4.
Find out the wrong statement.
(a) Megasthanese has mentioned Madurai in his account.
(b) Hien Tsang came to the Tamil city of Kancheepuram.
(c) Kovalan and Kannagi lived in Kancheepuram.
(d) Iraq is mentioned in Pattinapalai.
Answer:
(c) Kovalan and Kannagi lived in Kancheepuram

Question 5.
Find out the correct pair
(a) Koodal nagar – poompuhar
(b) Thoonga nagaram – harappa
(b) Thoonga Nagaram – Harappa
(d) City of Temples -Kancheepuram
Answer:
(d) City of Temples -Kancheepuram

Question 6.
Find out the wrong pair
(a) Vadamalai – Gold
(b) Western Ghats – Sandal
(c) Southern Sea – Pearls
(d) Eastern Sea – Ahil

III. Fill in the blanks :

1. Kanchi Kailasanathar temple was built by_______
2. _______ is known as the city of temples
3. Masathuvan means _______

Answer:

1. Pallava King Raja Simtia
2. Kanchi
3. A big trader

IV. State True or False.

1. Cultural relationship with the outside world developed in Poompuhar because of its trade relationship with it.
2. Women also purchased from Allangadi of Madurai without fear.
3. Many rock cut temples were made during the Pallava period.
4. Bodhi Dharmar belonged to Kancheepuram.

Answer:

1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True

V. Answer in one word :

Question 1.
What do you know about the term export?
Answer:
Exports are goods and services produced in one country and purchased by the citizens of another country.

Question 2.
Mention the epic and the Sangam poem you read in the lesson:
Answer:

1. Epic: Silappathikaram and Manimegalai
2. Sangam literature: Pattinappaalai

Question 3.
Which is the oldest city in Thondai Nadu?
Answer:
Kanchi is the oldest city in Thondai Nadu.

Question 4.
Point out anyone difference between a village and a city
Answer:
The population of a city will be higher than that of a village.

Question 5.
Which civilisation is associated with the city Lothal?
Answer:
The Indus Valley Civilisation is associated with the city Lothal.

Question 6.
Name the oldest civilization of the world
Answer:
Mesopotamian civilization

VI. Answer the following :

Question 1.
Write a brief note on ancient cities of India.
Answer:

1. Harappa and Mohenjodaro were prominent cities of ancient India.
2. They developed along the banks of the river Indus.
3. They were the symbol of urban civilization.
4. They had a very good town planning, well-constructed house, well-maintained drainage system.
5. They had very good civic sense.
6. They developed pottery, ornaments as well as a script which is yet to be deciphered.

Question 2.
Mention the ancient cities of Tamil Nadu
Answer:

1. Poompuhar
2. Madurai
3. Kanchi
4. Korkai
5. Vanchi
6. Thondi
7. Uraiyur
8. Musiri
9. Karavur
10. Kaayal
11. Mamallapuram
12. Thanjavur
13. Thagadoor

Question 3.
Discuss the sources available to know about Tamil cities.
Answer:

1. Tamil literature, accounts of foreign travellers and archaeological finds provide the information about the ancient towns of Tamizhagam.
2. Sangam Tamil Literature Pattinappaalai and Tamil epics Silappathikaram and Manimegalai have references about Poompuhar.
3. Madurai is proudly associated with three Sangams.
4. The fame of Madurai can be attested from the accounts of the Greek historian Megasthenes.
5. Chanakya mentions about Madurai in his famous work Arthashastra.
6. The Chinese Traveller Hieun Tsang writes about the greatness of Kanchi.
7. Poet Kalidasa refers to Kanchi as the best of the towns.

Question 4.
Write about the kings who ruled Madurai?
Answer:

1. The Pandyas, Cholas and Kalabras ruled Madurai.
2. During the medieval times later Cholas and later Pandyas ruled Madurai.
3. Then the Nayaks ruled Madurai.

Question 5.
Mention the other names of Madurai.
Answer:

1. Sangam Valartha Nagaram
2. Thoonga Nagaram (the city that never sleeps).
3. Koodal nagar are the other names of Madurai

Question 6.
What is the difference between Naalangadi and Allangadi?
Answer:

1. Naalangadi is the day market.
2. Allangadi is the evening market.

Question 7.
Name the scholars who were born at Kancheepuram.
Answer:
Scholars like Dharmabalar, Jothibalar, Sumathi and Bodhi Dharmar were bom in Kanchi.

Question 8.
Which is known as the city of lakes? Why?
Answer:
There are hundreds of lakes in and around the city of Kanchi. So Kanchi is known as the city of lakes.

VII. HOTS:

Question 1.
Write a short note on Iraq.
Answer:

1. Iraq has a narrow section of coast line on the northern Persian Gulf.
2. There are several suggestions for the origin of the name Iraq.
3. One dates back to the Sumerican city of Uruk.
4. Another suggestion is that Iraq comes from the Aramaic language meaning the land along the banks of rivers.

Question 2.
Write a paragraph about the city of Poompuhar with special reference to trade.
Answer:

1. Poompuhar was a port.
2. Big traders and sea traders had settled down there.
3. Numerous merchants from foreign countries such as Greece and Rome landed at Poompuhar.
4. Brisk sea – borne trade took place in Puhar .
5. Foreign traders stayed on indefinitely at Puhar.
6. There are evidences of foreign settlements in the town.

Question 3.
Write about the accounts given by scholars about Kanchi.
Answer:
The Chinese traveller Hieun Tsang visited Kanchi Kadigai to pursue his further studies.

1.  He remarked that Kanchi can be counted as one among the seven sacred places like Budh Gaya and Sanchi.
2. Poet Kalidasa says, “Kanch is the best of the towns
3. Tamil poet saint Thirunavukarasar praises Kanchi as “Kalviyil Karaillatha Kanchi

Question 4.
City of Temples. Give short notes
Answer:

1. Kanchi is also known as the Temple city.
2. The famous Kailasanathar temple is at Kanchi.
3. There are a large number of cave temples in Kanchi. So Kanchi is known as the Temple city.

Question 5.
Kancheepuram was famous for education. Prove this statement.
Answer:

1. Kanchi was an educational centre.
2. A place of learning is called school.
3. Several schools were established in great numbers further first time in Kancheepuram.
4. Jains studied in Jainapalli and Buddhists studied in Viharas.
5. The greatness of Kanchi as an educational centre can be understood from the fact that the Chinese traveller Hieun Tsang visited Kanchi ‘Kadigai’ to pursue his further studies.

VIII. Student Activity :

Question 1.
Make an album about Keezhadi excavations.
Hints: Keezhadi excavations :
Answer:

1. In 2013 – 2014 the Archaeological survey of India (ASI) carried out explorations in 293 sites.
2. It was done along the Vaigai river Valley in Theni, Dindugal,Madurai, Sivaganga and Ramananathapuram districts.
3. Keezhadi in Sivagana district was chosen for excavations.
4. The artefacts in unearthed here at Pallichandhai Thidal of Keezhadi pointed to an ancient civilization.
   
5. It might have thrived on the banks of Vaigai.
6. The settlement belonged to 200 B.C
7. This proves that urban civilization had existed in Tamil Nadu since the Sangam age

Question 2.
Poompuhar was famous for trading activities. Discuss.
Hints :
Answer:

1. Pattinappalai, Silapathikaram and Manimegalai have refrences to the British sea – borne trade that took place in the Puhar Port.
2. In Silappathikaram it is given that Kovalan’s father was a big trader and Kannagi’s father a sea – trader.
3. This proves that big traders and sea traders had settled in Poompuhar.
4. Numerous merchants from foreign countries such as Greece and Rome landed at Poompuhar.
5. Due to busy and continuous trade, many of them stayed on indefinitely in Poompuhar.
6. The traders of Poompuhar were known for their honesty and integrity.

Question 3.
Collect  ctures of Pallava temple architecture
Hints : Important Lakes of Tamil Nadu :

Answer:

(i) Kailasanathar Temple at Kanchipuram built by Raja Simha.

(ii) Rathas of Mahabalipram

(iii) The shore Temple

(iv) Vaikunta perumal Temple – By Nandhi Varman II

Question 4.
Prepare a booklet describing the famous lakes of Tamil nadu
Hints:

Answer:

1. Chembarambakkam Lake in Kanchipuram Dt, 40km for Chennai.
2. Kaliveli Lake – Viluppuram Dt.
3. Kolavai Lake – Kanchipuram Dt.
4. Pulicat Lake – Coromandel Coast.
5. Sholavaram Lake – Thiruvallur Dt.
6. Veeranam Lake – Cuddalore Dt.

Question 5.
Make a booklet about the famous cities of Tamil Nadu.
Hints:
Answer:

1. Chennai
2. Coimbatore
3. Thiruchirapalli
4. Tiruppur
5. Salem
6. Erode
7. Tirunelveli
8. Kumbakonam Dt.

IX. Answer Grid

XI. Map work

Question 1.
Mark the following place in a South India map,

(a) Chennai
(b) Madurai
(c) Kancheepuram
(d) Poompuhar
(e) Arabian Sea
(f) Bay of Bengal
(g) Indian Ocean
Answer:

Samacheer Kalvi 6th Social Science 4 Ancient cities of tamilagam Additional Questions

I. Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Which is the oldest city among the following ones?
(a) Chennai
(b) Tiruppur
(c) Poompuhar
(d) Salem

Question 2.
The author of Pattinappaalai was …………….
(a) Uruttiranagannanar
(b) Seikkizhar
(c) Nakkeerar
(d) Jeyamkondar
Answer:
(a) Uruttiranagannanar

Question 3.
In Poompuhar the foreign traders began to interact with the local people because,
(a) Loading and unloading of ships took some months.
(b) Foreigners liked the local people.
(c) Foreigners wanted to learn Tamil.
(d) Foreigners wanted to stay in Poompuhar
Answer:
(a) Loading and unloading of ships took some months

Question 4.
Which of the following was an educational centre?
(a) Poompuhar
(b) Madurai
(c) Kanchi
(d) Thanjavur
Answer:
(c) Kanchi

Question 5.
We read Puhar kandam in
(a) Manimegalai
(b) Pattinappalai
(c) Arthashastra
(d) Silappathikaram
Answer:
(d) Silappathikaram

Question 6.
Thoonga Nagaram refers to
(a) Kanchi
(b) Poompuhar
(c) Madurai
(d) Korkai
Answer:
(c) Madurai

Question 7.
Pearls were found in abundance in
(a) Chozha Nadu
(b) Pandya Nadu
(c) Thondai Nadu
(d) Chera Nadu
Answer:
(b) Pandya Nadu

II. Match the statement with the Reason. Tick the appropriate answer:

Question 1.
Statement: Kanchi was an educational centre.
Reason: Hieun Tsang pursued his further studies at Kadigai.
(a) Statement and Reason are wrong.
(b) Statement correct but Reason is wrong.
(c) Both statements and Reason are correct.
(d) Statement is wrong but Reason is correct.
Answer:
(c) Both statements and Reason are correct.

Question 2.
(i) Madurai was a prominent town of Tamizhagan.
(ii) An archaeological excavation has been done in Keezhadi near Madurai.
(iii) Women purchased things from Allangadi without any fear.
(a) i) is correct
(b) ii) is correct
(c) iii) is correct
(d) i), ii) and iii) are correct
Answer:
(d) (i), (ii) and (iii) are correct

Question 3.
Find out the correct statement.
(a) Tamil literature provide us information about ancient Tamizhagam.
(b) Madurai had very good maritime trade.
(c) Chandragupta’s minister was Megasthanese.
(d) In Chera nadu horses were found in abundance.
Answer:
(a) Tamil literature provide us information about ancient Tamizhagam

Question 4.
Find out the wrong statement.
(a) Poompuhar is a coastal town near the present day Mayiladuthurai.
(b) Madurai is known as city of lakes.
(c) Mohenja-Daro was a popular city of ancient civilisation.
(d) The traders of Poompuhar were known of their honesty.
Answer:
(b) Madurai is known as city of lakes.

Question 5.
Find out the wrong pair.
(a) Poompuhar – Educational centre
(b) Madurai – Koodal nagar
(c) Manimegalai – Epic
(d) Hieun Tsang – Chinese Traveller
Answer:
(a) Poompuhar – Educational centre

III. Fill in the blanks:

1. The early Chola kingdom had _______ as its capital
2. Kadiyalur Uruttirangannanar wrote the book _______
3. Sangam Valartha Nagaram referred to _______

Answer:

1. Poompuhar
2. Pattinappaalai
3. Madurai

IV. Sate True or False:

1. Three sangams were held in Kanchi.
2. Magasthanese was a historian from Rome.
3. Chozha Nadu had plenty of elephants.
4. Hundred of lakes were built in Poompuhar.
5. Chandra Gupta wrote the book arthashastra.

Answer:

1. False
2. False
3. False
4. False
5. False

V. Answer in one word :

Question 1.
Who w ere Kovalan and Kannagi?

1. Kovalan and Kannagi were the well known characters of Silapathikaram.
2. They lived in Poombuhar.

Question 2.
What does Pattinappaalai say about the traders of Poompuhar?
Answer:

1. The traders of Poompuhar were known for their honesty and integrity.
2. Pattinappaalai states that “selling any commodity at a higher price was considered bad”

Question 3.
Mention the importance of water management in Kanchi?
Answer:

1. Puhar was a busy port upto 200 CE.
2. It might have been either washed away by sea or destroyed by big shore waves,
3. The remains of that destruction can still be seen in the present Poompuhar town.

Question 4.
What is Thoonga Nagaram?
Answer:

1. Madurai is known as Thoonga Nagaram.
2. Thoonga nagaram means the city that never sleeps.

VI. Answer the following:

Question 1.
Write a note on Siiappathikaram.
Answer:

1. Siiappathikaram speaks about the greatness of Poompuhar.
2. The lead female character of Siiappathikaram is Kannagi.
3. Her father is Maanaigan. Sea traders are know by the name Maanaigan.
4. The male character is Kovalan, who’s father is Maasathuvan, meaning a big trader.
5. It is clear from the text that Poompuhar was a place where big traders and sea traders had settled down.

Question 2.
What do you know about the trade items of Poompuhar?
Answer:

1. Horses were imported by sea.
2. Pepper was procured through the land route.
3. Gold that came from Vadamalai was polished and exported to the neighbouring countries.
4. Sandal from western ghat, pearls from southern sea, corals from eastern sea and food items from Elam were imported.

Question 3.
Mention the importance of water management in Kanchi?
Answer:

1. Water management played an important role in the agrarian society of those times.
2. Hundreds of lakes were created for stroring water around the town of Kanchi.
3. These lakes were well connected with canals.
4. During the later period, Kanchi came to be known as the district of lakes.
5. Water management skills of the ancient Tamils can be understood from the construction of Kallanai in the Chola country and the lakes and canals in Kanchi

VII. HOTS:

Question 1.
Write about the town Poompuhar.
Answer:

1. Poompuhar had been built differently from other towns.
2. Each social group had a separate settlement for living.
3. Streets were broad and straight, dotted with well – designed houses
4. It is believed that there was also a dockyard.

Question 2.
Write a short note on the economy of ancient Tamil country.
Answer:

1. The main economic activities were agriculture, weaving, pearl fishery, manufacturing and construction.
2. Paddy was the most important corp.
3. Pepper, millets, grams and sugarcane were other commonly grown crops.
4. Madurai and Uraiyur were important centres for the textile industry.
5. Korkai was the centre of the pearl trade.
6. There was brisk overseas trade with Rome.
7. Good roads and ports also facilitated the trade.

Question 3.
What do you know about education in ancient Tamil country?
Answer:

1. Education was considered important in ancient Tamilagam.
2. The rulers and aristocrats of an ancient Tamilagam were always conscious of their duties to their country.
3. They considered development of education as an important duty.
4. Naaladiyar mentions that men gathered books in abundance and filled their house with them.

VII. HOTS :

Question 1.
Write about the town Poompuhar.
Answer:

1. Poompuhar had been built differently from other towns.
2. Each social group had a separate settlement for living.
3. Streets were broad and straight, dotted with well-designed houses
4. It is believed that there was also a dockyard.

Question 2.
Write a short note on the economy of ancient Tamil country.
Answer:

1. The main economic activities were agriculture, weaving, pearl fishery, manufacturing and construction.
2. Paddy was the most important corp.
3. Pepper, millets, grams and sugarcane were other commonly grown crops.
4. Madurai and Uraiyur were important centres for the textile industry.
5. Korkai was the centre of the pearl trade.
6. There was brisk overseas trade with Rome.
7. Good roads and ports also facilitated the trade.

Question 3.
What do you know about education in ancient Tamil country?
Answer:

1. Education was considered important in ancient Tamilagam.
2. The rulers and aristocrats of an ancient Tamilagam were always conscious of their duties to their country.
3. They considered development of education as an important duty.
4. Naaladiyar mentions that men gathered books in abundance and filled their house with them.
5. They studied science, mathematics, engineering, astronomy, logic and ethics.
6. Libraries were attached to Jainapalli and Buddhist Viharas.
7. The girls of Sangam Age were given a good training in literature, music and drama,
8. Many women had distinguished themselves in the art of music.
9. More than fifty women have been ranked among the Sangam poets

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Solutions Chapter 6 Light

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Light Textbook Exercises

I. Choose the correct answer.

Light Samacheer Kalvi Question 1.
A ray of light passes from one medium to another medium. Refraction takes place when angle of incidence is …………..
(a) 0°
(b) 45°
(c) 90°
Answer:
(b) 45°

Light Book Back Answers Question 2.
…………. is used as reflectors in torchlight.
(a) Concave mirror
(b) Plane mirror
(c) Convex mirror
Answer:
(a) Concave mirror

Light 9th Class Question 3.
We can create enlarged, virtual images with ………………
(a) Concave mirror
(b) Plane mirror
(c) Convex mirror
Answer:
(a) Concave mirror

9th Science Light Question 4.
When the reflecting surface is curved outwards the mirror formed will be
(a) concave mirror
(b) convex mirror
(c) plane mirror
Answer:
(b) convex mirror

Chapter 6 Light Question 5.
When a beam of white light passes through a prism it gets
(a) reflected
(b) only deviated
(c) deviated and dispersed
Answer:
(a) Reflected

Unit 6 Light Question 6.
The speed of light is maximum in
(a) vacuum
(b) glass
(c) diamond
Answer:
(a) vacuum

II. True or False – If false give the correct answer.

1. The angle of deviation depends on the refractive index of the glass – True.
2. If a ray of light passes obliquely from one medium to another, it does not suffer any deviation – False.
   Correct Statement: When light travels from one medium to another, it suffers deviation.
3. The convex mirror always produces a virtual, diminished and erect image of the object – True.
4. When an object is at the centre of curvature of concave mirror the image formed will be virtual and erect – False.
   Correct Statement: The image formed is real, inverted and same size of the object.
5. The reason for brilliance of diamonds is total internal reflection of light – True.

III. Fill in the blanks.

1.  In going from a rarer to denser medium, the ray of light bends …………….
2. The mirror used in search light is ………………
3. The angle of deviation of light ray in a prism depends on the angle of ……………..
4. The radius of curvature of a concave mirror whose focal length is 5 cm is …………….
5. Large ………… mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to produce heat in solar furnaces.

Answer:

1. towards normal
2. concave mirror
3. prism and angle of incident
4. 10 cm
5. concave

IV. Match the following.

1. Ratio of height of image to height of object	(a) Concave Mirror
2. Used in hairpin bends in mountains	(b) Total Internal Reflection
3. Coin inside water appearing slightly raised	(c) Magnification
4. Mirage	(d) convex Mirror
5. Used as Dentist’s mirror	(e) Refraction

Answer:

1. (c)
2. (d)
3. (e)
4. (b)
5. (a)

V. Assertion & Reason.

Mark the correct choice as:
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is not the correct explanation.
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If assertion is false but reason is true.

Light Lesson Class 9 Question 1.
Assertion: For observing the traffic at a hairpin bend in mountain paths a plane mirror is
preferred over convex mirror and concave mirror.
Reason : A convex mirror has a much larger field of view than a plane mirror or a concave mirror.
Answer:
(d) If assertion is false but reason is true.

9th Science Reflection Of Light Exercise Question 2.
Assertion : Incident ray is directed towards the centre of curvature of spherical mirror.
After reflection it retraces its path.
Reason : Angle of incidence i = Angle of reflection r = 0°.
Answer:
(b) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is not the correct explanation.

VI. Answer very briefly.

9th Science Reflection Of Light Question 1.
According to cartesian sign convention, which mirror and which lens has negative focal length?
Answer:
Concave mirror is having a negative focal length.

Light Chapter Of Class 6 Pdf Question 2.
Name the mirror(s) that can give (i) an erect and enlarged image, (II) same sized, inverted image.
Answer:
Concave mirror

Science Solution Class 9 Samacheer Kalvi Question 3.
If an object is placed at the focus of a concave mirror, where is the image formed? Image will be formed at infinity as real and inverted.

Light Class 9 Question 4.
Why does a ray of light bend when it travels from one medium to another?
Answer:
The bending of light rays when they pass obliquely from one medium to another medium is called refraction of light.

Light rays get deviated from their original path while entering from one transparent medium to another medium of different optical density. This deviation (change in direction) in the path of light is due to the change in velocity of light in the different medium. The velocity of light depends on the nature of the medium in which it travels.

9th Science Samacheer Kalvi Question 5.
What is speed of light in vacuum?
Answer:
The speed of light in vacuum is known to be almost exactly 300,000 km per second. In 1665 the Danish astronomer Ole Roemer first estimated the speed of light by observing one of the twelve moons of the planet Jupiter.

Samacheerkalvi.Guru 9th Science Question 6.
Concave mirrors are used by dentists to examine teeth. Why?
Answer:
As a dentist’s head mirror: You would have seen a circular mirror attached to a band tied to the forehead of the dentist/ENT specialist. A parallel beam of light is made to fall on the concave mirror; this mirror focuses the light beam on a small area of the body (such as teeth, throat etc.).

VII. Answer briefly.

9th Science Chapter 11 Reflection Of Light Exercise Question 1.
(a) Complete the diagram to show how a concave mirror forms the image of the object.
(b) What is the nature of the image?

Solution:
(a)
(b) magnified, real and inverted.

Questions On Reflection Of Light Class 9 Question 2.
Pick out the concave and convex mirrors from the following and tabulate them
Answer:
Rear-view mirror, Dentist’s mirror, Torch-light mirror, Mirrors in shopping malls, Make-up mirror.

Concave mirror	Convex mirror
Dentist’s mirror	Rear view mirror
Torch light mirror	Mirrors in shopping malls
Make-up mirror

Question 3.
State the direction of incident ray which after reflection from a spherical mirror retraces its path. Give reason for your answer.
Answer:
When incident ray is directed towards the centre of curvature, at all the points of spherical mirror, the ray is always normal. Therefore, angle of incidence i = Angle of reflection r = 0°.

Question 4.
What is meant by magnification? Write its expression. What is its sign for real image and virtual image?
Answer:
Magnification produced by a spherical mirror gives how many times the image of an object is magnified with respect to the object size.
It can be defined as the ratio of the height of the image (h_i) to the height of the object (h_o).
Magnification = m = \(\frac{h_{i}}{h_{o}}=\frac{\text { height of the image }}{\text { height of the object }}\)

• for real image it is negative,
• for virtual image it is positive.

Question 5.
Write the spherical mirror formula and explain the meaning of each symbol used in it.
Answer:
The expression relating the distance of the object u, distance of image v and focal length/of a spherical mirror is called the mirror equation. It is given as:
Mirror formula: \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{u}+\frac{1}{v}\)
Here, f – focal length of spherical mirror; u – distance of the objective; v – distance of the image.

VIII. Answer in detail.

Question 1.
(a) Draw ray diagrams to show how the image is formed, using a concave mirror when the position of object is

1.  at C
2.  between C and F
3.  between F and P of the mirror.

Answer:
(1) At the centre of curvature C

(2) Between C and F

(3) Between the focus F and the Pole P of the mirror.

(b) Mention the position and nature of image in each case.
Answer:

Position of object	Position of Image	Nature of Image
At the centre of curvature C	AtC	Real and Inverted
Between C and F	Beyond C	Real and inverted
Between F and P	Behind the mirror	Virtual and Erect

Question 2.
Explain with diagrams how refraction of incident light takes place from
(a) rarer to denser medium
(b) denser to rarer medium
(c) normal to the surface separating the two media.
Answer:
(a) rarer to denser medium:
When a ray of light travels from optically rarer medium to optically denser medium, it bends towards the normal.

(b) denser to rarer medium:
When a ray of light travels from an optically denser medium to an optically rarer medium it bends away from the normal.

(c) normal to the surface separating the two media:
A ray of light incident normally on a denser medium, goes without any deviation.

IX. Numerical problems.

Question 1.
A concave mirror produces three times magnified real image of an object placed at 7 cm in front of it. Where is the image located? (21 cm in front of the mirror)
Answer:
Given: h_i = 3h_o
u = 7 cm
Solution:

1. m = \(\frac{h_{i}}{h_{O}} \Rightarrow \frac{3 h o}{h_{O}}\) ∴ m = 3.
2. m = – \(\frac{v}{u}\)
   v = – m × u
   = – 3 × 7 cm = – 21 cm.
   Hence, Real, inverted and magnified image will be formed at 21 cm in front of the mirror.

Question 2.
Light enters from air into a glass plate having refractive index 1.5. What is the speed of light in glass? (2 × 10⁸ ms^{– 1})
Given: Refractive index (µ) = 1.5
Speed of light in vacuum (c) = 2 × 10⁸ms^{– 1}
Speed of light in glass (υ) = ?
Solution:

∴ Speed of light in glass = 1.3 × 10⁸ ms< sup>- 1

Question 3.
The speed of light in water is 2.25 × 10⁸ms^{– 1}. If the speed of light in vacuum is 3 × 10⁸ms^{– 1}, calculate the refractive index of water.
Given:
Speed of light in water (υ) = 2.25 × 10⁸ms^{– 1}
Speed of light in vacuum (c) = 3 × 10⁸ms^{– 1}
Solution:
μ = \(\frac{c}{υ}\) ⇒ μ = \(\frac{3 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{ms}^{-1}}{2.25 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{ms}^{-1}}\)
∴ μ = 1.33

X. HOTS.

Question 1.
Light ray emerges from water into air. Draw a ray diagram indicating the change in its path in water.
Answer:

When a ray of light travels from dense medium to rarer medium [from water medium to air medium], light ray moves away from the normal.
∴ Angle of incidence < Angle of refraction.

Question 2.
When a ray of light passes from air into glass, is the angle of refraction greater than or less than the angle of incidence?
Answer:

When a ray of light travels from rare (air) medium to dense [glass] medium, light ray moves towards the normal.
∴ Angle of refraction < Angle of incidence.

Question 3.
What do you conclude about the speed of light in diamond if the refractive index of diamond is 2.41? way from the mirror. Does the image become smaller or larger? What do you observe?
Answer:
µ = 2.41; Ca = 3 × 10⁸ms [Velocity of light]
µ = \(\frac{\text { Speed of light in air }}{\text { Speed of light in diamond }}=\frac{\mathrm{C}_{\mathrm{a}}}{\mathrm{C}_{\mathrm{d}}}\)
C_d = \(\frac{C_{a}}{\mu}=\frac{3 \times 10^{8}}{2.41}\) = 1. 245 × 10⁸ m/s
∴ Speed of light decreases when the light ray travels from air to diamond.

ACTIVITY

Question 1.
Stand before the mirror in your dressing table or the mirror fixed in a steel almirah. Do you see your whole body?
Answer:
To see your entire body in a mirror, the mirror should be atleast half of your height.
Height of the mirror = Your height/2.

Question 2.
Hold a concave mirror in your hand (or place it in a stand). Direct its reflecting surface towards the sun. Direct the light reflected by the mirror onto a sheet of paper held not very far from the mirror. Move the sheet of paper back and forth gradually until you find a bright, sharp spot of light on the paper. Position the mirror and the paper at the same location for few moments. What do you observe? Why does the paper catches fire?
Answer:
The concave mirror focus the sunlight at one particular point. At that particular point, amount of sunlight is converged and heat is trapped at that point. This is because, it bum the paper on which the image is focused.

Question 3.
Take a convex mirror. Hold it in one hand. Hold a pencil close to the mirror in the upright position in the other hand. Observe the image of the pencil in the mirror. Is the image erect or inverted? Is it diminished or enlarged? Move the pencil slowly away from the mirror. Does the image become smaller or larger? What do you observe?
Answer:
When we hold a pencil in the upright position in front of a convex mirror we observe the image of the pencil at the back of the mirror. The image is erect, virtual and smaller in size than the object. As the pencil is moved away from the mirror, the image becomes smaller. When the object is moved away from the mirror, the image would move closer to the focus of the mirror.

Question 4.
Refraction of light at air – water interface
Put a straight pencil into a tank of water or beaker of water at an angle c 45° and look at it from one side and above. How does the pencil look now?
Answer:

The pencil appears to be bent at the surface of water.

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Light In Text Problems

Question 1.
Find the size, nature and position of the image formed when an object of size 1 cm is placed at a distance of 15 cm from a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm.
Solution:
Object distance, u = – 15 cm (to the left of mirror)
Image distance, v = ?
Focal length,f = – 10 cm (concave mirror)
Using mirror formula,

Thus, image distance, v = – 30 cm (negative sign indicates that the image is on the left side of the mirror).
∴ Position of image is 30 cm in front of the mirror. Since the image is in front of the mirror, it is real and inverted.
To find the size of the image, we have to calculate the magnification.
m = \(\frac{-v}{u}=\frac{-(-30)}{(-15)}\) = – 2
We know that, m = \(\frac{h_{2}}{h_{1}}\)
Here, height of the object h₁ = 1 cm
– 2 = \(\frac{h_{2}}{1}p.\)
h₂ = – 2 × 1 = – 2 cm
The height of image is 2 cm (negative sign shows that the image is formed below the principal axis).

Question 2.
An object 2 cm high is placed at a distance of 16 cm from a concave mirror which produces a real image 3 cm high. Find the position of the image.
Solution:
Height of object h₁ = 2 cm
Height of real image h₂ = – 3 cm

The position of image is 24 cm in front of the mirror (negative sign indicates that the image is on the left side of the mirror).

Question 3.
A car is fitted with a convex mirror of focal length 20 cm. Another car is 6 m away from the first car. Find the position of the second car as seen in the mirror of the first. What is the size of the image if the second car is 2 m broad and 1.6 m high?
Solution:
Focal length = 20 cm (convex mirror)
Object distance = – 6m = – 600 cm
Image distance v =?

Height of image = \(\frac{1}{31}\) × 160 cm = 5.16 cm

Question 4.
The speed of light in air is 3 × 10⁸ ms^{– 1} and in glass it is 2 × 10⁸ ms^{– 1}. What is the
refractive index of glass?
Solution:
\(_{a} \mu_{g}=\frac{3 \times 10^{8}}{2 \times 10^{8}}=\frac{3}{2}\) = 1.5

Question 5.
Light travels from a rarer medium to a denser medium. The angles of incidence and refraction are respectively 45° and 30°. Calculate the refractive index of the second medium with respect to the first medium.
Solution:
Angle of incidence i = 45° ; Angle of refraction r = 30°
\(_{1} \mu_{2}=\frac{\sin i}{\sin r}=\frac{\sin 45^{\circ}}{\sin 30^{\circ}}=\frac{1 / \sqrt{2}}{1 / 2}=\sqrt{2}\) = 1.414

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 8th Social Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 8th Social Science Civics Solutions Term 1 Chapter 1 How the State Government Works

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Social Science How the State Government Works

I. Choose the correct answer

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 8th Social Science Question 1.
The Governor of a state is appointed by –
(a) President
(b) Vice President
(c) Prime Minister
(d) Chief Minister
Answer:
(a) President

Social Answers Class 8 Samacheer Kalvi Question 2.
The State Council Minsters is headed by –
(a) The Governor
(b) Chief Minister
(c) Speaker
(d) Home Minister
Answer:
(b) Chief Minister

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 8th Social Science Book Back Answers Question 3.
Who can summon and prorogue the sessions of the State legislature?
(a) Home Minister
(b) President
(c) Speaker
(d) The Governor
Answer:
(d) The Governor

How The State Government Works Question 4.
Who does not participate in the appointment of the High Court Judge?
(a) Governor
(b) Chief Minister
(c) Chief Justice of the High Court
(d) President of India
Answer:
(c) Chief Justice of the High Court

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Standard Social Science Question 5.
The age of retirement of the Judges of the High Court is –
(a) 62
(b) 64
(c) 65
(d) 58
Answer:
(a) 62

II. Fill in the Blanks

1. ……………… States are there in India at present.
2. The tenure of the Governor is normally ……………. years.
3. The District Judges are appointed by ……………..
4. The Governor is the ……………. Head of the State.
5. Minimum age for elections as MLA ……………. years.

Answer:

1. 29
2. Five
3. The Governor
4. Constitutional
5. 25

III. Match the following

Answer:

1. iv
2. ii
3. i
4. iii

IV. State true or false

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Social Question 1.
Chief Minister is the chief administrator of the State.
Answer:
True

Social Samacheer Kalvi 8th Question 2.
The Governor nominates two members of the Anglo – Indian Community to Legislative Assembly.
Answer:
False
Correct statement:
The Governor nominates one members of the Anglo- Indian Community to Legislative Assembly.

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 8 Social Science Question 3.
The number of judges in the High Courts is not uniform and fixed.
Answer:
True

V. Choose the correct statement

State Government Lesson Questions And Answers Question 1.
The State Legislative Assembly participates in the election of
(i) President
(ii) Vice – President
(iii) Rajya Sabha members
(iv) Members of the Legislative Council of the State

(a) i, ii & iii are Correct
(b) i & iii are Correct
(c) i, iii & iv are correct
(d) i, ii, iii & iv are correct
Answer:
(c) i, iii & iv are correct

VI. Answer the following in one or two sentences

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 8th Social Question 1.
Name the two houses of the State legislature.
Answer:
The State Legislature consists of the Governor and one or two houses. The upper house is called the Legislative Council while the lower house is called the Legislative Assembly.

How State Government Works Question 2.
Write the qualifications of the members of the Legislative Assembly?
Answer:

1. The candidate must be a citizen of India.
2. He/she must be 25 years and above.
3. The candidate must be of sound mind.
4. He/she must be an elector for any constituency in the state he is representing from.

8th Class Civics Chapter 1 Question 3.
How is the Chief Minister appointed?
Answer:
The Governor appoints the leader of the majority party in the State Legislative Assembly as the Chief Minister. He is the head of the State Council of Ministers.

How The State Government Works Class 7 Notes Question 4.
How is the Council of Ministers formed?
Answer:

1. The party which gets majority seats in the election forms the government.
2. The leader of the majority party in the election is chosen as Chief Minister.
3. The Chief Minister chooses his ministers from the MLAs of his party.
4. On the advice of the Chief Minister, the Governor appoints the other ministers.
5. Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister form the State Government.

VII. Answer the following in detail

How The State Government Works Class 7 Question 1.
Discuss the powers and functions of the Chief Minister.
Answer:
Powers and functions:

1. The Chief Minister is the chief administrator of the State. All major decisions of the State Government are taken under his leadership.

2. The Chief Minister plays an important role in the formation of the Council of Ministers. On the advice of the Chief Minister, the Governor appoints the other Ministers.

3. The Chief Minister supervises the activities of different ministries and advises them accordingly. He also coordinates the activities of different ministries.

4. The Chief Minister plays an important role in making policies of the State Government ensuring public interest. His voice is final in policy decisions of the State Government.

5. The Governor appoints different higher officials of the State Government on the advice of the Chief Minister and his Council of Ministers.

The State Government Class 8 Question 2.
Discuss the powers and functions of the Legislative Assembly.
Answer:
The main duty of the Legislative Assembly is to make laws for the state. It can make law on the subjects mentioned in the state list and the concurrent list. However, during state emergency, it cannot exercise its legislative power.

1. The assembly has control over the State council of Ministers. The State council of ministers are responsible or answerable to the Assembly for its activities. The Assembly may pass a no confidence motion against the council of Ministers if it is not satisfied with the performance of the council of Ministers.

2. The legislative Assembly has control over the finances of the state. A money bill can be introduced only in the Assembly. The government cannot impose, increase, lower or withdraw any tax without the approval of the Assembly.

3. The elected members of the Legislative Assembly can take part in the election of the president of India and all members can take part in the election of the members of the Rajya Sabha from the state.

4. The Assembly also takes part in the amendment of the Constitution on certain matters.

5. So the government has three basic functions: making laws, executing laws and ensuring justice.

Question 3.
Write about the powers and functions of the High Court.
Answer:
1. The High Court has been empowered to issue writs of Habeas corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari and Quo Warranto for the enforcement of the fundamental rights and for other purposes.

2. Every High Court has a general power of superintendence over all the lower courts and tribunals within its jurisdiction.

3. If a case is pending before a sub – ordinate court and the High Court is satisfied that it involves a substantial question of the constitutional law, it can take up the case and decide it itself.

4. The High Court controls all the subordinate courts in the State.

5. Like the Supreme Court, the High Court also acts as a Court of Record.

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Social Science Civics How the State Government Works Additional Questions

I. Choose the correct answer

Question 1.
The ……………. is an integral part of the state Legislature.
(a) Governor
(b) President
(c) Vice – President
(d) Chief Justice
Answer:
(a) Governor

Question 2.
Before the expiry of the full term of the Governor, the …………….. can dismiss him.
(a) Chief Minister
(b) Vice – president
(c) President
(d) Speaker
Answer:
(c) Presiden

Question 3.
To be the Governor, a person must have completed …………….. years of age.
(a) 25
(b) 35
(c) 21
(d) 40
Answer:
(a) 35

Question 4.
The position of the Governor of a state is compared to the ……………. of India.
(a) Chief Justice
(b) Lok Sabha speaker
(c) Attorney General
(d) President
Answer:
(d) President

Question 5.
The president declares emergency in a state on the basis of the report of the ………………
(a) Chief Minister
(b) Governor
(c) Speaker
(d) Opposition party leader
Answer:
(b) Governor

Question 6.
As per our constitution, the strength of the Legislative council must not be less than …………..
(a) 25
(b) 30
(c) 40
(d) 35
Answer:
(c) 40

Question 7.
The members of the legislative council are elected for a term of ………….. years.
(a) 6
(b) 5
(c) 2
(d) 4
Answer:
(a) 6

Question 8.
One legislative constituency may have ………….. or even more people.
(a) 1 lakh
(b) 10 thousand
(c) 20 thousand
(d) 50 thousand
Answer:
(a) 1 lakh

Question 9.
The Governor can nominate …………… member from the Anglo – Indian community to the Legislative Assembly.
(a) 5
(b) 3
(c) 2
(d) 1
Answer:
(d) 1

Question 10.
The Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu located at …………….
(a) Madurai
(b) Salem
(c) Chennai
(d) Coimbatore
Answer:
(c) Chennai

II. Fill in the blanks

1. The states have their own executive, …………… and ……………
2. A Person is not appointed …………… in his own state.
3. The …………… acts as an agent of the Central Government in a state.
4. The …………… remains in office so long as he gets support of the majority members of the Legislative Assembly.
5. The members of the …………… are elected indirectly.
6. At present, only …………… states in India have Legislative Council in their legislative.
7. …………… of the members of the Legislative Council retire every two years.
8. The …………… is the presiding officer of the Legislative Council.
9. The people who make the laws of a state Government are called ……………
10. Different …………… compete in the elections to the legislative Assembly.

Answer:

1. Legislative, Judiciary
2. Governor
3. Governor
4. Chief Minister
5. Legislative council
6. Seven
7. One – third
8. Chairman
9. Members of the Legislative Assembly
10. Political parties

III. Match the following

Answer:

1. iii
2. i
3. iv
4. ii

IV. True or False

Question 1.
The Governor must give his assent to all the bills passed in the legislature
Answer:
True

Question 2.
The Chief Minister is responsible for maintaining relationship between the central Government and the state Government.
Answer:
False
Correct statement:
The Governor is responsible for maintaining relationship between the central Government and the state Government.

Question 3.
For the election of MLAs the entire state is divided into different constituencies.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
There may be a common High Court only for 2 states.
Answer:
False
Correct statement:
There may be a common High Court for two or more states and Union Territories.

V. Choose the correct statement

Question 1.
(i) A Legislative Assembly cannot have more than 500 members.
(ii) Some seats in the Legislative Assembly are reserved for scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes.
(iii) The meetings of the Assembly are presided by the chief minister.
(iv) People who have completed 21 years of age can cast their vote in the elections.

(a) i and ii are correct
(b) ii, iii and iv are correct
(c) i and iii are correct
(d) i, ii and iv are correct
Answer:
(d) i, ii and iv are correct

VI. Answer in one or two sentences

Question 1.
How is the Governor appointed?
Answer:
While appointing the Governor, the President acts as per the advice of the Union Cabinet. The State Government is also consulted when the appointment is to be made. Generally, a person is not appointed Governor in his own State.

Question 2.
What does the state executive consist of?
Answer:
The state executive consists of the Governor and the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister.

Question 3.
Write short notes on the Governor of a state.
Answer:
The Governor as the Head of a State in India. He is appointed by the President of India. He is the constitutional Head of a State. The Governor is appointed for a term of five years.

Question 4.
How long can the Chief Minister remain in office?
Answer:
The Chief Minister has no fixed term of office. He remains in office so long as he gets support of the majority members of the Legislative Assembly. When he loses support in the legislature, he has to resign.

Question 5.
How are the members of the legislative council elected?
Answer:

1. The members of the Legislative Council are elected indirectly.
2. One third of its members are elected by the local government bodies like the District Panchayat and Municipalities.
3. Another one third is elected by the members of the Legislative Assembly.
4. One twelfth is elected by the graduates of the constituency and another one twelfth by the teachers of secondary schools, colleges and universities.
5. One sixth of the members of the Legislative Council are nominated by the Governor of the State.

Question 6.
Name the states in India which have Legislative council.
Answer:
Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Jammu & Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh and Telengana.

Question 7.
How is the capital of a state determined?
Answer:
The place where a state’s legislative assembly is located and where its council of ministers function is called the capital of that state.

Question 8.
How are the laws of the state Government executed?
Answer:
The state government has several lakhs of government employees to execute the laws made by the legislative assembly- Collectors, Tahsildars, Block Development Officers, Revenue officers, Village Administrative Officers, Policemen, Teachers and Doctors, etc.

VII. Answer in Detail

Question 1.
Discuss the powers and functions of the Governor.
Answer:
Powers and functions
1. The Governor is the Chief Executive in a State. All the executive powers of the State are vested upon him and decisions are taken in his name. He appoints the Chief Minister and Council of Ministers.

2. He makes some important appointments such as, the Advocate general, Chairman and members of the State Public Service Commission and others.

3. The Governor also acts as the Chancellor of State Universities.

4. He summons and prorogues the sessions of the State legislature and he can dissolve the Legislative Assembly.

5. Money bills can be introduced in the State Legislative Assembly only with the approval of the Governor.

6. The annual budget of the State Government is laid before the legislature with approval of the Governor. The Contingency fund of the State is also placed at the disposal of the Governor.

Question 2.
How are laws made in the state Government?
Answer:
In the legislative assembly meetings, MLAs discuss a number of topics like public works, education, law and order and various problems faced by the state. The MLAs can ask questions to know the activities of ministries, which the concerned ministers have to answer. The legislative assembly makes laws on certain issues. The process of law making as follows:

1. A Bill is presented in the Legislative Assembly.
2. Debates and discussions take place on it. Changes can be made in the Bill.
3. If more that half of the MLA’s vote in favour of the Bill, it is said to be passed.
4. The Bill needs to get assent of the Governor to become an Act.

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 8th Social Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 8th Social Science History Solutions Term 1 Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Social Science From Trade to Territory Textbook Evaluation

I. Choose the correct answer

8th Social From Trade To Territory Question 1.
The ruler of Bengal in 1757 was ……………
(a) Shuja – ud – daulah
(b) Siraj – ud – daulah
(c) Mirkasim
(d) Tippu Sultan
Answer:
(b) Siraj – ud – daulah

From Trade To Territory Class 8 Questions And Answers Pdf Question 2.
The Battle of Plassey was fought in ………………
(a) 1757
(b) 1764
(c) 1765
(d) 1775
Answer:
(a) 1757

From Trade To Territory Meaning In Tamil Question 3.
Which among the following treaty was signed after Battle of Buxar?
(a) Treaty of Allahabad
(b) Treaty of Carnatic
(c) Treaty of Alinagar
(d) Treaty of Paris
Answer:
(a) Treaty of Allahabad]

From Trade To Territory In Tamil Question 4.
The Treaty of Pondichery brought the …………….. Carnatic war to an end .
(a) First
(b) Second
(c) Third
(d) None
Answer:
(b) Second

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Social Solutions Question 5.
When did Hyder Ali crown on the throne of Mysore?
(a) 1756
(b) 1761
(c) 1763
(d) 1764
Answer:
(b) 1761

Class 8 Social Science From Trade To Territory Question 6.
Treaty of Mangalore was signed between ……………..
(a) The French and Tippu Sultan
(b) Hyder Ali and Zamorin of Calicut
(c) The British and Tippu Sultan
(d) Tippu Sultan andMarathas
Answer:
(c) The British and Tippu Sultan]

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 8th Social Science Question 7.
Who was the British Governor General during Third Anglo – Mysore War?
(a) Robert Clive
(b) Warren Hastings
(c) Lord Cornwallis
(d) Lord Wellesley
Answer:
(c) Lord Cornwallis]

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Social Book Solutions Question 8.
Who signed the Treaty of Bassein with the British?
(a) Bajirao II
(b) DaulatraoScindia
(c) SambhajiBhonsle
(d) SayyajiraoGaekwad
Answer:
(a) Bajirao II

Question 9.
Who was the last Peshwa of Maratha empire?
(a) BalajiVishwanath
(b) BajiRao II
(c) BalajiBajiRao
(d) BajiRao
Answer:
(d) BajiRao

Question 10.
Who was the first Indian state to join the subsidiary Alliance?
(a) Oudh
(b) Hyderabad
(c) Udaipur
(d) Gwalior
Answer:
(b) Hyderabad

II. Fill in the Blanks

1. The Treaty of Alinagar was signed in ……………..
2. The commander in Chief of Sirajuddaula was ……………….
3. The main cause for the Second Carnatic war was ……………….
4. ………………. adopted the policy of Doctrine of Lapse to extend the British Empire in India.
5. Tippu Sultan was finally defeated at the hands of ……………….
6. After the death of Tippu Sultan Mysore was handed over to ……………….
7. In 1800, ………………… established a college at Fort William in Calcutta.

Answer:

1. 1757
2. Mir Jafar
3. The issue of succession
4. Lord Dalhousie
5. Arthur Wellesely
6. Krishna Raja Odayar
7. Lord Wellesley]

III. Match the following

Answer:

1. ii
2. iv
3. iii
4. V
5. i.

IV. State true or false

Question 1.
After the death of Alivardi Khan, Siraj – ud – daula ascended the throne of Bengal.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Hector Munro, led the British forces in the battle of Plassey.
Answer:
False
Correct statement:
Robert Clive, led the British forces in the battle of Plassey.

Question 3.
The outbreak of the Austrian war of succession in Europe was led to Second Carnatic War in India.
Answer:
False
Correct statement:
The outbreak of the Austrian war of succession in Europe was led to First Carnatic War in India.

Question 4.
Sir Elijalmpey was the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court at Fort William in Bengal.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
The Police system was created by Lord Cornwallis.
Answer:
True

V. Which one of the following is correctly matched?

1. Battle of Adayar – 1748
2. Battle of Ambur – 1754
3. Battle of Wandiwash – 1760
4. Battle of Arcot – 1749

Answer:
3. Battle of Wandiwash – 1760

VI. Answer the following in one or two sentences

Question 1.
Write a short note on Black Hole Tragedy.
Answer:
There was a small dungeon room in the Fort William in Calcutta, where troops of the Nawab of Bengal Siraj – ud – daula, held 146 British Prisoners of war for one night. Next day morning, when the door was opened 123 of the prisoners found dead because of suffocation.

Question 2.
What were the benefits derived by the English after the Battle of Plassey?
Answer:
After the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the company was granted undisputed right to have free trade in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. It received the place of 24 parganas in Bengal.

Question 3.
Mention the causes for the Battle of Buxar.
Answer:
Mir Qasim the son in law of the Nawab of Bengal revolted as he was angry with the British for misusing the destakes (free duty passes).

Question 4.
What were the causes for the First Mysore War?
Causes:

1. Haider Ali’s growing power and his friendly relations with the French became a matter of concern for the English East India Company.
2. The Marathas, the Nizam and the English entered into a triple alliance against Haider Ali.

Question 5.
Bring out the results of the Third Maratha War.

1. The Maratha confederacy was dissolved and Peshwaship was abolished.
2. Most of the territory of Peshwa BajiRao II was annexed and became part of the Bombay Presidency
3. The defeat of the Bhonsle and Holkar also resulted in the acquisition of the Maratha kingdoms of Nagpur and Indore by the British.
4. The BajiRao II, the last Peshwa of Maratha was given an annual pension of 8 lakh rupees.

Question 6.
Name the states signed into Subsidiary Alliance.
Answer:
Hyderabad (1798). It was followed by Tanjore (1799), Auadh (1801), Peshwa (1802), Bhonsle (1803), Gwalior (1804), Indore (1817), Jaipur, Udaipur and Jodhpur (1818).

VII. Answer the following in detail

Question 1.
Write an essay on second Carnatic war.
Answer:
In the 18th century, three Carnatic wars were fought between various Indian rulers, British and French East Indian Company on either side.

Second Carnatic War:

1. The main cause of this war was the issue of succession in Carnatic and Hyderabad. Anwaruddin Khan and Chanda Sahib were the two claimants to the throne of Carnatic, whereas Nasir Jang and Muzaffar Jang were claimants to the throne of Hyderabad.

2. The French supported Chanda sahib and Muzaffar Jang, while the British supported the other claimants with the objective of keeping their interest and influence in the entire Deccan region.

Battle of Ambur (1749):

1. Finally Dupleix, Chanda Sahib and Muzaffar Jang formed a grand alliance and defeated and killed Anwar-ud-din Khan, the Nawab of Carnatic, in the Battle of Ambur.

2. Muhammad Ali, the son of Anwar – ud – din, fled to Trichinopoly.

3. Chanda Sahib became the Nawab of Carnatic and rewarded the French with the grant of 80 villages around Pondicherry.

4. In the Deccan, the French defeated and killed Nasir Jang and made Muzaffar Jang as the Nizam.

5. The new Nizam gave ample rewards to the French.

6. He appointed Dupleix as the governor of all the territories in south of the river Krishna. Muzaffar Jang was assassinated by his own people.

7. Salabat Jang, brother of Nasir Jang was raised to the throne by Bussy.

8. Salabat Jang granted the Northern Circars to the French.

9. Dupleix’s power was at its zenith by that time.

Battle of Arcot (1751):

1. In the meantime, Dupleix sent forces to besiege the fort of Trichy

2. Chanda Sahib also joined with the French in their efforts to besiege Trichy. Robert Clive’s proposal was accepted by the British governor, Saunders, and with only 200 English and 300 Indian soldiers, Clive was entrusted the task of capturing Arcot. His attack proved successful.

3. Robert Clive defeated the French at Ami and Kaveripak. With the assistance of Lawrence, Chanda Sahib was killed in Trichy. Muhammad Ali was made the Nawab of Arcot under British protection. The French Government recalled Dupleix to Paris.

Treaty of Pondicherry (1755):

1. Dupleix was succeeded by Godeheu who agreed the treaty of Pondicherry. According to it, both the powers agreed not to interfere in the internal affairs of the native states. They were to retain their old positions. New forts should not be built by either power. The treaty made the British stronger.

2. The second Carnatic war also proved inconclusive. The English proved their superiority on land by appointing Mohammad Ali as the Nawab of Carnatic. The French were still very powerful in Hyderabad. However, the predominant position of the French in the Deccan peninsula was definitely undermined in this war.

Question 2.
Give an account of the Fourth Anglo Mysore war.
Answer:
The Fourth Anglo – Mysore War:
Tipu Sultan did not forget the humiliating treaty of Srirangapatnam imposed upon him by Cornwallis in 1790.
Causes:

1. Tipu sought alliance with foreign powers against the English and sent ambassadors to Arabia, Turkey, Afghanistan and the French.
2. Tipu was in correspondence with Napoleon who invaded Egypt at that time.
3. The French officers came to Srirangapatnam where they founded a Jacobin Club and planted the Tree of Liberty.

Course:

1. Wellesley declared war against Tipu in 1799. The war was short and decisive. As planned, the Bombay army under General Stuart invaded Mysore from the west.

2. The Madras army, which was led by the Governor – General’s brother, Arthur Wellesley, forced Tipu to retreat to his capital Srirangapatnam.

3. On 4th May 1799 Srirangapatnam was captured. Tipu fought bravely and was killed finally. Thus ended the fourth Mysore War and the whole of Mysore lay prostrate before the British.

Mysore after the War:

1. The English occupied Kanara, Wynad. Coimbatore. Darapuram and Srirangapattinam.
2. Krishna Raja Odayar of the former Hindu royal family was brought to the throne.
3. Tipu’s family was sent to the fort of Vellore.

Question 3.
Describe the policy adopted by Lord Dalhousie to expand the British empire in India.
Answer:
Doctrine of Lapse:
1. Lord Dalhousie was one of the chief architects of the British Empire in India. He was an imperialist. He adopted a new policy known as Doctrine of Lapse to extend British Empire.

2. He made use of this precedent and declared in 1848 that if the native rulers adopted children without the prior permission of the Company, only the personal properties of the rulers would go to the adopted sons and the kingdoms would go to the British paramount power. This principle was called the Doctrine of Lapse.

3. It was bitterly opposed by the Indians and it was one of the root causes for the great revolt of 1857.

Question 4.
How did Lord Wellesley expand the British
Answer:
The Subsidiary Alliance:

1. Lord Wellesley introduced the system of Subsidiary Alliance to bring the princely states under the control of the British.
2. It was the most effective instrument for the expansion of the British territory and political influence in India.
3. The princely state was called ‘the protected state’ and the British came to be referred as ‘the paramount power’.
4. It was the duty of the British to safeguard the state from external aggression and to help its ruler in maintaining internal peace.

Main Features of Subsidiary Alliance:

1. An Indian ruler entering into this alliance with the British had to dissolve his own armed forces and accept British Forces.
2. A British Resident would stay in his capital.
3. Towards the maintenance charges of the army, he should make annual payments or cede some territory permanently to the Company.
4. All the non – English European officials should be turned out of his state.
5. The native ruler should deal with foreign states only through the English Company.
6. The British would undertake to defend the state from internal trouble as well as external attack.

VIII. HOTs

Question 1.
Explain the causes for the success of the English in India.
Answer:
1. Lack of unity among Indian Stats:
Even though there were powerful kings and who ruled Punjab, Mysore and Maratha region, they lacked unity and fought with each other for various reasons. They failed to perceive the danger arising from the East India Company.

2. Greater Naval Power:
The British came through the sea and established a strong naval power in the Indian Ocean before coming to the Indian main land. There was no strong naval power in India to challenge the Brititsh.

3. Development of textile:
By the beginning of the 19th century English made cotton textiles successfully ousted Indian goods from their traditional markets.

4. Scientific division of labour:
The production and growth of modem science in India was encouraged by the British with a view to further colonial interests.

5. Economic prospertiy:
The British had enough funds to pay its share holders that compelled them to finance the English wars in India.

IX. Mark the following on the River map of India

Question 1.

1. Plassy
2. Buxar
3. Purandhar
4. Arcot
5. Wandiwash

Answer:

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Social Science History  From Trade to Territory Additional Questions

I. Choose the correct answer

Question 1.
The rule of …………… in India became effective after the conquest of Bengal.
(a) Mughals
(b) East India Company
(c) Portuguese
(d) French
Answer:
(b) East India Company

Question 2.
Siraj – ud – daula captured the British factory at …………….
(a) Kasim bazar
(b) Delhi
(c) Alinagar
(d) Chandranagore
Answer:
(a) Kasim bazar]

Question 3.
Buxar was a small fortified town in the territory of ……………….
(a) West Bengal
(b) Karnataka
(c) Bihar
(d) Rajasthan

Answer:
(c) Bihar

Question 4.
In the battle of Adayar, the French army fought under captain ……………..
(a) Hector Munro
(b) Robert Clive
(c) Eyre Coote
(d) Paradise
Answer:
(d) Paradise

Question 5.
Under the terms of the Treaty of Aix – la – Chapelle, ……………. was returned back to the English.
(a) Madras
(b) Trichinopoly
(c) Hyderabad
(d) Calcutta
Answer:
(a) Madras

Question 6.
The out break of the seven years’ was in Europe led to the ……………. war in India.
(a) I Carnatic
(b) II Carnatic
(c) III Carnatic
(d) Wandiwash
Answer:
(c) III Carnatic

Question 7.
In the III Carnatic war, France captured Fort ……………
(a) Gwalior
(b) St. David
(c) William
(d) Vellore
Answer:
(b) St. David

Question 8.
The Battle of Wandiwash was fought by the English army under General …………….
(a) Forde
(b) Dupleix
(c) Hector Munro
(d) Eyre Coote
Answer:
(d) Eyre Coote

Question 9.
The Seven year’s war was concluded …………… by the treaty of.
(a) Paris
(b) Pondicherry
(c) Madras
(d) Mangalore
Answer:
(a) Paris

Question 10.
The state of Mysore rose to prominence uder the leadership of …………….
(a) Chanda sahib
(b) Salabat Jang
(c) Haider Ali
(d) MirJafar
Answer:
(c) Haider Ali

Question 11.
In 1781, the British General Sir Eyre Coote defeated Haider Ali at ………………
(a) Hyderabad
(b) Porto Novo
(c) Mysore
(d) Mangalore
Answer:
(b) Porto Novo

Question 12.
………….. Saved the British Dominion from the wrath of powerful enemies.
(a) Wellesley
(b) Cornwallis
(c) Warren Hastings
(d) Dalhousie
Answer:
(c) Warren Hastings

Question 13.
Tipu attacked in ……………. 1789.
(a) Madras
(b) Mangalore
(c) Mahe
(d) Travancore
Answer:
(d) Travancore

Question 14.
During the course of the third Anglo – Mysore war …………… took the command of the British Armyi
(a) Cornwallis
(b) Dalhousie
(c) Robert Clive
(d) Curzon
Answer:
(a) Cornwallis

Question 15.
The internal conflict among the ……………. was best utilised by the British.
(a) Nizams
(b) Marathas
(c) Nawabs
(d) Chauhans
Answer:
(b) Marathas

Question 16.
Colonel Upton concluded the treaty of ……………. in 1776.
(a) Mangalore
(b) Mysore
(c) Purandhar
(d) Pondicherry
Answer:
(c) Purandhar

Question 17.
The death of …………….. in 1800 gave the British an added advantage.
(a) Mahadaji Scindia
(b) Daulat Rao Scindia
(c) Madhav Rao
(d) Nana Phadnavis
Answer:
(d) Nana Phadnavis]

Question 18.
In the III Anglo Maratha war, Hastings was supported by a force under General ……………
(a) Thomas Hislop
(b) Mathews
(c) Medows
(d) Upton
Answer:
(a) Thomas Hislop]

Question 19.
……………… the Governor General of India in 1786, enforced the ruler against private trade.
(a) Warren Hastings
(b) Wellesley
(c) Cornwallis
(d) Robert Clive
Answer:
(c) Cornwallis

Question 20.
As per the Government of India Act of 1858, the maximum age for competitors of civil services examination was fixed at ……………
(a) 20
(b) 23
(c) 25
(d) 21
Answer:
(b) 23

II. Fill in the blanks

1. ………………. of Portugal discovered a new sea route from Europe to India.
2. ………………. ascended the throne of Bengal in 1756.
3. British captured …………….. the French settlement in 1757.
4.  ………………. concluded two treaties with Siraj – Ud – daula and Shah Alam II.
5. ………………. and ……………… were rival countries in Europe.
6. The battle of ………………… was fought between the French forces and forces of Anwar – ud – din.
7. ……………. was deputed from France to conduct the third Carnatic war.
8. Robert Clive sent ………….. from Bengal to occupy the Norhem Circars.
9. Haider Ali and his son …………. played a prominent role against the expansion of British empire in India.
10. The Nizam, with the help of British troops led by General invaded Mysore in 1767.
11. Tipu captutred Brigadier …………. the supreme commander of the forces in 1783.
12. After the death of Narayan Rao, ……………. became the Peshwa.
13. Raghunath Rao’s authority was challenged by a strong party at poona under ……………..
14. ……………. made an attempt to form a coalition of Indian rulers to fight against the British.
15. The Royal Commission on Public Service was Chaired by Lord ……………. in 1912.
16. In 1918 ………….. and ……………. recommended that 33% of Indians should be recruited in Indian civil services.
17. The …………….. was the second important pillar of the British administration in India.
18. The highest rank in the army that an Indian could ever reach was that of a ……………..
19. Circles or Thanas were headed by a …………….
20. The heriditary village police became ……………

Answer:

1. Vasco da Gama
2. Siraj – Ud – daula
3. Chandra nagore
4. Robert Clive
5. Britain and France
6. San Thome (Madras)
7. Count de Lally
8. Colonel Forde
9. Tipu Sultan
10. Joseph Smith
11. Mathews
12. Raghunath Rao
13. Nana Phadnavis
14. Yashwant Rao Holkas
15. Islington
16. Montague, Chelmsford
17. Army
18. Subedar
19. Daroga
20. Chowkidars

III. Match the following

Answer:

1. iii
2. i
3. iv
4. v
5. ii

IV. State true or false

Question 1.
Within a year after the Battle of Wandiwash the English army totally routed the French Army.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
In 1761, Tipu Sultan became the de facto ruler of Hyderabad.
Answer:
False
Correct statement:
In 1761, Tipu Sultan became the de facto ruler of Mysore.

Question 3.
Warren Hastings consolidated the British power in India. [Ans : True]
The Treaty of Salbai was signed between Cornwallis and Mahadaji Scindia.
Answer:
False
Correct statement:
The Treaty of Salbai was signed between Warren Hastings and Mahadaji Scindia.

Question 4.
The idea of competition for recruitment was introduced first by the Charter Act, 1833.
Answer:
True

V. Answer the following in one or two sentences.

Question 1.
What was the motive behind the discovery of sea routes to India?
Answer:
The main motive behind those discoveries was to maximize profit through trade and to establish political supremacy.

Question 2.
What were the causes of the Second Anglo Mysore war?
Answer:
1. The English did not fulfill the terms of the treaty of 1769, when Haider’s territories were attacked in 1771 by Marathas, Haider did not get help from the British.

2. British captured Mahe, a French settlement within Haider’s Jurisdiction. It led to the formation of an alliance by Haider with the Nizam and Marathas against the English in 1779.

Question 3.
Prepare flow chart to explain the period of the three Carnatic wars.
Answer:

Question 4.
What were the results of the First Anglo Maratha War?
Answer:

1. RaghunathRao was pensioned off and MadhavRao II was accepted as the Peshwa.
2. Salsette was given to the British.
3. The Treaty of Salbai established the British influence in Indian politics. It provided the British twenty years of peace with the Marathas.

Question 5.
Explain with a flow chart the period of the Anglo Mysore wars.
Answer:

Question 6.
Prepare a flow chart mentioning the period in which the Anglo Maratha wars were fought.
Answer:

Question 7.
What did the Indian Civil Service Act of 1861 state?
Answer:
The Indian Civil Service Act of 1861 passed by the British Parliament exclusively reserved certain categories of high executive and judicial posts for the covenanted civil service which was later designated as the Indian Civil Service.

Question 8.
Name the three Indians who became successful in the I.C.S. examination in 1869.
Answer:
In 1869, three Indians – Surendra Nath Banerje, Ramesh Chandra Dutt and Bihari Lai Gupta became successful in the I.C.S. examination.

Question 9.
What did the Royal Commission of Public Service or the Lee Commission recommend in 1923?
Answer:
In 1923, a Royal Commission on Public Services was appointed with Lord Lee of Fareham as chairman. This commission recommended that recruitment to all-Indian services like the Indian Civil Service, the Indian Police Service and the Indian Forest Service should be made and controlled by the Secretary of State for India. The Lee Commission recommended the immediate establishment of a Public Service Commission.

Question 10.
Write a short note on the Act of 1935.
Answer:
The Act of 1935 also made provisions for the establishment of a Federal Public Service Commission at the Centre and the Provincial Public Service Commissions in the various provinces. Provision was also made for a Joint Public Service Commission in two or more Provinces. Although, the main aim of this measure was to serve the British interests, it became the base of the civil service system in independent India.

Question 11.
Name the provinces in which separates armies were organised during the British rule.
Answer:
During the early stage of British rule, three separate armies had been organised in three Presidencies of Bengal, Bombay and Madras.

Question 12.
Name the places where high courts were setup according to the Act of 1861.
Answer:
According to the Indian High Courts Act, 1861, three High Courts were set up in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras.

Question 13.
Brief the merits of the subsidiary Alliance for the British.
Answer:
Merits for the British:

1. The British Company maintained a large army at the expense of the Indian rulers.
2. All Frenchmen in the service of native rulers were dismissed, and the danger of French revival was completely eliminated.
3. The British Company began to control the foreign policy of the Princely States,
4. Wellesley’s diplomacy made the British the paramount power in India. He transformed the British Empire in India into the British empire of India.

Question 14.
What were the factors for the success of the British?
Answer:
Factors for the success of the British

1. Greater naval power.
2. Development of textile.
3. Scientific division of labour.
4. Economic prosperity and skilful diplomacy of the British.
5. Feelings of insecurity among the Indian merchants.
6. The inequality and ignorance of the Indian kings.

Question 15.
What was the impact of the policies of Subsidiary Alliance and Doctrine of Lapse in India?
Answer:
This policy led to a South Indian rebellion (1800 – 01), Vellore Rebellion (1806) and the Great Rebellion (1857).

Students can Download Computer Science Chapter 9 Introduction to C++ Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Science Solutions Chapter 9 Introduction to C++

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Science Introduction to C++ Text Book Back Questions and Answers

PART – 1
I. Choose The Correct Answer

11th Computer Science Chapter 9 Book Back Answers Question 1.
Who developed C++?
(a) Charles Babbage
(b) Bjame Stroustrup
(c) Bill Gates
(d) Sundar Pichi
Answer:
(b) Bjame Stroustrup

11th Computer Science Evaluate Yourself Answers Question 2.
What was the original name given to C++?
(a) CPP
(b) Advanced C
(c) C with Classes
(d) Class with C
Answer:
(c) C with Classes

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 11th Computer Science Question 3.
Who coined C++?
(a) Rick Mascitti
(b) Rick Bjame
(c) Bill Gates
(d) Dennis Ritchie
Answer:
(a) Rick Mascitti

Samacheer Kalvi Computer Science Question 4.
The smallest individual unit in a program is:
(a) Program
(b) Algorithm
(c) Flowchart
(d) Tokens
Answer:
(d) Tokens

Computer Science Samacheer Kalvi Question 5.
Which of the following operator is extraction operator of C++?
(a) >>
(b) <<
(c) <>
(d) ^^
Answer:
(a) >>

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Science Question 6.
Which of the following statements is not true?
(a) Keywords are the reserved words convey specific meaning to the C++ compiler.
(b) Reserved words or keywords can be used as an identifier name.
(c) An integer constant must have at least one digit without a decimal point.
(d) Exponent form of real constants consists of two parts
Answer:
(b) Reserved words or keywords can be used as an identifier name.

11th Samacheer Kalvi Computer Science Question 7.
Which of the following is a valid string literal?
(a) ‘A’
(b) ‘Welcome’
(c) 1232
(d) “1232”
Answer:
(d) “1232”

11th Computer Science Samacheer Kalvi Question 8.
A program written in high level language is called as ……………….
(a) Object code
(b) Source code
(c) Executable code
(d) All the above
Answer:
(b) Source code

Samacheer Kalvi Computer Science Book Question 9.
Assume a = 5, b = 6; what will be result of a & b?
(a) 4
(b) 5
(c) 1
(d) 0
Answer:
(a) 4

11 Computer Science Samacheer Kalvi Question 10.
Which of the following is called as compile time operators?
(a) sizeof
(b) pointer
(c) virtual
(d) this
Answer:
(a) sizeof

PART – 2
II. Answer to all the questions

Samacheer Kalvi.Guru 11th Computer Science Question 1.
What is meant by a token? Name the token available in C++.
Answer:
C++ program statements are constructed by many different small elelments such as commands, variables, constants and many more symbols called as operators and punctuators. Individual elements are collectively called as Lexical units or Lexical elements or Tokens. C++ has the following tokens:

1. Keywords
2. Identifiers
3. Literals
4. Operators
5. Punctuators

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Computer Science Book Back Answers Question 2.
What are keywords? Can keywords be used as identifiers?
Answer:
Keywords are the reserved words which convey specific meaning to the C++ compiler. They are the essential elements to construct C++ programs. Most of the keywords are common to C, C++ and Java. Keywords are reserved and cannot be used as identifiers.

Question 3.
The following constants are of which type?

1. 39
2. 032
3. OXCAFE
4. 04.14

Answer:

1. 39 – Decimal
2. 032 – Octal
3. OXCAFE – Hexadecimal
4. 04.14 – Decimal

Question 4.
Write the following real constants into the exponent form:

1. 23.197 00
2. 7.214
3. 0.00005
4. 0.319

Answer:

1. 23.197 = 0.23197 x 10² = 0.23197E2
2. 00 7.214 = 0.7214 x 10¹ = 0.7214E1
3. 0.00005 = 0.5 x 10^-4 = 0.5E – 4
4. 0.319 = 3.19 x 10^-1 = 3.19E – 1

Question 5.
Assume n = 10; what will be result of n>>2;?
Answer:

Question 6.
Match the following:

Answer:

PART – 3
III. Answer to all the questions

Question 1.
Describe the differences between keywords and identifiers?
Answer:
Keywords:

• Keywords are the reserved words which convey specific meaning to the C++ compiler.
• They are essential elements to construct C++ programs.
• Most of the keywords are common to C, C++ and Java.

Identifiers:

• Identifiers are the user-defined names given to different parts of the C++ program.
• They are the fundamental building blocks of a program.
• Every language has specific rules for naming the identifiers.

Question 2.
Is C++ case sensitive? What is meant by the term “case sensitive”?
Answer:
C++ is a case sensitive programming language so, all the keywords must be in lowercase. Case sensitive means that the uppercase and lowercase letters are considered differently.

Question 3.
Differentiate “=” and “==”.
Answer:

=	= =
‘=’ is an assignment operator	‘= =’ is an equal to operator and it is a relational operator.
It is used to assign the value of variable or expression	It is used for comparison of both left and right side operands.

Question 4.
Assume a = 10, b = 15; What will be the value of a^b?
Answer:

Question 5.
What is the difference between “Run time error” and “Syntax error”?
Answer:
Run – time Error:

• A run time error occurs during the execution of a program. It occurs because of some illegal operation that takes place.
• For example, if a program tries to open a file which does not exist, it results in a run – time error.

Syntax Error:

• Syntax errors occur when grammatical rules of C++ are violated.
• Example: if you type as follows, C++ will throw an error.
  cout << “Welcome to Programming in C++”

Question 6.
What are the differences between “Logical error” and “Syntax error”?
Answer:
Logical Error : Logical errors occur when there is an incorrect usage of variable / operator / order of execution etc. It is also called as Semantic Error.

Syntax Error : Syntax errors occur when grammatical rules of C++ are violated.

Question 7.
What is the use of a header file?
Answer:
Header files contain definitions of Functions and Variables, which is imported or used into any C++ program by using the pre – processor #include statement. Header files have an extension “.h” which contains C++ function declaration and macro definition.
Example: #include

Question 8.
Why is main function special?
Answer:
C++ program is a collection of functions. Every C++ program must have a main function. The main() function is the starting point where all C++ programs begin their execution. Therefore, the executable statements should be inside the main() function.

Question 9.
Write two advantages of using include compiler directive.
Answer:

1. The program is broken down into modules, thus making it more simplified.
2. More library functions can be used, at the same time size of the program is retained.

Question 10.
Write the following in real constants.

1. 15.223
2. 211.05
3. 0.00025

Answer:

1. 15.223 = 0.15223E2
2. 211.05 = 0.21105E3
3. 0.00025 = 0.25E – 3

PART – 4
IV. Answer all the questions

Question 1.
Write about Binary operators used in C++.
Answer:
Binary Operators require two operands:
Arithmetic operators that perform simple arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division (+, -, *, %, /) etc. are binary operators which requires minimum of two operands.

Relational operators are used to determine the relationship between its operands. The relational operators (<, >, >=, <=, ==, !=) are applied on two operands, hence they are binary operators. AND, OR (logical operator) both are binary operators. Assignment operator is also a binary operator (+=, – =, *=, /=, %=).

Question 2.
What are the types of Errors?
Answer:

Type of Error	Description
Syntax Error	Syntax errors occur when grammatical rules of C++ are violated.
Semantic Error	Semantic Error occur when there is wrong use of variable / operator / order of execution etc. It is also called as Logical Error.
Run – time error	A run time error occurs during the execution of a program. It is occurs because of some illegal operation that takes place.

Question 3.
Assume a = 15, b = 20; What will be the result of the following operations?
(a) a&b
(b) a|b
(c) a^b
(d) a>>3
(e) (~b)
Answer:

PART – 1
I. Choose the correct answer

Question 1.
How many categories of data types available in C++?
(a) 5
(b) 4
(c) 3
(d) 2
Answer:
(c) 3

Question 2.
Which of the following data types is not a fundamental type?
(a) signed
(b) int
(c) float
(d) char
Answer:
(a) signed

Question 3.
What will be the result of following statement?
char ch= ‘B’;
cout<< (int) ch;
(a) B
(b) b
(c) 65
(d) 66
Answer:
(d) 66

Question 4.
Which of the character is used as suffix to indicate a floating point value?
(a) F
(b) C
(c) L
(d) D
Answer:
(a) F

Question 5.
How many bytes of memory allocates for the following variable declaration if you are using
Dev C++? short int x;
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 6
(d) 8
Answer:
(a) 2

Question 6.
What is the output of the following snippet?
charch =‘A’;
ch = ch + 1;
(a) B
(b) A1
(c) F
(d) 1A
Answer:
(a) B

Question 7.
Which of the following is not a data type modifier?
(a) signed
(b) int
(c) long
(d) short
Answer:
(b) int

Question 8.
Which of the following operator returns the size of the data type?
(a) sizeof()
(b) int ()
(c) long ()
(d) double ()
Answer:
(a) sizeof()

Question 9.
Which operator is used to access reference of a variable?
(a) $
(b) #
(c) &
(d) !
Answer:
(c) &

Question 10.
This can be used as alternate to endl command:
(a) \t
(b) \b
(a) \0
(d) \n
Answer:
(d) \n

PART – 2
II. Answer to all the questions

Question 1.
Write a short note const keyword with an example.
Answer:
const is the keyword used to declare a constant, const keyword modifies / restricts the accessibility of a variable. So, it is known as Access modifier.

Question 2.
What is the use of setw( ) format manipulator?
Answer:
setw manipulator sets the width of the field assigned for the output. The field width determines the minimum number of characters to be written in output.
Syntax:
setw(number of characters)

Question 3.
Why is char often treated as integer data type?
Answer:
Character data type accepts and returns all valid ASCII characters. Character data type is often said to be an integer type, since all the characters are represented in memory by their associated ASCII Codes. If a variable is declared as char, C++ allows storing either a character or an integer value.

Question 4.
What is a reference variable? What is its use?
Answer:
Reference variable in C++ is alias for existing variable. They store nothing but the address of the variable used at the time of its declaration. It is important to assign the reference variable at the time of declaration, else it will show an error.

Question 5.
Consider the following C++ statement. Are they equivalent?
char ch = 67;
charch = ‘C’;
Answer:
Both the statements are equivalent as they declare ‘ch’ to be char and initialize it with the value of 67. Since this is the ASCII code for ‘C’, the character constant also can be used to initialize ‘ch’ to 67.

Question 6.
What is the difference between 56L and 56?
Answer:
56L – The suffix L forces the constant to be represented as long, which occupies 4 bytes.

56 – This will be represented as int type constant which occupies 2 bytes as per Turbo C++.

Question 7.
Determine which of the following are valid constant? And specify their type.

1. 0 0.5
2. ‘Name’
3. ‘\t’
4. 27,822

Answer:

1. 0.5 – is a valid constant. It is a decimal.
2. ‘Name’ – Invalid constant as single quote is not allowed.
3. ‘\t’ – Escape sequence (or) non – graphical character (horizontal tab).
4. 27,822 – Invalid constant. Comma is not allowed.

Question 8.
Suppose x and y are two double type variable that you want add as integer and assign to an integer variable. Construct a C++ statement for the doing so.
Answer:
double x = 10.5, y = 4.5; int a;
a = int (x) + int (y);

Question 9.
What will be the result of following if num=6 initially.
(a) cout << num;
(b) cout << (num==5);
Answer:
(a) 6 (b) False

Question 10.
Which of the following two statements are valid? Why? Also w rite their result, int a; a = 3,014; a=(3,014);
Answer:
It is invalid as comma is not allowed in an integer constant. It is valid. Comma in bracket is allowed.

PART – 3
III. Answer to all the questions

Question 1.
What are arithmetic operators in C++? Differentiate unary and binary arithmetic operators. Give example for each of them.
Answer:
Arithmetic operators : perform simple arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division etc.
Unary Operators : Require only one operand . Example: +, -, *, /, %, >, <, <=, AND, OR

Binary Operators:

1. Require two operands
2. Example: ++ (Plus, Plus) Increment operator, – – (Minus, Minus) Decrement operator, NOT, ~,

Question 2.
Evaluate x + = x + + + x; Let x = 5;
Answer:
x + = x + + + x (x = 5) x + = x + + + 5 (x becomes 6)
x + = 6 + 6
x + = 12
x = 6 + 12
x = 18

Question 3.
How relational operators and logical operators are related to one another?
Answer:
Relational operators are used to determine the relationship between its operands. When the relational operators are applied on two operands, the result will be a boolean value 1 or 0 which represents True or False respectively which represents logical operator.

Question 4.
Evaluate the following C++ expressions where x, y, z are integers and m, n are floating point numbers. The value of x = 5, y = 4 and m = 2.5;
Answer:

1. n = x + y / x;
2. z = m * x + y;
3. z = (x++) * m + x;

Answer:
1. n = x + y / x;
= 5 + 4/5
= 5 + 0 (both x and y are int type. Therefore only integer part of quotient is considered)
=5

2. z = m * x + y;
= 2.5 * 5 + 4 (m is float type, so x value is promoted to float [implicit conversion])
= 12.5 + 4 ‘
= 16 (2 is int type. So ‘.2’, the fractional part is discarded)

3. z = (x++) * m + x;
= 5*2.5 + x
= 12.5 + 5
= 18 (z is int type, therefore the fractional part is removed, x is incremented after the addition)

Samacheer kalvi 11th Computer Science Introduction to C++ Additional Questions and Answers

PART – 1
I. Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
The latest standard version published in December 2017 as ISO/IEC …………….. which is informally known as C++ 17.
(a) 14882 : 1998
(b) 14883 : 2017
(c) 14882 : 2017
(d) 14882 : 2000
Answer:
(c) 14882 : 2017

Question 2.
The smallest individual unit in a program is known as ……………..
(a) token
(b) lexical unit
(c) lexical element
(d) all the above
Answer:
(d) all the above

Question 3.
Integer constant is also called as ……………..
(a) fixed point constant
(b) floating point constant
(c) real constants
(d) boolean literals
Answer:
(a) fixed point constant

Question 4.
Exponent form of real constants consists of parts.
(a) 3
(b) 2
(c) 5
(d) 4
Answer:
(b) 2

Question 5.
…………….. relational operators are binary operators.
(a) 7
(b) 8
(c) 6
(d) 2
Answer:
(c) 6

Question 6.
Match the following

(a) 1 – (i) 2 – (ii) 3 – (iii) 4 – (iv)
(b) 1 – (iv) 2 – (ii) 3 – (iii) 4 – (i)
(c) 1 – (i) 2 – (iii) 3 – (ii) 4 – (iv)
(d) 1 – (i) 2 – (ii) 3 – (iv) 4 – (iii)
Answer:
(b) 1 – (iv) 2 – (ii) 3 – (iii) 4 – (i)

Question 7
…………….. used to label a statement.
(a) colon
(b) comma
(c) semi – colon
(d) parenthesis
Answer:
(a) colon

Question 8.
Match the following

(a) 1 – (i) 2 – (ii) 3 – (iii) 4 – (iv)
(b) 1 – (ii) 2 – (iv) 3 – (i) 4 – (iii)
(c) 1 – (i) 2 – (iii) 3 – (ii) 4 – (iv)
(d) 1 – (i) 2 – (ii) 3 – (iv) 4 – (iii)
Answer:
(d) 1 – (i) 2 – (ii) 3 – (iv) 4 – (iii)

Question 9.
IDE stands for ……………..
(a) Integrated Development Environment
(b) International Development Environment
(c) Integrated Digital Environment
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) Integrated Development Environment

Question 10.
In programming language …………….. are referred as variables and the values are referred to as data.
(a) constant
(b) integer
(c) fields
(d) files
Answer:
(c) fields

Question 11.
…………….. data type signed more precision fractional value.
(a) char
(b) short
(c) long double
(d) signed doubles
Answer:
(c) long double

Question 12.
Syntax for reference is ……………..
(a) =
(b) = <& reference>
(c) <&reference_variable>=
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) <&reference_variable>=

Question 13.
…………….. manipulator is the member of iomanip header file.
(a) setw
(b) setfill
(c) setf
(d) all the above
Answer:
(d) all the above

Question 14.
…………….. is used to set the number of decimal places to be displayed.
(a) Set precision
(b) Garbage
(c) Constant
(d) All the above
Answer:
(a) Set precision

Question 15.
Match the following

(a) 1 – (iv) 2 – (iii) 3 – (ii) 4 – (i)
(b) 1 – (i) 2 – (ii) 3 – (iii) 4 – (iv)
(c) 1 – (iv) 2 – (i) 3 – (i) 4 – (iii)
(d) 1 – (iv) 2 – (iii) 3 – (i) 4 – (ii)
Answer:
(a) 1 – (iv) 2 – (iii) 3 – (ii) 4 – (i)

PART – 2
II. Short Answers

Question 1.
Mention any two benefits of C++.
Answer:

1. C++ is a highly portable language and is often the language of choice for multi – device, multi – platform app development.
2. C++ is an object – oriented programming language and includes classes, inheritance, polymorphism, data abstraction and encapsulation.

Question 2.
What is the use of Boolean literals?
Answer:
Boolean literals are used to represent one of the Boolean values (True or false). Internally true has value 1 and false has value 0.

Question 3.
What are the types of C++ operators based on the number of operands?
Answer:
The types of C++ operators based on the number of operands are:

1. Unary Operators – Require only one operand
2. Binary Operators – Require two operands
3. Ternary Operators – Require three operands

Question 4.
What are the types of bitwise operators?
Answer:
In C++, there are three kinds of bitwise operators, which are:

1. Logical bitwise operators
2. Bitwise shift operators
3. One’s compliment operators

Question 5.
What is stream extraction operator?
Answer:
C++ provides the operator >> to get input. It extracts the value through the keyboard and assigns it to the variable on its right; hence, it is called as “Stream extraction” or “get from” operator.

Question 6.
Expand IDE and GNU.
Answer:
IDE stands for Integrated Development Environment and GNU stands for General Public License.

Question 7.
What are the main types of C++ datatypes?
Answer:
In C++, the data types are classified as three main categories

1. Fundamental data types
2. User – defined data types and
3. Derived data types.

Question 8.
Write C++ program to accept any character and display its next character.
Answer:
C++ Program to accept any character and display its next character

The output produced by the program will be
Enter a character: A
The Next character: B

Question 9.
Write C++ program to find the area of circle.
Answer:
C++Program to find the area of circle

Output:
Enter Radius: 6.5
The Area of the circle is 132.665

Question 10.
What is Junk (or) Garbage values?
Answer:
If you declare a variable without any initial value, the memory space allocated to that variable will be occupied with some unknown value. These unknown values are called as “Junk” or “Garbage” values.

PART – 3
III. Explain in Brief

Question 1.
What are the uses of Set precision?
Answer:
setprecision () prints the values from left to right. For the above code, first, it will take 4 digits and then prints one digit from fractional portion. setprecision can also be used to set the number of decimal places to be displayed. In order to do this task, you will have to set an ios flag within setf() manipulator. This may be used in two forms: fixed and (i) fixed (ii) scientific These two forms are used when the keywords fixed or scientific are appropriately used before the setprecision manipulator.

Question 2.
Define – Expression?
Answer:
An expression is a combination of operators, constants and variables arranged as per the rules of C++. It may also include function calls which return values.

Question 3.
What is Automatic conversion and Type promotion?
Answer:
An Implicit type conversion is a conversion performed by the compiler automatically. So, implicit conversion is also called as “Automatic conversion”. This type of conversion is applied usually whenever different data types are intermixed in an expression. If the type of the operands differ, the compiler converts one of them to match with the other, using the rule that the “smaller” type is converted to the “wider” type, which is called as “Type Promotion”.

Question 4.
What is type casting. Write its syntax?
Answer:
C++ allows explicit conversion of variables or expressions from one data type to another specific data type by the programmer. It is called as “type casting”.
Syntax:
(type – name) expression;
Where type – name is a valid C++ data type to which the conversion is to be performed.

Question 5.
What kind of constants are the following?

1. 0X568
2. – 27
3. – 27

Answer:

1. Hexadecimal
2. Decimal
3. Octal

Question 6.
What are the types of C++operators?
Answer:
C++ Operators are classified as:

1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Relational Operators
3. Logical Operators
4. Bitwise Operators
5. Assignment Operators
6. Conditional Operator
7. Other Operators

Question 7.
Convert the following real constants into exponent form:

1. 12.0005
2. 0.00000009
3. 7.9283

Answer:
0 12.0005 = 0.120005 x 10² = 0.120005E2
0.00000009 = 0.9 x 10^-7 = 0.9E-7
7.9283 = 0.79283 x 10¹ = 0.79283E1

Question 8.
If a = 15; what is the result of a<<3 and a >> 2?
If a = 15; equivalent binary value of a is 00001111
Answer:

Question 9.
If b = 15 what is the result of ~b?
If b = 15; equivalent binary value of b is 00001111
Answer:

Question 10.
If a = 65, b = 15, what is the result of a|b?
Equivalent Binary values of 65 = 01000001; 15 = 00001111
Answer:

PART – 4
IV. Explain in Detail

Question 1.
Explain steps involved in creating and execution of C++ program.
Answer:
For creating and executing a C++ program, one must follow four important steps.
1. Creating Source code : Creating includes typing and editing the valid C++ code as per the rules followed by the C++ Compiler.

2. Saving source code with extension .cpp
After typing, the source code should be saved with the extension .cpp

3. Compilation
This is an important step in constructing a program. In compilation, compiler links the library files with the source code and verifies each and every line of code. If any mistake or error is found, it will inform you to make corrections. If there are no errors, it translates the source code into machine readable object file with an extension .obj

4. Execution
Execution is the final step of construction of a C++ Program. In this stage, the object file becomes an executable file with extension .exe. Once the program becomes an executable file, the program has an independent existence. This means, you can run your application without the help of any compiler or IDE.

Question 2.
Explain working with Dev C++.
Answer:
Dev C++ is an open source, cross platform (alpha version available for Linux), full featured Integrated Development Environment (IDE) distributed with the GNU General Public License for programming in C and C++. It is written in Delphi. It can be downloaded from
http://www.bloodshed.net/dev/devcpp.html

After installation Dev C++ icon is available on the desktop. Double click to open IDE. Dev C++ IDE appears.
To create a source file, Select File → New → Source file or Press Ctrl + N.
On the screen that appears, type your C++ program, and save the file by clicking File → Save or Pressing Ctrl + S. It will add .cpp by default at the end of your source code file. No need to type .cpp along with your file name.

After save, Click Execute → Compile and Run or press F11 key.
After successful compilation, output will appear in output console, as follows

Question 3.
Draw memory allocation of a variable and int type variable.
Answer:

Question 4.
Write the C++ program to find the curved surface area of the cylinder.
C++ Program to find the Curved Surface Area of a cylinder (CSA) (CSA = 2 nr * h)
Answer:
#include
using namespace std;
int main()
{

float pi = 3.14, radius, height, CSA;
cout << “\n Curved Surface Area of a cylinder”;
cout << “\n Enter Radius (in cm):”; cin >> radius;
cout << “\n Enter Height (in cm):”; cin >> height;
CSA = (2*pi*radius)*height; system (“els”);
cout << “\n Radius:” << radius « “cm”;
cout << “\n Height:” << height« “cm”;
cout << “\n Curved Surface Area of a Cylinder is” << CSA «“sq. cm.”;

}

Output:
Curved Surface Area of a cylinder
Enter Radius (in cm) : 7
Enter Height (in cm) : 20
Radius : 7cm
Height : 20cm
Curved Surface Area of a Cylinder is 879.2 sq. cm.

Question 5.
Write the C++ program to calculate Net salary.
Program to Calculate Net Salary
Answer:
#include
#include using namespace std;
int main()
{

float basic, da, hra, gpf, tax, gross, np; char name[30];
cout << “\n Enter Basic Pay:”; cin >> basic;
cout<< “\n Enter D.A cin >> da;
cout << “\n Enter H.R.A:”; cin >> hra;
gross = basic+da+hra; // sum of basic, da nad hra
gpf = (basic+da) * 0.10; //10% of basic and da
tax = gross * 0.10; //10% of gross pay
np = gross – (gpf+tax); //netpay = earnings – deductions
cout << setw(25) << “Basic Pay:” << setw(10) << basic << endl;
cout << setw(25) << “Dearness Allowance:”<< setw(10) << da << endl;
cout << setw(25) << “House Rent Allowance:” << setw(10) << hra << endl;
cout << setw(25) << “Gross Pay:” << setw(10) << gross << endl;
cout << setw(25) << “G.P.F:” << setw(10) << gpf << endl;
cout << setw(25) << “Income Tax:” << setw(10) << tax << endl;
cout << setw(25) << “Net Pay:” << setw(10) << np << endl;

}
The output will be,
Enter Basic Pay : 12000
Enter D.A : 1250
Enter H.R.A : 1450
Basic Pay : 12000
Dearness Allowance : 1250
House Rent Allowance : 1450
Gross Pay : 14700
G.P.F : 1325
Income Tax : 1470
Net Pay : 11905

Question 6.
If a = 17, b = 24, what is the result of the following?

1. a & b
2. a|b
3. a^b
4. a>>3
5. ~ b

Answer:

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Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 10th English Vocabulary Clipped Words

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Some examples of clipped words

1.	aeroplane	plane
2.	agriculture	Agri
3.	alchemist	chemist
4.	alumni/alumna	alum
5.	amend	mend
6.	apollinaris	Polly
7.	automobile	auto
8.	beautiful	beauty
9.	biology	bio
10.	botany	bot
11.	brassiere	bra
12.	brother	bro
13.	burst	bust
14.	buttocks	butt
15.	cablegram	cable
16.	cafeteria	cafe
17.	calculus	calc
18.	cellphone	cell
19.	centum	cent
20.	champion	champ
21.	chemistry	chem
22.	chimpanzee	chimp
23.	cleric	clerk
24.	coattails	tails
25/	coca-cola / cocaine	coke
26.	coeducational	coed
27.	comprehensive	comp
28.	condominium	condo
29.	co-operative	co-op
30.	cousin	cous
31.	cucumber	cuke
32.	daddy	dad
33.	daily paper	daily
34.	delicatessen / delicacy	deli
35.	dental / dentistry	dent
36t,	detective	tec
37.	differential	diff
38.	disport	sport
39.	distill	still
40.	doctor	doc
41.	dormitory	dorm
42.	drapery	drape
43.	earthquake	quake
44.	ecology	eco
45.	electronic mail	e-mail
46.	enthusiasm	enthu
47.	examination	exam
48.	fabulous	fab
49.	faggot	fag
50.	fraternity	frat
51.	gabble	gab
52.	gasoline	gas
53.	gentleman	gent
54.	graduate	grad
55.	Gypsy	gyp
56.	hackney	hack
57.	head-shrinker	shrink
58.	hippopotamus	hippo
59.	homosexual	homo
60.	information	info
61.	internet	net
62.	jet aircraft	jet
63.	laboratory	lab
64.	lavatory	lav
65.	limousine	limo
66.	literature	lit
67.	lubricate	lube
68.	luncheon	lunch
69.	mathematics	maths
70.	maximum	max
71.	medical	medic
72.	memorandum	memo
73.	mistress	miss
74.	mobile vulgus	mob
75.	modem	mod
76.	mommy	mom
77.	motorcar	car
78.	moving picture	movie
79.	non-vegetarian	non-veg
80.	oleomargarine	margarine
81.	parachute	chute
82.	parole d’honneur	parole
83.	penitentiary	pen
88.	photograph	photo
89.	pianoforte	piano
90.	popular	pop
91.	president	pres
92.	professional	pro
93.	professor	prof
94.	promenade	prom
95.	psychology	psych
96.	public house	pub
97.	pugnacious	pug
98.	pyjamas	jams / jammies
99.	quadrangle / quadraphonic	quad
100.	raccoon	coon
101.	referee/reference	ref
102.	refrigerator	fridge
103.	representative	rep
104.	revolution / reverend	rev
105.	rhinoceros	rhino
106.	robot	bot
107.	saxophone	sax
108.	schizophrenic	schizo
109.	scramble	scram
110.	squadron	squad
111..	specifications	specs
112.	statistics	stats
113.	sweat suit	sweats
114.	synchronise	sync
115.	teacher	teach
116.	technical	tech
117.	teenager	teen
118.	telephone	phone
119.	television	tele
120.	trigonometry	trig
121.	triumph	trump
122.	trombone	bone
123.	turnpike	pike
124.	tuxedo	tux
125.	tympani	tymps
126.	universal joint	U joint
127.	university	varsity
128.	vegetarian	veg
129.	veteran / veterinarian	vet
130.	website	web
131.	zoological garden	zoo

Unclipped Words

1.	vet	veterinarian
2.	typo	typographical error
3.	taxi	taxicab
4.	sub	submarine
5.	sopho	sophomore
6.	pop music	popular music
7.	mike	microphone
8.	perm	permanent wave
9.	sci-fi	science fiction
10.	car	carriage
11.	mum	chrysanthemum
12.	croc	crocodile
13.	deb	debutante
14.	curio	curiosity
15.	fax	facsimile
16.	iron	flatiron
17.	pant	pantaloon
18.	burger	hamburger
19.	ID	identification
20.	recap	recapitulate
21.	mart	market
22.	gym	gymnasium
23.	mini	minimum
24.	stereo	stereophonic

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Many of us have unused, old but valuable items at home. If we wish to get rid of them, we can sell them at an auction. Items like paintings, jewels, household articles, vehicles, even houses can be auctioned.

The flowchart below will help you understand how an auction is conducted.

Samacheer Kalvi 11th English Tight Corners Textual Questions

Tight Corner Questions And Answers Question (a)
Describe the activity that was going on in the sale – room at King Street.
Answer:
Christie Auction house was full. The auction house was selling Barbizon pictures and getting tremendous sums for each. Some were sold for two thousand and some for three thousand pounds. It was surprising to observe that all the sold items were little bit of things like forest scenes, pools at evening, shepherdesses and the regular subjects.

Tight Corners Pdf Question (b)
What can you say about the author’s attitude when he high-handedly participated in the auction?
Answer:
The author behaved like a gambler. He risked high banking on serendipity alone. In reality, he should have a minimum balance of 500 pounds in his bank account to be eligible to be a bidder in the auction. But he had only sixty three pounds. He didn’t have rich acquaintances or relatives who could bail him out-of a financial crisis of such a serious nature at a short notice. So, the author’s participation in the auction in a high handed manner demonstrates his audacity combined with absurdity.

Tight Corners Question (c)
Why was the author sure he would not be caught?
Answer:
The author decided to bid safely by just raising the stake a little bit and leave it for real millionaires to go ahead. Thus he was sure that he would not be caught.

Tight Corners Paragraph Question (d)
What made the author ignore his friend’s warning?
Answer:
The author was confident that he couldn’t run any risks by a playful participation in the auction. So, he ignored his friend’s warning.

Tight Corners Lesson Question (e)
How had the author managed the auction without getting involved in the deal?
Answer:
Although many bids ended up in four figures, they were started with a modest price of fifty to hundred guineas only. He ventured till the figures reached.only upto three digits. Thus he managed the auction without getting involved in the deal.

Summary Of The Lesson Tight Corners Question (f)
What came as a shock to the author?
Answer:
Unlike previous lots, one painting’s launch price was four thousand pounds. When, the millionaires were too stunned to react, the author had sheepishly said “and fifty”. The auctioneer clinched the deal in the author’s favour. This was a rude shock to the author because he did not wish to buy any painting.” .

Tight Corners Book Back Answers Question (g)
What did the falling of the hammer indicate?
Answer:
The falling of the hammer indicated “closure of the bid” and it mandated the highest bidder to pay and collect his purchase.

Tight Corners Theme Question (h)
What made the friend laugh heartily?
Answer:
The author’s friend realized that he had got into a pickle and there was no possible escape. Looking.at the crisis from outside made him laugh heartily.

Tight Corners Summary In English Question (i)
What kind of excuses did the narrator think he could make?
Answer:
The author speculated on the possibility of confessing his poverty to one of Christie ’s staff and request to put up the picture for sale once again.

Tight Corners Summary In Tamil Question (j)
Why did the friend desert the narrator, a second time?
Answer:
The author’s friend was so much tickled by the comedy of the situation that he deserted the author for a second time to have a hearty laugh alone.

Tight Corners Moral Question (k)
How does the narrator describe the man who approached him?
Answer:
The man who approached the author wore a green baize apron and spoke in a husky cockney tones. He had come to find out if he would accept the offer of fifty guineas for his expression of interest for Daubigny.

Question (l)
How does the Narrator show presence of mind in the sudden turn of events?
Answer:
The author should have been grateful for the stranger’s offer to bail him out of potential insolvency. He could have embraced him and even accepted fifty farthings for restoring him from a mental agony. But he asked the mediator if that was the most he could offer. This was . nothing but wordly guile. The man offered to find out saying there was no harm trying for a bit more. The author gave his ultimatum that he would take a hundred. He got a cheque for hundred guineas.

Question (m)
The narrator would not forget two things about his friend. What are they?
Answer:
The author’s friend only persuaded him to go to Christie’s auction. Secondly, he was the only witness to the author ’s mental agony in trying to get out of the crisis.

1. Choose the most appropriate answer for the following questions:

Question (a)
‘Tight Comer’ means a
(i) difficult situation
(ii) crowded comer
(iii) tragic incident
(iv) fierce fight
Answer:
(i) difficult situation

Question (b)
Barbizon refers to a
(i) kind of paint
(ii) type of architecture
(iii) a region in Britain
(iv) a French school of painting
Answer:
(iv) a French school of painting

Question (c)
The narrator visited the sale-room as he
(i) wished to see an auction
(ii) had a painting to sell
(iii) was persuaded by his friend
(iv) wanted to buy a painting
Answer:
(iii) was persuaded by his friend

Question (d)
The narrator had been a safe contributor at the auction, as
(i) there were bidders quoting higher prices
(ii) he had a sound financial background
(iii) his friend had lent him money
(iv) he did not make any bidding
Answer:
(i) there were bidders quoting higher prices

Question (e)
‘And I got it.’ Here‘it’refers to the’
(i) the picture
(ii) the price
(iii) an award
(iv) the card
Answer:
(iv) the card

2. Answer the following questions:

Question (a)
What is a tight corner? What happens when one finds oneself in a tight corner?
Answer:
Tight comer is a difficult situation. When one finds oneself in a tight comer, one worries and thinks seriously about the ways of getting out of it.

 

Question (b)
What is the difference between a physical and mental tight corner?
Answer:
Physical tight comers are those situations which threaten the lives of an individual. Mental tight comers are worries for which no solution is in sight. It upsets the individuals and confounds them. .

Question (c)
Why did the narrator visit Christie’s?
Answer:
The narrator visited Christie’s to watch the process of auctioning.

Question (d)
The narrator heard his own voice saying, ‘and fifty’. What does this suggest?
Answer:
The narrator heard his voice saying “and fifty”. This suggested that he offered to buy the painting by paying four thousand fifty guineas.

Question (e)
What was the narrator’s financial condition?
Answer:
The narrator had just sixty three pounds in his bank account. The tragic fact was that he did not even have 500 pounds which was the security deposit to be eligible to bid for the paintings.

Question (h)
The narrator could not pretend to have made a mistake in bidding. Why?
Answer:
The narrator had made bids for many paintings. Now he could not confess his poverty. So, he could not pretend tahave made a genuine mistake.

Question (g)
What could have been the best way for the narrator, to get himself out of the tight corner?
Answer:
The author could have confessed his poverty and
requested the auctioned picture to be put up again for “sale” again to get himself freed from the auction.

Question (h)
Why did the narrator feel he could have welcomed a firing party?
Answer:
The author had made many bids in a low margin and got escaped. But he got trapped by saying “and fifty” when a picture was put up for sale with a starting price of 4000 guineas. No one else raised the stake. The auctioner rang the bell and the author realized with alarm how on earth he could ever raise that much money. He thought he could find a firing party to shoot him down. Death is better than public disgrace.

Question (i)
What was the bidder’s offer to the narrator?
Answer:
The bidder offered 50 guineas to the narrator to give up his claim of the painting.

Question (j)
How did the narrator take advantage of the situation?
Answer:
The author asked the mediator of the bidder if that was the most he could offer. The mediator said that there was no harm in asking for a little more. Then the narrator gave his ultimatum that he would take hundred. This showed how guile the narrator was though the stranger was inadvertently rescuing him from a tight comer.

3. Form a meaningful summary of the lesson by rewriting the numbers in the correct sequence:

(a) The narrator had only 63 pounds with him and did not know how to manage the situation. [ ]
(b) The narrator thought of ail his relations from whom he could borrow. [ ]
(c) Unfortunately he had made the highest bid. [ ]
(d) The narrator entered Christie’s as his friend persuaded him to visit the sale room. [ ]
(e) Every time someone else made a higher bid and hence the narrator was not caught. [ ]
(f) The narrator on a sudden impulse added 50 more guineas, to the amount offered. [ ]
(g) His friend joined him then but left immediately unable to control his laughter. [ ]
(h) He even thought of borrowing from money lenders and considered the possibility of confessing the truth to the staff at Christie’s. [ ]
(i) The picture was declared sold to the narrator. [ ]
(j) After sometime a picture was put up and a bid for 4000 guineas was raised. [ ]
(k) A sudden stroke of luck befell the narrator when he heard that the gentleman who had made the bid of 4000 guineas would offer him the additional 50 guineas and buy the picture. [ ]
(l) The narrator kept bidding just for fun. [ ]
(m) The picture was given away to the other bidder and the narrator was saved from humiliation. [ ]
(n) His friend had left the place roaring with laughter at the narrator’s predicament. [ ]
(o) The narrator was too happy at the offer but demanded 100 guineas instead of the 50. Now there was no need for him to make any payment. [ ]

Answer:

1. The narrator entered Christie’s as his friend persuaded him to visit the sale room.
2. The narrator kept bidding just for fun.
3. Every time someone else made a higher bid and hence the narrator was not caught.
4. After sometime a picture was put up and a bid for 4000 guineas was raised.
5. The narrator on a sudden impulse added 50 more guineas, to the amount offered.
6. Unfortunately he had made the highest bid.
7. The picture was declared sold to the narrator.
8. The narrator had only 63 pounds with him and did not know how to manage the situation.
9. The narrator thought of all his relations from whom he could borrow.
10. He even thought of borrowing from moneylenders and considered the possibility of confessing the truth to the staff at Christie’s,
11. His friend had left the place roaring with laughter at the narrator’s predicament. .
12. A sudden stroke of luck befell the narrator when he heard that the gent who had made the bid of 4000 guineas would offer him the additional 50 guineas and buy the picture.
13. The narrator was too happy at the offer but demanded 100 guineas instead of the 50. Now there was no need for him to make any payment.
14. The picture was given away to the other bidder and the narrator was saved from humiliation.
15. His friend joined him then but left immediately unable to control his laughter.

4. Answer the following questions in a paragraph of about 100 – 150 words.

Question (a)
Narrate the circumstances that led to the narrator getting into a tight corner, by his own folly.
Answer:
Lucas learnt that an auction was in progress. His friend suggested that they peeped in, to watch the fun. Despite the caution from his friend, he started bidding at moderate rates. He had only 63 pounds in his account. A bidder was supposed to have a minimum of 500 pounds to take part in the bid. As bidding for most of the paintings were started with two or three digits in guineas, the author sailed through raising the stakes of many paintings and staying behind watching millionaires bid with higher prices. But one painting viz big Daubigny was launched at an offer price of 4000 Guineas.

Only one bidder showed interest. The rest were in silence. The author heard himself say “and fifty”. After seconds of uncomfortable silence, the dealer banged the hammer indicating the acceptance of the narrator’s offer of 4050 guineas for the painting. It was only then the narrator realized that he was in a tight comer. He wished a firing squad would be welcomed to eliminate him and put an end to his mental agony. He had no friend or relative or even money lenders who could extend him a loan to raise the money. He had got into a mess of his own choice.

“Auction houses run a rigged game. They know exactly how many people will be bidding on a work and exactly who they are. In a gallery, works of art just needs on to pay. ”

 

Question (b)
Trace the thoughts that went on in the mind of the narrator when picture after picture was put up and sold at the auction.
Answer:
The author was enthusiastically participating in the bid at Christie with very little money on him. He sailed smooth for a long time raising the stakes on many paintings and carefully staying behind other competitors. It was fun watching till he got trapped in a net, set by his own tongue. When one particular painting was offered for 4000 guineas, the bidders maintained an uncomfortable silence when the author heard himself foolishly saying “and fifty”. The auctioner banged the hammer finalizing the deal in the narrator’s favour.

It was then the narrator realized with alarm that he had no money on him. Suddenly he lost interest in fun bidding. He started thinking fast for a way out of the tight comer he had created for himself. Many small and big paintings were offered and sold out fast. The Barbizon pictures were selling fast like hot cakes for 2000 to 3000 guineas. The author was running over the names of friends, relatives and even money lenders who might bail him out of the tight comer. He even speculated on the possibility of confessing his poverty to the staff of Christie and request them to put up the picture again for sale. Such a genuine mistake could have been rectified at the early stages of auction. As he had enthusiastically participated in the bid for many paintings,

the auctioners wouldn’t buy his justification for the “genuine mistake”. As bidders stood in a queue to hand in their cheques/cash to collect their paintings, the narrator stood deliberately at the end. He never felt such a fool or had colder feet all his life.

“People do not wish to appear foolish; to avoid the appearance of foolishness, they are will to
remain actually fools but wait in patience for the right time

Question (c)
Explain how the narrator got out of the tight corner that he was in.
Answer:
When the author was perplexed beyond measure and was even ready to welcome a firing squad to bail him out of the current crisis, a divine chance presented itself to the narrator. The narrator had stupidly given an open bid to buy “big Daubigny” for 4050 guineas when he had only 63 pounds in his bank account. However hard he tried, he could not recall a name of an “uncle” or a friend who could extend him a loan to cover the price of the painting. To delay disgrace, he was standing at the end of the queue of the successful bidders. Like a providential intervention, a mediator from the starting bidder who was ready to take the same painting for 4000 guineas enquired the narrator in a husky cockney tone if he was the gentleman who had bought, “big Daubigny”.

The narrator admitted it. To the narrator’s great relief, the mediator said the first bidder wanted to know if he would take 50 guineas for his interest. The author should have embraced him and wept for joy for bailing him out of a potential disgrace. But he made the best use of the opportunity exhibiting his guile, by asking him if that was the most he could offer. The mediator said that there was no harm in asking for some more. The narrator said he would take hundred guineas. When the man left to find out the possibility both the author and his friend laughed.

But when the author saw the cheque for hundred guineas, he became serious. He said with joy and shock, “of all the luck! well, I’m hanged”. Thus the narrator had a narrow escape from a tight comer. One could even say that the narrator escaped by the skin of his teeth.

“Call it a narrow escape, maybe it’s your lucky day. ”

Question (d)
As the narrator, make a diary entry about the tight corner you faced at Christie’s and how you were saved from the dire situation.
Answer:
Thursday, 17th Nov. 20xx
I was lunching at a club in King James’s street. While passing along Kingstreet later, my friend suggested that we peeped in at Christie’s where an auction of Barbizon pictures was going on. The prices of the paintings were pertaining to forest scenes, pools at evening, shepherdesses, and the regular subjects were tremendous for each ranging from two to three thousand guineas each. The remarkable thing was that nothing was sold at three figures. After watching the auction for fun for a while I found myself bidding.

I had exactly sixty three pounds in my account in the bank. I knew that any bidder must have a minimum of five hundred pounds in the bank to stand as security to bid for the artistic works. I enthusiastically participated in many bids as the starting price for each paining was a modest fifty to hundred guineas. Things went on well for me for quite sometime. But a cruel fate awaited me. A short red-faced man electrified the room by fixing the starting price at 4000 guineas. There was a rustle of excitement followed by terrible silence. But I found myself saying “and fifty”. The dealer looked at the opener and at the company. To my surprise and horror, the dealer shot his bolt.

My heart stopped and my blood congealed. I was in possession of the picture I did not want to buy. I was the top purchaser in the auction with just 63 pounds in the bank account. I turned to my friend for some moral support but he had deserted me to have a hearty laugh at a distance. With great alarm, I saw many other Barbizon pictures being put up and sold. The auction came to an end. The bidders stood in a queue to pay the price and collect the pictures. I stayed behind at the end of the queue as I could not recall the name of any uncle, aunt or even a relative who could offer me 4050 guineas to buy the painting. I wished that a firing squad could give me a welcome relief by shooting me down. I preferred death to public disgrace. But something divine turned my tragedy into a comedy.

Just then one gentleman enquired if I was the gentlemen who bought “big Daubigny”. I admitted. The mediator asked if 1 could take 50 guineas for my interest and give up my claim. I would have hugged him and wept for joy of relief from the tight comer. But I had the guile/presence of mind to ask, “Is that the most he would offer?” The mediator said that there was no harm in trying for a bit more. I said, “Tell him I will take hundred” myself and my friend started laughing. But when I saw the cheque for hundred guineas, I became grave, My friend said to me that it was he who brought me to Christie. I admitted, “I shall never forget it. It is indelibly branded in letters of fire on my heart”

Additional Questions

Question (e)
Describe the activity that was going on in the sale-room at King street. What can you say about the author’s attitude when he high handedly participated in the auction?
Answer:
The sale-room at Christie’s was full. Billionaire’s and millionaires who wished to showcase their taste in art had assembled there. The dealer was offering Barbizon pictures on sale. The paintings had mainly forest scenes, pools at evening, shepherdesses and the regular subjects. But each of the little paintings was sold at tremendous prices ranging from two to three thousand guineas. Nothing was sold at three digits. The narrator had just 63 pounds in his bank. The auctioneer had made it mandatory that each bidder should have a minimum of 500 pounds in the bank to stand as security for the bid.

Being aware of this condition, the narrator’s friend cautioned him against participating in the auction for fun. But the narrator ignored his friend’s caution and started bidding for many paintings. He promised his friend that he was not going to run any risk. As most of the paintings were offered with the initial modest price of either 50 or 100 guineas, he carefully hiked the price a little and derived great pleasure in the hot bidding that ensued among millionaires. His over confidence and high handed participation did land him in trouble.

“Life is not a competition. Each one is on their own journey. Live according to your choices,capacity, values and principles. ”

Vocabulary

(i) Auction House Puzzler
You have come across many terms associated with auction, in the lesson. Now solve the crossword puzzle with words from the lesson. Make use of the clues given

Across
1. conducts
2. a protective garment
3. strip with numbers
4. offer

1. painter
2. school of painting
3. auction houses
4. painting Answers

Answers:

Across
1. Auctioneer
2. Apron
3. Card
4. Bid

Down
1. Daubigny
2. Barbizon
3. Christie
4. Art

A. Here are some more idioms taken from the lesson. Find out their meanings and use them in sentences of your own.

Question 1.
Tight corners – difficult situations.
Answer:
Those who act on impulse find themselves in tight comers.

Question 2.
Shoot one’s bolt – exhaust one’s effort
Answer:
Mithali Raj had shot her bolt and made 54 runs to help India win the World Cup Cricket title.

 

Question 3.
In a nice pickle – in a mess
Answer:
Boney Kapoor is in a nice pickle unable to explain Sridevi’s sudden death to media personal and to film Industry friends.

Question 4.
Have a cold feet – be frightened
The hotel staff had a cold feet when Dubai police enquired him about Sridevi’s death.

B. Match the following idioms related to difficult situations with their meanings.

	A		B
1.	alarm bells ringing	(a)	abandoning one who is in difficulty
2.	back to the wall	(b)	try any method to overcome a crisis
3.	grasp /clutch at straws	(c)	sign of something going wrong
4.	save by the bell	(d)	in serious difficulty
5-.	hang out to dry	(e)	help at the last moment rescuing one from a difficult situation

Answer:

1. (c)
2. (d)
3. (b)
4. (e)
5. (a)

C. We use a variety of idioms in our daily life to describe various situations. Describethe narrator’s situation in your own words, making use of some of the new idiomsyou have just learnt.

Question 1.
Saved by the bell – saved from being counted out by the ringing of bell at the end of a round of boxing.
Answer:
The batsman was tired and was saved by the bell otherwise he would have lost his wicket.

 

Question 2.
Hang out to dry – leave some one in a difficult situation.
Answer:
When Lucas was in dire straits after bidding the highest price, he found that his friend had hung him out to dry. ‘

Question 3.
Grasp/clutch at straw’s try any method to overcome a crisis.
Answer:
The man who got suspended from his job like a drowning man clutching at straw, sought the advice of his door peon to come out of the crisis.

Question 4.
Back to the wall – in a serious difficulty.
Answer:
The narrator had little money to buy the painting and was back to the wall.

Question 5.
Alarm bells ringing – sign of something going wrong.
Answer:
Seeing the policeman round the comer, the chain snatcher heard alarm bells ringing in his head.

Question 6.
Run the risk – exposure to injury or loss
Answer:
If you tell her the truth, you may run the risk of hurting.

Question 7.
Escape by the skin of one’s teeth – have a narrow escape
Answer:
Lucas escaped by the skin of his teeth when a gentleman offered him 100 guineas to buy the painting for which he had made the highest bid.

Question 8.
At one’s wit’s end – desperate
Answer:
I am unable to send a mail due to poor connectivity all day long. I am at my wit’s end.

Question 9.
Catch 22 situation – a situation in which it’s impossible to succeed because of conflicting conditions or rules.
Answer:
Getting one’s first job is a catch-22 because companies want to hire experienced candidates. But how could one get experience before being hired?

Question 10.
Dodge a bullet – barely escaped from a disastrous situation
Answer:
Jaswanth’s girl friend told the press that she was glad she broke up with him. She had infact dodged a bullet.

Question 11.
In dire straits – in a serious, bad situation
Answer:
Sunitha’s husband abandoned her. She is really in dire straits as she had stupidly resigned her job soon after marriage.

Question 12.
You’ve got your work cut out for you – you have a large and difficult job to perform
Answer:
If you wish to complete a degree course in a single sitting, you’ve got your work cut out for you.

Question 13.
Last resort – last option
Answer:
Politics is the last resort of the scoundrels.

Question 14.
The tip of the iceberg – the biggest part of the problem is hidden
Answer:
Common men are apprehensive that Nirav Modi’s scam and Rotomac pen owner’s scam which are just a tip of the ice berg. Many scams may still be untraced or untraceable.

Question 15.
Vicious cycle – chain like issues
Answer:
Poverty causes a vicious cycle as it prevents education and thus it perpetuates poverty.

 

Question 16.
To be in double bind – to choose between two unsatisfactory alternatives
Answer:
Kamala was in a double bind as she had to choose a low paying job or an early marriage with a rogue neither of which she liked.

Phrasal Verbs

(iii) Use the following phrasal verbs in sentences of your own. The first one has been done for you: stand

(i) up – Your statement will not stand up as proof in the court of law.
(ii) for – My father always stands for truth and honesty.
(iii) by – Come what may, I will stand by you.

Question 1.
look
(i) into : __________
(ii) at : __________
(iii) through : __________
Answer:
(i) The principal promised to look into his application.
(ii) She was looking at the painting for a long time.
(iii) Don’t look through your poor relatives.

Question 2.
run
(i) over : __________
(ii) away : __________
(iii) into : __________
Answer:
(i) The tortoise was run over by a speeding lorry.
(ii) The run away slave was caught
(iii) She’ advised her son not to fall into bad company.

Question 3.
put
(i) on : __________
(ii) up : __________
(iii) off : __________
Answer:
(i) Do not put on airs
(ii) She had to put up with her rude husband.
(iii) The match was put off due to rains.

Additional Questions

Question 1.

Question (a)
back down – with draw one’s position in a fight
Answer:
It’s too late to backed down now.

Question (b)
back up – help or support
Answer:
You can back up the contacts stored on your device or SIM card.

Question (c)
back off – retreat / withdraw
Answer:
He refused to back off from his earlier statement.

Question 2.
(a) Ask for – demand/request for something
Answer:
Oliver should ask for a hike in salary.

 

Question (b)
Ask after – enquire some one’s health
Answer:
Did she ask after me in her letter?

Question (c)
Ask out – invite some one to begin a relationship
Answer:
I heard Murugesh ask out Sonia.

Question 3.

Question (a)
Blow up – destroy something
Answer:
They used 10 tonnes of dynamite to blow up the rock.

Question (b)
Blow out – extinguish
Answer:
Blow out the candles before they bum out.

Question (c)
Blow off – decide not do what is expected of someone
Answer:
Moorthy bunked the classes when the last exam was scheduled. He deliberately blew it off.

Question 4.

Question (a)
break down – divide something in small units
Answer:
It is easier to leam a big lesson if you break it down into many small segments. [OR] The car broke down on the way to Chennai.

Question (b)
break into – to get into a building stealthily by force
Answer:
Generally, the burglars break into a bank and rob in the nights.

Question (c)
break off – suddenly stop speaking .
Answer:
Nayanthara, while sharing her grief over, the death of Sridevi, had to break off in the middle of her speech.

Question (d)
break out – some unpleasant beginning
Answer:
The civil war broke out in China.

Question (e)
break through – force one’s way through barriers
Answer:
The protesters will break through the barriers and storm into the office.

 

Question (f)
break up – to get separated
Answer:
Money problem often result in a marital break up.

Question 5.

Question (a)
bring over – bring someone to a place
Answer:
I should bring over Mala for dinner.

Question (b)
bring up – raise some one.
Answer:
The aged couple will bring up the children with values.

Question (c)
bring back – to return something
Answer:
He asked Ramesh to bring back his pony.

Question 6.

Question (a)
burn down – destroy something with fire
Answer:
Hate not only bums down buildings but also the relationship between countries.

Question (b)
burn out – nothing left to bum
Answer:
As she did not get her promotion for long, she became a bum out.

Question (c)
burn up – destroy with fire .
Answer:
The lab burnt up and got reduced to ashes due to the negligence of the watchman.

Question 7.

Question (a)
call in – request some one to help
Answer:
Dr. Amar was called in to revive the dying lady.

Question (b)
call off – cancel a planned programme
Answer:
The strike was called off as the boss agreed to most of their demands.

Question (c)
call up – chosen to be a part of military service
Answer:
Young ones waste away their adult life jobless as they are not called up in military.

Question 8.

Question (a)
carry away – do something out of the ordinary due to strong feelings
Answer:
She was carried away by his flattery and regretted her decision to marry him.

Question (b)
carry on – continue to do something
Answer:
You must carry on your work

Question (c)
carry out – do
Answer:
The workers carried out their duties without grumbling.

Question 9.

Question (a)
come about – when something occurs
Answer:
Ram was happy to see that things came about as expected.

Question (b)
come across – meet
Answer:
I came across a strange bird in the jungle.

 

Question (c)
come down – move from higher to lower position
Answer:
He came down because of his arrogance.

Question (d)
come down with – experience symptoms of illness
Answer:
Chitra came down with flu

Question 10.

Question (a)
cut back – spendless
Answer:
If young ones don’t learn to cutback their expenses now, they will regret later.

Question (b)
cut down – reduced expense
Answer:
Mother cut down domestic expenses to support her child’s education.

Question (c)
cut off – completely remove
Answer:
The village was cut off from electricity and water due to Tsunami

Question 11.

Question (a)
drop in – visit
Answer:
I dropped into Hari’s home last evening.

Question (b)
drop off – decline
Answer:
The price of gold has dropped off a little

Question (c)
dropout – quit school
Answer:
She dropped out of school for her teacher was very rude.

Question 12.

Question (a)
fall for – get attracted to
Answer:
He fell for her beauty.

Question (b)
fall behind – move slower
Answer:
Ram has fallen behind others in studies because he stayed away for a month.

Question (c)
face through – collapse of a plan
Answer:
The project of converting sea water into drinking water fell through as the money got
diverted to freebies.

Question 13.

Question (a)
Get over – move past an obstacle
Answer:
You must learn to get over small problems to achieve great things in life.

Question (b)
get behind – progress slowly
Answer:
The minister’s car got behind due to a traffic jam.

Question (c)
get through – pass
Answer:
Priya will get through NEET because she is preparing smartly for it.

Question 14.

Question (a)
give away – distribute freely .
Answer:
Give away your surplus wealth to poor relatives.

 

Question (b)
give in – surrender
Answer:
The terrorists gavein when they could not fight Indian jawans any more.

Question (c)
give up – stop doing something
Answer:
Never give up hope.

Question 15.

Question (a)
go through – read
Answer:
I went through the book “Three cups of tea”.

Question (b)
go up – extend to a higher level
Answer:
The price of rice, is going up everyday but the farmers are starving.

Question (c)
go over – visit a place
Answer:
I went over Agra last week with my school teacher.

listening Activity

(A) Listen to the announcement made by your teacher and answer the questions that follow.

(For listening to the passage refer to our website www.fullcircleeducation.iri)
The Department of School Education has organized a one-day seminar on ‘Career Guidance and Counselling’ for the students appearing for the oncoming Public Examination. The programme is scheduled at 3 p.m. today, at Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam Auditorium, in our School campus. You are to assemble at the venue at 2.45 p.m. sharp, with a notebook and a pen. The main purpose of the programme is to create awareness among students on the numerous career options available and the various institutions that offer relevant courses.

The other objective is to boost their self-confidence and prepare them to face the challenges they encounter from time to time with courage. You are expected to be attentive throughout the programme, actively participate in discussions and get all your doubts clarified without any hesitation. The second session will be conducted in the first week of next month. Those who are interested in attending the next session can register your names with the School Pupil Leader within two days.

Complete the following sentences based on your listening.

1. The programme is organized by the Department of ______
2. The topic of the seminar is ______
3. The programme is to be held at ______ p.m. at .
4. Students are instructed to carry and a to the programme hall.
5. Students who wish to attend the second session should register within
6. The main purpose of the programme is to provide information on options and the that offer relevant courses.

Answer:

1. School Education
2. Career Guidance and Counselling
3. 2.45, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Auditorium
4. notebook, pen
5. two days
6. career, institutions

Speaking Activity

Question (a)
Work with a partner: Your friend has lost his books just before the annual examination and he/she is depressed. How will you help him / her? Share it with the class and enact.
Answer:
Vinod, why are you upset?
I have lost my books
In a couple of days, we have the Board examination.
Yes, that is why I am upset.
Don’t worry. I shall mail you the pdf version of the books. You can just open them in your laptop. Read them at your own pace.
Thank you for the excellent idea.
You are most welcome.

Question (b)
You have recently shifted to a new locality. You cannot find your way home. Your uncle spots you and takes you home. Narrate the incident to the class.
Answer:
My dear friends we shifted our home from Gandhi Nagar to Ambedkar Nagar last week. My I mom asked me to buy something in the grocery shop. There was no grocery shop in my street. I just wandered into the third street. After purchasing the items I realized with alarm that It had forgotten the road I had taken to reach the market. When I had wasted half on hour trying to find my way back home. I met my uncle Dr. Sukumar. He took me back home in just five minutes. I can never forget the helplessness I felt last week.

Question (c)
As a friend of the narrator, describe how you would have behaved at the auction.
Answer:
As an author’s friend, I would have dissuaded him from continuing the risk he was taking by idding. I would have reasoned with him that bidding without even the security deposit of 500 pounds in the bank had the potential threat of facing public-disgrace. If I insisted, he would
definitely give up bidding. Friendship is a heavy responsibility. One can’t permit a friend to go towards a tight comer unthinkingly.

Reading

Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:

The Stationmaster’s supreme sacrifice by Sanchari Pal (Adapted)

1. Thirty-three years ago, on the night of December 2,1984, Bhopal was hit by a catastrophe that had no parallel in the world’s industrial history. An accident at the Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal had released almost 30 tons of a highly toxic gas called methyl isocyanate, turning the city into a vast gas chamber. The result was a nightmare; more than 600,000 people were exposed to the, deadly gas cloud that left thousands dead and many more breathless, blind and in agonizing pain. Few people know that during the Bhopal gas tragedy a heroic stationmaster risked his own life to save others.

2. On the evening of December 3, 1984,Ghulam Dastagir was settling down in his office to
complete some pending paper work. This work kept him in his office till 1 am in the night, when he emerged to check the arrival of the Gorakhpur Mumbai Express. As he stepped on to the platform, the deputy station master felt his eyes bum and a queer itching sensation in his throat. He did not know that poisonous fumes leaking from Union Carbide’s pesticide factory were stealthily enveloping the railway station. .

3. Beginning to choke, Dastagir did not know then, that twenty-three of his railway colleagues, including his boss, station superintendent Harish Dhurve, had already died. It was later reported that Dhurve had heard about the deadly gas and had immediately tried stopping the movement of trains passing through Bhopal before collapsing in his office chamber. His suddenly worsening health and years of experience told Dastagir that something was very wrong.

Though he did not fully comprehend what was happening, he decided to act immediately when he did not get any response from the station master. He alerted the senior staff at nearby stations, like Vidisha and Itarsi, to suspend all train traffic to Bhopal.

4. However, the jam-packed Gorakhpur-Kanpur Express was already standing at the platform . and its departure time was 20 minutes away. Listening to his gut instinct, Dastagir summoned his staff and told them to immediately clear the train for departure. When they asked if they should wait until the order to do so came from the head office, Dastagir replied that he would take complete responsibility for the train’s early departure. He wanted to ensure that the train left immediately,without any delay. His colleagues later recalled that Dastagir could barely stand and breathe as he spoke to them. Breaking all rules and without taking permission from anyone, he and his brave staff personally flagged off the train.

 

5. But Dastagir’s work was not done. The railway station was filling up with people, desperate to flee the fumes. Some were gasping, others were vomiting,and most were weeping. Dastagir chose to remain on duty, running from one platform to another, attending, helping and consoling victims. He also sent an SOS to all the nearby’railway offices,asking for immediate medical help. As a result, four ambulances with paramedics and railway doctors arrived at the station.

It was winter and the gas was staying low to the ground, a thick haze poisoning everything in its path. Besieged by hordes of suffering people, the station soon resembled the emergency room of a large hospital. Dastagir stayed at the station, steadfastly doing his duty, knowing that his family was out there in the ill-fated city. That day all he had for his protection was a wet handkerchief on his mouth.

6. Ghulatti Dastagir’s devotion to duty saved the lives of hundreds of people. However, the catastrophe didn’t leave him unscathed. One of his sons died on the night of the tragedy and another developed a lifelong skin infection. Dastagir himself spent his last 19 years shuttling n and out of hospitals; he developed a painful growth in the throat due to prolonged exposure to toxic fumes. When he passed away in 2003, his death certificate mentioned that he was suffering from diseases caused as a direct result of exposure to MIC (Methyl Isocyanate) gas.

A memorial has been built at platform No. 1 to pay tribute to those who sacrificed their lives in the line of duty on the fateful night of December 3, 1984. However, Ghulam Dastagir, who died later, is not one of them. A forgotten hero whose sense of duty and commitment saved countless lives, Dastagir’s story deserves to be recognized and remembered by our fellow countrymen.

Question (i)
Why was the accident at Union Carbide unparalleled in the world’s industrial history?
Answer:
The union carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal had released almost 30 tons of a highly toxic gas called methyl isocyanate. It had turned the city into a gas chamber. It left thousands dead. Six lakh persons suffered due to exposure to the toxic gas. So, the Bhopal tragedy was unparalleled in the world’s industrial history.

Question (ii)
How was Dastagir affected by the poisonous gas?
Answer:
One of his sons died. Another developed a life long infection. Ghulam Dastagir himself spent his last 19 years in and out of hospitals. He developed a painful growth in his throat. He was suffering from diseases caused by direct exposure to toxic fumes.

Question (iii)
What was the action taken by the station superintendent?
Answer:
Dastagir alerted senior staff members at the nearby railways station like vidhisha and Itarsi to suspend all train traffic to Bhopal. Against rule he alerted his staff to clear the train immediately for departure. He got medical help. Four ambulances with para medics arrived to attend the suffering people at the station.

Question (iv)
How did Dastagir and his staff break rules?
Answer:
A train can’t be flagged off before its stipulated time without getting permission from top level officers. Dastagir gives orders to release the train
immediately after it reached the station. They flagged off the train even before it stopped. Traffic to Bhopal from other stations was blocked by his timely orders. Thus Dastagir and his staff broke the rules.

Question (v)
What was the cause of Dastagir’s death?
Answer:
Dastagir died after 19 years of suffering of diseases caused by direct result of exposure to MIC (methyl ISO cyanate) gas.

Question (vi)
Find words from the passage which mean the opposite of the following.
(a) safeguard x risk
(b) common x queer
(c) prompt x delay
(d) cause x result

Grammar

(i) Complete the following with appropriate conditional clauses.

(a) We will miss our train, ______
(b) Jayashree would travel to France, ______
(c) People get sun-burnt, ______
(d) Vicky would have passed, ______
(e) I wouldn’t refuse, ______
(f) Sundar would have waited, ______
(g) Vijayshree will be busy, ______
(h) Adhvika will not go to play, ______

Answer:

(a) if we don’t go fast
(b) if she had money
(c) if they move about in hot sunlight
(d) if he had worked hard
(e) if I were you
(f) if he had been informed
(g) if you go to meet her after 10 a.m.
(h) if it rains

Grammar

(i) Complete the following with appropriate conditional clauses.

(a) We will miss our train, _____
(b) Jayashree would travel to France, _____
(c) People get sun-burnt, _____
(d) Vicky would have passed, _____
(e) I wouldn’t refuse, _____
(f) Sundar would have waited, _____
(g) Vijayshree will be busy, _____
(h) Adhvika will not go to play, _____

Answer:

(a) if we don’t go fast
(b) if she had money
(c) if they move about in hot sunlight
(d) if he had worked hard
(e) if I were you
(f) if he had been informed
(g) if you go to meet her after 10 a.m.
(h) if it rains

(ii) Complete the following paragraph.

Did you hear about that boy who won one crore in a game show? If I (1) ________ (win) that much money, I (2) ________ (quit) my job the next day. I ……(3) ________ (travel) round the world and (4) (stay) in the most luxurious hotels. If I (5) (want) anything, I (6) ________ (buy) it. If I (7) ________ (see) a Mercedes that I wanted, I (8) ________ (buy) it. I (9) ________ (can) do anything in the world if I had one crore rupees, I am starting to sound a little materialistic. Well, I (10) ________ (do) good things with the money as well. If anybody (11) ________ (need) help, I (12) (take) care of their needs. I (13) ________ (donate) money to charities. I (14) ________ (give) money to help support the arts. If I (15) ________ (win) that much money, I wouldn’t keep it all for myself. I (16) ________ (help) as many people as possible.
Answers:

1. won
2. would quit
3. will travel
4. stay
5. wanted
6. would buy
7. saw
8. would buy
9. can
10.  will do
11. needs
12. will take
13. will donate
14. will give
15. won
16. will help

(iii) Fill in the blanks in the following dialogue.

Gopal : What’s wrong, Muthu? You look terrible!
Muthu : Well, you (1) ______ (look) terrible today, too, if you (2) ______ (have) a day like mine yesterday. My car slid into a tree, because the roads were slippery.
Gopal : Oh! I was driving on the slippery roads yesterday, and I didn’t have such trouble. What happened?
Muthu : Well, I think if I (3) ______ (drive not) so fast, I . (4) ______ (slide, not) into the tree.
Gopal : Slippery roads and speed don’t mix. If drivers (5) ______ (speed) on wet roads, they’re likely to spin their car in circles.
Muthu : I know. But I have one more problem. I didn’t have my driver’s license with me. If I (6) ______ (have) it, I (7) ______ (have to, not) pay an extra fine in the court next week.
Gopal : Why were you driving without your license?
Muthu : Well, I lost my wallet some days ago. It slipped out of my pocket, while I was riding the bus to work.
Gopal : Oh, Muthu! If you (8) ______ (take, not) that bus, you ,(9) ______ (lose, not) your wallet. If you (10) ______ (lose, not) your wallet, you (11) ______ (have) your driver’s license with you when you hit the tree. If you (12) ______ (have) your. driver’s license with you, you ;(13) ______ (have to pay, not) a big fine when you go to court next week. And of course, if you .(14) ______ (drive, not) too fast, you.(15) ______ (run into, not) a tree, and you (16) ______ (be, not) in this mess now. If I (17) ______ (be) you, I (18) ______ (take) it easy for a while and just .(19) ______ (stay) home where you are safe.
Muthu : Enough about me! How about you?
Gopal : Well, things are really looking up for me. I’m planning to take off for Goa as soon as I finish my finals. I’m sick of all this old, rainy weather we’ve been having.
Muthu : I wish I (20) ______ (go) with you. How are you planning on getting there?
Gopal : If I! (21) ______ (have) enough money, I (22) ______ (fly). Otherwise, I (23) ______ (take) the bus. I wish (24) ______ (drive) my own car because it (25) ______ . (be)
nice to drive there, but it’s such a long trip. I’ve been looking for a friend to go with me and share the driving.
Muthu : I have a super idea! Why don’t I go with you? I can share the driving. I’m a great driver!
Gopal : Oh, Muthu! I can’t believe it.
Answer:

1. would look
2. had
3. had not driven
4. would not have slid
5. speed
6. had
7. would not have had to
8. had not taken the bus
9. would not have lost
10. had not lost
11. you would have had
12. had
13. would not have had to pay
14. had not driven
15. would not have run into
16. would not be
17. were
18. would take
19. stay
20. go/went
21. had
22. would fly
23. would take
24. i could drive
25. would be

A. Seema goes to a hotel for lunch. The waiter explains to her the different items available at that time. Here is the conversation between them. Complete the dialogue. You may use modals to frame questions.

Seema: Could I get something to eat immediately?
Waiter: Yes Ma’am. We have , (1) ______
Seema: (2) ______
Waiter: Yes Ma’am. It is available.
Seema: (3) _______
Waiter: It should not take long (4) _______
Seema: Yes bring that too (5) _______
Waiter: (6) _______
Seema: I prefer it cold, (7) ________
Waiter: Sorry Ma’am we don’t have ice creams served here. But you can get it in the outlet next door.
Seema: Oh that’s fine. Okay, please get these quickly.
Waiter: Sure Ma’am.
Answer:

1. Mini meals
2. Is Veg fried rice available?
3. Can you give it to me quickly?
4. We do have Kushbu Idli too.
5. Do you give ginger oil and spicy chilli powder for Idly?
6. We have filter coffee mam.
7. or else can you give me Gulfi Ice cream?

 

B. Read the following story and do the exercises that follow.

Last night somebody broke into our neighbour’s house. He stole everything he found. The neighbours, Mr. and Mrs. Umar saw him while he was running away but they couldn’t catch him. This morning an inspector arrived to make an inquiry.

The Inspector posed certain questions to Mr. Umar.
The Inspector: The thief broke into the house at around IQ p.m. What were you doing then?
Mr. Umar: I was watching a movie with my wife. Then I went to the kitchen to prepare tea. .
The Inspector: How many minutes did you spend in the kitchen?
Mr. Umar: I think 10 or 15 minutes… I’m not sure….
The Inspector: Did you prepare only tea?
Mr. Umar: Yes.
The Inspector: Okay. Thanks.

The Inspector also asked Mi’s. Umar some questions:

The Inspector: What were you doing at around 10 p.m. yesterday?
Mrs. Umar: I was watching a movie while drinking my coffee.
The Inspector: Coffee? But your husband has prepared tea.
Mrs. Umar: Tea? No… We didn’t drink tea last night.
The Inspector: Okay. What was he doing in the kitchen?
Mrs. Umar: He was thirsty. He wanted to drink water. ‘
The Inspector: Hmmm. What happened then?
Mrs.Umar: A friend of his called him and he went out to help him.
The Inspector: So, you were alone at home, weren’t you?
Mrs.Umar: Yes, I was. I called him immediately but he didn’t answer.

The inspector was suspicious about Mr.Umar and so he asked him to Come to the station for further questioning.

The Inspector: You weren’t at home when the thief broke into your neighbour’s house. Where were you?
Mr.Umar: I went out to help a friend of mine.
The Inspector: Who is that friend?
Mr.Umar: Ehhhh… he is just a friend. ’
The Inspector: Hmmm. Who is that friend?
Mr.Umar: I told you already. He is just a friend.
If you cannot prove that you were with a friend, we can arrest you.
At the end of the questioning session, Mr.Umar told the inspector the truth.
“Last night, somebody called me, but he wasn’t my friend. I had borrowed some money from him and he had given me time till last night to return it. But I did not do so. So, he called home asking me to meet him outside the house. That’s why I went out. I did not tell my wife as I did not want her to know about it. When I went out, I saw a stranger entering my neighbour’s house but I did not stop as I was in a hurry to meet the moneylender.

Answer the questions after reading the story.

Question 1.
Did Mrs. Umar see the thief?
Answer:
No, Mrs. Umar did not see the thief.

Question 2.
What was Mrs. Umar doing when the thief broke into the house?
Answer:
Mrs. Umar was drinking coffee and watching TV.

Question 3.
Was Mr. Umar watching movie with his wife when the thief broke into the house?
Answer:
No, Mr. Umar had gone out of the house to meet a friend when the thief broke into a neighbour’s house.

Question 4.
What was Mr. Umar doing in the kitchen?
Answer:
He was drinking water in the kitchen.

Frame Questions:

Question 1.
Mr. Umar was at home when the event occurred.
Answer:
Where was Mr. Umar when the event occurred?

Question 2.
Yes, Mr. Umar saw the thief entering the neighbour’s house.
Answer:
Did Mr. Umar see the thief entering the neighbour’s house?

Question 3.
Mrs. Umar was watching the movie while her husband was drinking water.
Answer:
What was Mrs. Umar doing when her husband was drinking water?

Question 4.
The thief broke into the house while they were watching a movie.
Answer:
When did the thief break into the house?

A. Add appropriate question tags to the following sentences.

1. Cities are increasingly becoming urbanised.
2. They experiment with ways to improve air quality.
3. The aim should be to reduce congestion.
4. There is an urgent need to provide clean, reliable and affordable energy to their growing populations.
5. Automation and shared mobility will play a key role in this transformation.
6. It changes the way people commute in cities.
7. Before long, a fleet of electric autonomous vehicles (AVs) could drive people to their destinations.
8. These shared AVs will run at higher utilization rates.
9. They can substantially reduce the cost of mobility and congestion.
10. These should not be thought of as luxury but as necessity. .

Answers :

1. aren’t they?
2. don’t they?
3. shouldn’t it be?
4. isn’t it?
5. won’t they?
6. doesn’t it?
7. couldn’t they?
8. won’t they?
9. can’t they?
10. should they?

B. Add appropriate question tags and role play the dialogue with your friend.

Jeyanth : Hello, Anish! It’s your Physics exam today, isn’t it?
Anish : Yes. They have set a very long paper. Yet, I managed to finish the paper 1 ______
Jeyanth True. My maths paper too was very long. I couldn’t finish it, 2 ______
Anish : I could not solve my paper properly, 3 ______
Jeyanth : Ok. Actually, my question paper was very easy, 4 ______
Anish : Mine wasn’t easy. I made a silly mistake, 5 ______
Jeyanth : Tell me about your English paper, 6 ______
Anish : The story comprehension was very easy. I am sure to score more than ten marks
on fifteen. I wrote it very well. There wouldn’t be any mistake, 7 ______
Jeyanth : For me, my letter- writing was the best. I didn’t make a single mistake, 8 ______
Anish : Ok. I’ve got lots to study for tomorrow’s exam, 9 ______
Jeyanth : Me too. So, see you later. All the best, bye. .
Anish : Thank you. Wish you the same, bye.
Answers:

1. didn’t?
2. could I?
3. could I?
4. wasn’t it?
5. didn’t I?
6. won’t you?
7. will there be?
8. did I?
9. haven’t I?

Writting

A. Read the information in the table below and answer the following questions.

SI. No.	Event	Year	Affected Area
1.	Earthquake	2001	Bhuj, Gujarat
2.	Tsunami	2004	Coastline TN, Kerala, C.P., A & N Islands, Pondicherry
3.	Floods	July 2005	Maharashtra
4.	Earthquake	2008	Kashmir
5.	Floods	2008	North Bihar
6.	Cyclone	2008	Tamil Nadu
7.	Floods	2009	Andhra Pradesh & Karnataka
8.	Cyclone	2011	Tamil Nadu / Cuddalore
9.	Flash floods	June 2013	Uttarkhand
10.	Cyclone	Oct.2013	Coastline of Orissa & Jharkhand
11.	Floods	Dec. 2015	Tamil Nadu / Chennai
12.	Cyclone	Dec. 2016	Tamil Nadu / Chennai

Question 1.
What kinds of natural disasters have occurred before 2005?
Answer:
Earth quake and Tsunami have occured before 2005.

Question 2.
Name the disasters that are common in India.
Answer:
Floods and cyclones are common in India.

 

Question 3.
Mention the states often affected by disasters.
Answer:
Tamil Nadu and Andhra are often affected by disasters.

Question 4.
List out the disasters that are common in North India.
Answer:
Earth quake, floods and flash floods are common in North India.

Question 5.
Write three sentences on your inference about the data given.
Answer:
Coastal towns in Tamil Nadu, Andhra and Orissa are often plagued with cyclone and floods. Kashmir and Gujarat were affected by earthquake about 15 years ago. Cyclones and floods happen often in the South India in the coastal belt.

(B) Study the pie-chart carefully and answer the questions that follow.

Percentage of people who speak each language as their first language.

Use expressions such as…
Generally….
A majority….
Most of the….
Some of the….
Minority of….
In conclusion….

Question 1.
Which language is spoken by most people?
Answer:
Mandarin is spoken by most people.

Question 2.
What are the Indian languages that rank among the top five spoken languages?
Answer:
Hindi and Bengali rank among the top five languages spoken in the world.

Question 3.
Which are the languages that are spoken by less than three percent of people?
Answer:
Hindi, Bengali, Portuguese, Russian, Japanese, German and Javanese are the languages spoken by less than 3% people of the world.

Question 4.
With the help of the questions and answers, draw your own conclusions from the pie chart. Then, write a paragraph on the popular.spoken languages.
Answer:
A majority of people in China speak Mandarin. It constitutes 12.44$ of the world population. Spanish is spoken more than English (i.e) 0.2% more people in the world speak Sopanish (i.e) (4.85%). Hindi, Bengali and Portuguese are spoken by a minority of around 2.7% of world population. A minority of just 1.25% of world population speaks Javanese, Russian language is spoken only by a minority of 2.12% people, in the world. As low as 1.8% of people speak Japanese language. Many other languages are little known in the world or spoken by other people in the world for which exact statistics is not available. There are many fast disappearing languages which have no writter script. Along with a language, a culture also disappears.

Write conversations on the following situations.

(i) Between two friends about uses and abuses of mobile phone

A : Mobile phone has made our lives comfortable.
B : How?
A : Well, for any project related queries, I just google. I get a variety of solved projects, I get an opportunity to refer to any information in Science.
B : Well deosn’t it have its abuses too?
A : Of course yes, any technology has its own advantages or disadvantages.
B : Most of the elders are really worried about facebook and what’s app addiction and squandering of time in social websites.
A : I agree with you absolutely. Moderation is necessary in the use of mobile phones,

(ii) Between two friends about planting trees

A : A country without trees has a hopeless future
B : What a strong statement? Who said it?
A : Theodore Roosevelt said it.
B : Can you tell me about living legends who plant trees and protect them?
A : Have you heard of Jamuna Tudu? What has she done? Where is she?
B : She is in Jharkhand. She has fought against timber mafia and saved fifty hectare of forests with the help of women volunteers.
A : How did she achieve such a feat?
B : In 1998, she formed “Vana Suraksha Smitit” (i.e) Forest safety committee.
A : Didn’t she get opposition from villagers and Timber mafia?
B : Yes of course the villagers protested because they needed fire wood. She persuaded them to use small twigs and leave the main tree. The timber mafia looted their home and pelted stones at her husband who was critically wounded.
A : How strong is her committee now?
B : She has created 300 groups of women volunteers who roam the forest with bow and, arrows to protect the trees.

(iii) Between two friends about the importance of reading newspapers

A : Do we need newspapers? We have different sources of news. Even an android phone gives one access different kinds of news.
B : Well, the question is how important is reading of news papers?
A : My contention was that one can read the e.version.
B : Read any version, brother. Newspapers must be read.
A : Why do you advise it so strongly?
B : I advocate reading of newspaper strongly because, most of the students focus only on their Board exam or class tests. If they cultivate the habit of reading newspapers, , their knowledge of the world will expand. In future, they will be in a comfortable position to prepare for any competitive examination including IAS examination.
A : We will tell all our friends about this.
B : That’s nice.

(iv) Between two friends about the uses of the internet

A : Where are you going?
B : To Sakthi Browsing Centre.
A : Why?
B : To browse internet for my school project.
A : Why don’t you visit the district library?
B : Well, the internet section in the library is always crowded.
A : Well, I meant why don’t you refer to books? How is internet useful?
B : Everyday knowledge is being added on. Continuous updation of data is done in internet. I have an easy access to e.profiles and projects of children. Besides, I can select video lectures of eminent personalities. When I feel low, I listen to the inspirational lectures of Suki Sivam and Jayantha Sree Balakrishnan. All subject references are available at a click of a button. Last week, I read prize winning essays on various topics. If you don’t wander into toxic Face book or What’s app, you could always use internet to your own maximum advantage. Through skype, we can talk to people around the world, share ideas and strengthen cultural bondages too.

(v) Between a father and a son on choice of a career

Father : Why don’t you take up B.E Information Technology.
Son ; Dad I am interested in music.
Father : It is good for entertainment. Will it give you a steady income?
Sun : Dad, let me master music. I passionately love people. I may become a good musician.
Father : All can’t become like A.R. Rehman or Ilayara Raja.
Son : Dad, let me be myself.
Father : You are my only son. Will I suggest something bad for you.
Sun : Dad, please suggest the dress in which I will look better. Suggest the food item which would suit me better. But, career option, please leave it to me.
Father : Do you really believe you can shine in the field of music?
Son : Dad, faith is life. Music is just not an entertainment.
Father : OK. It is your life. Go to music college.
Son : Thanks Dad.

 

(vi) Between you and a bookseller on buying books

Bookseller : What do you want sir?
Boy : I want a dictionary.
Bookseller : Hindi – English, Tamil – English, English -English which brand?
Boy : I want a good dictionary to last till I do my Graduation.
Bookseller : Then please take Oxford Advanced learners dictionary by A.S. Hornby and Daniel Jones.
Boy : How much is it?
Bookseller : After discount it is Rs. 640/
Boy : Take the money sir, thank you.

(vii) Between two friends on the benefits of early rising

A : Why are you late today?
B : Yesterday I had been to movies. I overslept.
A : You must practise early rising.
B : Why?
A : Early to bed and early to rise makes you a healthy person.
B : Tell me why I should get up early?
A : If you get up early, you will be brisk. The morning walk will provide you extra energy, you will bathe in time and be celebrated for being punctual. An early bird catches its prey. Similarly early risers achieve a lot in life.
B : Thank you. I will rise early from tomorrow.

(viii) Between two friends on an exciting cricket match

A : Did you watch T20 cricket between India and Bangladesh last night?
B : No, I slept when the Bangladesh was making inroads into our bowling attack.
A : Bangladesh was chasing 177 runs.
B : Who bowled well?
A : Washington Sundar did a wonderful job. He bowled and took wickets giving minimum runs.
B : Shikar Dhawan and Rohit Sharma did excellently well.
A : Who scored high?
B : Skipper Rohit Sharma scored 89 runs leading the team from the front.
A : Who else did well?
B : Suresh Raina scored 47 and Shikar Dhawans 35. They both contributed handsomely to India’s victory over Bangladesh.
A : We shall see another sensational game soon.
B : Yes.

(ix) Between two friends on the importance of punctuality

Varun : Karun, you are alwasy ahead of us. How?
Kanin : Varun, my dad insists that I must be always punctual.
Varun : Are they going to reward you?
Karun : No, virtue can’t ask for a reward because it is a reward by itself.
Varun : How does punctuality help us?
Karun : Punctuality makes others believe that you value their time.
Varun : What can I do to be punctual?
Karun : It is simple. Have a calendar for your daily activities. Fix time for everything. You will reap the fruits soon.
Vanin : Thank you

(x) Between two friends on a picnic they enjoyed recently

A : Wasn’t our picnic-to Mahabalipuram wonderful?
B : Yes, I enjoyed the stroll on the beach.
A : I liked the monolithic structures. How beautifully they have frozen beauty on stones!
B : The five Rathas reminded me of Pandavas.
A : I like the games we played as a team sitting in a circle.
B : The Anthakshari we played was very interesting.
A : The riddles were also challenging.
B : I liked the Kabaddi game played by our friends on the beach.
A : Infact, I can’t forget the picnic we ha

Tight Corners About the author

Edward Vcrral Lucas (1868-1938) was an English humorist, essayist, play wright. biographer, publisher, poet novelist and short story writer. His contribution to the humorous magazine Punch started in 1904 and lasted till his death.

Tight Corners Summary

In this humorous prose piece, the writer confesses how he was bailed out of a humiliating experience by a sudden stroke of luck and thus got relieved from a tight comer he had foolishly walked into.

The author’s friends quoted incidents such as

1. a man caught by the tide in Brittany and escaped by the skin of his teeth
2. a man was on an elephant when a wounded tiger attacked it
3. a man was on the top storey of a burning house
4. a man was torpedoed in a war. All these incidents talk of physical problems which are claimed to be tight comers. But the author cites from his personal experience an example of a mental tight comer which almost took him to the brink of public disgrace at an auction house at Christie’s.

An auction was in progress at Christie’s. The author and his friend were passing along King Street after having lunch at a club. He persuaded the author to peep into the auction room where Barbizon pictures were on sale. Each picture was sold at two to three thousand pounds.

The author had only sixty-three pounds in the bank. He realized that it was not enough to borrow securities to the tune of five hundred pounds, which is the minimum required deposit to be eligible to bid. Yet, the author found himself bidding just for fun.

The author’s friend cautioned him that he may get caught. But he was overconfident and asserted that he was not going to run any risks. Things moved on well till some well-known dealer put up a picture for a price a little higher than any picture had reached in that auction so far. All the previous bids had been started with the most moderate sum of fifty guineas or a hundred guineas. One particular picture was started with an astounding sum of4000 pounds.

There was an uncomfortable silence in the auction hall. There was a hushed excitement expressing surprise at the sudden hike in the opening bid amount. But foolishly the author had his own voice saying “and fifty”. He expected competitors to hike the price and save him from trouble. But there was a stunned silence. The auctioner after waiting for a few minutes of silence clinched the deal with a hammer saying “four thousand and fifty guineas offered”. The author ’s blood congealed in obvious horror. The auctioner asked for an advance for the bid.

The author, despite the warning of his friend, had foolishly got into a mess. He had to pay four thousand and fifty guineas, the top price of that day. His friend had deserted him to have a hearty laugh.

Not exhibiting the inner turmoil and alarm, the author non-chalantly gave his visiting card. Whoever had bid came and paid for the picture and collected the painting. The author stayed behind at the end of the queue feverishly thinking of the next steps. He was trying to recall uncles and aunts who might lend him the required money. But deep within he realized that his contacts and relatives would not give him money but promises future support. The only open course of action was to confess his poor financial status. But he was scared of the reaction of the auctioning agents, about the credibility he had established by bidding for many ‘prized’ collections. He had created such an impression that anyone would ever treat his behaviour as a “genuine mistake”.

Someone came and politely asked the author if he was the gentleman who had made a bid for big Daubigny. The author confirmed it. He asked the author if he would take fifty guineas from the man who had made a bid for four thousand guineas.

Instead of weeping for joy for getting such an opportunity to be relieved from a predicament or a tight comer with a bonus of fifty guineas, the author asked, “Is that the most he would offer?”. The mediator said that there was no harm in asking for a little bit more. Cashing in on the opportunity the author said, “Tell him I will take a hundred”.

The author and his friend started laughing at the sudden turn of the events like O. Henry twist. But when the author saw the cheque for 100 guineas, he became suddenly serious and said that of all the luck, he was hanged. The author ’s friend reminded him that he would not have been at Christie had it not been for him. The author agreed that it was indelibly written on his heart with letters of fire and promised that he would never forget it.

People who take calculated risks may get away. But those who take high risks usually find themselves in tight comers. The author was lucky but every one may not have similar luck.

Tight Corners Glossary

Textual:
baize – coarse woollen material
bloatocrat – bloated + aristocrat (a term coined by E.V. Lucas to mean a bloated (fat) and wealthy person) y
Brittany – a region in the coast of North – West France
congealed – thickened as if frozen (through fear etc.)
cresendo – progress towards a climax
electrified – shocked by something unexpected
farthing – as low as paise
glibly – smoothly but not sincerely
guile – cunning, deceit
indelible – cannot be rubbed out or removed
nonchalantly – unconcernedly, coolly
note of hand – promissory note,
rectitude – honesty, good behaviour
smothered – suppressed
St. James – Street, King
Street – well-known commercial streets in London

Additional:
auction – a public event of selling things to the highest bidder
cautioned – warned
enough – adequate
excitement – thrill
inquiringly – inquisitively
modestly – moderately
persuaded – induced
purchaser – buyer
remote – isolated
torpedoed – bombed

Tight Corners Synonyms

Choose the most appropriate synonyms for the underlined words.

Question 1.
The talk was running on critical situations.
(a) electrical
(b) extremely ill
(c) serious
(d) ready for chain reaction
Answer:
(c) serious

Question 2.
A wounded tiger charged at it.
(a) complained
(b) attacked
(c) gave power
(d) reported
Answer:
(b) attacked

Question 3.
A fourth was torpedoed in the war.
(a) rescued
(b) bombed
(c) lifted
(d) arrested
Answer:
(b) bombed

 

Question 4.
He persuaded me to look in at the sale-room.
(a) discouraged
(b) criticised
(c) induced
(d) dissuaded
Answer:
(c) induced

Question 5.
I found myself bidding just for fun.
(a) offering
(b) with drawing
(c) neglecting
(d) accepting
Answer:
(a) offering

Question 6.
And not enough securities to borrow five hundred on
(a) surplus
(b) efficient
(c) adequate
(d) excess
Answer:
(c) adequate

Question 7.
I was nodding away to the auctioneer like a bloated aristocrat.
(a) bloated autocrat
(b) bloatocrat
(c) bloated artist
(d) bloated
Answer:
(b) bloatocrat

Question 8.
A dealer electrified the room by starting the bid with a huge figure.
(a) pleased
(b) shocked
(c) electrocuted
(d) provoked
Answer:
(b) shocked

Question 9.
The previous lots had run into four figures but they had all been modestly started at fifty or a hundred guineas.
(a) immodestly
(b) politely
(c) moderately
(d) exorbitantly
Answer:
(c) moderately

Question 10.
The dealer made his sensational bid.
(a) dull
(b) insipid
(c) exciting
(d) timid
Answer:
(c) exciting

Question 11.
The narrator was contributing safely to the gradual crescendo.
(a) climax
(b) anti-climax
(c) denouement
(d) excitement
Answer:
(a) climax

Question 12.
There was a rustle of excitement.
(a) sensation/thrill
(b) reason
(c) argument
(d) appeasement
Answer:
(a) sensation/thrill

Question 13.
The auctioneer looked inquiringly first at the opener and then at the company.
(a) ignorantly
(b) innocently
(c) inquisitively
(d) incessantly
Answer:
(c) inquisitively

Question 14.
Mv blood congealed arround the cut.
(a) thawed
(b) thickened
(c) boiled
(d) showed down
Answer:
(b) thickened

Question 15.
There was a curious smothered noise from my friend.
(a) expressed
(b) articulated
(c) hidden
(d) suppressed
Answer:
(d) suppressed

 

Question 16.
That was a nice pickle to be in.
(a) comfort
(b) mess
(c) canteen
(d) cafeterial
Answer:
(b) mess

Question 17.
I had become a purchaser of a picture I didn’t want to own.
(a) seller
(b) auctioneer
(c) buyer
(d) antic-dealer
Answer:
(c) buyer

Question 18.
He had left me not out of baseness as I discovered later.
(a) foundation
(b) meanness
(c) sanctity
(d) holiness
Answer:
(b) meanness

Question 19.
He deserted me to find a remote place to laugh.
(a) nearby
(b) neighbouring
(c) isolated
(d) irritated
Answer:
(c) isolated

Question 20.
The narrator wondered if money lenders who talk so glibly about “note of hand” really mean it.
(a) rudely
(b) sincerely
(c) honestly
(d) insincerely
Answer:
(d) insincerely

Question 21.
He started speculating on the possibility of confessing his poverty.
(a) believing
(b) hypothesize
(c) distrusts
(d) doubting
Answer:
(b) hypothesize

Question 22.
I pulled myself together sufficiently to hand my card nonchalantly.
(a) devotedly
(b) enthusiastically
(c) coolly / unconcernedly
(d) with concern
Answer:
(c) coolly / unconcernedly

Question 23.
The stafflooked prosperous.
(a) poor
(b) dirty
(c) rich
(d) stingly
Answer:
(c) rich

Question 24.
A genuine mistake could have been rectified.
(a) fake
(b) false
(c) real
(d) feigned
Answer:
(c) real

Question 25.
A career of rectitude has rewards.
(a) disloyalty
(b) dishonesty
(c) contentment
(d) honesty
Answer:
(d) honesty

Question 26.
The rewards are beyond the consciousness of virtue.
(a) sin
(b) crime
(c) vice
(d) morality
Answer:
(d) morality

Question 27.
Even among the best of us there is wordly guile.
(a) wisdom
(b) cunningness
(c) virtue
(d) morality
Answer:
(d) morality

Question 28.
He became suddenly grave.
(a) light hearted
(b) humorous
(c) serious
(d) critical
Answer:
(c) serious

Question 29.
It is indelibly branded on letters of fire on my heart.
(a) unforgettable
(b) inerasable
(c) misunderstood
(d) ineligible
Answer:
(b) inerasable

Tight Corners Antonyms

Choose the most appropriate antonyms for the underlined words.

Question 1.
The talk was on critical situations.
(a) important
(b) precious
(c) unimportant / trivial
(d) furious
Answer:
(c) unimportant / trivial

Question 2.
Someone talked as if tight comers were always physical affairs.
(a) fiscal
(b) bodily
(c) concrete
(d) mental
Answer:
(d) mental

Question 3.
He persuaded me to look in at the sale.
(a) led
(b) followed
(c) dissuaded
(d) made
Answer:
(c) dissuaded

Question 4.
Each picture was getting tremendous sums.
(a) poor / meagre
(b) impressive
(c) excellent
(d) huge
Answer:
(a) poor / meagre

 

Question 5.
I had not enough money for securities.
(a) adequate
(b) sufficient
(c) surplus
(d) limited
Answer:
(c) surplus

Question 6.
The.place was full.
(a) crowded
(b) empty
(c) overflowing
(d) congested
Answer:
(b) empty

Question 7.
I had to borrow five hundred pounds.
(a) receive.
(b) raise
(c) lend
(d) land
Answer:
(c) lend

Question 8.
Then I found myself.
(a) gained
(b) discovered
(c) established
(d) lost
Answer:
(d) lost

Question 9.
I had often been safely contributing to the hike in auction.
(a) calmly
(b) harmlessly
(c) innocently
(d) dangerously
Answer:
(d) dangerously

Question 10.
The dealer made his sensational bid.
(a) exciting
(b) remarkable
(c) extraordinary
(d) ordinary
Answer:
(d) ordinary

Question 11.
The auctioneer built up the crescendo gradually.
(a) climax
(b) bottom
(c) peak
(d) zenith
Answer:
(b) bottom

Question 12.
There was a rustle of excitement.
(a) sensation
(b) calmness
(c) fun
(d) activity
Answer:
(b) calmness

Question 13.
To my horror, the red faced dealer gave no sign of life. .
(a) antipathy
(b) hate
(c) dread
(d) delight
Answer:
(d) delight

Question 14.
Four thousand and fifty guineas offered.
(a) presented
(b) withdrew
(c) provided
(d) tendered
Answer:
(b) withdrew

Question 15.
There was no sound but a curious smothered noise from my friend.
(a) suffocated
(b) stifled
(c) expressed
(d) suppressed
Answer:
(c) expressed

 

Question 16.
I was the purchaser of a picture.
(a) consumer
(b) client
(c) seller
(d) bidder
Answer:
(c) seller

Question 17.
My blood congealed.
(a) froze
(b) solidified
(c) thickened
(d) thinned
Answer:
(d) thinned

Question 18.
My friend had left me not because of baseness.
(a) depravity
(b) mobility
(c) vileness
(d) wickdenss
Answer:
(b) mobility

Question 19.
He had left to find a remote place to laugh.
(a) distant
(b) aloof
(c) isolated
(d) nearby
Answer:
(d) nearby

Question 20.
I was stunned and dazed.
(a) astounded
(b) astonised
(c) amazed
(d) cool hedede
Answer:
(d) cool hedede

Question 21.
I handed in my card non-chalantlv.
(a) indifferently
(b) eagerly/mindfull
(c) coolly
(d) careless
Answer:
(b) eagerly/mindfull

Question 22.
I set to pondering oil the problem.
(a) ignoring
(b) reflecting
(c) consider
(d) contemplating
Answer:
(a) ignoring

Question 23.
They talk so glibly.
(a) smoothly
(b) effortlessly
(c) dismissively
(d) rudely
Answer:
(d) rudely

Question 24.
A career of rectitude has its rewards.
(a) honesty
(b) good behaviour
(c) depravity
(d) uprightness
Answer:
(c) depravity

Question 25.
The rewards are beyond the mere consciousness of virtue.
(a) nobility
(b) dignity
(c) morality
(d) vice
Answer:
(d) vice

Question 26.
I admitted it.
(a) confessed
(b) acknowledged
(c) denied
(d) accepted
Answer:
(c) denied

Question 27.
The staff looked prosperous
(a) affluent
(b) rich
(c) proud
(d) poor
Answer:
(d) poor

Question 28.
A genuine mistake could have been rectified.
(a) Teal
(b) sincere
(c) loyal
(d) false
Answer:
(d) false

Question 29.
Will you take fifty guineas for your bid?
(a) order
(b) offer
(c) tender
(d) rejection
Answer:
(d) rejection

 

Question 30.
In the best of us, there is worldly guile.
(a) artistic
(b) clever
(c) cunning
(d) honesty
Answer:
(d) honesty

Question 31.
He became grave.
(a) cheerful
(b) serious
(c) severe
(d) solemn
Answer:
(c) severe

Question 32.
It is indelibly branded in letters of fire on my heart.
(a) permanently
(b) unerasably
(c) erasable
(d) fixed
Answer:
(c) erasable

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