Laxmi

Students can Download Science Term 3 Chapter 9 Visual Communication Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Solutions Term 3 Chapter 9 Visual Communication

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Visual Communication Text Book Exercise

I. Choose the best answer:

Question 1.
The Keyboard shortcut is used to copy the selected text
(a) Ctrl + C
(b) Ctrl + V
(c) Ctrl + X
(d) Ctrl + A
Answer:
(a) Ctrl + C

Question 2.
The Keyboard shortcut is used to cut the selected text
(a) Ctrl + C
(b) Ctrl + V
(c) Ctrl + X
(d) Ctrl + A
Answer:
(c) Ctrl + X

Question 3.
If the ruler is not displayed in the screen, option is clicked.
(a) View → ruler
(b) view → task
(c) File → save
(d) Edit → paste
Answer:
(a) View → ruler

Question 4.
How many types of page orientation are there in Libre office Writer?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Answer:
(b) 2

Question 5.
The menu used to save the document is –
(a) File → open
(b) file → print
(c) file → save
(d) Edit → close
Answer:
(c) file → save

II. Answer briefly:

Question 1.
What is the use for Text document software?
Answer:

1. A text file is used to store standard and structured textual data or information that is human readable.
2. It is defined in several different formate including the most popular ASCII for cross platform usage and ANSI for windows – based operating platforms.

Question 2.
What is selecting text?
Answer:
Selecting is the process of highlighting text or picking an object. For example, a user may select text to copy, cut or move that text to an alternate location or select a file they want to view.

Question 3.
How to close a document?
Answer:
Close the current document by selecting File → Close command on the menu bar or click the Close icon if it is visible on the Standard tool bar.

Question 4.
What is right alignment?
Answer:
Right alignment is text or page formatting that aligns text along the right side of a page or containing element.

Question 5.
How to open an existing document?
Answer:
To open an existing document, do any one of the following methods:

1. Click the Open File button on the menu bar.
2. Choose File → Open command from the menu bar.
3. Press CTRL+O keys on the keyboard. Each of the above method will show the Open dialog box. Choose the file and click the Open button.

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Visual Communication Additional Questions

I. Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
………….. is a powerful and free office suite, used by millions of people.
(a) LibreOffice
(b) Microsoft window
(c) JAVA
(d) HTML
Answer:
(a) LibreOffice

Question 2.
………….. can create and edit forms, views and relations.
(a) Calc
(b) Impress
(c) Base
(d) Math
Answer:
(c) Base

Question 3.
………….. is the LibreOffice formula or equation editor.
(a) Impress
(b) Drawing
(c) Base
(d) Math
Answer:
(d) Math

Question 4.
The menu is used to print the document.
(a) File → open
(b) File → print
(c) File → save
(d) File → close
Answer:
(b) File → print

Question 5.
A ………….. is a set of characters and numbers in a certain style.
(a) Font
(b) Bullets
(c) Underline
(d) Paragraph
Answer:
(a) Font

Question 6.
………….. alignment refers to the appearance of the left and right sides of the Paragraph.
(a) Right
(b) Letf
(c) Paragraph
(d) None
Answer:
(c) Paragraph

Question 7.
How many types of alignment can be selected in LibreOffice?
(a) two
(b) three
(c) four
(d) five
Answer:
(c) four

Question 8.
A ………….. orientation means a horizontal display.
(a) Landscape
(b) Portrait
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Landscape

Question 9.
A page is shorter in height but wider in width
(a) Landscape
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(b) Portrait
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Portrait

II. Answer the following question:

Question 1.
What is drawing?
Answer:
Draw is a vector drawing tool that can produce everything from simple diagrams or flowcharts to 3D artwork.

Question 2.
How can you create a new document?
Answer:
To create a new document, do any one of the following methods

1. Click the New Document button on the menu bar.
2. Choose File → New command from the menu bar.
3. Press CTRL+N keys on the keyboard.

Question 3.
How can you print a document?
Answer:
To print a document or selected pages follow the steps given below:

1. Open the document to be printed.
2. Choose File → Print command on the menu bar. The Print dialog box will open. Select the Options like print range, Number of copies, Printer name etc. See that printer is switched on and the paper is available in the printer tray.
3. Click OK.

Question 4.
What is the difference between cut and copy?
Answer:
The main difference between Cut and Copy is that cut removes the selected data from its original position while copy creates a duplicate of the original content.

Question 5.
What is font?
Answer:
A font is a set of characters and numbers in a certain style. Each font looks different from other fonts.

Question 6.
What is paragraph alignment?
Answer:
Paragraph alignment refers to the appearance of the left and right sides of the paragraph.

III. Paragraph Questions:

Question 1.
What are the components of LibreOffice?(any five)
Answer:
LibreOffice includes the following components.

Text Document:
Writer is a featurerich tool for creating letters, books, reports, newsletters, brochures, and other documents.

Calc (spreadsheet):
Calc has all of the advanced analysis, charting, and decision making features expected from a high-end spreadsheet. It includes over 300 functions for financial, statistical and mathematical operations, among others.

Impress (presentations):
Impress provides all the common multimedia presentation tools, such as special effects, animation, and drawing tools.

Base (database):
Base provides tools for day-to-day database work within a simple interface. It can create and edit forms, reports, queries, tables, views, and relations, so that managing a relational database is much the same as in other popular database applications.

Math (formula editor):
Math is the LibreOffice formula or equation editor. You can use it to create complex equations that include symbols or characters not available in standard font sets.

Question 2.
How can you selecting the text?
Answer:
For selecting text, the mouse or the keyboard can be used.
Selecting Text with Mouse – Following steps are to be followed:

1. Insertion point is moved to the start of the text to be selected.
2. The left mouse button should be clicked, held down and dragged across the text to be selected.
3. When the intended text is selected, the mouse button should be released.

Selecting Text with Keyboard – Following are the steps to be followed:

1. Insertion point is moved to the start of the text to be selected.
2. The Shift key is pressed down and the movement keys are used to highlight the required text.
3. When the Shift key is released, the text is selected.

Question 3.
List the steps of moving the text.
Answer:
The selected text can be easily cut and pasted in the required location. Following steps are to be followed.

1. The text to be moved to a new location is selected.
2. Edit → Cut is selected or in the tool bar is selected to cut the selected text.
3. Insertion point is moved to the place where the text is to be pasted.
4. Edit → Paste is selected or in the tool bar is selected to paste the text in the new location. The text can also be pasted in this way to another or another type of document.

The following keyboard shortcuts can be used to move text.

• Ctrl + X → to Cut,
• Ctrl + V → to Paste

Question 4.
How can you change the margins?
Answer:
If the user is not having the exact value for the margins then the Ruler option on the View menu can be used to change the margins.
Following steps are used in this method:

1. If the ruler is not displayed in the screen, View → Ruler option is clicked.
2. The gray area of the ruler indicates the margin’s top area.
3. The mouse pointer is then moved in between the gray and white area of the ruler.
4. When the pointer is in the right spot, it changes into a line with arrows on both sides.
5. The margin guide is dragged to a new location.

Students can Download Science Term 3 Chapter 8 Conservation of Plants and Animals Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Solutions Term 3 Chapter 8 Conservation of Plants and Animals

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Conservation of Plants and Animals Text Book Exercise

I. Choose the best answer:

Question 1.
The plants found in a particular area are known as …………….
(a) fauna
(b) flora
(c) endemic
(d) rare
Answer:
(c) endemic

Question 2.
Deforestation means …………….
(a) cleaning of forest
(b) to grow plants
(c) to look after plants
(d) None of these
Answer:
(d) None of these

Question 3.
The Red Data Book gives a list of …………….
(a) endemic species
(b) extinct species
(c) natural species
(d) None of these
Answer:
(d) None of these

Question 4.
Insitu conservation is …………….
(a) off site conservation
(b) on site conservation
(c) Both a and b
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) on site conservation

Question 5.
Wildlife Protection Act was implemented in …………….
(a) 1986
(b) 1972
(c) 1973
(d) 1971
Answer:
(b) 1972

II. Fill in the blanks:

1. WWF stands for …………….
2. The animal found in a particular area is known as …………….
3. Red Data Book is maintained by …………….
4. Mudhumalai Wildlife Sanctuary is located in ……………. district.
5. ……………. is observed as ‘World Wildlife day’.

Answer:

1. World Wildlife Fund
2. endemic
3. International Union for conservation of Nature
4. Nilgiris
5. March 3

III. Match the following:

1. Gir national park – Madhya Pradesh
2. Sundarabans National Park – Uttarangal
3. Indira Gandhi National Park – West Bengal
4. Corbett National Park – Gujarat
5. Kanha National Park – Tamil Nadu

Answer:

1. Gir national park – Gujarat
2. Sundarabans National Park – West Bengal
3. Indira Gandhi National Park – Tamil Nadu
4. Corbett National Park – Uttarangal
5. Kanha National Park – Madhya Pradesh

IV. Answer very briefly:

Question 1.
What is global warming?
Answer:
Gases methane and carbon dioxide accumulating in the atmosphere and trap the heat energy inside the atmosphere leading to increase in temperature is called Global warming.

Question 2.
What is known as extent species?
Answer:
Species which no longer exist on Earth are called extinct species.

Question 3.
Give few example for extinct species.
Answer:
Dinosaurs and Dodo are examples of extinct species.

Question 4.
Name two endangered animals.
Answer:

1. Snow Leo pard
2. Asiatic Lion

Question 5.
What is ICBN?
Answer:
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. These are a set of International rules proposed by botanists to ensure a stable, universal and uniform system of naming plants.

V. Answer briefly:

Question 1.
What is biosphere reserve?
Answer:

1. Biosphere is a protected area where human population also forms the part of the system.
2. The area of these places will be around 5000 square kilometers. They conserve the eco system, species and genetic resources. These areas are set up mainly for economic development.

Question 2.
What is tissue culture?
Answer:
It is a technique of growing plant cells, tissues, organs, seeds or other plant parts in a sterile environment on a nutrient medium.

Question 3.
What is endangered species? Give two examples.
Answer:

1. An endangered species is an animal or a plant that is considered to be at the risk of extinction.
2. It means that there are only few of them left on the Earth and soon they might extinct.
3. Snow leopard, Bengal tiger, Asiatic lion, Purple frog and Indian giant squirrel are some of the endangered animals in India.

Question 4.
Write the advantages of the Red Data Book.
Answer:

1. It helps to evaluate the population of a particular species.
2. The data given in this book can be used to evaluate the species at the global level.
3. The risk of a species becoming globally extinct can be estimated with the help of this book.
4. It provides guidelines for implementing protective measures for endangered species.

Question 5.
Mention four main reasons for the conservation of forests.
Answer:

1. According to WWF (World Wildlife Fund) there has been 60% decrease in the size of population of animals, birds, fish, reptiles and amphibians over the past 40 years.
2. In order to leave something for the future generation, we need to conserve it now.
3. Conservation is the protection, preservation, management of wildlife and natural resource such as forest and water.
4. Conservation of biodiversity helps us to protect, maintain and recover endangered animals and plant species.

Question 6.
What do you understand by the term bio-magnification?
Answer:

1. Bio – magnification is the increase in contaminated substances due to the intoxicating environment.
2. The contaminants might be heavy metals such as mercury, arsenic, and pesticides such as polychlorinated biphenyls and DDT (Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloro ethane).
3. These substances are taken up by the organisms through the food they consume.
4. When the organisms in the higher food chain feed on the organisms in the lower food chain containing these toxins, these toxins get accumulated in the higher organisms.

Question 7.
What is PBR?
Answer:
1. Peoples Biodiversity Register is a document which contains comprehensive information on locally available bio-resources including landscape and demography of a particular area or village.

2. Bio-resources mean plants, animals and microorganisms or parts thereof, their genetic material and by-products with actual or potential use or value.

3. A Biodiversity Management Committee is set up in each local body which prepares the People’s Biodiversity Registers with the guidance and technical support of National Biodiversity Authority and the State Biodiversity Boards.

4. Preparation of this register promotes conservation, preservation of habitats and breed of animals and gathering of knowledge relating to biological diversity.

5. The register entails a complete documentation of biodiversity in the area related to the plant, food source, wildlife, medicinal source, traditional knowledge etc.

VI. Answer in detail:

Question 1.
What is Deforestation? Explain the causes and effects of Deforestation.
Answer:
Destruction of forests in order to make the land available for different uses is known as deforestation.
Causes of Deforestation:

• Fires and floods are the natural causes for deforestation.
• Human activities are responsible for deforestation include agricultural expansion, cattle breeding, illegal logging, mining, oil extraction, dam construction and infrastructure development.

1. Agricultural Expansion:

• With increasing population, there is an overgrowing demand for food production.
• Hence, large amount of trees are chopped down for crops and for cattle grazing.

2. Urbanization:

• Increase in population needs the expansion of cities.
• More land is needed to establish housing and settlement.
• Requirements like construction of roads, development of houses, mineral exploitation and expansion of industries also arise due to urbanisation.
• Forests are destroyed to meet all these needs.

3. Mining:

• Mining of coal, diamond and gold require a large amount of forest land.
• Large number of trees are cut down to clear the forest area. The waste that comes out from mining pollutes the environment and affects the nearby plants.

4. Construction of dams:
To provide water supply to the increasing population, large size dams are constructed. Hence, a great extend of forest area is being cleared.

5. Timber Production:

• Wood-based industries like paper, match-sticks, furniture need a substantial amount of wood supply.
• Wood is the most commonly used fuel, thus, a large number of trees are being cut down for fuel supplies.
• Illegal wood cutting is the main reason for the destruction of some valuable plants.

6. Forest fire:

• Forest fire be caused by humans, accidents or natural factors.
• Forest fires wipe out thousands of acres of forest land each year all over the world. This has tremendous effects on biodiversity and the economy as well.

7. Cyclones:
Cyclones destroy the trees on a massive scale.

Effects of Deforestation:
1. Extinction of species:
Deforestation has resulted in the loss of many wonderful species of plants and animals and many are on the verge of extinction.

2. Soil Erosion:

• When the trees are cut down, soils are exposed to the Sun’s heat.
• Extreme temperature of the summer dries up the moisture and makes the nutrients to evaporate, ft also affects the bacteria that helps in the breakdown of organic matter.

3. Water cycle:
When trees are cut down, the amount of water vapour released decreases for transpiration and hence there is a decrease in the rainfall. ‘

4. Floods:
When the trees are cut down, the flow of water is disrupted and it leads to flooding.

Question 2.
Discuss the advantages of Insitu and exsitu conservation.
Answer:
Advantages of In-situ conservation:

1. Species can be adapted to their habitat.
2. Species can interact with each other.
3. Natural habitat is maintained.
4. It is less expensive and easy to manage.
5. Interests of indigenous people are protected.

Advantages of Exquisite conservation:

1. It prevents the decline of species.
2. Endangered animals can be breeded in these ways.
3. Threatened species are breeded and released in natural environment.
4. It is useful for conducting research and scientific work.

Question 3.
Write about the types of conservation.
Answer:
Conservation is the protection, preservation, management of wildlife and natural resource such as forest and water.

Types:
In-situ conservation:
It is conservation of living resources within the natural ecosystem in which they occur.

1. National Parks:

• It is an area which is strictly reserved for the betterment of the wildlife.
• Here, activities like forestry, grazing or cultivation are not permitted.
• Eg – Guindy National Park in Chennai district.

2. Wildlife sanctuaries:

• A sanctuary is a protected area reserved for the conservation of animals only.
• Human activities like harvesting of timber, collection of forest products and private ownership rights are allowed here.
• Controlled interference like tourist activity is also allowed.

3. Biosphere reserves:

• It is a protected area where human population also forms the part of the system.
• The area of these places will be around 5000 square kilometers.
• They conserve the eco system, species and genetic resources.
• Eg – These areas are set up mainly for economic development.

Ex-situ Conservation:
It is the conservation of wildlife outside their habitat. Establishing zoos and botanical gardens, conservation of genes, seedling and tissue.

1. Botanical gardens:

• It is a place where flowers, fruits and vegetables are grown.
• These places provide a healthy and calm environment.

2. Zoological parks:

• Zoological parks are the areas where wild animals are conserved.
• In India there are about 800 zoological parks.

3. Tissue Culture:
It is a technique of growing plant cells, tissues, organs, seeds or other plant parts in a sterile environment on a nutrient medium.

4. Seed bank:
The seed bank preserves dried seeds by storing them in a very low temperature.

5. Cryo Bank:
It is a technique by which a seed or embryo is preserved at a very low temperature.

Question 4.
Write a note on Blue Cross.
Answer:
1. Blue Cross is a registered animal welfare charity in the United Kingdom, founded in 1897 as Our Dumb Friends League.

2. The vision of this charity is that every pet will enjoy a healthy life in a happy home.

3. The charity provides support for pet owners who cannot afford private veterinary treatment, helps to find homes for unwanted animals, and educates the public in the responsibilities of animal ownership.

4. Captain V. Sundaram founded the Blue Cross of India, the largest animal welfare organization of Asia in Chennai in the year 1959.

5. He was an Indian pilot and animal welfare activist. Now, Blue Cross of India the country’s largest animal welfare organizations and it runs several animal welfare events like pet adaptation and animal right awareness.

6. Blue Cross of India has received several international and national awards.

7. This organization is entirely looked after by volunteers.

8. The main office is located at Guindy, Chennai, with all amenities like hospitals, shelters, ambulance services and animal birth controls, etc.

9. Activities of the organization include, providing shelters, re-homing, adoption, animal birth control, maintaining hospitals and mobile dispensary and providing ambulance services.

VII. HOT:

Question 1.
Is it possible to find Dinosaurs today? Why?
Answer:

1. No. It is not possible to find Dinosaurs today since they have become extinct.
2. The reasons may be shortage of food, space or climate changes.

Question 2.
Animals are affected by Deforestation. How?
Answer:

1. Deforestation involves destruction of forests by man to make the lend available for different uses.
2. When forests are destroyed, the wild animals living there are left homeless.
3. They start moving out in search of shelter.
4. Since animals start moving out the food chains are also affected and animals cannot find food also.
5. They also get isolated from their groups and may be killed by accidents or hunted.

Question 3.
Why did the numbers of Tiger and Black buck decrease?
Answer:

1. The number of Black buck and Tigers have decreased due to excessive hunting, Deforestation and habitat degradation.
2. Tigers are also facing problems of prey depletion since the number of deers and other herbivores are decreasing due to disappearance of forests.

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Conservation of Plants and Animals Additional Question

I. Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
…………… is not a green house gas.
(a) Oxygen
(b) Carbon dioxide
(c) Nitro-us oxide
(d) Methane
Answer:
(a) Oxygen

Question 2.
Chipko Movement was started in ……………
(a) 1980
(b) 1970
(c) 1960
(d) 1953
Answer:
(b) 1970

Question 3.
Each year …………… is celebrated as ‘World Biodiversity Day’.
(a) April 20
(b) May 22
(c) December 8
(d) October 12
Answer:
(b) May 22

Question 4.
…………… is not an endangered animal.
(a) Nilgiri Tahr
(b) Asiatic Lion
(c) Snow leopard
(d) Dodo duck
Answer:
(d) Dodo duck

Question 5.
Yeoman Butterfly has been declared as state butterfly of ……………
(a) Manipur
(b) Nagaland
(c) Tamil Nadu
(d) West Bengal
Answer:
(c) Tamil Nadu

II. Fill in the blanks:

1. The founder of Chipko movement was ……………
2. In a Cryo bank, the seeds are preserved in ……………
3. The variety of life forms is called …………….
4. Replanting of trees is called ……………
5. The details of endangered species can be viewed in ……………
6. Blue cross of India was established in …………… in India.
7. …………… has led to destruction of coral seeds.
8. …………… Biosphere reserve is located in Tamil Nadu.
9. National park is an example for …………… conservation.
10. World Wild life Day is celebrated on …………….

Answer:

1. Sunderlal Bahuguna
2. liquid nitrogen
3. Biodiversity
4. Reforestation
5. Red Data Book
6. Chennai
7. Biomagnification
8. Nilgiri
9. In-situ
10. March 3rd

III. Very short answer:

Question 1.
What is Reforestation?
Answer:
Reforestation is the natural or intentional replanting of the existing forests that have been destroyed through deforestation.

Question 2.
Differentiate Afforestation and Reforestation.
Answer:
Afforestation:

1. Trees are planted in new areas where there was no forest cover.
2. One sapling is planted to get one tree.
3. It is practiced to bring more area under forest

Reafforestation:

1. It is practiced in areas where forests have been destroyed.
2. Two saplings are planted to replace every felled tree
3. It is practiced to avoid deforestation.

Question 3.
Name two endangered plant species?
Answer:
Malabar Lily and Rafflesia flower.

Question 4.
What are the functions of CPCSEA?
Answer:

1. Approval of animal house facilities.
2. Permission for conducting experiments involving usage of animals.
3. CPCSEA stands for ‘The Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals.
4. It is a statutory committee set up under the Preservation of Cruelty to Animals Act,1960.

Question 5.
The Red Data Book is maintained by which organisation?
Answer:

1. Red Data Book is maintained by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
2. It is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.

IV. Long Answer:

Question 1.
List some measure to save endangered species.
Answer:

1. Animal species are endangered mainly because of hunting and poaching. If it is controlled, there can be a significant change in the number of endangered animals.
2. Controlling pollution can have a positive impact on animals, fish and birds all over the world.
3. By consuming less pollutants, we can protect the ecosystems.
4. Animals often mistake plastic for food and hence plastics harm and cause endangerment of many species. Limiting the amount of plastic and recycling it can save the endangered animals.
5. Recycling things and buying Eco friendly products will preserve the environment resources and hence the animals.
6. Pesticides and chemicals which cause damage to the environment should be avoided.
7. Planting native trees will provide food to the animals.

Question 2.
What are causes for endangerment of species?
Answer:

1. Loss of habitat.
2. Trees that provide food and shelter to so many species are destroyed due to human intervention.

Over hunting and poaching:
Large number of animals is hunted for their horns, skin, teeth and many other valuable products.

3. Pollution:

• Number of animals are affected by pollutions like air pollution and water pollution.
• In the recent years more number of animals is affected by wastes in the form of plastic.

4. New habitat:

• Sometimes animals are taken by people to new habitat where they do not naturally live.
• Some, of them may extinct and some may survive.
• The new ones may also get attacked by the species already living there and cause their extinction.

5. Chemicals:

• We use pesticides and other chemicals to get rid of damaging insects, pests or weeds.
• But they can also poison desired plants and animals if we do not use them correctly.

6. Diseases:
Diseases due to various unknown reasons may affect the animals and make them extinct.

7. Natural calamities:
Animals may also be destroyed due to natural disasters like flood and fire.

Question 3.
Explain the significance of Afforestation.
Answer:

1. Afforestation helps the wild animals and even humans to have shelter and to find their food source.
2. Through afforestation we can increase the supply of oxygen. Trees planted can increase the water vapour in the atmosphere to get the rainfall.
3. By planting trees the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can be reduced and thus the effects of air pollution, green house gases and global warming can be controlled.
4. Afforestation enables us to avoid desertification of land.
5. Barren lands experience strong winds and it causes soil erosion. Top soil is washed away during rainfall. Afforestation helps to grow more trees so that they can hold the top soil along with the nutrients.
6. Creating forests provides us fodder, fruits, firewood and many other resources.
7. Industries need specific type of trees. Afforestation helps us to grow a particular type of trees.

Students can Download Science Term 3 Chapter 6 Chemistry in Everyday Life Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Solutions Term 3 Chapter 6 Chemistry in Everyday Life

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Chemistry in Everyday Life Text Book Exercise

I. Choose the best answer:

Question 1.
The chemical mixed with LPG that helps in the detection of its leakage is …………………
(a) methanol
(b) ethanol
(c) camphor
(d) mercapton
Answer:
(d) mercapton

Question 2.
Which is known as syn gas?
(a) Marsh gas
(b) Water gas
(c) Producer gas
(d) Coal gas
Answer:
(b) Water gas

Question 3.
The unit of calorific value of fuel is …………………
(a) kilo joule per mole
(b) kilo joule per gram
(c) kilo joule per kilo gram
(d) joule per kilo gram
Answer:
(c) kilo joule per kilo gram

Question 4.
………………… is the coal of superior quality.
(a) Peat
(b) Lignite
(c) Bituminous
(d) Anthracite
Answer:
(d) Anthracite

Question 5.
The main component of natural gas is …………………
(a) methane
(b) ethane
(c) propane
(d) butane
Answer:
(a) methane

II. Fill in the blanks:

1. Producer gas is a mixture of …………..
2. ………….. is known as marsh gas.
3. The term petroleum means …………..
4. Heating coal in the absence of air is called ……………
5. An example for fossil fuel is …………..

Answer:

1. Carbon monoxide and nitrogen
2. Methane
3. Rock oil
4. Destructive distillation
5. Coal

III. Match the following:

Question 1.

1. Octane rating – (a) Diesel
2. Cetane rating – (b) Methane
3. Simplest hydrocarbon – (c) Petrol
4. Peat – (d) Bown in colour
5. Lignite – (e) First stage coal

Answer:

1. c
2. a
3. b
4. e
5. d

IV. Answer briefly:

Question 1.
What do you mean by catenation?
Answer:
The property of carbon atom to form bonds with itself resulting in a single large structure or chain is called catenation.

Question 2.
Mention the advantages of natural gas.
Answer:

1. It produces lot of heat as it is easily burnt.
2. It does not leave any residue.
3. It bums without smoke and so causes no pollution.
4. This can be easily supplied through pipes.
5. It can be directly used as fuel in homes and industries.

Question 3.
Expand CNG. List out its uses.
Answer:
CNG – Compressed Natural Gas.

1. It is the cheapest and cleanest fuel.
2. Vehicles using this gas produce less carbon dioxide and hydrocarbon emission.
3. It is less expensive than petrol and diesel.

Question 4.
Identify the gas known as syngas. Why is it called so?
Answer:
Water Gas is also called as syngas or synthesis gas as it is used to synthesize methanol and simple hydrocarbons. It is used as an industrial fuel also.

Question 5.
Anthracite is known as the highest grade coal. Give reason.
Answer:

1. Anthracite is the highest grade coal.
2. It has a very light weight and the highest heat content.
3. Anthracite coal is very hard, deep black and shiny.
4. It contains 86-97% carbon and has a heating value slightly higher than bituminous coal.
5. It bums longer with more heat and less dust.

Question 6.
Distinguish between octane number and cetane number.
Answer:
Octane Number:

1. Octane rating is used for petrol
2. It measures the amount of octane present in petrol
3. Octane number of petrol can be increased by adding benzene or toluene.
4. The fuel with high octane number has low cetane number

Cetane Number:

1. Cetane rating is used for diesel
2. It measures the ignition delay of the fuel in diesel engine.
3. Cetane number of diesel can be increased by adding acetone.
4. The fuel with high cetane number has low octane number

Question 7.
Name the places in Tamilnadu harnessing wind energy from wind mills.
Answer:
Wind mills are mostly located at Kayathar, Aralvaimozhi, Palladam and Kudimangalam in Tamil Nadu.

Question 8.
Solar energy is a non – depleting energy. Justify.
Answer:

1. Solar energy is the only viable fuel source of non – depleting nature for, Sun provides a free and renewable source of energy.
2. It is the renewable type of energy without endangering the environment.
3. It is the potential source to replace the fossil fuel in order to meet the needs of the world. With the advancements in science and technology, solar energy has become more affordable, and it can overcome energy crisis.

V. Answer in detail:

Question 1.
Explain the different types of coal.
Answer:
Lignite:

1. Lignite is a brown coloured coal of lowest grade.
2. It has least content of carbon. The carbon content of lignite is 25 – 35%.
3. Lignite contains a high amount of water and makes up almost half of our total coal reserves.
4. It is used for electricity generation.
5. It is used to generate synthetic natural gas and produce fertilizer products.

Sub-bituminous:

1. When lignite becomes darker and harder over time, sub-bituminous coal is formed.
2. Sub-bituminous coal is a black and dull coal.
3. It has higher heating value than lignite and contains 35-44% carbon.
4. It is used primarily as fuel for electricity power generation.
5. This coal has lower sulfur content than other types and bums cleaner.

Bituminous:

1. With more chemical and physical changes, sub-bituminous coal is developed into bituminous coal.
2. It is dark and hard. It contains 45-86% carbon. It has high heating value.
3. It is used to generate electricity.
4. Other important use of this coal is to provide coke to iron and steel industries.
5. By-products of this coal can be converted into different chemicals which are used to make paint, nylon and many other items.

Anthracite:

1. It is the highest grade coal. It is hard and dark black in colour.
2. It has a very light weight and the highest heat content.
3. Anthracite coal is very hard, deep black and shiny.
4. It contains 86-97% carbon and has a heating value slightly higher than bituminous coal.
5. It bums longer with more heat and less dust.

Question 2.
What is known as destructive distillation? Write about the products obtained from petroleum.
Answer:
Coal when heated in the absence of air does not bum but produces many by-products. This process of heating coal in the absence of air is called destructive distillation of coal.
Products obtained from petroleum:

1. Liquefied Petroleum Gas or LPG
2. Diesel and petrol
3. Kerosene
4. Lubricating oil
5. Paraffin
6. Bitumen or asphalt
7. Refinery Gas
8. Naphtha
9. Fuel Oil
10. Chemicals
11. Jet fuel
12. Waxes
13. Polishes

Question 3.
What are the different types of fuels?
Answer:
Fuels are classified into solid, liquid and gaseous fuels according to their physical state.
Solid fuels:

1. Fuels like wood and coal are in solid state and they are called solid fuels.
2. This type of fuel was the first one to be used by man.
3. These fuels are easy to store and transport.
4. The production cost is also very low.

Liquid fuels:

1. Most of the liquid fuels are derived from the fossil remains of dead plants and animals petroleum oil, coal tar and alcohol are some of the liquid fuels.
2. These fuels give more energy on burning and bum without ash.

Gaseous fuel:

1. Coal gas, oil gas, producer gas and hydrogen are some of the gaseous fuels.
2. It can be easily transported through pipes and they do not produce pollution.

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Chemistry in Everyday Life Additional Questions

I. Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Dead and decaying plants and animals release ………………… gas.
(a) propane
(b) butane
(c) methane
(d) pentane
Answer:
(c) methane

Question 2.
………………… is an odourless and highly inflammable gas.
(a) Propane
(b) Butane
(c) Ethane
(d) Methane
Answer:
(a) Propane

Question 3.
Which gas is used as fuels and solvents in the laboratory?
(a) Natural gas
(b) CNG
(c) Methane
(d) Butane
Answer:
(d) Butanel

Question 4.
Which of the following is referred as wood gas?
(a) Water gas
(b) Producer gas
(c) Coal gas
(d) None
Answer:
(b) Producer gas

Question 5.
Which is used in museums to protect the monuments?
(a) CNG
(b) Producer Gas
(c) Water gas
(d) Natural gas
Answer:
(d) Natural gas

Question 6.
………………… is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide.
(a) Bio-gas
(b) Water gas
(c) Coal gas
(d) None
Answer:
(a) Bio-gas

Question 7.
………………… is a gaseous mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
(a) Bio-gas
(b) Natural gas
(c) Water gas
(d) Producer gas
Answer:
(b) Natural gas

Question 8.
The breaking down of organic matter in an anaerobic condition leads to the formation of ………………….
(a) coal gas
(b) natural gas
(c) bio-gas
(d) CNG
Answer:
(c) Bio-gas

Question 9.
When lignite becomes darker and harder over time ………………… coal is formed.
(a) lignite
(b) bituminous
(c) anthracite
(d) sub-bituminous
Answer:
(d) sub-bituminous

Question 10.
Which one among the following is an extremely strong but lightweight material is used in mountain bikes and tennis rackets?
(a) Cotton fibre
(b) Carbon fibre
(c) Plastic fibre
(d) None
Answer:
(b) Carbon fibre

II. Fill in the blanks:

1. Hydrogen gas obtained from natural gas is used in the production of …………….
2. Hydrocarbons are present in different ……………. and …………….
3. Hydrocarbons are less dense than …………….
4. Sewage sludge can also be decomposed by microorganisms to produce methane gas along with impurities like carbon dioxide and ……………..
5. ……………. can also be used as refrigerants.
6. ……………. is used as a fuel gas and propellant in aerosol sprays such as deodorants.
7. ……………. natural gas can be extracted through drilling wells.
8. ……………. coal is a black and dull coal.
9. ……………. is used to make face packs and cosmetics.
10. Activated carbon used in filters for water and air purification and in ……………. machines is obtained from coal.

Answer:

1. fertilizers
2. trees, plants
3. water
4. hydrogen sulphide
5. Propane
6. Butane
7. Conventional
8. Sub-bituminous
9. Activated charcoal
10. kidney dialysis

III. Write true or false- if false, write the correct statement:

Question 1.
Coal helps to create alumina refineries.
Answer:
True

Question 2.
Coke is used in the preparation of dyes, explosives, paints synthetic fibers and pesticides.
Answer:
False
Correct statement:
Coal tar is used in the preparation of dyes, explosives, paints, synthetic fibers and pesticides.

Question 3.
Coal is also known as black diamond owing to its precious nature.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
Crude oil is used as a sealant for waterproofing various surfaces.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
The process of separating petroleum into useful by-products and removal of undesirable impurities is called distillation.
Answer:
False
Correct statement:
The process of separating petroleum into useful by-products and removal of undesirable impurities is called refining.

IV. Match the following:

Question 1.

1. Hydrocarbons – (a) Marsh gas
2. Methane – (b) Cleanest fuel
3. Butane – (c) Catenation
4. CNG – (d) Polystryrene

Answer:

1. c
2. a
3. d
4. b

V. Short answer questions:

Question 1.
Write any 2 properties of hydrocarbons.
Answer:

1. Most of the hydrocarbons are insoluble in water.
2. Hydrocarbons are less dense than water. So they float on top of water.
3. Most hydrocarbons react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.

Question 2.
Write the uses of natural gas.
Answer:

1. Natural gas is used as an industrial and domestic fuel.
2. It is used in thermal power stations.
3. It is used as fuel in vehicles as an alternative for petrol and diesel.

Question 3.
Write a note on bio-gas.
Answer:

1. Bio-gas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide.
2. It is produced by the decomposition of plant and animal waste which form the organic matter.
3. The breaking down of organic matter in anaerobic condition (ie., in the absence of oxygen) leads to the formation of biogas.
4. It is an example for renewable source of energy.

Question 4.
What is surface mining?
Answer:
If the coal beds lie within 22 feet of the Earth’s surface, the top soil is removed and coal is dug out. This is called surface mining.

Question 5.
What is deep mining?
Answer:
In some places, coal beds are found very deep inside the Earth. In that case, underground tunnels are made to get this coal. This is called underground mining or deep mining.

Question 6.
Write a note on coke.
Answer:

1. Coke contains 98% carbon. It is porous, black and the purest form of coal.
2. It is a good fuel and burns without smoke.
3. It is largely used as a reducing agent in the extraction of metals from their ores.
4. It is also used in making fuel gases like producer gas and water gas which is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

Question 7.
What are the characteristics of fuel?
Answer:

1. It should be readily available.
2. It should be easily transportable
3. It should be less expensive
4. It should have high calorific value
5. It should produce large amount of heat
6. It should not leave behind any undesirable substances.

Question 8.
Write a note on bio – diesel.
Answer:
Bio diesel is a fuel obtained from vegetable oils such as soya bean oil, jatropha oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, cotton seed oil, rice-bran oil and rubber seed oil.

VI. Long Answer type Questions:

Question 1.
What are the uses of coal?
Answer:

1. Coal is used to generate heat and electricity.
2. It is used to make derivatives of silicon which are used to make lubricants, water repellents, resins, cosmetics, hair shampoos and toothpaste.
3. Activated charcoal is used to make facepacks and cosmetics.
4. It is used to make paper.
5. It helps to create alumina refineries.
6. Carbon fibre is an extremely strong but lightweight material is used in construction, mountain bikes, and tennis rackets.
7. Activated carbon used in filters for water and air purification and in kidney dialysis machines is obtained from coal.

Question 2.
Explain destructive distillation of Coal.
Answer:

1. The destructive distillation of coal can be carried out in the laboratories.
2. Finely powdered coal is taken in a test tube and heated.
   • At a particular temperature, coal breaks down to produce coke, coal tar, ammonia and coal gas.
   • Coal tar is deposited at the bottom of the second test tube and coal gas escapes out through the side tube.
   • Ammonia produced is absorbed in the water, forming ammonium hydroxide.
   • Finally, a black residue called coke is left in the first tube.

Students can Download Science Chapter 7 Visual Communication Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 7th Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 7th Science Solutions Term 1 Chapter 7 Visual Communication

Samacheer Kalvi 7th Science Visual Communication Textual Evaluation

I. Choose the appropriate answer :

Question 1.
Which is the example for an Wimation ?
(a) sound communication
(b) visual communication
(c) vector communication
(d) raster communication
Answer:
(b) visual communication

Question 2.
Who uses the Photoshop software more?
(a) Teacher
(b) Doctor
(c) Painter
(d) Photographer
Answer:
(d) Photographer

Question 3.
Which option is used in the Microsoft Photostory to upload the photos?
(a) Begin a Story
(b) Import Pictures
(c) Settings
(d) View your Story
Answer:
(b) Import Pictures

Question 4.
Which technology shows the computer-drawn pictures as real picture.
(a) Inkscape
(b) Photo Story
(c) Virtual Reality
(d) Adobe Illustrator
Answer:
(c) Virtual Reality

Question 5.
Which technology uses pixels to create pictures
(a) Vector
(b) Raster
(c) both
(d) None
Answer:
(b) Raster

Question 6.
Which software is used to create symbols
(a) Photoshop
(b) Illustrator
(c) Vector Graphics
(d) Photostory
Answer:
(c) Vector Graphics

II. Match the following:

Answer:

1. b
2. c
3. e
4. a
5. d

III. Answer the following Questions.

Question 1.
What is Raster Graphics?
Answer:

1. Raster Graphics are created on the basis of PIXELS.
2. The photos taken by camera and the photos scanned by a scanner are of the Raster type.
3. When we enlarge this type of photos we could see the pictures as rectangular layers or grids.

Question 2.
Write notes on 2D and 3D pictures.
Answer:
The two dimensional 2D images have only the two dimensions – length and height. But three dimensional images (3D) have length, height and width. 3D images appear in front of our eyes like it happens in the real world.

Question 3.
Differentiate between Raster and Vector
Answer:

Question 4.
With the help of Microsoft Photostory how will you create a video on a photostory?
Answer:
Microsoft Photostory can be used to make videos using photos. First we have to upload
the photos and then select music for the video.
Step 1: Open the application of ‘Microsoft Photostory’. In that select ‘Begin A New Story’ and click on Next.
Step 2: Click ‘Import Picture’ in the next screen. Now, the files in our computer will appear. Select Saved pictures for video.
Step 3: Now we can input small text which is apt to the pictures. Then click on ‘Next’ and give animation to the videos. We can give audio effect also to these images. After finishing this click on ‘Next”.
Step 4 : To provide background music, we can select a music file through “Select Music” and click on “Next”.
Step 5: Next select a title for the story and select the place where it has to be saved in your computer. Then, through SETTINGS, change the format of the video.
Step 6: Now our video is ready to view. Click ‘VIEW YOUR STORY’. You can see your video now.

Samacheer Kalvi 7th Science Visual Communication Additional Questions

I. Choose the appropriate answer

Question 1.
Name the software which is used to beautify edit photos _________
(a) Photoshop
(b) paint
(c) Scratch
(d) Notepad
Answer:
(a) Photoshop

Question 2.
The output we get from any application is commonly referred as _________
(a) folder
(b) file
(c) Box
(d) Archive
Answer:
(b) file

Question 3.
_________ is a storage space that contains multiple files.
(a) Folder
(b) File
(c) Record
(d) Archire
Answer:
(a) Folder

Question 4.
_____ button at the left corner of the computer, it shows the list of all programs in the computer.
(a) Stop
(b) Start
(c) Begin
(d) New
Answer:
(b) Start

Question 5.
______ app used to draw and edit pictures.
(a) Paint
(b) Colout
(c) Art
(d) Picture
Answer:
(a) Paint

II. Match the following:

Answer:

1. e
2. a
3. d
4. b
5. c

III. Answer the following :

Question 1.
What is ‘Photoshop’?
Answer:
Photoshop is a software used to beautify and edit the photos. It is used by photographers.

Question 2.
Write is difference between a file and a folder?
Answer:

Question 3.
Write the types of vector Graphics files.
Answer:
Types of Vector Graphics Files

1. .eps (Encapsulated Post Script)
2. .ai (Adobe Illustrator Artwork)
3. .pdf (Portable Document Format)
4. .svg (Scalable Vector Graphics)
5. .sketch

Question 4.
Name the softwares used to edit the Vector Graphics Images.
Answer:

1. Adobe Illustrator
2. Sketch
3. Inkscape.

Question 5.
Name the types of pictures?
Answer:
Pictures are of two types

1. Vector
2. Raster

Students can Download Social Science History Chapter 3 Jainism, Buddhism and Ajivika Philosophy in Tamil Nadu Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 7th Social Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 7th Social Science History Solutions Term 3 Chapter 3 Jainism, Buddhism and Ajivika Philosophy in Tamil Nadu

Samacheer Kalvi 7th Social Science Jainism, Buddhism and Ajivika Philosophy in Tamil Nadu Textual Evaluation

I. Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Where was the first Jain Council held to codify the Jaina canon?
(a) Pataliputra
(b) Vallabhi
(c) Mathura
(d) Kanchipuram
Answer:
(a) Pataliputra

Question 2.
In which language was Agama sutras written?
(a) Ardha-Magadhi Prakrit
(b) Hindi
(c) Sanskrit
(d) Pali
Answer:
(a) Ardha-Magadhi Prakrit

Question 3.
Which of the following was patronised by the Kalabhras?
(a) Buddhism
(b) Jainism
(c) Ajivikas
(d) Hinduism
Answer:
(b) Jainism

Question 4.
Where are the Rock beds found with no head-rests?
(a) Vellore
(b) Kanchipuram
(c) Sittanavasal
(d) Madurai
Answer:
(a) Vellore

Question 5.
Who is believed to have built the Kazhugumalai Rock-Cut Temple?
(a) Mahendra Varman
(b) Parantaka Nedunchadayan
(c) Parantaka Veera Narayana Pandyan
(d) Harihara II
Answer:
(b) Parantaka Nedunchadayan

II. Fill in the Blanks

1. The image of is considered to be the tallest Jain image in Tamil Nadu.
2. Buddhacharita was written by .
3. Chinese traveller Huein Tsang visited Pallava country in century.
4. describes Buddhism as a religion in decay.
5. The Mauryan emperor Asoka and his grandson Dasarata patronised .

Answer:

1. Neminatha
2. Asvaghosa
3. 7th
4. Mahendravarman’s Mattavilasa Prahasana
5. Ajivikas

III. Match the following

Answer:

VI. Answer the following:

Question 1.
Find out the odd one
Tiruparuttikunram, Kizha Kuyil Kudi, Kazhugumalai, Nagapattinam, Sittanavasal.
Answer:
Nagapattinam

Question 2.
Assertion (A): Gautama found that he had nothing to learn from the teachers of the old religions.
Reason (R): The religions proclaimed that the only way to salvation was through living the life of an ascetic.
(a) A is correct. R is the correct explanation of A
(b) A is correct. R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) Both A and R are wrong. (d) A is wrong. But R is correct.
Answer:
(a) A is correct. R is the correct explanation of A

Question 3.
Find out the correct statement/s

1. During the 6th century B.C. as many as 62 religious schools flourished in India.
2. ‘Palli’ is an educational centre of Buddhists.
3. Royal patronage allowed pre-Muslim India to become a land of vihars.
4. The Ajivikas continued to exist till 15th century.

(a) i) and iii) are correct
(b) i), ii) and iv) are correct.
(c) i) and ii) are correct
(d) ii), iii) and iv) are correct.
Answer:
(a) i) and iii) are correct

Question 4.
Find out the wrong pair/s

1. Parshvanatha – 22nd Tirthankara
2. Mahabashya – the Ceylonese Chroniclei
3. Visuddhimagga – Buddhagosha
4. Buddha – Eight-fold Path

Answer:

1. Parshvanatha – 22nd Tirthankara

V. True or False

1. The 12th Agama Sutra is said to have been lost.
2. Throughout history, Ajivikas had to face persecution everywhere.
3. Education was imparted in institutions of Jains irrespective of caste and creed.
4. Nalanda, Taxila and Vikramashila gained reputation as pilgrim centres.
5. Buddhism faced challenges from Saiva and Vaishnava sects from the Chola period onwards.

Answer:

1. True
2. True
3. True
4. False
5. False

VI. Answer the following:

Question 1.
Make a list of the Five Great Vows of Jainism.
Answer:
Five Great Vows of Jainism:

1. Non-violence – Ahimsa
2. Truth – Satya
3. Non-stealing – Achaurya
4. Celibacy/Chastity – Brahmacharya
5. Non-possession – Aparigraha.

Question 2.
What are the four noble truths of Buddha?
Answer:

1. Life includes pain, getting old, disease, and ultimately death.
2. Suffering is caused by craving and aversion.
3. Suffering can be overcome and happiness attained.
4. True happiness and contentment are possible, if one pursues the eight-fold path.

Question 3.
Explain the three divisions of Tripitaka.
Answer:

1. The Pali canon Tripitaka has three divisions, also known as the Threefold Basket. They include Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka.
2. Vinaya Pitaka contains the rules of the order of Buddhist monks, which must be observed for achieving purity of conduct.
3. Sutta Pitaka lays down the principles of religion by citing discourses as evidence.
4. Abhidhamma Pitaka is the latest of the Tripitaka. It deals with ethics, philosophy and meta-physics.

Question 4.
Highlight the importance of Sittanavasal.
Answer:

1. Sittanavasal cave in Pudukkottai district is located on a prominent rock that stands 70 m above the ground.
2. It has a natural cavern, known as Eladipattam, at one end, and a rock-cut cave temple at the other.
3. The largest of these ascetic beds contains a Tamil-Brahmi inscription that dates to the 2nd century B.C.
4. The Sittanavasal cave temple, named Arivar Koil, lies on the west off the hillock. The facade of the temple is simple, with four rock-cut columns.
5. Constructed in the early Pandya period, in the 7th century A.D. , it has a hall in the front called the Ardha-mandapam.

VII. Answer in detail.

Question 1.
Enumerate the sources of study for Jainism and Buddhism.
Answer:

Sources of Jainism:

1. Mahaviras preaching was orally transmitted by his disciples over the course of about .one thousand years.
2. In the early period of Jainism, monks strictly followed the five great vows of Jainism. Even religious scriptures were considered possessions and therefore knowledge of the religion was never documented.
3. Two hundred years after the death of Mahavira, Jain scholars attempted to codify the canon by convening an assembly at Pataliputra, but it ended as a failure.
4. A second council held at Vallabhi, in the 5th century A.D., was, however, successful in
5. Over time, many learned monks, older in age and rich in wisdom, had compiled commentaries on various topics.

Sources of Buddhism:

1. Buddhas teachings for a long time were transmitted through the memory of teachers and disciples.
2. They were reduced to writing by 80 B.C. and were written in the Pali language.
3. The Pali canon Tripitaka has three divisions, also known as the Threefold Basket. They include Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka.

Question 2.
Give an account of relics of Jainism and Buddhism that have come to light in Tamil Nadu.
Answer:
Jains in Kanchipuram:

1. Jainism flourished during the Pallava reign.
2. The two Jain temples in Kanchipuram are Trilokyanatha Jinaswamy Temple at Tiruparuttikunram and the Chandra Prabha temple dedicated to the Tirtankara named Chandra Prabha.
3. Mural paintings in the temples show scenes from the lives of Tirtankaras.
4. In the Kanchipuram district, Jain vestiges have been found over the years in many villages across the state.

Kazhugumalai Jain Rock-cut Temple:

1. The Kazhugumalai temple in Thoothukudi district marks the revival of Jainism in Tamil Nadu.
2. Polished rock-cut cave beds, popularly known as Panchavar Padukkai at Kazhugumalai cavern host the figures of Tirtankaras and also the figures of yakshas and yakshis. Jain temples have also been excavated in the districts of Vellore, Tiruvannamalai and Madurai.

Buddhism in Tamilzhakam:

1. Buddhism is believed to have spread to the Tamil country by the Ceylonese missionaries.
2. The monuments are in caverns known as Pancha Pandava Malai.
3. Chudamani Vihara of Nagapattinam was constructed by the Srivijaya king with the patronage of Rajaraja Chola.
4. In the field of education, Buddhist Sanghas and Viharas served as centers of education.
5. Nalanda, Taxila and Vikramshila gained reputation as great educational centres. They were originally Buddhist Viharas.
6. Excavations of Buddhist Vihara and a temple at Kaveripoompattinam and hundreds of stone and bronze sculptures by ASI from over 125 sites have proved the spread of the religion in the state.

Question 3.
Discuss the essence of Ajivika philosophy and its presence in Tamil Nadu.
Answer:
Ajivika Philosophy:

1. The Ajivikas believed in the doctrine of karma, transmigration of the soul and determinism.
2. The Ajivikas practiced asceticism of a severe type.
3. The Ajivika religious order and school of philosophy is known from the vedic hymns, the Brahmanas, the Aryankas and other ancient Sanskrit compilations.
4. Throughout history, Ajivikas had to face persecution everywhere.
5. Village communities under Pallavas, Cholas and Hoysalas imposed special taxes on them.
6. Despite such obstacles, Ajivikas continued to have influence along the Palar river in the modern states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu (Vellore, Kanchipuramand Tiruvallur districts) till about the 14th century. In the end, they seemed to have been absorbed into Vaishnavism.

VIII. HOTS.

Question 1.
Analyse the commonalities and differences between heterodox religions and Vedic religion.
Answer:
Heterodox religions and Vedic religion commonalities:
Hinduism is a way of life, while heterodox religions like Buddhism and Jainism advocate a way of life. All the religions doctrines are codified into texts to be followed by their devotees and practitioners. All these religions share key concepts, which one interpreted differently by different individuals.
Differences:

Question 2.
Why did these heterodox religions fail to become mainstream religion in India?
Answer:

1. As far as Buddhism was concerned, if declined due to the loss of patronage and donation after the end of the Gupta Empire.
2. Invasion of north India by Huns, Turco Mongols and Persians was yet-another reason.
3. In the case of Jainism Lack of Patronage, Lack of efforts to spread the religion. Jains adopted many Hindu faiths. Jains started to differentiate people in the name of castes and classes.
4. Role of Hindu teachers was also another reason for the failure of these religions in India.

Samacheer Kalvi 7th Social Science Jainism, Buddhism and Ajivika Philosophy in Tamil Nadu Additional Questions

I. Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
Agama Sutras consists of many sacred books of the ______ religion
(a) Jain
(b) Buddhist
(c) Vedic
(d) Sikh
Answer:
(a) Jain

Question 2.
The______ Agama Sutra is said to have been lost.
(a) 3rd
(b) 8th
(c) 12th
(d) 10th
Answer:
(c) 12th

Question 3.
______ was the last and the 24th Tirthankara.
(a) Parshvanatha
(b) Mahavira
(c) Bhadrabahu
(d) Pushpasena
Answer:
(b) Mahavira

Question 4.
Jainism flourished during the ________ reign.
(a) Pandya
(b) Chera
(c) Chola
(d) Pallava
Answer:
(d) Pallava

Question 5.
The total population of jains in tamil nadu is _______ percent of the total population
(a) 1.2
(b) 0.50
(c) 0.12
(d) 0.26
Answer:
(c) 0.12

Question 6.
Tirumalai is a Jain temple in a cave complex located in ________ district.
(a) Madurai
(b) Tiruvannamalai
(c) Salem
(d) Tirunelveli
Answer:
(b) Tiruvannamalai

Question 7.
Milindapanha was originally written in ________
(a) Sanskrit
(b) Pali
(c) Hindi
(d) Urdu
Answer:
(a) Sanskrit

Question 8.
Students from Tibet and China were influenced by ________
(a) Jainism
(b) Buddhism
(c) Hinduism
(d) Sikhism
Answer:
(b) Buddhism

Question 9.
Buddhist Viharas later transformed into ________
(a) temples
(b) hospital
(c) centres of learning
(d) forts
Answer:
(c) centres of learning

Question 10.
In the end, they seemed to have been absorbed into ________
(a) Jainism
(b) Sikhism
(c) Saivism
(d) Vishnavism
Answer:
(d) Vishnavism

II. Fill in the blanks:

1. Both the Digambaras and the Swetambaras generally acknowledge the _______ to be their early literature.
2. The _______ of Kalpa Sutra is a Jain text containing the biographies of the Jain Tirtankaras
3. Tamils broadly come under ______ sects of jainism
4. The Sittanavasal cave temple has a natural cavern, known as ______
5. The Sittanavasal cave temple, named ______ lies on the west off the hillock.
6. The Chinese traveller ______ visited Tamil Nadu during the Pallava rule.
7. Polished rock-cut cave beds at Kazhugumalai were popularly known as ______
8. ______ is a Jain temple in a cave complex located near Arni town.
9. The sculptures at Kizha Kuyil Kudi are assigned to the period of ______
10. ______ is an educational centre of Jains.
11. Buddha’s original name ______
12. Gautama Buddha was a contemporary of ______
13. Buddha means the _______
14. Buddha preached his teachings in ______
15. Buddha’s teachings were written in the _____ Language
16. ______ is the first Buddhist Commentator.
17. The Tamil epic _____ was written by Kulavanigan Sithalai Sattanar.
18. A 1.03 metre Buddha statue in _______ pose in remote Tirunattiyattankudi village.
19. A ______ in Sanskrit means ‘dwelling’ or ‘house’.
20. The head of Ajivika sect was ______

Answer:

1. Agatna Sutras
2. Jainacharitha
3. Digambara
4. Eladipattam
5. Arivar Koil
6. Hieun Tsang
7. Panchavar Padukkai
8. Tirumalai
9. Prantaka veera Narayana Pandyan
10. Palli
11. Siddhartha Sakyamuni Gautama
12. Mahavira
13. Enlightened
14. Prakrit
15. Pali
16. Buddhagosha
17. Manimekalai
18. padmasana
19. Vihara
20. Gosala Mankhaliputta

III. Match the following:

Answer:

1. c
2. e
3. a
4. b
5. d

IV. Answer the following.

Question 1.
Find out the odd one out.
Jatakas, Mahavamsa, Jivaka Chintamani, Visuddhimagga
Answer:
Jivaka Chintamani

Question 2.
Assertion (A): A major split occurred in Jainism in the 1st century B.C. into two sects.
Reason (R): Both the sects acknowledge the Agama Sutras to be their early literature, but differed with their content and interpretation.
(a) A is correct. R is not the correct explanation of A
(b) A is correct. R is the correct explanation of A.
(c) Both A and R are wrong. (d) A is wrong. But R is correct.
Answer:
(b) A is correct. R is the correct explanation of A.

Question 3.
Find out the correct statement/s
Answer:

1. The 12th Agama Sutra is said to have been lost.
2. Naladiyar is attributed to a Buddhist monk
3. Vajrabodhi was a Buddhist monk skilled in tantric rituals.
4. Emperor Asoka and his grandson Dasaratha patronised Jainism,

(a) i) and ii) are correct
(b) ii) and iii) are correct.
(c) i) and iii) are correct
(d) i), ii) and iv) are correct.
Answer:
(c) i) and iii) are correct

Question 4.
Find out the wrong

Answer:
(2) Thevaram – Azhwars,
(3) Nalayira Divyaprabandam – Saiva saints

V. Write True or False

1. Buddhism split into two sects Digambaras and Swetambaras.
2. The Jainacharitha of Kalpa Sutra is ascribed to Bhadrabahu.
3. Thirukkural was composed by Tiruvalluvar, believed to be a Jain scholar.
4. The images of Rishab Nath, Mahavira, Parshvanath and Bahubali are found in Bhairavamalai.
5. Buddhavamsa contains a narration of the life and activities of the 24 Buddhas.

Answer:

1. False
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. False
6. True

VI. Answer the following.

Question 1.
Why did the Jain monks decide to document the Jain literature known to them?
Answer:

1. The Jain acharyas (teachers) realised that it was extremely difficult to keep memorising the entire Jain literature complied by the many scholars of the past and present.
2. In fact, significant knowledge was already lost and the rest was tampered with modifications. Hence, they decided to document the Jain literature as known to them.

Question 2.
Write a short note on Agama Sutras.
Answer:

1. Agama Sutras consists of many sacred books of the Jain religion.
2. They have been written in the Ardha-magadhi Prakrit language.
3. Containing the direct preaching of Mahavira, consisting of 12 texts, they were originally compiled by immediate disciples of Mahavira.
4. The 12th Agama Sutra is said to have been lost.

Question 3.
Who are Tirthankaras?
Answer:
Tirthankaras are those who have attained nirvana and made a passage from this world to the next.

Question 4.
Who expanded the Trilokyanatha Temple and how?
Answer:
Irugappa, a disciple of Jaina-muni Pushpasena; and a minister of Vijayanagar King Harihara II (1377-1404), expanded the Trilokyanatha Temple by adding the Sangeetha mandapa. The grand murals were added only at this time.

Question 5.
How were the paintings at Trilokyanatha temple ruined?
Answer:
The paintings of the Trilokyanatha temple at Tiruparuttikunram have been ruined by overpainting done during renovation.

Question 6.
What literary work in Tamil provided evidence to the challenges Buddhism faced?
Answer:
The Thevaram hymns of Saiva saints and the Nalayira Divyaprabandam of Vaishnava Azhwars provided evidence to the challenges Buddhism faced in Tamil country.

Question 7.
What testify the presence of Buddhism in later period?
Answer:
The presence of Virasozhiyam, Later Chola period grammar text and the discovery of 13th century Buddhist bronzes in Nagapattinam testify to the presence of Buddhism in later periods. The sculptures of Buddha in Thiyaganur village in Salem district strengthen this conclusion.

VII. Answer in detail

Question 1.
Narrate the transition of Gautama Buddha.
Answer:

1. Buddha’s original name, Siddhartha Sakyamuni Gautama, if translated into English, would mean Gautama who belongs to the Sakya tribe and who has reached the goal of perfection.
2. Gautama Buddha was a contemporary of Mahavira.
3. His father ruled the tribe of Sakya in a region near the present-day Nepal.
4. Gautama found that he had nothing to learn from the teachers of the old religions.
5. The religions proclaimed that the only way to salvation was through living the life of an ascetic. But despite practicing asceticism, Gautama could not arrive anywhere near the truth. And one night, as he sat under a bodhi-tree struggling with his doubt and his loneliness, a great peace descended on him.
6. He was no longer Gautama, the sceptic, but became Buddha, the Enlightened.

Students can Download English Poem 2 Lesson in Life Questions and Answers, Summary, Activity, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 8th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf  helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 8th English Solutions Term 1 Poem Chapter 2 Lesson in Life

A. Comprehension Questions.

Question 1.
What is planting a flower is compared to?
Answer:
Planting a flower is compared to the blossoming of a friendship.

Question 2.
What does the tiniest creature need?
Answer:
Even the tiniest creature needs space in the world.

Question 3.
What do the smallest gifts deserve?
Answer:
Even the smallest gifts deserve a warm thank you.

Question 4.
What will happen if you fail to give importance to others?
Answer:
If we fail to give importance to others, they will feel sad.

Question 5.
What do you learn from your lessons in life?
Answer:
I express my friendship with others by respecting them.

Question 6.
Pick and write the rhyming words from the third stanza.
Answer:
‘sad’ and ‘bad’ are the rhyming words.

Question 7.
“Having a friend is like planting a flower”
What is the figure of speech used in this line?
Answer:
The figure of speech used in this line is “simile”.

Figures of speech.

a. Simile: Answer the following:

Question 1.
Write a sentence using ‘as fast as the wind’.
Answer:
He runs as fast as the wind.

Question 2.
Write a simile using the word ‘like’.
Answer:
They fought like cats and dogs.

Question 3.
Create a simile using the word ‘as’.
Answer:
As sweet as honey.

Question 4.
What does ‘smart as a fox’ mean?
Answer:
It means to be clever or cunning as a fox.

b. Metaphor:

Question 1.
Which of the given options is a Metaphor?
(a) Life is like a chocolate box.
(b) Raj is like his twin brother
(c) His words are pearls of wisdom
(d) The bus is slow as a snail.
Answer:
(c) His words are pearls of wisdom.

Question 2.
What does ‘The world is a stage” mean?
Answer:
The world is like a stage where all of us are merely actors.

Question 3.
Identify the Metaphor in the sentence:
Answer:
Her hair is always a rat’s nest in the morning, a Hair is always a rat’s nest.

Question 4.
Write a sentence on your own that includes a Metaphor.
Answer:
He was a lion in the battle.

Lesson in Life Additional Questions

I. Poem Comprehension.

Question 1.
Let’s be aware as we walk on this planet
Even the tiniest creature needs room.
(a) What should we aware of ?
Answer:
We should be aware that even the tiniest creature needs room.
(b) What do you mean by the term ‘as we walk on this planet’?
Answer:
It means that as long ‘as we live in this world’.

Question 2.
Lessons in life aren’t always so simple Nothing you’re given will ever come free
(a) Are ‘lessons in life’ simple?
Answer:
No, lessons in life are not so simple.
(b) What does the second line mean?
Answer:
It means that you are not going to get anything free of cost.

Question 3.
Even the smallest of gifts deserves “thank you”.
What should you say, even when receive a small gift?
Answer:
We should say ‘thank you’.

Question 4.
Know that you matter and you make a difference
(a) What does the above line tell us?
Answer:
The above line tells us that every human being is unique and important

II. Poetic Devices.

Question 1.
Having a friend is like planting a flower
(a) What is the poetic device used here?
Answer:
Simile is used here.

Question 2.
Lessons in life aren’t always so simple
(a) Pick out the alliterated words.
Answer:
Lessons – life; so – simple are the alliterated words.

Question 3.
Having a friend is like planting a flower
Show love and kindness it one day will bloom
Let’s be aware as we walk on this planet
Even the tiniest creature needs room.
(a) Mention the rhyme scheme in this stanza.
Answer:
‘abcb’ is the rhyme scheme in this stanza.

III. Short Questions and Answers.

Question 1.
How can having a friend be like planting a flower?
Answer:
Both friendship and planting flowers will bloom one day, when we show love, kindness and care every day.

Question 2.
When do we feel sad?
Answer:
We feel sad when people don’t remember us.

Question 3.
How does the poet explain that everyone is important?
Answer:
The poet says that everyone is important and each makes a difference. Since we are important we must not allow others to shame us or make us feel bad.

Question 4.
Why do you think the second stanza has been repeated as the 4 stanza?
Answer:
The message that we learn a lot of lessons in life after going through difficulty and that if anyone gives us even a very small present, it is not without effort, the importance of gratitude in life and respect for people, have been repeated.

Question 5.
To whom does T and’You’refer to?
Answer:
I refers to the poet and you refers to the reader.

IV. Paragraph Questions with Answers.

Question 1.
How should we treat a flowering plant and true friendship?
Answer:
The poet compares planting flowers to maintaining friendship, because both need care, kindness and love to blossom. We must understand that as we move on this planet, every living thing, even the smallest needs its own space. Nothing is free of cost, either hard work, a lot of thought or money are involved in the gift. So we must learn to thank the person, who gives a gift and respect human beings.

Question 2.
What is the importance of human beings on earth?
Answer:
Every human being is unique. He/she deserves to be respected. When one is forgotten by the other, it makes him feel very sad. Every person makes a difference in life and his presence is needed. We must never put anyone to shame and no one has the authority to make others feel bad about themselves. We must respect and treat everyone well and be considerate towards others.

Lesson in Life Summary

In the poem Lessons in life the poets Daniel Ho and Bridgette Bryant bring out the importance of friendship in life and they add value to it by comparing it to the episode of planting flowers.

Just like making a flower bloom, friendship also blossoms only when there is constant care, love and kindness showered on them for a long period of time. Lessons that are taught by life come out of facing great difficulty. Similarly every small gift has a great deal of effort behind it. One should respect it and never forget to say ‘thank you’. We feel sad when we are forgotten by others and similarly others feel sad when they are forgotten. Everyone is unique and no one must be put to shame.

The poets repeat the values of gratitude, love and respect in the final stanza to make everyone understand that without these, no one can live happily. Hence happy friendship blossoms and planting flowers bloom only with love and kindness reciprocated.

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Solutions Chapter 27 Hardware and Software

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Hardware and Software Textbook Exercises

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
Find out the part that is not found in CPU?
(a) Mother Board
(b) SMPS
(c) RAM
(d) Mouse
Answer:
(d) Mouse

Question 2.
Which of the following is correct?
(a) Free and Open source
(b) Free and Traditional Software
(c) Passive and Open source
(d) Passive and Traditional source
Answer:
(a) Free and Open source

Question 3.
LINUX is a ……………..
(a) Paid Software
(b) Licensed Software
(c) Free and Proprietary software
(d) Free and Open source software
Answer:
(d) Free and Open source software

Question 4.
Find out the Paid and Proprietary software from the given list.
(a) Windows
(b) MAC OS
(c) Adobe Photoshop
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 5.
……………….. is an Operating System.
(a) Android
(b) Chrome
(c) Internet
(d) Pendrive
Answer:
(a) Android

II. Match the following.

1. MAC OS – (a) Free and Open-source Software
2. Software – (b) Paid and Proprietary Software
3. Hardware – (c) Input Device
4. Keyboard – (d) RAM
5. LINUX – (e) Geogebra

Answer:

1. (b) Paid and Proprietary Software
2. (e) Geogebra
3. (d) RAM
4. (c) Input Device
5. (a) Free and Open-source Software

III. Answer in brief.

Question 1.
What is Hardware and Software?
Answer:
Hardware is the parts of a computer which we can touch and feel. Hardware includes Input and Output devices, Cabinet, Hard Disk, Mother Board, SMPS, CPU, RAM, CD Drive and Graphics Card.

Software are programmed and coded applications to process the input information. The software processes the data by converting the input information into coding or programmed language.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Operating System? How it Works?
Answer:
Operating system or System software is a software that makes the hardware devices process the data fed by the user and to display the result on the output devices like Monitor. Without the operating system, computer cannot function on its own.

Question 3.
What is Free and Open Source Software? Give any two examples?
Answer:
Free and open software is available at free of cost and can be shared to many end users. Free software is editable and customizable by the user and this leads to updation or development of new software. Examples of Free and Open source software are: LINUX, Open office, Geogebra etc.

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Hardware and Software Additional Questions

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
………………. is a group of programs designed for the benefit of end user to work on computer.
(a) System software
(b) Application software
(c) Paid and Proprietary Software
(d) Free and open source software
Answer:
(b) Application software

Question 2.
…………….. is lifeless without software.
(a) Software
(b) Hardware
(c) System
(d) Application
Answer:
(b) Hardware

Question 3.
The license of ……………. would not be provided unless it is purchased.
(a) free and open source software
(b) system software
(c) paid and proprietary software
(d) application software
Answer:
(c) paid and proprietary software

II. Match the following.

1. Editing software – (a) Paid and Proprietary Software
2. Android – (b) Monitor
3. Windows – (c) System software
4. Output device – (d) Application software

Answer:

1. (d) Application software
2. (c) System software
3. (a) Paid and Proprietary Software
4. (b) Monitor

III. Answer in brief.

Question 1.
What do you mean by application software?
Answer:
Application software is a program or a group of programs designed for the benefit of end user to work on computer. The application programs can be installed in the hard disk for the usage on a particular computer. This type of application program completes one or more than one work of the end user. The following are the examples of application program: Video player, Audio player, Word processing software, Drawing tools, Editing software, etc.

Question 2.
What are the types of software?
Answer:
The software is divided into two types based on the process. They are:

1. System software (Operating System)
2. Application software

Question 3.
What are the types of system and application software?
Answer:
The operating system and application software are available in two forms. They are:

1. Free and Open source Software
2. Paid and Proprietary Software

Question 4.
What is Paid and Proprietary Software? Give examples.
Answer:
There are softwares that need a license to use it. They have to be paid for using either permanently or temporarily. The license of the software would not be provided unless it is purchased. Similarly the end users are legally prohibited to steal the software program or to use the pirated version of the Paid and Proprietary Software. Some of the examples of Paid and Proprietary Software are: Windows, Microsoft office, Adobe Photoshop, etc.

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Solutions Chapter 26 Parts of Computer

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Parts of Computer Textbook Exercises

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
Which one of the following is an output device?
(a) Mouse
(b) Keyboard
(c) Speaker
(d) Pendrive
Answer:
(c) Speaker

Question 2.
Name the cable that connects CPU to the Monitor.
(a) Ethernet
(b) VGA
(c) HDMI
(d) USB
Answer:
(b) VGA

Question 3.
Which one of the following is an input device?
(a) Speaker
(b) Mouse
(c) Monitor
(d) Printer
Answer:
(b) Mouse

Question 4.
Which one of the following is an example for wireless connections?
(a) Wi-Fi
(b) Electric wires
(c) VGA
(d) USB
Answer:
(a) Wi-Fi

Question 5.
Pen drive is ………… device.
(a) Output
(b) Input
(c) Storage
(d) Connecting cable
Answer:
(c) Storage

II. Match the following.

1. Bluetooth – (a) Connecting cable
2. Printer – (b) LDMI
3. Keyboard – (c) Wireless connection
4. HDMI – (d) Output device

Answer:

1. (c) Wireless connection
2. (d) Output device
3. (b) LDMI
4. (a) Connecting cable

III. Short answer.

Question 1.
Name the parts of a computer.
Answer:
Three parts of the computer are :

1. Input Unit
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
3. Output Unit.

Question 2.
Bring out any two differences between input and output devices.
Answer:

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Parts of Computer Additional Questions

I. Short answers questions.

Question 1.
How are the computers classified?
Answer:
The computers can be classified based on their design, shape, speed, efficiency, working of the memory unit and their applications. The computers can be classified as follows;

1. Mainframe Computer
2. Mini Computer
3. Micro or personal computer
4. Supercomputer

Question 2.
Name two wireless connections and how it is used.
Answer:
Bluetooth, Wi-Fi are used to connect to internet without using any connecting cables.

• Bluetooth: Mouse, Keyboard can be connected to the computer using the Bluetooth.
  Used in sharing data with nearby devices.
• Wi-Fi: Net connectivity can be obtained using the Wi-Fi without any connecting cables. Any data from anywhere can be shared using Wi-Fi.

Question 3.
What is a memory unit and where is it present?
Answer:
The memory unit in the computer saves all data and information temporarily. It is present in the Central Processing Unit (CPU) which is the brain of the Computer.

II. Long answers questions.

Question 1.
Explain the types and functions of cables.
Answer:
The types of cable includes: Video Graphics Array (VGA), High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI), Universal Serial Bus (USB), Data cable, Power Cord, Mic cable, Ethernet cable.

Students can Download Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Exploring Continents – North America and South America Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 7th Social Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 7th Social Science Geography Solutions Term 3 Chapter 1 Exploring Continents – North America and South America

Samacheer Kalvi 7th Social Science Exploring Continents – North America and South America Textual Evaluation

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
The ______ separates North America from Asia
(a) Bering Strait
(b) Palk Straits
(c) Malacca Strait
(d) Gibraltar straits
Answer:
(a) Bering Strait

Question 2.
__________ is known as the “sugar bowl of the world”
(a) Mexico
(b) USA
(c) Canada
(d) Cuba
Answer:
(d) Cuba

Question 3.
__________ are the longest rivers in North America
(a) The Mississippi and Missouri rivers
(b) The Mackenzieriver
(c) The St. Lawrence river
(d) The Colorado river
Answer:
(a) The Mississippi and Missouri rivers

Question 4.
__________ is the longest mountain chain in the world.
(a) The Andes
(b) TheRockies
(c) The Himalayas
(d) The Alps
Answer:
(a) The Andes

Question 5.
__________ basin gets rainfall every day because of its equatorial location
(a) The Mackenzie
(b) The Orinoco
(c) The Amazon
(d) The Parana
Answer:
(c) The Amazon

II. Fill in the blanks.

1. _______ 86 m below the sea level is the lowest part of the continent of North America.
2. _______ is one of the worlds best fishing grounds.
3. The highest peak in the Andes is ______ on the Chile – Argentina border.
4. _______ of the equatorial regions are called the “lungs of the world”.
5. _______ is also known as the “coffee pot” of the world.

Answer:

1. Death valley is
2. Grand Bank
3. Mt Aconcagua
4. The Selvas
5. Brazil

III. Match the following

Answer:

IV. Give Reasons.

Question 1.
The eastern coast of North America particularly USA enjoys mild climate.
Answer:
The South and east is usually warm all the year round and the regions around the mouth of the Mississippi-Missouri and the Gulf Coast have summer rain from the North East Trades which blow on-shore in summer.

Question 2.
United States of America is known as “Melting Pot”.
Answer:
United States of America is known as “Melting Pot” where hundreds of different cultures meet, blend and creating a new culture.

Question 3.
Though Quito and Amazon basin are in the same latitude Quito enjoys eternal Spring. Whereas Amazon basin is hot.
Answer:

1. The climate of the continent of South America has been closely influenced by the latitudes, attitudes and the proximity of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
2. It is hot in the Amazon basin as the equator passes through it whereas Quito, situated almost on the same latitude on the Andes, has “Eternal Spring”.
3. That is, it has a pleasant climate throughout the year because of its high altitude at 9,350 feet or2849.88 meter above the sea level.

Question 4.
Peru is one of the world’s largest producers of tropical fish.
Answer:

1. Peru is one of the world’s largest producers of tropical fish. Here the cool Humboldt Current helps in bring plankton, which is the main food for fishes.
2. Commercial deep sea fishing off of Peru’s coastal belt of over 3000 km.
3. Peruvian waters normally abound with sword fish, mackerel, yellow fin, pompano and shark.
4. More than 50 species are caught commercially. –
5. There are over 40 fishing ports on the Peruvian coast.
6. Paita and Callao are being the most important centers in Peru.

V. Distinguish between

Question 1.
The Rocky mountain and the Appalachian mountain.
Answer:

Question 2.
The Prairies and the Pampas grassland.
Answer:

Question 3.
Tundra and Taiga.
Answer:

VI. Put (✓) for the correct option

Question 1.
Assertion (A): Cotton grows well in southern and western states of North America.
Reason (R): Warm summer with frequent rainfall and fertile soil which provide favourable condition.
(a) Both A and R is correct.
(b) A is correct and R is wrong,
(c) A is wrong and R is correct.
(d) Both A and R is wrong
Answer:
(a) Both A and R is correct

Question 2.
Assertion (A) industries in the South America has developed rapidly.
Reason (R) :The continent lacks infrastructure (especially transport) need for industrialization,
(a) Both A and R are correct.
(b) A is correct and R is wrong,
(c) A is wrong and R is correct.
(d) Both A and R are wrong
Answer:
(c) A is wrong and R is correct

VII. Answer the following.

Question 1.
Name the boundaries of North America.
Answer:

1. North America is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean in the West, the Atlantic Ocean in the east, Arctic Ocean in the north and South America in the south.
2. The North America is joined with the South America by the Isthmus of Panama.
3. The Bering Strait separates North America from Asia.

Question 2.
Write a note on Mackenzie River.
Answer:
The Mackenzie River is the second largest drainage basin of North America. It has it source from Great Slave Lake and drains into Arctic Ocean.

Question 3.
What type of fruits are cultivated in North America? Name some of them.
Answer:

1. Mainly Citrus Fruits are cultivated in Texas, California, Great Lakes regions and St. Lawrence Valley.
2. The important Fruits of North America are Cranberries, Blueberries, Concord Grapes, Strawberries, Gooseberries and the other fruits.

Question 4.
Give a short note about the lifestyle of an Eskimos.
Answer:

1. Eskimos live in the very cold and inhospitable region where plenty of fish varieties are available.
2. They were able to dress themselves in thick warm clothes made of fur, they live in igloos.
3. Their lives were very simple and they could not alter the environment to any extent.
4. They specially designed a house by ice and is known as igloos.

Question 5.
Which are the densely populated areas of North America?
Answer:
Densely populated areas: Eastern part of North America, Great Lakes region, Florida, California, Mexico and Central America are the mostly densely populated areas.

Question 6.
Name the physiographic divisions of South America.
Answer:
On the basis of topographical features, the continent may be divided into the following physiographic divisions:

1. The Andes Mountains
2. The River Basin or Central Plains
3. The Eastern Highlands

Question 7.
What is called “4’O clock rains”?
Answer:
In equatorial regions convectional rain occurs almost daily in the afternoons. It generally occurs at 4pm that’s why it is known as 4’ O Clock Rain.

Question 8.
Name the flora and fauna of equatorial forest in South America.
Answer:

1. Flora: Rubber, Mahogany, Ebony, Logwood, Brazil nuts and Ceiba.
2. Fauna: Anaconda, Armadillo, Piranha, Monkey, Snake, Crocodile and Parrots.

Question 9.
What is known as “Estancias”?
Answer:
The Breeds raised on large pasture lands is known as Estancias. These are divided into several paddocks. Besides this, there are small yards known as corrals where animals are sorted and branded. The owner is the Estanciera who has a number of gauchos.

Question 10.
Name the major export of South America.
Answer:
South Americas major exports are mostly primary commodities such as sugar, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, beef, corn, wheat, petroleum, natural gas, linseed, cotton, iron ore, tin and copper. South Americas products include mostly exported to North America and Europe.

VIII. Answer the following in a paragraph

Question 1.
Give an account of the climate of North America.
Answer:

1. The vast latitudinal extent from the Tropics to the Polar Regions makes the climate of North America as varied as that of Asia.
2. Unlike the Himalayas, the Rockies run north to south which do not form climatic barrier and do not prevent the icy winds from the Arctic region and penetrating the central plains which therefore have a very long cold winter and very short hot summer.
3. Precipitation occurs due to cyclonic storms.
4. The Arctic region is cold and mostly dry and has a very short summers and a very long bitterly cold winter.
5. As one proceeds southwards the short summers become warm but the winters are very cold.
6. The central plains have extreme climate from freezing conditions in winter to tropical heat in summer.
7. The South is usually warm all the year round and the regions around the mouth of the Mississippi-Missouri and the Gulf Coast have summer rain from the North East Trades which blow on-shore in summer.
8. The warm moist South Westerlies not only bring rainfall to the North West coast and also keep it warm.
9. The warm Alaskan Current keeps the North West coast ice free.
10. The State of California in USA has a Mediterranean Climate with moist winter and dry summers.

Question 2.
Describe the Heavy Engineering Industries in North America.
Heavy Engineering Industries:
Answer:

1. Industries which require heavy and bulky raw materials using enormous amounts of power, involvement of huge investment and large transport costs are called heavy industries.
2. These industries depend heavily on the Iron and Steel industry.
3. The important Heavy Industries are automobile industries, aircraft industries, ship building industries, Railway Wagon industries and farm equipment industries.
4. USA is the largest producer of automobiles.
5. The important Centers of heavy engineering industries are Detroit, Chicago, Buffalo, Indianapolis, Los Angeles, Saint Louis, Philadelphia, New York, Baltimore, and Atlanta in USA and Windsor in Canada.

Question 3.
Describe the drainage system in South America.
Answer:

1. Owing to the position of the Andes all the great rivers of the continent drain into the Atlantic.
2. The Pacific streams are short and swift but along the coastlands of Peru their waters are used for irrigation and to some extent for hydro-electric power. Amazon is the longest river of South America (6,450km) and is the largest river system in the world.
3. This river has over a thousand of tributaries.
4. The rivers Rio Negro, Madeira and Tapajos are important tributaries.
5. At the point where it enters the sea the river is so wide and powerful that it flows even at a distance of 80 km into the high seas.
6. The Orinoco River originates in the Guiana Highlands and flows northwards into the Caribbean Sea.
7. The river Paraguay has the Parana and Uruguay rivers as the main tributaries which together form and known as the Platte River system.
8. All the rivers are navigable for quite some distance in the interior.

Question 4.
Write briefly about the major races in South America.
Answer:

1. South America contains the world s most mixed population.
2. Many people in South America are descended from European, especially the Spanish and Portuguese, who begin to arrive during the 15th century.
3. The descendants of African slaves brought over by the Europeans. Native people still live in the mountain and the rainforests and keeping their own languages and traditions.
4. There are three major races found in South America and are
   • American Indian
   • European
   • Blacks.
     The mixed population of Native Indians and Europeans is known as ‘Mestizo’.
5. The mixed population of European and the Blacks is called ‘Mulato’ and the mixture of Native Indians and Blacks is called ‘Zambo’.
6. The current population of South America is 429, 115, 060 (42.25 cores). Population density of South America is 21 persons per square kilometer.
7. South America is positioned 5th rank in total population among the continents

IX. Map skill

Question 1.
With the help of the map given in the text and an atlas, name the seas and bays in North America
Answer:

Question 2.
Mark the rivers Amazon, Orinoco, Negro, Paraguay, Uruguay on a map of South America.
Answer:

X. Activity

Question 1.
Given below are some important cities with industries placed in brackets. Pick out the correct answer from them.
(a) Pittsburgh (Textile, Iron and steel, Shipping)
(b) Chicago (Meat Packing, Woolen textile, Heavy Engineering)
(c) Ontario (Automobile, Paper, Cement)
(d) Chile (Oil refinery, Sugar, Cotton textile)
(e) Uruguay (Leather processing, Copper smelting, Dairy products)
Answer:
(a) Iron and steel
(b) Meat Packing
(c) Paper
(d) Oil refinery
(e) Dairy products

Question 2.
Write down the answers to the question given in blocks:
(a) Name the highest peak in South America.

(b) An active volcano in South America

(c) The combined Parana and Paraguay river.

(d) The highest falls in the world.

(e) The largest river in the world.

Samacheer Kalvi 7th Social Science Exploring Continents – North America and South America Additional Questions

I. Choose the correct answer:

Question 1.
In _______ North America was discovered by Christopher Columbus.
(a) 1492
(b) 1491
(c) 1498
(d) 1496
Answer:
(a) 1492

Question 2.
The landmass was named America in _____ after Italian explorer America Vespucci.
(a) 1506
(b) 1507
(c) 1508
(d) 1509
Answer:
(b) 1507

Question 3.
North America is the __________ largest continent next to Asia and Africa
(a) second
(b) third
(c) fourth
(d) fifth
Answer:
(b) third

Question 4.
North America has _____ time zones
(a) 6
(b) 8
(c) 7
(d) 9
Answer:
(c) 7

Question 5.
The _____ small countries which lies to the south of Mexico are referred to as central America
(a) six
(b) seven
(c) eight
(d) nine
Answer:
(b) seven

Question 6.
Death Valley is about _______ m below the sea level and is the lowest part of the continent of North America.
(a) 86
(b) 90
(c) 95
(d) 100
Answer:
(a) 86

Question 7.
Mount McKinley is about m _______ above the sea level and is the highest peak of North America.
(a) 6194
(b) 6195
(c) 6180
(d) 6185
Answer:
(a) 6194

Question 8.
The width of Rocky mountains varies from _______ to _______ kms.
(a) 100 to 500
(b) 110 to 480
(c) 115 to 485
(d) 120 to 490
Answer:
(b) 110 to 480

Question 9.
Mississippi and Missouri together form the _______ longest river system in the world.
(a) sixth
(b) fourth
(c) fifth
(d) third
Answer:
(b) fourth

Question 10.
The warm Alaskan Current keeps the _______ coast ice free.
(a) Northwest
(b) Northeast
(c) Southwest
(d) Southeast
Answer:
(a) North West

Question 11.
Approximately _____ percentage of the total land area is under forest cover.
(a) 10
(b) 30
(c) 40
(d) 50
Answer:
(b) 30

Question 12.
North America accounts for approximately ________ Percentage of the world’s production of timber
(a) 20
(b) 30
(c) 40
(d) 50

Question 13.
Wheat was introduced by ________ settlers in North America.
(a) European
(b) Spanish
(c) Italian
(d) Dutch
Answer:
a) European

Question 14.
North America is the largest producer of meat and about ________ of the world production.
(a) one fourth
(b) one sixth
(c) half
(d) three fourth
Answer:
(a) one fourth

Question 15.
North America produces about ________ percent of the world total milk and dairy products.
(a) 30
(b) 35
(c) 25
(d) 40
Answer:
(c) 25

Question 16.
The New England region contains ________ % woolen textile industries.
(a) 70
(b) 80
(c) 50
(d) 40
Answer:
(a) 70

Question 17.
North America is the ________ largest produce of synthetic fibres.
(a) second
(b) third
(c) fourth
(d) fifth
Answer:
(a) second

Question 18.
The population density in North America is about ________ present per sq.km.
(a) 20
(b) 19
(c) 18
(d) 17
Answer:
(a) 20

Question 19.
North America population is equivalent to ________ % of the world total population.
(a) 4.75
(b) 4.76
(c) 4.77
(d) 4.78
Answer:
(c) 4.77

Question 20.
________ has the biggest railway yard in the world.
(a) Chicago
(b) Vancouver
(c) Newyork
(d) San Francisco
Answer:
(a) Chicago

Question 21.
There are ________ great rivers in south America that drain into Atlantic Ocean.
(a) three
(b) four
(c) five
(d) six
Answer:
(a) three

Question 22.
The ________ is grown extensively on the Pampas of Argentina.
(a) maize
(b) wheat
(c) millets
(d) sugarcane
Answer:
(b) wheat

Question 23.
Brazil stands ________ in the production of Coffee and in Cocoa in the world.
(a) first, third
(b) third, first
(c) fourth, sixth
(d) fifth, sixth
Answer:
(a) first, third

Question 24.
South America has ________ varieties of fish that inhabit this river.
(a) 750
(b) 850
(c) 950
(d) 550
Answer:
(a) 750

Question 25.
There are over ________ fishing ports on the Peruvian coast.
(a) 50
(b) 45
(c) 40
(d) 55
Answer:
(c) 40

Question 26.
River Amazon has ________ varieties of fish.
(a) 700
(b) 750
(c) 800
(d) 850
Answer:
(b) 750

Question 27.
South America contains ________ of the world’s iron ore reserves.
(a) one seventh
(b) one fifth
(c) one sixth
(d) one third
Answer:
(b) one fifth

Question 28.
Brazil and Chile both have massive deposits of ________
(a) iron ore
(b) copper
(c) coal
(d) gypsum
Answer:
(a) iron ore

Question 29.
Brazil is estimated to have about ________ % of the world export of iron ore.
(a) 10
(b) 15
(c) 16
(d) 14
Answer:
(b) 15

Question 30.
South America is positioned ________ rank in totoal population among the continents
(a) 4th
(b) 3rd
(c) 5th
(d) 8th
Answer:
(c) 5th

Question 31.
Population density of south America is ________ personal per square kilometer.
(a) 20
(b) 22
(c) 21
(d) 24
Answer:
(c) 21

Question 32.
Chile is the ________ largest producer of copper in the world.
(a) second
(b) third
(c) fourth
(d) fifth
Answer:
(b) third

II. Fill in the blanks:

1. ______ is a continent of great physical diversity.
2. The _______ mountain range extends for about. the Panama Strait in the south.
3. The_______ and ______ rivers are the longest rivers in North America.
4. The ______ river is the second largest drainage basin of North America.
5. St. Lawrence has its origin in ______
6. The ______ river forms the boundary between USA and Mexico.
7. Lake ______ is the largest fresh water lake in the world.
8. ______ is a well developed industry particular in Canada.
9. Cuba is known as ______
10. Edible oil is extracted from ______ .
11. Cattle and pigs are fed with ______ and ______
12. The ______ current brings plenty of plankton which provides food for fish.
13. ______ is the largest producer and exporter of all kinds of paper in the world.
14. Rayon and other synthetic fibres are made up of cellulose obtained from ______
15. The important ports in west coast of North America are ______ and ______
16. The Great Lakes region along ______ waterway is the most important inland water wayin North America.
17. USA has the best laid ______ in the world.
18. The Andes are rich in minerals like ______ and ______
19. The longest river in south America is ______
20. The Geo-climatic condition of ______ are ideal for agriculture
21. Brazil is the largest producer of in ______ south america
22. Maize is also knows as ______
23. _____and_____ are the most imortant crops of south america
24. Barley is a member of the ______ family.
25. The extensive tropical grasslands of south America are ______ and ______
26. Quebracho tree yields ______
27. South America is rich in ______
28. Northern Chile has the world s only natural deposits of ______
29. Venezuela is rice in ______ products
30. Peru has some of biggest _____ mines of the world
31. The ______ and ______ river of south America Provide cheap water transport
32. The temperate grasslands South America are Knows as ______

Answer:

1. North America
2. Rocky,4800
3. Mississippi and Missouri
4. Mackenzie
5. Lake Ontario
6. Rio Grand
7. Superior
8. Lumbering
9. sugar bowl of the world”
10. Soya beans
11. Potato and Sugar beet
12. Cold labarador
13. Canada
14. Wood pulp
15. Vancouver and san francisco
16. St. Lawrence
17. roadways
18. Copper and Tin
19. Amazon
20. Pampas
21. Sugar
22. Corn
23. Coffee and Cocoa
24. grass
25. Lianos and Campos
26. tannis
27. Mineral
28. Sodium nitrate
29. Petroleum
30. copper
31. Amazon,la plate
32. Pampas

III. Match the following:

Question 1.

Answer:

1. e
2. d
3. b
4. a
5. c

Question 2.

Answer:

1. e
2. a
3. d
4. b
5. c

Question 3.

Answer:

1. c
2. d
3. b
4. e
5. a

Question 4.

Answer:

1. c
2. a
3. b
4. e
5. d

IV. Give reason.

Question 1.
Mississippi river has been given the nick name “The Big Muddy”.
Answer:

1. The Mississippi river has been given the nickname “The Big Muddy” because it erodesa lot of sand and mud as it rushes down the Mountains.
2. Some of the States of the United States are named after the tributaries of two mighty rivers the Mississippi and Missouri.

Question 2.
The Climate of North America is as varied as that of Asia.
Answer:
The vast latitudinal extent from the Tropics to the Polar Regions makes the climate of North America as varied as that of Asia.

Question 3.
South America is also known as Latin America.
Answer:
Together with the Central America, South America is also known as Latin America, having been discovered and colonized mostly by the Latins, i.e., The Spanish and the Portuguese.

Question 4.
Cordilleras come under pacific ring of fire.
Answer:
The Cordilleras are also part of the Fire Ring of the Pacific. Because there are a number of active volcanoes and this area is also subject to earthquakes.

Question 5.
The selvas of the equatorial regions are called the lungs of the world.
Answer:
They are thick forests and provide fresh oxygen so are known as lungs of the world.

V. Distinguish between,

Question 1.
Rocky Mountain and Andes Mountain.
Answer:

Question 2.
Mississippi river and Amazon river.
Answer:

Question 3.
Bear Lake and Lake Titicaca.
Answer:

VI. Answer in one or two sentences

Question 1.
Name the prominent intermontane plateaus of North America.
Answer:
There are high intermontane plateaus between the ranges. The prominent ones are the Mexican plateau, the Colorado Plateau and the Columbian plateau.

Question 2.
Name the fold mountains of North America.
Answer:
Rockies and Appalachians.

Question 3.
What are westerlies?
Answer:
The Westerlies or anti-trades are prevailing winds from the west toward the east in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude.

Question 4.
Write a note on Grand Banks.
Answer:
Grand Banks: The Grand Banks is among the worlds largest and richest resource areas, renowned for both their valuable fish stocks and petroleum reserves.

Question 5.
Write a note on heavy industries of North America.
Answer:
Industries which require heavy and bulky raw materials using enormous amounts of power, involvement of huge investment and large transport costs are called heavy industries.

Question 6.
Name the important centers of heavy engineering industries.
Answer:
The important Centers of heavy engineering industries are Detroit, Chicago, Buffalo, Indianapolis, Los Angeles, Saint Louis, Philadelphia, New York, Baltimore, and Atlanta in USA and Windsor in Canada.

Question 7.
Name the world’s important ports found in North America.
Answer:
Quebec City, Montreal, Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Charleston and New Orleans are . the Worlds largest ports.

Question 8.
Write a note on Panama canal.
Answer:

1. Panama Canal: In 1914 a Canal was cut across the Isthmus of Panama for 80 kms long which connects the Atlantic with Pacific Ocean.
2. It greatly reduced the distance between Europe and the West Coast of North and South America.

Question 9.
Name the busiest international airports of the world found in North America.
Answer:
New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Atlanta, Toronto, Montreal and Mexico City are some of the busiest international airports in the World.

Question 10.
Write about Trade in North America.
Answer:

1. North America trades mainly with Asia, Europe and Latin America.
2. Though Alaska belongs to the USA, it has to import practically every resource. It is being developed now due to its mineral wealth.
3. North Americas exports are mainly manufactured goods such as Industrial Machinery, Automobile, Paper, Fish, Arms and Ammunition, Aircraft, Telecom Equipments, Chemical, Plastics, Fertilizers, Wood Pulp, Timber, Crude Oil, Petroleum, Natural Gas, Aluminum, Nickel and Lead etc.,
4. The countries of North America Imports Tropical goods and Textiles from Asia and Africa. The countries of Europe, Japan, China and India are the major trading partners.

Question 11.
What are the main natural vegetation areas of south America?
Answer:
There are four main natural vegetation areas of South America and are the Amazon basin (the Selvas), the Eastern Highlands, the Gran Chaco and the slopes of the Andes.

Question 12.
Write a note on the coniferous forest of south America.
Answer:
The forests on the slopes of the Andes have coniferous such as pine, fir and spruce. These forests are also called Montana. They yield valuable softwood for the paper and pulp industry.

Question 13.
Write a note on Orinoco and Paraguay rivers.
Answer:

1. The Orinoco River originates in the Guiana Highlands and flows northwards into the Caribbean Sea.
2. The river Paraguay has the Parana and Uruguay rivers as the main tributaries which together form and known as the Platte River system.
3. All the rivers are navigable for quite some distance in the interior.

Question 14.
Write a note on Amazon river.
Answer:

1. Amazon is the longest river of South America (6,450km) and is the largest river system in the world. This river has over a thousand of tributaries.
2. The rivers Rio Negro, Madeira and Tapajos are important tributaries.
3. At the point where it enters the sea the river is so wide and powerful that it flows even at a distance of 80 km into the high seas.

Question 15.
Define

1. Isthumus
2. Strait
3. Igloo
4. Selvas
5. Pampas.

Answer:

1. Isthumus – A narrow stretch of land joining two large land masses
2. Strait – A narrow stretch of water joining two large water bodies
3. Igloo – The specially designed a house by ice
4. Selvas – A tract of land covered by dense equatorial forest in the Amazon basin.
5. Pampas – A temperate grassland of South America.

VII. Answer in Detail.

Question 1.
Explain about Rocky mountains.
Answer:
The Rocky Mountains:

1. The western part of the continent is occupied by long ranges of young folded mountains interspersed with high plateaus, narrow valleys and broad interior basins.
2. This mountain range extends for about 4800 km from Alaska in the North to the Panama Strait in the South.
3. The width varies from 110 to 480 Kms.
4. They are parallel ranges and are known as the Rockies in the east and the Coast Range Mountains in the west.
5. In Mexico, they are called Sierra Madre.
6. The Rockies and the Coast Range are together called the “Western Cordilleras”.
7. There are high intermontane plateaus between the ranges.
8. The prominent ones are the Mexican plateau, the Colorado Plateau and the Columbian plateau.

Question 2.
Write in detail about the drainage of North America.
Answer:
Drainage:

1. Many rivers flow across this land and some of them following the valleys are formed by the glaciers.
2. The Mississippi and Missouri rivers are the longest rivers in North America.
3. The Mackenzie River is the second largest drainage basin of North America. It has it source from Great Slave Lake and drains into Arctic Ocean.
4. St. Lawrence has its origin in Lake Ontario which flows north east and drains into the Atlantic Ocean.
5. The plateau of the west has been cut deeply by the River Columbia and its tributary which forms many gorges called Canyons. ,
6. The most famous is the Grand Canyon cut by the River Colorado which all flows over the plateau of Columbia.
7. The River Yukon rising in the north-west of the Western mountain system is frozen for eight months in the year. .
8. The River Rio Grande flows into the Gulf of Mexico and forms the boundary between USA and Mexico.
9. The most important chain consists of five lakes. The biggest is Lake Superior and it is the largest freshwater lake in the world.
10. Lake Winnipeg, Great Bear Lake and Lake Athabasca are some of the other lakes in Canada.

Question 3.
Write in detail about the crops grown in North America.
Answer:
(i) Agriculture:
Though least proportion of the total workforce is engaged in agriculture Americas agriculture is most productive in the world. Wheat, Corn (Maize), Oats, Soybean, Barley and many other food crops are grown throughout the vast interior plains.

(ii) Wheat:
Wheat was introduced by European settlers in North America. It is grown extensively in the Prairies of North America. North America is the largest exporter of North America produces more than half of the world total Maize.

(iii) Barley and Oats:
These are temperate crops which withstand cold climate and need less water. The Barley is grown in the United States and are produced in Minnesota, North Dakota and Washington. Barley and Oats is used as cattle fodder.

(iv) Cotton:
Cotton grows well in Southern and Western States and it is dominated in Texas, California, Mississippi, South of the Prairies and the Mexico. Warm summer with frequent rainfall and fertile soil are favorable conditions for growth of cotton crop.

(v) Sugar cane:
Sugar cane is cultivated along the Gulf of Mexico, Parts of Central America and West Indies. It is an important Cash Crop of West Indies. Cuba is known as the “sugar bowl of the world” and it is the worlds largest exporter of sugar.

(vi) Soya beans:
It is raised in the same area where Maize is grown. It is used for extraction of edible ml.

(vii) Potatoes and Sugar beet:
Prairie Region, North Dakota and Minnesota are the producers of Sugar Beets and Potatoes. Sugar beet is used for making Sugar. Potato and Sugar Beet are used to feed cattle and pigs.

Question 4.
Write about population density in North America.
Answer:
Density of population in North America is 19 person/Sq. km.
Population and Density of North America

1. Densely populated areas: Eastern part of North America, Great Lakes region, Florida,
   California, Mexico and Central America are the mostly densely populated areas.
2. Moderate populated areas: Central part of United States, Central Highland, Highlands
   of Mexico, Central and western Canada are the Moderate populated areas.
3. Sparsely populated areas: Northern Canada, Alaska, Rocky Mountain regions and desert regions are sparsely populated areas.

Question 5.
Explain in detail about the physiographic divisions of south America.
Answer:
On the basis of topographical features, the continent may be divided into the following
physiographic divisions:
The Andes Mountains:

1. The Andes are Fold Mountains like the Himalayas.
2. The highest peak in the Andes is Mount Aconcagua (an extinct volcano) on the Chile- Argentina border which reaches at an elevation of 6,961 m. In Chile, the mountains run very close to the coast.
3. The slopes are steep on the western side and gentle on the eastern side like Rockies in North America.
4. There are some active volcanoes like Cotopaxi (5,991m) on the Andes range. The Andes are rich in minerals like Copper, Tin and Precious Gems including Emeralds.

The River Basins (or) the Central Plains:

1. Nearly half of the Continent is covered by the plains. Three great rivers drain into the Atlantic Ocean.
2. The biggest of them is the Amazon.
3. The Amazon basin consisting mainly of the alluvial deposits is the thickly forested
   part of the world.

The Eastern Highlands:

1. These are considerably older than the Andes and are mainly Plateau which is cut by many rivers.
2. They lie to the north and south of the Amazon River.
3. The Brazilian Highlands are found to the south of the Amazon basin.
4. They are gently rolling plateaus with steep cliffs along the east coast.

Question 6.
Explain about the mineral deposits of south America.
Answer:
Minerals:

1. South America is rich in minerals. These mineral deposits are unevenly distributed.
2. South America has many valuable deposits of minerals particularly of iron ore, manganese, petroleum, copper and bauxite. There are some active mines producing silver and gold.
3. Northern Chile has the world’s only natural deposits of sodium nitrate an important ingredient of fertilizers.

Iron ore:

1. South America contains about one fifth of the world s iron ore reserves.
2. Brazil and Chile both have massive deposits of iron ore.
3. Brazil has the second largest iron ore deposits in the world after Russia, Brazil is estimated to have about 15% of the world export of iron ore.

Manganese:

1. Brazil also has large deposits of Manganese.
2. Manganese ore is mined at Lafaiete, Minas Gerais and in the Northern State of Amapa.

Petroleum:

1. Venezuela is rich in petroleum deposits.
2. Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile and Bolivia are the other valuable oilfields. Petroleum is the only mineral produced in substantial quantity.

Copper:

1. Chile is the third largest producer of copper in the world.
2. Copper provides over 40% of exports by value. Some of the biggest copper mines of the world are located in Peru.
3. It is found in the Atacama Desert.

Bauxite:

1. Brazil is the third largest bauxite producing country.
2. An important bauxite mining centre is located near the mouth of the Amazon River. Bauxite is used for aluminum production.

Question 7.
Explain about the industries of South America.
Answer:
Industries:

1. Industries in South America have developed slowly Argentina, Brazil and Chile are the most highly developed industrial countries in this continent.
2. The continent lacks infrastructure (especially transport) which is an essential need for Industrialisation. Railways and the roads could not be developed sufficiently owing to a rugged terrain.
3. In spite of having an abundance of natural resources, industrialisation started quite late in South America.

Question 8.
Explain about the Transport of South America.
Answer:
Transport:
Unlike North America, South America still does not have an adequately integrated transportation network. Significant efforts have been made to improve both the connection within the countries and the linkages between them.

Roadways:

1. South America has an extensive and rapidly expanding network of roads.
2. A Road linking Venezuela and Brazil allows north to south movement through the Amazon Basin.
3. Brazil continues to have the largest network of roads belonging to the Pan American Highway System which extends throughout the Americas.

Railways:

1. In most South American countries, railways have lost their dominant position of the major mode of transportation and have been replaced by the road networks that have developed rapidly since the 1960 s.
2. Moreover, rail transport is plagued by operational problems as well as by obsolete equipment.
3. Many countries have two or more track gauges which impedes the efficient integration of the rails system.

Waterways:

1. Seaways have long been a vital component of the transport systems of South American countries.
2. Majority of imports and exports to and from the continent are moved by ship. South America has a number of outstanding natural harbours.
3. There are two inland waterways system of international importance. They are
   • The Paraguay – Uruguay basin which includes territory in four countries and
   • The Amazon basin which includes six countries. Each has several thousand miles of navigable waterways..

Airways:

1. Airways have developed rapidly since World War II.
2. The increase is particularly significant with respect to passenger traffic and also handling of bulky freights.
3. All the South America capitals and most of the large cities are linked by direct air services to the major traffic centres of the United States and Europe.

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Solutions Chapter 24 Environmental Science

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Environmental Science Textbook Exercises

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
All the factors of biosphere which affect the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce are called as ………………
(a) biological factors
(b) abiotic factors
(c) biotic factors
(d) physical factors
Answer:
(b) abiotic factors

Question 2.
The ice sheets from the north and south poles and the icecaps on the mountains, get converted into water vapour through the process of …………….
(a) evaporation
(b) condensation
(c) sublimation
(d) infiltration
Answer:
(a) evaporation

Question 3.
The atmospheric carbon dioxide enters into the plants through the process of …………………….
(a) photosynthesis
(b) assimilation
(c) respiration
(d) decomposition
Answer:
(a) photosynthesis

Question 4.
Increased amount of …………….. in the atmosphere, results in greenhouse effect and global warming.
(a) carbon monoxide
(b) sulphur dioxide
(c) nitrogen dioxide
(d) carbon dioxide
Answers
(d) carbon dioxide

II. Match the Following:

Answer:

1. (b) Ammonification
2. (d) Denitrification
3. (a) Nitrogen fixation
4. (c) Nitrification

III. State whether the statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.

1. Nitrogen is a greenhouse gas – False
   Correct statement: Atmosphere is a rich source of nitrogen and contains about 78% nitrogen.
2. Poorly developed root is an adaptation of mesophytes – False
   Correct statement: The roots of mesophytes are well developed and are provided with root caps.
3. Bats are the only mammals that can fly – True
4. Earthworms use the remarkable high frequency system called echoes – False
   Correct statement: Bats use the remarkable high frequency system called echoes.
5. Aestivation is an adaptation to overcome cold condition – False
   Correct statement: Aestivation is an adaptation to overcome hot and dry condition.

IV. Answer in brief.

Question 1.
What are the two factors of biosphere?
Answer:
Biosphere is the part of the earth where life exists. All resources of biosphere can be grouped into two major categories namely:

1. Biotic or living factors which include plants, animals and all other living organisms.
2. Abiotic or non-living factors which include all factors like temperature, pressure, water, soil, air and sunlight which affect the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce.

Question 2.
How do human activities affect nitrogen cycle?
Answer:
Burning fossil fuels, application of nitrogen based fertilizers and other activities can increase the amount of biologically available nitrogen in an ecosystem.

Question 3.
What is adaptation?
Answer:
Any feature of an organism or its part that enables it to exist under conditions of its habitat is called adaptation.

Question 4.
What are the challenges faced by hydrophytes in their habitat?
Answer:
Hydrophytes face certain challenges in their habitat. They are:

1. Availability of more water than needed.
2. Water current may damage the plant body.
3. Water levels may change regularly.
4. Maintain buoyancy in water.

Question 5.
Why is it important to conserve water?
Answer:
Importance of water conservation:

• It creates more efficient use of water resources.
• It ensures that we have enough usable water.
• It helps in decreasing water pollution.
• It helps in increasing energy saving.

Question 6.
List some of the ways in which you could save water in your home and school?
Answer:

• When washing dishes, don’t let the tap be open. Fill one sink with wash water and another with rinse water.
• Adjust sprinklers so that only the plants are watered.
• Install rainwater tanks.
• Use hose water once a week to clean the driveway and sidewalk.
• Be sure to turn off the tap while not in use.

Question 7.
What are the uses of recycled water?
Answer:
Uses for recycled water:
Agriculture, Landscape, Public parks, Golf course irrigation, Cooling water for power plants and oil refineries, Toilet flushing, Dust control and Construction activities.

Question 8.
What is IUCN? What is the vision of IUCN?
Answer:
IUCN is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.
The vision of IUCN is ‘A just world that values and conserves nature’.

V. Answer in detail.

Question 1.
Describe the processes involved in the water cycle?
Answer:
Water cycle or hydrological cycle is the continuous movement of water on earth. In this process, water moves from one reservoir to another, from river to ocean or from ocean to the atmosphere by processes such as evaporation, sublimation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, surface runoff and infiltration, during which water converts itself to various forms like liquid, solid and vapour.

• Evaporation: Water evaporates from the surface of the earth and water bodies such as the oceans, seas, lakes, ponds and rivers turn into water vapour.
• Sublimation: Ice sheets and ice caps from north and south poles, and icecaps on mountains get converted into water vapour directly, without converting into liquid.
• Transpiration: Transpiration is the process by which plants release water vapour to atmosphere through small pores in leaves and stems.
• Condensation: At higher altitudes, the temperature is low. The water vapour present there condenses to form very tiny particles of water droplets. These particles come close together to form clouds and fog.
• Precipitation: Due to change in wind or temperature, clouds combine to make bigger droplets, and pour down as precipitation(rain). Precipitation includes drizzle, rain, snow and hail.
• Runoff: As the water pours down, it runs over the surface of earth. Runoff water combines to form channels, rivers, lakes and ends up into seas and oceans.
• Infiltration: Some of the precipitated water moves deep into the soil. Then it moves down and increases the groundwater level.
• Percolation: Some of the precipitated water flows through soil and porous or fractured rock. Infiltration and percolation are two related but different processes describing the movement of water through soil.

Question 2.
Explain carbon cycle with the help of a flow chart?
Answer:
Carbon occurs in various forms on earth. Charcoal, diamond and graphite are elemental forms of carbon. Combined forms of carbon include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and carbonate salts. All living organisms are made up of carbon-containing molecules like proteins and nucleic acids. The atmospheric carbon dioxide enters into the plants through the process of photosynthesis to form carbohydrates.

From plants, it is passed on to herbivores and carnivores. During respiration, plants and animals release carbon into atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is also returned to the atmosphere through decomposition of dead organic matter, burning fossil fuels and volcanic activities. Contribution of carbon to the atmosphere could be reduced by aforestation and lesser use of fossil fuels.

Question 3.
List out the adaptations of xerophytes?
Answer:
The conditions that leads to adaptation of plants in a dry habitat are;

1. To absorb as much water as they can get from the surroundings.
2. To retain water in their organs for very long time.
3. To reduce the transpiration rate.
4. To reduce consumption of water.

Adaptations of xerophytes:

1. They have well-developed roots. Roots grow very deep and reach the layers where water is available as in Calotropis.
2. They store water in succulent water-storing parenchymatous tissues, e.g. Opuntia, Aloe vera.
3. They have small-sized leaves with waxy coating, e.g. Acacia. In some plants, leaves are modified into spines, e.g. Opuntia.
4. Some of the xerophytes complete their life cycle within a very short period when sufficient moisture is available.

Question 4.
How does a bat adapt itself to its habitat?
Answer:
Mostly, bats live in caves. Caves provide them protection during the day from most predators and the temperature here is very stable. Apart from caves, bats also live in trees, hollowed logs and rock crevices. They are extremely important to humans as they reduce insect population and help to pollinate plants.

Bats are active at night. This is a useful adaptation for them, as flight requires a lot of energy during day. Their thin, black wing membrane (Patagium) may cause excessive heat absorption during the day. This may lead to dehydration.

Question 5.
What is water recycling? Explain the conventional wastewater recycling treatment?
Answer:
Water recycling is reusing treated wastewater for beneficial purposes such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, industrial processes, flushing in toilets and groundwater recharge. Conventional wastewater treatment consists of a combination of physical, chemical and biological processes which remove solids, organic matter, and nutrients from wastewater.

The wastewater treatment involves the following stages:

Primary treatment:
Primary treatment involves temporary holding of the wastewater in a tank. The heavy solids get settled at the bottom while oil, grease and lighter solids float over the surface. The settled and floating materials are removed. The remaining liquid may be sent for secondary treatment.

Secondary treatment:
Secondary treatment is used to remove the biodegradable dissolved organic matter. This is performed in the presence of oxygen by aerobic microorganisms (Biological oxidation). The microorganisms must be separated from treated wastewater by sedimentation. After separating the sediments of biological solids, the remaining liquid is discharged for tertiary treatment.

Tertiary treatment:
Tertiary or advanced treatment is the final step of sewage treatment. It involves removal of inorganic constituents such as nitrogen, phosphorus and microorganisms. The fine colloidal particles in the sewage water are precipitated by adding chemical coagulants like alum or ferric sulphate.

VI. Give reason.

Question 1.
Roots grow very deep and reach the layers where water is available. Which type of plants develops the above adaptation? Why?
Answer:
Xerophytes are the type of plants that grow deep roots so as to reach the water source as they exist in a dry habitat.

Question 2.
Why streamlined bodies and presence of setae is considered as adaptations of earthworm?
Answer:
Stream-lined bodies helps them to live in narrow burrows underground and for easy penetration into the soil.
Setae help the earthworm to move through the soil and provide anchor in the burrows. Therefore these are considered to be adaptaions of earthworm.

Question 3.
Why is it impossible for all farmers to construct it in their fields?
Answer:
All farmers may not be able to constmct a pond in their fields as they occupy a large portion of farmer’s lands.

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Environmental Science Additional Questions

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
……………… includes plants, animals and all other living organisms.
(a) Physical factors
(b) biotic factors
(c) abiotic factors
(d) biological factors
Answer:
(b) biotic factors

Question 2.
……………… is a type of vapourization, where liquid is converted to gas before reaching its boiling point.
(a) Evaporation
(b) Sublimation
(c) Condensation
(d) Transpiration
Answer:
(a) Evaporation

Question 3.
When there is change in wind or temperature, clouds combine to make bigger droplets, and pour down as ……………….
(a) percolation
(b) infiltration
(c) precipitation
(d) run off
Answer:
(c) precipitation

Question 4.
……………… is the changing of gas phase into liquid phase.
(a) Transpiration
(b) Percolation
(c) Sublimation
(d) Condensation
Answer:
(d) Condensation

Question 5.
During …………….. microorganisms must be separated from treated waste water by sedimentation.
(a) water recycling
(b) primary treatment
(c) secondary treatment
(d) tertiary treatment
Answer:
(c) secondary treatment

Question 6.
Which of the following is not an adaptation of xerophytes?
(a) well developed root system
(b) store water
(c) small sized leaves with waxy coating
(d) straight and branched stems
Answer:
(d) straight and branched stems

Question 7.
…………….. helps earthworm to live in narrow burrows underground and easy penetration into the soil.
(a) Aestivation
(b) Setae
(c) Stream-lined body
(d) Skin
Answer:
(c) Stream-lined body

Question 8.
……………. is a state of inactivity in which the body temperature drops with a lowered metabolic rate during winter.
(a) Hibernation
(b) Noctumality
(c) Echolocation
(d) Aestivation
Answer:
(a) Hibernation

Question 9.
…………… provides the primary nutrient important for the survival of all living organisms.
(a) Water cycle
(b) Nitrogen cycle
(c) Carbon cycle
(d) Oxygen cycle
Answer:
(b) Nitrogen cycle

Question 10.
……………….. is the process by which plants absorb nitrate ions and use them for making organic matter.
(a) Ammonification
(b) Nitrification
(c) Nitrogen assimilation
(d) Denitrification
Answer:
(c) Nitrogen assimilation

II. Match the Following:

Answer:

1. d. Landscape irrigation
2. c. Non-living factors
3. b. Management of water resources
4. a. Living factors

III. State whether True or false. If false, write the correct statement.

1. Water cycle is an essential component of proteins, DNA and chlorophyll – False
   Correct statement: Nitrogen cycle is an essential component of proteins, DNA and chlorophyll.
2. Well developed root is an adaptation of hydrophytes – False
   Correct statement: Well developed root is an adaptation of xerophytes.
3. Noctumality is a useful adaptation for them, as flight requires a lot of energy during day – True
4. Hibernation is a state of inactivity in which the body temperature drops with a lowered metabolic rate during winter – True
5. The ability to tolerate temperature depends on the surrounding moisture in the environment – True

IV. Answer in brief.

Question 1.
What are the types of biogeochemical cycles?
Answer:
Some of the important biogeochemical cycles are:

1. Water cycle
2. Nitrogen cycle
3. Carbon cycle

Question 2.
Write the human impacts on carbon cycle.
Answer:
More carbon moves into the atmosphere due to burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. By increasing the amount of carbon dioxide, earth becomes warmer. This leads to the greenhouse effect and global warming.

Question 3.
Define ‘Cindrella of the plant kingdom’.
Answer:
Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a very charming plant. It is called as ‘Cindrella of the plant kingdom’. It covers entire surface of the water resources.

Question 4.
What are the strategies to support water conservation?
Answer:
Some of the strategies to support water conservation are:

• Rainwater harvesting.
• Improved irrigation techniques.
• Active use of traditional water harvesting structures.
• Minimising domestic water consumption.
• Awareness on water conservation.
• Construction of farm ponds.
• Recycling of water.

Question 5.
Write a short note on water conservation.
Answer:
Water conservation is the preservation, control and management of water resources.

1. Industrial conservation
   Water conservation measures that can be taken by industries are:
   • using dry cooling systems.
   • if water is used as cooling agent, reusing the water for irrigation or other purposes.
2. Agricultural conservation
   Agricultural water is often lost due to leaks in canals, run off and evaporation. Some of the water conserving methods are:
   • using lined or covered canals that reduce loss of water and evaporation.
   • using improved techniques such as sprinklers and drip irrigation.
   • encouraging the development of crops that require less water and are drought resistant.
   • mulching of soil in vegetable cultivation and in horticulture.

Question 6.
What are the limitations of farm ponds?
Answer:
Limitations of farm ponds

• Farm ponds reduce water flow to other tanks and ponds situated in lower-lying areas.
• They occupy a large portion of farmer’s lands.

Question 7.
Why are earthworms called as “farmers friend”?
Answer:
Earthworms are referred to as farmers friends as after digesting organic matter, they excrete nutrient rich Waste product called castings. These are useful to the plant and also as the earthworms burrow the soil, there is sufficient aeration which is useful for the roots.

Question 8.
Explain nocturnality in Bat and Earthworm.
Answer:

• Nocturnality in Bat
  Bats are active at night which is a useful adaptation for them, as flight requires a lot of energy during day. The thin, black wing membrane called patagium may cause excessive heat absorption during the day leading to dehydration.
• Nocturnality in Earthworm
  Earthworms have no eyes, instead, they can sense light through the light-sensitive cells called photoreceptors present in their skin. They are very sensitive to bright light and therefore stays in burrows during the day and comes out only at night.

Question 9.
Why is Water Hyacinth responsible for the death of aquatic plants arid animals?
Answer:
Water Hyacinth is called as ‘Cindrella of the plant kingdom’. It covers entire surface of the water resources like ponds and lakes. It will not allow the light to penetrate into the water and increases the Biological Oxygen Demand leading to the death of aquatic plants and animals.3

Question 10.
What is vermicompost?
Answer:
Vermicompost is the manure prepared by using earthworms to speed up the process of decomposition of plant and animal wastes. Vermicomposting is the fundamental practise of organic gardening. Vermicompost helps better plant growth and crop yield, improves physical structure of soil, increases the water holding capacity of soil and is useful in elimination of biowaste.

Question 11.
Describe methods of water conservation in agriculture.
Answer:
Ways of water conservation in agriculture:
Agricultural water is often lost due to leaks in Canals, run off and evaporation. Some Of the water conserving methods are:

• using lined or covered canals that reduce loss of water and evaporation.
• using improved techniques such as sprinklers and drip irrigation.
• encouraging the development of crops that require less water and are drought resistant.
• mulching of soil in vegetable cultivation and in horticulture.

V. Answer in detail.

Question 1.
Explain Nitrogen cycle with a diagram.
Answer:
Nitrogen is primary nutrient important for survival of all living organisms. It is an essential component of proteins, DNA and chlorophyll. Atmosphere is a rich source of nitrogen and contains about 78% nitrogen. Plants and animals cannot utilize atmospheric nitrogen. They can use it only if it is in the form of ammonia, amino acids or nitrates. Processes involved in nitrogen cycle are:

• Nitrogen fixation: Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen, which is inert, into reactive compounds available to living organisms. This conversion is done by a number of bacteria and blue green algae (Cyanobacteria).
• Nitrogen assimilation: Plants absorb nitrate ions and use them for making organic matter like proteins and nucleic acids.
• Ammonification: The process of decomposition of nitrogenous waste by putrefying bacteria and fungi into ammonium compounds is called ammonification.
• Nitrification: The ammonium compounds formed by ammonification process are oxidised to soluble nitrates. This process of nitrate formation is known as nitrification. The bacteria responsible for nitrification are called as nitrifying bacteria.
• Denitrification: Free-living soil bacteria such as Pseudomonas sp. reduce nitrate ions of soil into gaseous nitrogen which enters the atmosphere.
  

Question 2.
Write in detail the adaptations of bat.
Answer:
Mostly, bats live in caves. Caves provide them protection during the day from most predators and the temperature here is very stable. Apart from caves, bats also live in trees, hollowed logs and rock crevices. They are extremely important to humans as they reduce insect population and help to pollinate plants.
The adaptations of a bat in relation to their habitat are;

• Nocturnality
  Bats are active at night. This is a useful adaptation for them, as flight requires a lot of energy during day. Their thin, black wing membrane (Patagium) may cause excessive heat absorption during the day. This may lead to dehydration.
• Flight adaptation
  Bat wings are entirely different from those of birds or insects. Modified forelimbs serve as wings. The bones in the wings of bats are elongated fingers and are connected by the flaps of skin on either side of the body known as Patagia. Tail supports and controls movements during flight. Muscles are well developed and highly powerful and achieve in beating of wings. Tendons of hind limbs provide a tight grasp when the animals are suspended upside down at rest.
• Hibernation
  Hibernation is a state of inactivity in which the body temperature drops with a lowered
  metabolic rate during winter. Bats are warm-blooded animals but unlike other mammals, they let their internal temperature reduce when they are resting. They go to a state of decreased activity to conserve energy.
• Echolocation
  Bats are not blind. But to fly around and hunt for insects in the dark, they use a remarkable high-frequency system called echolocation. Bats give out high-freqUeney sounds (ultrasonic sounds). These sounds are reflected back from its prey and perceived by the ear. Bats use these echoes to locate and identify the prey.

Question 3.
Write the advantages of farm ponds.
Answer:
The advantages of farm ponds are:

• They provide water to growing crops, without waiting for rainfall.
• They provide water for irrigation, even when there is no rain.
• They reduce soil erosion.
• They recharge groundwater.
• They improve drainage.
• The excavated soil can be used to enrich soil in fields and levelling lands.
• They promote fish rearing.
• They provide water for domestic purposes and livestock.

Question 4.
Write in detail about IUCN.
Answer:
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. It provides public, private and non- governmental organizations with the knowledge to enable human progress, economic development and nature conservation to take place together.

1. Vision of IUCN
   The vision of IUCN is ‘A just world that values and conserves nature’.
2. Mission of IUCN
   The mission of IUCN is to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable. It tries to influence the actions of governments, business and other stakeholders by providing information and advice.The organization is best known to the wider public for compiling and publishing the IUCN red list of threatened species, which assesses the conservation status of species worldwide.

India became state member of IUCN in 1969, through the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate change (MOEFCC). Four of 34 globally identified biodiversity hotspots are found in India. They are:

• The Himalayas
• The Western ghats
• The North-East
• The Nicobar islands