Category: Class 9

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th Maths Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Mensuration Ex 7.2

9th Maths Exercise 7.2 Samacheer Kalvi Question 1.
Find the total surface area and the lateral surface area of a cuboid whose dimensions are
(i) length = 20 cm,
breadth = 15 cm,
height = 8 cm
Solution:

(i) (a) Total surface Area of cuboid = 2(lb + bh + hl) sq. units
= 2(20 × 15 + 15 × 8 + 8 × 20)
= 2(300 + 120 + 160) = 2 × 580
(b) Lateral surface area of a cuboid = 2h(l + b) sq. units
= 2 × 8 (20 + 15) = 16 × 35 = 560 cm²

9th Maths Mensuration Exercise 7.2 Question 2.
The dimensions of a cuboidal box are 6 m × 400 cm × 1.5 m. Find the cost of painting its entire outer surface at the rate of ₹ 22 per m²
Solution:
l × b × h = 6 m × 400 cm × 1.5 m
l = 6m,
b = 4 m,
h = 1.5 m
∴ Total surface area of the cuboid = Outer surface area
= 2(lb + bh + hl) = 2((6 × 4) + (4 × 1.5) + (1.5 × 6))
= 2(24 + 6 + 9) = 2(39) m²
Cost of painting 1 m² = ₹ 22
Cost of painting 78 m² = 78 × 22 = ₹ 1716

10th Maths Exercise 7.2 Samacheer Kalvi Question 3.
The dimensions of a hall is 10 m × 9 m × 8 m. Find the cost of white washing the walls and ceiling at the rate of ₹ 8.50 per m².
Solution:

Dimensions of a hall 10m × 9m × 8m
l = 10 m
b = 9m
h = 8 m
White washing to be done for the area of the surface
= 2 (lh + bh) + lb
= 2 (10 × 8 + 9 × 8) + 10 × 9
= 2 (80 + 72) + 90 = 2 × 152 + 90
= 304 + 90 = 394 m²
Cost of white washing per m² = ₹ 8.50
Cost of white washing 394 m² = 394 × 8.50
Total cost = ₹ 3349

9th Maths Exercise 7.2 Question 4.
Find the TSA and LSA of the cube whose side is
(i) 8 m
(ii) 21 cm
(iii) 7.5 cm
Solution:
(i) side of a cube = 8m
TSA of the cube = 6a² = 6 × 64 = 384 m²
LSA of the cube = 4a²= 4 × 64 = 256 m²
(ii) side a 21 cm
TSA = 6a² = 6 × 21 × 21 = 2646 cm².
LSA = 4a² = 4 × 21 × 21 = 1764 cm².
(iii) side a = 7.5 cm
TSA = 6a² = 6 × 7.5 × 7.5 cm² = 337.5 cm²
LSA = 4a² = 4 × 7.5 × 7.5 cm² = 225 cm²

9th Maths 7.2 Question 5.
If the total surface area of a cube is 2400 cm² then, find its lateral surface area.
Solution:

9th Standard Maths Exercise 7.2 In Tamil Question 6.
A cubical container of side 6.5 m is to be painted on the entire outer surface. Find the area to be painted and the total cost of painting it at the rate of ₹ 24 per m².
Solution:
a = 6.5 m
6a² = 6 × 6.5 × 6.5 = 253.5 m²
Area to be painted = 253.5 m²
Cost of painting 1 m² = ₹ 24
∴ Cost of painting 253.5 m² = 253.5 × 24 = ₹ 6084

9th Maths Exercise 7.2 In Tamil Question 7.
Three identical cubes of side 4 cm are joined end to end. Find the total surface area and lateral surface area of the new resulting cuboid.
Solution:
a = 4 cm
TSA of the cuboid = 2(lb + bh + hl)

l = 12 cm
b = 4 cm
h = 4 cm
∴ TSA = 2(12 × 4 + 4 × 4 + 4 × 12)
= 2(48 + 16 + 48) = 2 × 112 = 224 cm²
LSA = 2h(l + b) = 2 × 4(12 + 4) = 8 × 16 = 128 cm²

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th Maths Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 3 Algebra Ex 3.5

9th Class Math Exercise 3.5 Solution Question 1.
Factorise the following expressions:
(i) 2a² + 4a²b + 8a²c
(ii) ab – ac – mb + mc
Solution:
(i) 2a² + 4a²b + 8a²c = 2a² [ 1 + 2b + 4c]
(ii) ab – ac – mb + mc = a(b – c) – m (b – c) = (b – c) (a – m)

9th Maths Exercise 3.5 Question 2.
Factorise the following:
(i) x² + 4x + 4
(ii) 3a² – 24ab + 48b²
(iii) x⁵ – 16x
(iv) \(m^{2}+\frac{1}{m^{2}}\) – 23
(v) 6 – 216x²
(vi) \(a^{2}+\frac{1}{a^{2}}\) – 18
Solution:
(i) x² + 4x + 4 = (x + 2) (x + 2) = (x + 2)²
∵ (a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b²
(ii) 3a² – 24ab + 48b² = 3[a² – 8ab + 16 b²]
= 3 [a – 4b]² (∵ (a – b)² = a² – 2ab + b²)
(iii) x⁵ – 16x = x[x⁴ – 16] = x [(x²)² – 4²]
= x (x² + 4) (x² – 4)= x (x² + 4) (x + 2) (x – 2)

Class 9 Maths Exercise 3.5 Solutions Question 3.
Factorise the following:
(i) 4x² + 9y² + 25z² + 12xy + 30yz + 20xz
(ii) 25x² + 4y² + 9z² – 20xy + 12yz – 30xz
Solution:
(i) 4x² + 9y² + 25z² + 12 xy + 30 yz + 20 xz
= (2x)² + (3y)² + (5z)² + 2 (2x) (3y) + 2 (3y) + (5z) + 2 × 3y × 5z
= (2x + 3y + 5z)²
∵ (a + b + c)² = a² + b² + c² + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca

(ii) 25x² + 4y² + 9z² – 20xy + 12 yz – 30xz
= (5x)² + (-2y)² + (-3z)² + 2(5x) (-2y) + 2 (-2y) (-3z) + 2 (-3z) (5x)
= (5x – 2y – 3z)²

 

9th Maths Algebra Exercise 3.5 Question 4.
Factorise the following
(i) 8x³ + 125y³
(ii) 27x³ – 8y³
(iii) a⁶ – 64
Solution:
(i) 8x³ + 125y³ (2x)³ + (5y)³
∴ a³ – b³ = (a + b) (a² – ab + b²)
= (2x + 5y) [(2x)² – (2x)(5y) + (5y²]
= (2x + 5y )² (4x² – 10xy + 25y²)

(ii) 27x³ – 8y³ = (3x)³ – (2y)²
= (3x – 2y ) ((3x)² + 3x × 2y + (2y)³)
= (3x- 2y) (9x³ + 6xy + 4xy + 4y³)

(iii) a⁶ – 64 = (a²)³ – 4³ (a³ – b³ = (a – b) (a² + ab + b²)
= (a² – 4) (a⁴ + 4a² + 4²)
= (a + 2) (a – 2) (a² + 4 – 2a) (a² – 4 + 2a)

Exercise 3.5 Class 9 Maths Samacheer Question 5.
Factorise the following:
(i) x³ + 8y³ + 6xy – 1
(ii) l³ – 8m³ – 27n³ – 18lmn
Solution:
(i) x³ + 8y³ + 6xy – 1 = x³ + (2y)³ + (-1)³ – 3 (x) (2y) (-1)
= (x + 2y – 1) (x² + 4y² + 1 – 2xy + 2y + x)

(ii) l³ – 8m³ – 27n³ – 18lmn = l³ + (-2m)³+ (-3n)³ -3 (l) {-2m) (-3n)
= (l – 2m – 3n) (l² + (-2m)² + (-3n)³ – l × – 2m – (-2m × -3n) – (-3n × l))
= (l – 2m – 3n) (l² + 4m² + 9n² + 2lm – 6mn + 3nl)

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science Geography Solutions Chapter 7 Mapping Skills

Mapping Skills Textual Exercise

I. Choose the correct answer.

9th Standard Social Science Map Question 1.
The new phase in topographical surveying in the 20^th century is ……
(a) toposheets
(b) aerial photography
(c) maps
(d) satellite imagery
Answer:
(d) satellite imagery

9th Social Map Question 2.
…… indicates the purpose or theme of the map.
(a) Title
(b) Scale
(c) Direction
(d) Legend
Answer:
(a) Title

9th Social Map Book Question 3.
Standard symbols that are used in maps to convey a definite meaning are called ………
(a) conventional signs and symbols
(b) coordinates
(c) grid references
(d) directions
Answer:
(a) conventional signs and symbols

9th Social Map In English Question 4.
Which one of the following maps show us a very large area with less details?
(a) Large scale
(b) Thematic
(c) Physical
(d) Small scale
Answer:
(d) Small scale

Social Samacheer Kalvi 9th Question 5.
GPS consists of a constellation of ……… satellites.
(a) 7
(b) 24
(c) 3.2
(d) 64
Answer:
(b) 24

II. Consider the given statements and choose the right option given below.

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Guide Question 1.
Assertion(A): The points at which the vertical and horizontal lines of the grid intersect are called coordinates.
Reason(R): The lines that run horizontally and vertically are called Northings and Eastings respectively.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true ; (R) explains (A)
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true ; (R) does not explain (A)
(c) (A) is correct; (R) is false
(d) (A) is false ; (R) is true
Answer:
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true ; (R) explains (A)

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Book Question 2.
Assertion(A): The legend of a map does not help us to understand the information in a map. Reason(R): It is usually placed at the left or right comer at the bottom of the map.
(a) (A) is false ; (R) is true .
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true ; (R) does not explain (A)
(c) (A) is correct; (R) is false
(d) Both (A) and (R) are true ; (R) explains (A)
Answer:
(a) (A) is false ; (R) is true

III. Match the following:

Answers:
1. (e)
2. (d)
3. (b)
4. (c)
5. (a)

IV. Answer in brief

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 9th Social Question 1.
Name the different methods to represent the Earth. ‘
Answer:
The three methods in widest use are as follows:

1. Projection on the surface of a cylinder
2. Projection on to the surface of a cone
3. Projection directly onto a flat plane, called planar or zenithal or azimuthal projection.

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 9th Social Science Question 2.
What is a map?
Answer:
A map is the basic tool of a geographer. It illustrates the earth’s surface Clearly and effectively through a combination of drawings, words and symbols. A map is a location guide.

9th Social Science Map Question 3.
What are the components of a map?
Answer:
Title, scale and directions are the three components of a map.

Question 4.
The distance between two cities A and B is 5 km. It is represented by a line of 5 cm on the map. Calculate the distance and give the answer in RF.
Answer:
Representative Fraction (R.F.) = Distance on the map / Distance on the ground Given, Distance on the map = 5 cm
Distance on the ground = 5 km
∴ R.F. = 5 cm / 5 km
Converting km to cm; 5 km = 500000 cm
So R.F. is 5 : 500000
i.e. R.F. is 1 : 100000

Question 5.
Mention a few surveying instruments.
Answer:
Chain, Prismatic compass, Plane table, Dumpy level, Abney level, Clinometre, Theodolite, Total Station and GNSS are some of the surveying instruments.

Question 6.
Define remote sensing.
Answer:
Remote Sensing refers to the observation and measurement of earthly objects without touching them. ‘Remote’ means far away and ‘Sensing’ means observing or collecting information. Remote sensing means acquiring information of things/places from a distance, using a variety of tools and methods.

Question 7.
What are the components of remote sensing?
Answer:
Components of remote sensing are:

• Energy source
• Transmission path
• Target
• Sensor

V. Give Reasons

Question 1.
Satellite imageries stimulate map making.
Answer:

1. Satellite imagery refers to digitally transmitted images of the satellites. Therefore it can be easily integrated with software for improvement of images.
2. Satellites circle the Earth, or remain geostationary and therefore, changes in weather or any other natural or man made modifications does not affect the functioning of Satellites.

Question 2.
Map is the basic tool of a geographer.
Answer:
With maps on hand, one can see the world in one sweep. A map is worth a thousand words. Maps are introduced with its components such as scale, signs and symbols. A map is the basic tool of a geographer. It illustrates the earth’s surface clearly and effectively through a combination of drawings, words and symbols. A map is a location guide.

Question 3.
Grid references are essential to find the exact location of places on a map.
Answer:
The location of a place can be simply defined by its latitude and longitude. In normal practice, latitude is stated first and then comes the longitude. The latitude and longitude of a place can be expressed in units of degree, minutes and seconds.

A grid is a set of lines with alphanumeric codes for defining a location on a map in many topographical sheets. The lines that run horizontally from left to right of the map are known as northings, whereas, the lines that run vertically from the top to the bottom of the map are called eastings. The points at which the vertical and horizontal lines of the grid intersect are called coordinates which are identified by numbers or letters.

Question 4.
Web cartography is one of the modern mapping techniques.
Answer:
The introduction of web mapping is a major new trend in cartography. The term Web cartography is connected with the design, production, display and use of maps over the Web. Various types of maps are present on the Web. Until recently cartography was restricted as it required relatively expensive and complex hardware and software as well as skilled cartographers and geomatics engineers.

Web based GIS has brought many geographical datasets, including free ones generated by OpenStreetMap and proprietary datasets owned by Navteq, Google, Waze, and others. A range of free software to generate maps has also been conceived and implemented alongside proprietary tools like ArcGIS. As a result, the barrier to entry for serving maps on the web has been lowered.

VI. Distinguish Between The Following:

Question 1.
Globe and Map
Answer:

Globe	Map
It is a representation of the whole earth with clear marking of longitude and lattitude of all the places on earth.	A map illustrates the earth’s surface more clearly and effectively through a combination of drawings, words and symbols.

Question 2.
Large scale map and small scale map
Answer:

Large scale map	Small scale map
Large amount of detail is shown of a small area can be seen in a large scale map.	Small amount of detail of a larger area can be seen in a small scale map.

Question 3.
Aerial photographs and satellite imageries
Answer:

Aerial photographs	Satellite imageries
It covers a small area and needs permission from authorities.	It allows global coverage and does not require permission.
Revisits or repeatability involves extra cost.	Satellites circle the Earth; they can repeat and revisit easily.

Question 4.
GIS and GPS
Answer:

GIS	GPS
Geographic Information System is a computer-based tool for managing a large amount of data collected for a given geographic region through remote sensing, GPS and other sources.	GPS is the U.S. implementation of the world’s first and currently the most used Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) created by the U. S. Department Of Defense.
GIS finds its strongest use in resources management, telecommunications and urban and regional planning.	Weather forecasting, earthquake monitoring and environmental protection can be done effectively by using GPS.

VII Answer in a paragraph:

Question 1.
What do you mean by the term ‘scale of the map’? Explain its classification.
Answer:
Scale makes it possible to reduce the size of the whole earth to show it on a piece of paper. A scale is a ratio between the actual distance on the map to the actual distance on the ground. Scales can be represented in three methods. They are the Statement, Representative Fraction (R.F) and Linear or Graphical scale methods.

Statement scale
The statement scale describes the relationship of map distance to ground distance in words, such as one centimetre to ten kilometres. It is expressed as 1cm =10 km.

The Representative Fraction (R.F)
It describes the proportion or ratio of the map distance to ground distance. It is usually abbreviated as R.F. It is stated as 1/100000 (or) 1:100000. This means that one unit on the map represents 100,000 of the same unit on the ground. This unit may be an inch or a centimetre or any other linear measurement unit. Thus, Representative Fraction (R.F.) = Distance on the map/ Distance on the ground

Question 2.
Write a note on directions with a relevant diagram.
Answer:
Direction
Maps are drawn normally with north orientation. North direction in a map is always towards the North Pole of the earth. If you position yourself looking at the North Pole, on your right will be the east; your left will be the west; at your back will be south. These four main directions are called the cardinal directions. Direction is usually indicated on a map by a North-South line, with the North direction represented by an arrow head.

Question 3.
What are the three major functional segments of GPS? Explain about any one.
Answer:
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a U.S. owned utility that provides users with positioning, navigation and timing services (PNT). This system consists of three segments: the space segment, the control segment and the user segment.

Space Segment: This is formed by a Satellite Constellation with enough satellites to ensure that the users will have at least 4 simaltaneous satellites in view from any point at the Earth Surface at any time.

Question 4.
Bhuvan has tremendous uses for scientists, policy makers or the general public. Justify.
Answer:
Bhuvan (Sanskrit for Earth) is a free internet based computer application launched by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) on August 12th 2009. It enables visualization of Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) images taken over a year ago, by ISRO’s seven satellites, including CartoSat-1 and CartoSat-2. Using Bhuvan connected to Internet, one can explore places of interest, scenes of events in the news or parts around the world they may never visit in person, by either entering the names of places or co-ordinates (latitudes and longitudes). Bhuvan has tremendous uses for scientists, academicians, policy makers and the general public.

Advantages

• Bhuvan, due to 3D rendering, gives the impression of moving through real space through the entire globe
• Students can use Bhuvan to understand subjects ranging from Sciences to History of places.
• It provides information on natural resources and timely information on disasters.
• Administrators use it for monitoring various developmental schemes.

VIII. HOTS:

Question 1.
Can you imagine a world without satellites?
Answer:
No, we cannot imagine a world without satellites.

1. Our lives would change in so many ways. Millions of people would be affected as they can’t speak through mobile phones or send messages, TV shows would be missed, important informations cannot be passed on quickly and so on.
2. Scientific studies would be greatly restricted.
3. Army people would face difficulty in coordinating for international operations.
4. Spying would be impossible.
5. There will be navigation issues, communication issues, etc.

Question 2.
Imagine you are a cartographer. Plan and bring out a few ideas to improve your area.
Answer:
Cartographers are trained in aerial photography and in collecting survey data for preparing maps, charts and sketches.

They work to create detailed information maps based on survey data.

* Ideas to improve Chennai

1. Maintaining the ecological process in Chennai.
2. Balancing the essential infrastructures of the urban areas.
3. Improving the connectivity in and around South Chennai from the main city.
4. Improving Civic Services

Chennai corporation is set to upgrade its Geographical Information System (GIS) services. This was used for the creation of digital base and Utility mapping using GIS technology in 44,000 streets in Chennai.
(* Students can add their own creative ideas)

IX Map skill:

A. With the help of an atlas, mark the following on the outline map of Tamil Nadu.
a. The latitude and longitude of Chennai. .
b. Mark the city located at 10° N, 78° E.
c. Locate the city approximately on 11°N and 76°E.
d. Find the latitude and longitude of Kanyakumari and mark it.

Mapping Skills Additional Questions

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
The first ancient Greek to draw a map of the known World is ………
(a) Anaximander
(b) Gerardus Mercator
(c) Felix Nadar
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Anaximander

Question 2.
The foundation for map-making in India was laid during the …… period.
(a) Pre-historic
(b) Medieval
(c) Vedic
(d) Modern
Answer:
(c) Vedic

Question 3.
……. is a way of showing the spherical shaped earth on a flat piece of paper.
(a) Direction
(b) Grid Reference
(c) Projection
(d) Legend
Answer:
(c) Projection

Question 4.
……… symbols are used to indicate railways, roads, power lines, telephone lines in
mapping.
(a) Line
(b) Point
(c) Area
(d) None of these
Answer:
(a) Line

Question 5.
Maps produced by analysis can be used to pinpoint problem areas.
(a) GPS
(b) GIS
(c) GNSS
(d) DoD
Answer:
(b) GIS

II. Find out the correct statement.

Question 1.
Assertion (A): A linear scale is represented by a straight line divided into equal parts to show
what these markings represents on the actual ground.
Reason (R): This scale helps in the direct measurement of distance on the map.
(a) Both A and R are true; R explains A
(b) Both A and R are true; R does not explain A
(c) A is correct and R is wrong
(d) A is wrong and R is correct
Answer:
(a) Both A and R are true; R explains A

Question 2.
Assertion (A): Satellites do not collect large amounts of data of the entire area in a short span. Reason (R): Sensors in the satellites record the reflected and emitted radiation.
(a) A is wrong and R is correct
(b) Both A and R are hue; R does not explain A
(c) A is correct and R is wrong
(d) Both A and R are true; R explains A
Answer:
(a) A is wrong and R is correct

III. Match the following:

Answers:
1. (e)
2. (a)
3. (b)
4. (c)
5. (d)

IV. Answer in brief.

Question 1.
Give a short account of ‘Imago Mundi’ the Babylonian Map of the World.
Answer:
More commonly known as the Babylonian Map of the World, the Imago Mundi is considered the oldest surviving world map. It is currently on display at the British Museum in London. It dates back to between 700 and 500 BC(BCE) and was found in a town called Sippar in Iraq.

The carved map depicts Babylon at the centre. Nearby are places like Assyria and Elam, all surrounded by a “Salt Sea” forming a ring around the cities. Outside the ring, eight islands or regions are carved onto the tablet. The map is accompanied by a cuneiform text describing Babylonian mythology in the regions depicted on the stone.

Question 2.
Who is a Cartographer? What is Cartography?
Answer:
A cartographer is one who measures, analyzes and interprets geographical information to create maps and charts for political, cultural and educational purposes.
The art and science of map-making is called Cartography.

Question 3.
What do you mean by ‘Direction’?
Answer:
Maps are drawn normally with north orientation. North direction in a map is always towards ‘ the North Pole of the earth. If you position yourself looking at the North Pole, on your right will be the east; your left will be the west; at your back will be south. These four main directions are called the cardinal directions. Direction is usually indicated on a map by a North-South line, with the North direction represented by an arrow head.

Question 4.
What is Projection? Mention the three methods in widest use.
Answer:
A map projection is a way of showing the spherical shaped earth on a flat piece of paper.
The three methods in widest use are as follows:

• Projection on the surface of a cylinder
• Projection on to the surface of a cone
• Projection directly onto a flat plane, called planar or zenithal or azimuthal projection

Question 5.
Name the three types of Map Symbols.
Answer:
There are three types of map symbols;

1. Point Symbols – buildings, dipping tanks, trigonometrical beacons
2. Line Symbols – railways, roads, power lines, telephone lines
3. Area Symbols – Cultivated lands, ponds, orchards and vineyards

Question 6.
What are the types of Maps?
Answer:
(a) On the basis of scale, maps can be classified into:

• Large scale maps: Large amount of detail; can only show a small area.
• Small scale map: Small amount of detail; can show a large area.

(b) On the basis of utility and purpose, they are classified as:

• General maps / Topographic Maps (physical and political maps)
• Thematic map (spatial variations of single phenomena)
• Special purpose maps (Braille maps for blind people, maps for neo literates, military maps, navigational charts, etc).

Question 7.
What is survey?
Answer:
Surveying is done to measure the angle, direction, area, height and distance of an object or place on the surface of the earth using instruments. Surveying techniques are used to obtain the field data and to prepare maps. A knowledge of surveying helps one in map-making, particularly in the preparation of physical maps.

V. Give reasons

Question 1.
The foundation for map-making in India was laid during the Vedic period.
Answer:
The foundation for map-making in India was laid during the Vedic period. Mahabharata conceived a round world surrounded by water. Surveying and map-making were an integral part of the revenue collection procedure in the medieval period. E.g.: Sher Shah Suri’s revenue maps and Rajendra Chola’s land survey techniques.

Question 2.
“If is not possible to show all the data of an area on a map”.
Answer:
The details that are to be shown may vary according to requirement. Therefore, it is essential to consider the scale and purpose while preparing maps.

Question 3.
“GPS helps in providing accurate transport data”.
Answer:

1. GPS technology has tremendous applications in everything.
2. It helps in military searches and rescue in wars.
3. It can work as a reliable tourist guide (distance, route and direction)

VI. Distinguish between the following.

Question 1.
Maps and Cartography
Answer:

Maps	Cartography
Maps are drawings of an area as seen from above. Maps can show a whole or part of the world.             ,	The art and Science of map-making is called cartography.

VII. Answer in a paragraph.

Question 1.
What is Satellite Remote Sensing? Explain the
(a) components of Remote Sensing
(b) process of Remote Sensing.
Answer:
Satellite remote sensing is the science of collecting data about an object or area from artificial satellites orbiting the Earth. The term ‘satellite imagery’ refers to digitally transmitted images of the satellites.
Components of remote sensing

• Energy source
• Transmission path
• Target
• Sensor

Process of remote sensing

1. The EMR (Electro Magnetic Radiation) or solar radiation is the primary source of energy for remote sensing.
2. Sunlight travels from the sun through the atmosphere, before it reaches the earth surface. In the atmosphere, the sun’s rays are not obstructed by any object.
3. When solar radiation falls on the earth’s surface, some of its energy is absorbed. While some is transmitted through the surface, the rest is reflected. Surfaces naturally emit radiation in the form of heat. The reflected energy travels from the earth surface back to space.
4. Sensors in the satellite record the reflected and emitted radiation. Each surface/object possesses a characteristic spectral signature, a unique pattern of reflecting sunlight.
5. The energy recorded by the sensor has to be transmitted to a ground station where the data are processed into an image.
6. The processed image is interpreted either visually by human interpreters or by computer aided techniques called digital image processing to identify and distinguish between the different spectral signatures to get information about objects/places.
7. Finally, we understand and apply the extracted information in mapping the area or assist in solving the particular problem.

Question 2.
Describe the
(a) Advantages of Remote Sensing
(b) Disadvantages of Remote Sensing
(c) Remote Sensing and Disaster Management
Answer:
(a) Advantages of Remote Sensing

• It is the only practical way to obtain data from inaccessible regions, e.g. Antarctica, Amazon forest.
• It helps in constructing cheap base maps in the absence of detailed land surveys.
• It detects the spread of natural calamities such as flood, forest fire and volcanic eruption, so that immediate rescue operations and planning can be carried out.

(b) Disadvantages of Remote Sensing

• It is difficult to prepare large scale maps from obtained satellite data.
• The technique is very expensive for small areas requiring one time analysis.

(c) Remote Sensing and Disaster Management
Remote sensing technology is highly used in disaster management to study the effects of earthquakes, tsunamis, cyclones, volcanic eruption, floods and wildfires. The preliminary data is retrieved from satellites like LANDSAT, CARTOSAT, OCEANSAT, etc. Fire and flood details can be extracted and delivered to relevant authorities within two hours of satellite image capture. E.g. major earthquakes in China and New Zealand, bushfire in Victoria and floods in Kerala. Dynamic phenomena such as flood, movement of wild animals, shoreline changes, finding lost ships and planes. Researchers use satellite imageries for these.

You can Download The Envious Neighbour Questions and Answers, Summary, Activity, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf Supplementary Chapter 1 help you to revise complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Solutions Supplementary Chapter 1 The Envious Neighbour

The Envious Neighbour Warm Up:

Discuss the following:

The Envious Neighbour Question 1.
Ratna Tata, Azim Premji are a few rich people of India who spend a part of their wealth on charity. What influences them to share and care for others?
Answer:
Philanthropic attitude leads to service and caring for others, sharing one’s joys with others, makes one’s life really worth living.

The Envious Neighbour Supplementary Question 2.
Think of any undesirable quality that you would like to get rid of and discuss it with your friends.
Answer:
My anger is my greatest enemy. All my friends praise me that I have a helping tendency and a sharing heart. But they don’t like me getting angry at times. When I get angry, I lose my self-control and create an unpleasant situation. I would like to get rid of this undesirable quality by keeping myself calm. When I get frustrated, I can count numbers from 1 to 20 slowly, so that my anger can subside during that time.

The Envious Neighbour 9th Std Question 3.
‘Do you like pets? Why?
Answer:
Yes, I like pets, especially dogs. I have a pet dog at home. I have named it as ‘Caesar’. It is a German Shepherd dog. Pet dogs are man’s best friends. They are loyal, intelligent, devoted and affectionate towards us. They are known to improve our own physical and mental health.

A. Identify the character or speaker of the following lines.

The Envious Neighbour Summary In Tamil Question 1.
They gathered the treasure.
Answer:
The honest old couple

The Envious Neighbour Questions And Answers Question 2.
The pine tree under which, I am hurried, to be cut down and made into a mortar.
Answer:
The dog to the good old man

Envious Neighbour Question 3.
They dug, and found nothing but a quantity of dirt and nasty offal.
Answer:
The envious neighbours

9th English The Envious Neighbour Question 4.
He had not to wait long before he was called into the prince’s palace, and ordered to exhibit his power.
Answer:
The envious old man

The Envious Neighbour Story In English Question 5.
BOW, WOW, WOW!
Answer:
The dog

Identify The Character / Speaker – Additional

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 9th English Question 1.
They seized the dog and killed him.
Answer:
The Wicked old couple

B. Based on your understanding of the story choose the right answers from the given options.

The Envious Neighbour Mind Map Question 1.
The old farmer and his wife loved the dog
(a) because it helped them in their day-to-day work.
(b) as if it was their own baby.
(c) as they were kind to all living beings.
Answer:
(b) as if it was their own baby

Samacheerkalvi.Guru 9th English Question 2.
When the old couple became rich, they
(a) gave the dog better food.
(b) invited their greedy neighbours to a feast.
(c) lived a comfortable life and were generous towards their poor neighbours.
Answer:
(c) lived a comfortable life and were generous towards their poor neighbours

Envious Neighbour Meaning In Tamil Question 3.
The greedy couple borrowed the mortar to make
(a) rich pastry and bean sauce.
(b) magic ash to win rewards.
(c) a pile of gold.
Answer:
(c) a pile of gold

C. Answer the following questions in a paragraph of about 80 to 100 words.

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 9th English Guide Question 1.
The old farmer was a kind person. Justify the statement with suitable examples from the story.
Answer:
The old farmer was a kind man. He helped the poor and the needy with what he had. He had a pet dog, which they used to feed with fish and tit-bit from their kitchen. One day, when their dog helped them in getting wealth, they did not take all for themselves.

But gave alms to the poor and then bought for themselves rice fields and corn-fields. When his neighbour killed his dog, he did not scold him. He just wept for his pet, kept some food, burnt incense and adorned its grave with flowers. He also showed his kindness to his envious neighbours, as they were distressed, by giving them a share of his own riches.

The Envious Neighbour 9th Std In Tamil Question 2.
How did the dog help the farmer even after its death?
Answer:
The dog appeared in his dream, and told him to cut the pine tree, make it into a mortar and use it, thinking of it, as if it were the dog itself. Old man did as was told. When he ground his rice in it, each grain turned into some rich treasure.

The Envious Neighbour Summary Question 3.
Why did the Prince reward the farmer but punish the neighbour for the same act?
Answer:
The prince rewarded the farmer because he made all the withered plum and cherry trees in the palace to shoot out and put forth flowers. So the prince was happy with his magical powers and sent him home rejoicing with plenty of presents. Where as the neighbour of the good old man was punished because he couldn’t perform the act of reviving the trees, after scattering the ashes on them. The ashes flew into the prince’s eyes and mouth, blinding and choking him. So the guards caught him and beat him almost to death.

9th English Unit 1 Question 4.
Bring out the difference between two neighbours with suitable examples to support your view.
Answer:
The old farmer was an honest and a kind person. He showed kindness to everyone and helped the needy at all times. But his neighbour was an envious person. He was covetous and a stingy old man. These qualities of the two neighbours were clearly shown in the story, when they nursed the dog. The good old man fed it with fish and tit-bit from his own kitchen. But when the dog was borrowed for a few days by his neighbour, he prepared a great feast for it not out of concern but to flatter it to show them the place of wealth.

Earlier, the dog had received nothing but cuffs and kicks from this wicked man. When the dog did not help the wicked man, he killed it. The wicked did a lot of misdeeds to the good old farmer. Yet they forgave him and his wife and gave them a share of their own riches.

D. Refer to what happens in the folktale and complete the story with the help of the hints given in the mind map.

Answers:

1. dog, which
2. who came and borrowed the dog
3. killed it
4. and burnt it
5. and put them in a basket

The Envious Neighbour Summary:

An honest man lived with his wife. They had a pet dog, which they used to feed with fish and tit-bit from their own kitchen. One day, when the couple went to work in their garden, their dog stopped at a place and started to bark. When the couple dug that place, they found gold and silver pieces being buried there. They gathered the treasure and after giving alms to the poor, bought themselves rice-fields and com fields and became wealthy people.

Their neighbours, who were stingy old couple, envied them and borrowed their dog to see if they could find any treasure with the help of the dog. They led the dog out into the garden. It walked along the garden without any barking for a long time. At last, the dog stopped at a certain spot and began to sniff. They hastily dug the spot, but found only dirt and nasty things. Furious at being disappointed, the old couple killed the dog.

When the good old man came to know that his dog was buried at the root of a pine tree, with a heavy heart, he burnt incense and adorned the grave with flowers. That night, the dog appeared to him in his sleep and instructed him to cut down the pine tree where it was buried, make it into a mortar and to use it, thinking of it, as if it were the dog itself. The old man did, as he was told to do, but when he ground his rice in it, each grain of rice turned into some rich treasure.

Seeing this, the wicked couple borrowed the mortar. But as soon as they used it, all their rice turned into filth. So, in anger, they broke it and burnt it. One night, the dog appeared again to the old man in his dream. It told him to sprinkle the ashes of the burnt mortar on withered trees. The trees would revive and bloom with flowers.

He obeyed the dog, as instructed, bringing the dead trees to life. A certain prince utilised his power and gave him a rich reward. But the envious neighbours got thrashing from the guards of the prince, when they tried to do the same act. Finally, when the good old couple heard of this, they sent for the neighbours and gave them a share of their own riches. After this, the wicked people mended their ways and led a good and virtuous lives ever after.

The Envious Neighbour Glossary:

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th Maths Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 1 Set Language Ex 1.3

9th Maths Exercise 1.3 Samacheer Kalvi Question 1.
Using the given venn diagram, write the elements of
(i) A
(ii) B
(iii) A ∪ B
(iv) A ∩ B
(v) A – B
(vi) B – A
(vii) A’
(viii) B’
(ix) U

Solution:
(i) A = {2, 4, 7, 8, 10}
(ii) B = {3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11}
(iii) A ∪ B = {2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}
(iv) A ∩ B = {4, 7}
(v) A – B = {2, 8, 10}
(vi) B – A = {3, 6, 9, 11}
(vii) A’ = {1, 3, 6, 9, 11, 12}
(viii) B’ = {1, 2, 8, 10, 12}
(ix) U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}.

9th Maths Set Language Exercise 1.3 Question 2.
Find A ∪ B, A ∩ B, A – B and B – A for the following sets.
(i) A = {2, 6, 10, 14} and B = {2, 5, 14, 16}
(ii) A = {a, b, c, e, u} and B = {a, e, i, o, u]
(iii) A = {x : x ∈ N, x ≤ 10} and B = {x : x ∈ W, x < 6}
(iv) A = Set of all letters in the word “mathematics” and B = Set of all letters in the word “geometry”
Solution:
(i) A = {2, 6, 10, 14} and B = {2, 5, 14, 16}
A ∪ B = {2, 6, 10, 14} ∪ {2, 5, 14, 16} = {2, 5, 6, 10, 14, 16}
A ∩ B = {2, 6, 10, 14} ∩ {2, 5, 14, 16} = {2, 14}
A – B = {2, 6, 10, 14} – {2, 5, 14, 16} = {6, 10}
B – A = {2, 5, 14, 16} – {2, 6, 10, 14}  = {5, 16}

(ii) A = {a, b, c, e, u} and B = {a, e, i, o, u}
A ∪ B = {a, b, c, e, u) ∪ {a, e, i, o, u) = {a, b, c, e, i, o, u}
A ∩ B = {a, b, c, e, u} ∩ {a, e, i, o, u} {a, e, u}
A – B = {a, b, c, e, u) – {a, e, i, o, u) = {b, c}
B – A = {a, e, i, o, u} – {a, b, c, e, u} =  {i, o}

(iii) x ∈ {1, 2, 3, ……..} ; x ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ……..}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} ∪ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A ∩ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} ∩ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
A – B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} – {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} = {6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
B – A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} – {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} = {0}

(iv) A= {m, a, t, h, e, i, c, s), B = {g, e, o, m, t, r, y)
A ∪ B = {m ,a, t, h, e, i, c, s} ∪ {g, e, o, m, t, r, y} = {m, a, t, h, e, i, c, s, g, o, r, y)
A ∩ B = {m, a, t, h, e, i, c, s} ∩ {g, e, o, m, t,r,y} = {m, t, e}
A – B = {m ,a, t, h, e, i, c, s} ∪ {g, e, o, m, t, r, y} = {a, h, i, c, s)
B – A = {m, a, t, h, e, i, c, 5} ∩ {g, e, o, m, t,r,y} = {g, o, r, y}

9th Std Maths Exercise 1.3 Question 3.
If U = {a, b, c, d, e,f g ,h}, A = {b, d, f, h} and B = {a, d, e, h}, find the following sets.
(i) A’
(ii) B’
(iii) A’ ∪ B’
(iv) A’ ∩ B’
(v) (A ∪ B)’
(vi) (A ∩ B)’
(vii) (A’)’
(viii) (B’)’
Solution:
(i) A’ = U – A = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, y} – {b, d, f, h} = {a, c, e, g}
(ii) B’ = U – B = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, y) – {a, d, e, h] = {b, c, f, g}
(iii) A’ ∪ B’= {a, c, e, g} ∪ {b, c, f, g} = {a, b, c, e, f g}
(iv) A’ ∩ B’= {a, c, e, g} ∩ {b, c, f, g} = {c, g}
(v) (A ∪ B)’ = U – (A ∪ B) = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, y) – {a, b, d, e, f, h} = {c, g}
(vi) (A ∩ B)’ = U – (A ∩B) = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, y} – {d, h} = {a, b, c, e, f, g}
(vii) (A’)’ = U – A’ = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h} – {a, c, e, g} = {b, d, f, h)
(viii) (B’)’ = U – B’ = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h} – {b, c, f, g} = {a, d, e, h}

9th Standard Maths Exercise 1.3 Question 4.
Let U = {0, 1, 2 , 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, A = {1, 3, 5, 7} and B = {0, 2, 3, 5, 7}, find the following sets.
(i) A’
(ii) B’
(iii) A ‘ ∪ B’
(iv) A’ ∩ B’
(v) (A ∪ B)’
(vi) (A ∩ B)’
(vii) (A’)’
(viii) (B’)’
Solution:
(i) A’ = U – A = {0, 1 ,2, y, 4, 5, 6, 7} – {1, 3, 5, 7} = {0, 2, 4, 6}
(ii) B’ = U – B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ,7} – {0, 2, 3, 5, 7} = {1, 4, 6}
(iii) A’ ∪ B’ = {0, 2, 4, 6} ∪ {1, 4, 6} = {0, 1, 2, 4, 6}
(iv) A’ ∩ B’ = {0, 2, 4, 6} ∩ {1, 4, 6} = {4, 6}
(v) (A ∪ B)’ = U – (A ∪ B) = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} – {0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7} = {4, 6}
(vi) (A ∩ B)’ = U – (A ∩ B)= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} – {3,5,7} = {0, 1, 2, 4, 6}
(vii) (A’)’ = U – A’ = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} – {0, 2, 4, 6} = {1, 3, 5, 7}
(viii) (B’)’ = U – B’ = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} – {1, 4, 6} = {0, 2, 3, 5, 7}.

9th Maths Exercise 1.3 In Tamil Question 5.
Find the symmetric difference between the following sets.
(i) P = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11} and Q = {1, 3, 5, 11}
(ii) R = {l, m, n, o, p} and S = {j, l, n, q)
(iii) X = {5, 6, 7} and Y = {5, 7, 9, 10}
Solution:
(i) P = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}
Q= {1, 3, 5, 11}
P – Q = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11} – {1, 3, 5, 11} = {2, 7}
Q – P = {1, 3, 5, 11} – {2, 3, 5, 7, 11} = {1}
P ∆ Q = (P – Q) ∪ (Q – P) = {2, 7} ∪ {1} = {1, 2, 7}

(ii) R = {l, m, n, o, p}
S = {j, l, n, q}
R – S = {l, m, n, o, p) – {j, l, n, q} = {m, o, p)
s – R = {j, l, n, q) – {l, m, n, o, p}= {j, q}
R ∆ S = (R – S) ∪ (S – R) = {m, o, p) ∪ {j, q} = {j, m, o, p, q)

(iii) X = {5, 6, 7}
Y = {5, 7, 9, 10}
X – Y = {5, 6, 7} – {5, 7, 9, 10} – {6}
Y – X = {5, 6, 9, 10} – {5, 6, 7} = {9, 10}
X ∆ Y = (X – Y) ∪ (Y – X) = {6} ∪ {9, 10} = {6, 9, 10}.

9th Maths 1.3 Question 6.
Using the set symbols, write down the expressions for the shaded region in the following
(i)

(ii)

(iii)

Solution:
(i) X – Y
(ii) (X ∪ Y)’
(iii) (X – Y) ∪ (X – Y)

9th Maths Exercise 1.3 Question 7.
Let A and B be two overlapping sets and the universal set U. Draw appropriate Venn diagram for each of the following,
(i) A ∪ B
(ii) A ∩ B
(iii) (A ∩ B)’
(iv) (B – A)’
(v) A’ ∪ B’
(vi) A’ ∩ B’
(vii)What do you observe from the diagram (iii) and (v)?
Solution:
(i) A ∪ B

(ii) A ∩ B

(iii) (A ∩ B)’

(iv) (B – A)’

(v) A’ ∪ B’

(vi) A’ ∩ B’

(vii) From the diagram (iii) and (v) we observe that (A ∩ B)’ = A’ ∪ B’.

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th Maths Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 3 Algebra Ex 3.2

9th Maths Algebra Exercise 3.2 Question 1.
Find the value of the polynomial f(y) = 6y – 3y² + 3 at (i) y = 1 (ii) y = -1 (iii) y = 0
Solution:
(i) At y = 1,
f(1) = 6(1) – 3(1)² + 3 = 6 – 3 + 3 = 6
(ii) At y = -1,
f(-1) = 6(-1) – 3(-1)² + 3 = -6 – 3 + 3 = -6
(iii) At y = 0,
f(0) = 6(0) – 3(0)² + 3 = 0 – 0 + 3 = 3

9th Maths Exercise 3.2 Question 2.
If f(x) = x² – \(2 \sqrt{2} x\) + 1, find p (\(2 \sqrt{2}\))
Solution:
p(\(2 \sqrt{2}\)) = (\(2 \sqrt{2}\))² – \(2 \sqrt{2}\)(\(2 \sqrt{2}\)) + 1
= 4 × 2 – 4 × 2 + 1
= 8 – 8 + 1 = 1

Ex 3.2 Class 9 Algebra Question 3.
Find the zeros of the polynomial in each of the following :
(i) p(x) = x – 3
(ii) p(x) = 2x + 5
(iii) q(y) = 2y – 3,
(iv) f(z) = 8z
(v) p(x) = ax where a ≠ 0,
(vi) h(x) = ax + b, a ≠ 0, a, b ∈ R
Solution:
(i) x = 3.
p( 3) = 3 – 3 = 0
∴ The zero of the polynomial is x = 3.

(iv) f(z) = 8z,
If 8z = 0
z = \(\frac{0}{8}\) = 0
f(0) = 8(0) = 0
∴ z = 0 is the zero of the given polynomial.

9th Maths 3.2 Question 4.
Find the roots of the polynomial equations.
(i) 5x – 6 = 0
(ii) x + 3 = 0
(iii) 10x + 9 = 0
(iv) 9x – 4 = 0
Solution:
(i) 5x – 6 = 0
5x = 6
∴ x = \(\frac{6}{5}\)

(ii) x + 3 = 0
∴ x = -3

(iii) 10x + 9 = 0
10x = -9
∴ x = \(\frac{-9}{10}\)

(iv) 9x – 4 = 0
9x = 4
∴ x = \(\frac{4}{9}\)

9th Standard Maths Exercise 3.2 Question 5.
Verify whether the following are zeros of the polynomial indicated against them, or not.
(i) p(x) = 2x – 1, x = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
(ii) p(x) = x³ – 1, x = 1,
(iii) p(x) = ax + b, x = \(\frac{-b}{a}\)
(iv) p(x) = (x + 3) (x – 4), x = 4, x = -3
Solution:
(i) p(x) = 2x – 1, x = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
p(\(\frac{1}{2}\)) = 2(\(\frac{1}{2}\)) – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0
∴ x = \(\frac{1}{2}\) is the zero of the given polynomial.

(ii) p(x) = x³ – 1, x = 1
p(1) = 1³ – 1 = 1 – 1 = 0
∴ x = 1 is the zero of the given polynomial

(iii) p(x) = ax + b, x = \(\frac{-b}{a}\)
p(\(\frac{-b}{a}\)) = a(\(\frac{-b}{a}\)) + b
= -b + b = 0
∴ x = \(\frac{-b}{a}\) is the zero of the given polynomial.

(iv) p(x) = (x + 3) (x – 4), x = 4, x = -3
p(-3) = (-3 + 3) (-3 – 4) = 0(-7) = 0
p(4) = (4 + 3) (4 – 4) = 7(0) = 0
∴ x = -3, x = 4 are the zeros of the given polynomial.

Class 9 Maths Exercise 3.2 Solutions Question 6.
Find the number of zeros of the following polynomial represented by their graphs.

Solution:
(i) The curve cuts the x-axis at two points. ∴ The equation has 2 zeros.
(ii) Since the curve cuts the x-axis at 3 different points. The number of zeros of the given curve is three.
(iii) Since the curve doesn’t cut the x axis. The number of zeros of the given curve is zero.
(iv) The curve cut the x-axis at one point. ∴ The equation has one zero.
(v) The curve cut the x axis at one point. ∴ The equation has one zero.

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th Maths Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th Maths Solutions Chapter 9 Probability Ex 9.1

9th Maths Exercise 9.1 Question 1.
You are walking along a street. If you just choose a stranger crossing you, what is the probability that his next birthday will fall on a Sunday?
Solution:
Days in a week (S) = {Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday}
n( S) = 7
∴ No. of days in week = 7
Event of selecting Sunday (A) = {Sunday}
n(A) = 1
∴ Probability of selecting Sunday = \(\frac{n(\mathrm{A})}{n(\mathrm{S})}=\frac{1}{7}\)

9th Class Maths Exercise 9.1 Solution Question 2.
What is the probability of drawing a King or a Queen or a Jack from a deck of cards?
Solution:
Number of cards n(S) = 52
No. of King cards n(A) = 4
No. of Queen cards n(B) = 4
No. of Jack cards n(C) = 4
Probability of drawing a King card
\(=\quad \frac{n(\mathrm{A})}{n(\mathrm{S})}=\frac{4}{52}\)
Probability of drawing a Queen card
\(=\frac{n(\mathrm{B})}{n(\mathrm{S})}=\frac{4}{52}\)
Probability of drawing a Jack card
\(=\frac{n(\mathrm{C})}{n(\mathrm{S})}=\frac{4}{52}\)
The Probability of drawing a King or a Queen or a Jack from a deck of cards
\(=\mathrm{P}(\mathrm{A})+\mathrm{P}(\mathrm{B})+\mathrm{P}(\mathrm{C})=\frac{4}{52}+\frac{4}{52}+\frac{4}{52}=\frac{4+4+4}{52}=\frac{12}{52}=\frac{3}{13}\)

9th Class Math 9.1 Exercise Solution Question 3.
What is the probability of throwing an even number with a single standard dice of six faces?
Solution:
Faces of a dice (S) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
n(S) = 6
Event of throwing an even number
A = {2, 4, 6}, n(A) = 3

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Maths Guide Question 4.
There are 24 balls in a pot. If 3 of them are Red, 5 of them are Blue and the remaining are Green then, what is the probability of picking out
(i) a Blue ball,
(ii) a Red ball and
(iii) a Green ball?
Solution:
n(S) = 24
Red – n(R) = 3
Blue – n(B) = 5
Green – n(G) = 16

9th Maths 9.1 Question 5.
When two coins are tossed, what is the probability that two heads are obtained?
Solution:
Sample space when two coins are tossed (S) = {HH, TT, HT, TH}
n(S) = 4
Event of getting two heads (A) = {HH}
n(A) = 1
Probability of getting two heads P(A) = \(\frac{n(\mathrm{A})}{n(\mathrm{S})}=\frac{1}{4}\)

Class 9 Maths Ex 9.1 Solutions Question 6.
Two dice are rolled, find the probability that the sum is
(i) equal to 1
(ii) equal to 4
(iii) less than 13
Solution:
When two dice are rolled Sample space

9th Maths Exercise 9.1 Samacheer Kalvi Question 7.
A manufacturer tested 7000 LED lights at random and found that 25 of them were defective. If a LED light is selected at random, what is the probability that the selected LED light is a defective one.
Solution:
n(S) = 7000 S – Total no. of lights.
n(A) = 25 A – Defective ones.

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Maths Question 8.
In a football match, a goalkeeper of a team can stop the goal, 32 times out of 40 attempts tried by a team. Find the probability that the opponent team can convert the attempt into a goal.
Solution:
Total no. of attempts n(S) = 40
Total no. of attempts by A team n(A) = 32
Total no. of attempts by the opponent team B = n(B) = 40 – 32 = 8

9 Maths Samacheer Kalvi Question 9.
What is the probability that the spinner will not land on a multiple of 3?
Solution:
Total no. of choices n(S) = 8
Total no. of multiples of 3 A = {3, 6}
n(A) = 2
Event of non-multiples of 3B = {1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8}
n(B) = 6

Class 9th Maths Chapter 9 Exercise 9.1 Question 10.
Frame two problems in calculating probability, based on the spinner shown here.

Solution:
(i) What is the probability that the spinner will land on an even number?
(ii) What is the probability that the spinner will not land on a prime number.

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Solutions Chapter 25 Computer – An Introduction

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Computer – An Introduction Textbook Exercises

I. Choose the correct answer.

9th Computer Guide Question 1.
……………. is an electronic device which stores data and information.
(a) Telescope
(b) Television
(c) Computer
(d) Radio
Answer:
(c) Computer

9th Computer Science Guide Question 2.
…………….. belongs to the generation IV of the computer.
(a) Microprocessor
(b) Artificial intelligence
(c) Transistor
(d) Vacuum Tubes
Answer:
(a) Microprocessor

Computer Science 9th Guide Question 3.
Data processing involves ……………. steps.
(a) seven
(b) four
(c) six
(d) eight
Answer:
(c) six

9th Standard Computer Science Guide Question 4.
(i) Abacus belongs to the first generation of the computer.
(ii) ENIAC was used in the American military.
(a) Both the statements are correct
(b) Statement (i) is wrong but (ii) is correct
(c) Statement (i) is correct but (ii) is wrong
(d) Both the statements are wrong.
Answer:
(a) Both the statements are correct

II. Match the following.

1. III generation computer – (a) Integrated circuit
2. Text, number – (b) Information
3. Transistor – (c) Father of computer
4. Directly used – (d) Data
5. Charles Babbage – (e) II generation

Answer:

1. (a) Integrated circuit
2. (d) Data
3. (e) II generation
4. (b) Information
5. (c) Father of computer

III. Answer the following in brief.

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Computer Science Book Question 1.
Define computer.
Answer:
Computer is an electronic device, which manipulates and stores data and information through commands or program codes.

Computer 9th Guide Question 2.
Differentiate data and information.

S.No	DATA	INFORMATION
1	Data is used as input for the computer system	Information is the output of data
2	Data doesn’t depend on information	Information depends on data
3	Data is not specific	Information is specific
4	Data doesn’t carry a meaning	Information must carry a logical meaning

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Computer Book Question 3.
What is data processing?
Answer:
The data processing in a computer is collecting data and converting it into information according to our needs and requirements.

IV. Answer the following in detail:-

9th Computer Guide Samacheer Kalvi Question 1.
What are the different steps involved in data processing?
Answer:
Data processing has six steps. They are,

• Data collection
• Data storage
• Data sorting
• The data processing
• Data analysis
• Data presentation and conclusions

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Computer Science Book Answers Question 2.
List out the generations of computer.

PERIOD	GENERATION	DIGITAL DEVICES
1940- 1956	1 Generation	Vacuum tubes
1956 -1963	II Generation	Transistor
1964-1971	HI Generation	Integrated circuits
1972-2010	IV Generation	Micro processors
After-2010	V Generation	Artificial Intelligence

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Computer – An Introduction Additional Questions

I. Fill in the blanks.

1. ………………. is an electronic device which manipulates and stores data and information.
2. Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace was honored as the first programmer for programming ……………..
3. Computer operates by the exchange of ……………… between the hardware and software.
4. ……………. designed the basic constructions of a computer.
5. The first and the basic method of computing is ………………..

Answer:

1. Computer
2. Arithmetic operations
3. Commands
4. Charles Babbage
5. Abacus

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science History Solutions Chapter 6 The Middle Ages

The Middle Ages Textual Exercise

I. Choose the correct answer.

The Middle Ages Class 9 Question 1.
……………….. was the old religion of Japan.
(a) Shinto
(b) Confucianism
(c) Taoism
(d) Animism
Answer:
(a) Shinto

Europe In The Middle Ages 9th Standard Question 2.
…………. means great name/lord.
(a) Daimyo
(b) Shogun
(c) Fujiwara
(d) Tokugawa
Answer:
(a) Daimyo

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 9th Social Science Question 3.
The Arab General who conquered Spain was …………..
(a) Tariq
(b) Alaric
(c) Saladin
(d) Mohammad the Conqueror
Answer:
(a) Tariq

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 9th Social Question 4.
Harun-al-Rashid was the able emperor of ……………
(a) Abbasid dynasty
(b) Umayyad dynasty
(c) Sassanid dynasty
(d) Mongol dynasty
Answer:
(a) Abbasid dynasty

Class 9 History Chapter 6 Question 5.
Feudalism centred around ……………
(a) vassalage
(b) slavery
(c) serfdom
(d) land
Answer:
(a) vassalage

II. Find out the correct statement.

Question 1.
(i) Chengiz Khan was an intolerant person in religion
(ii) Mongols destroyed the city of Jerusalem
(iii) Crusades weakened the Ottoman Empire
(iv) Pope Gregory succeeded in making King Henry IV to abdicate the throne by means of Interdict
(a) (i) is correct
(b) (ii) is correct
(c) (ii) and (iii) are correct
(d) (iv) is correct
Answer:
(d) (iv) is correct

Question 2.
(i) Mangu Khan was the Governor of China.
(ii) Mongol court in China impressed Marco Polo.
(iii) The leader of Red Turbans was Hung Chao.
(iv) Mongols established their rule in China in the name of Yuan dynasty.
(a) (i) is correct
(b) (ii) is correct
(c) (ii) and (iv) are correct
(d) (iv) is correct
Answer:
(c) (ii) and (iv) are correct

Question 3.
(i) Boyang and Changon were built during Sung dynasty.
(ii) Peasant uprisings led to the collapse of Tang dynasty.
(iii) Seljuq Turks were a tribe of Tartars.
(iv) Mongols established their rule in China in the name of Yuan dynasty.
(a) (i) is correct
(b) (ii) is correct
(c) (iii) is correct
(d) (iv) is correct
Answer:
(iii) and (iv) are correct

Question 4.
Assertion (A): Buddhism went to China from India.
Reason (R): The earliest Indian inhabitants in China were the followers of Buddhism.
(a) A is correct; R is wrong
(b) Both A & R are wrong
(c) Both A &, R are correct
(d) A is wrong R is irrelevant to A
Answer:
(a) A is correct; R is wrong

Question 5.
Assertion (A): The fall of Jerusalem into the hands of Seljuk Turks led to the Crusades.
Reason (R): European Christian pilgrims were denied access to Jerusalem. .
(a) A is correct; R is not the correct explanation of A ‘
(b) A and R are correct
(c) A and R are wrong
(d) A is correct, R is the correct explanation of A
Answer:
(d) A is correct, R is the correct explanation of A

III. Fill in the blanks.

1. ……………. were the original inhabitants of Japan.
2. ……………. was the original name of Japan.
3. ………… was the original name of Medina. ,
4. ………….were the barbarians posing a threat to the Chinese in the north.
5. …………… established Ottoman supremacy in the Balkans.
Answer:
1. Ainus
2. Yamato
3. Yethrib
4. The Mongols
5. Mohammed II

IV. Match the following:

Answer:
1. (d)
2. (e)
3. (a)
4. (c)
5. (b)

V. Answer all questions given under each heading.

Question 1.
Shogunate in Japan.
(a) Name the two Daimyo families that fought for power in Japan.
Answer:
The Tara and Minamota

(b) Who emerged successful in the fight?
Answer:
Yoritomo emerged successful in the fight.

(c) What was the title given by the Emperor to the victorious?
Answer:
The high sounding title of Sei-i-tai Shogun (which means the Barbarian-Subduing-Great- General).

(d) Where was the capital of the first Shogunate established?
Answer:
The capital of the first Shogunate established at Kamakura,

Question 2.
Rule of Abbasids.
(a) Who were the Abbasids?
Answer:
The descendants of the Prophet Mohammad’s uncle Abbas and his followers were called Abbasids. ’ ,

(b) What was the title assumed by Abbasid Caliph?
Answer:
“The commander of the faithful” was the title assumed by Abbasid Caliph.

(c) Where did they have their new capital?
Answer:
Baghdad in Iraq

(d) In whose period was the Abbasid Empire at the height of its glory?
Answer:
The Abbasid Empire was at the height of its glory during the reign of Harun-al-Rashid.

VI. Answer the following briefly.

Question 1.
The Great Wall of China.
Answer:
Between 8th and 7th centuries B.C. (BCE), the warring states in China built defensive walls to protect themselves from enemies from the north. During Chin (Qin) Dynasty, the separate walls were connected and consequently the wall stretched from east to west for about 5000 kilometres. This wall, considered to be one of the wonders of the world, served to keep nomadic tribes out. The Wall was further extended and strengthened by the succeeding dynasties. Now ’ it is 6,700 kilometres in length.

Question 2.
Contribution of Arabs to Science and Technology.
Answer:
The Arabs had a scientific spirit of inquiry. In some subjects like medicine and mathematics they learnt much from India. Many Arab students went to Takshashila, which was still a great university for specialized medicine. Indian scholars and mathematicians came in large numbers to Baghdad. Sanskrit books on medicine and other subjects were translated into Arabic. In medicine and surgery, Arab physicians and surgeons earned a great reputation.

Question 3.
Impact of Crusades.
Answer:
Crusades ended the feudal relations. Many of the nobles who went to East to take part in the Crusades either stayed too long a period or did not return. The serfs took advantage of their absence to break away from their bondage to the soil. Increasing demand for products of the East led to expansion of trade. Venice, Genoa and Pisa emerged as important commercial centres in the Mediterranean region.

Constantinople ceased to be the middle man in the trade between the East and the West. The elimination of powerful nobles had its influence in strengthening the monarchy in France and England. One notable outcome of Crusades was the loss of prestige suffered by Pope and Papacy.

Question 4.
How was Feudalism organized in the Middle Ages?
Answer:

Question 5.
Write about the two instruments used by Medieval Pope to assert his authority.
Answer:
New elements were included in Christian theology. They were the theory of priesthood and the theory of sacraments. These two elements increased the power of the clergy. These two elements also helped the Church to extend its authority over all of its lay members. Excommunication and Interdict were the two instruments used against those who defied the Church.

VII. Answer the following in detail.

Question 1.
Discuss the emergence of Japan under the Shogunate.
Answer:
During the two-hundred-year rule of Fujiwaras, a new class of large landholders emerged. These landholders were also military men, called Daimyos (meaning great names-lords). The Daimyos became powerful with their retainers and armies. Involved in personal fights, they ignored the central government in Kyoto. Out of the fight between two chief families, the Tara and the Minamota, Yoritomo emerged successful. In AD (CE) 1192, the emperor gave him the high sounding title of Sei-i-tai-Shogun, which means the Barbarian-subduing-Great-General. The title carried full power to govern hereditarily. The Shogun became the real ruler. In this way began the rule of Shogunate.

Question 2.
Who were the Mongols? How did they rule China?
Answer:

1. Mongols were nomads. They came into Europe from the Steppes of Asiatic Russia.
2. They were herdsmen. ‘
3. The Mongols were experts in warfare and produced a remarkable chief, Chengiz Khan.
4. He was a great military genius.
5. His religion was Shamanism, a worship of the “Everlasting Blue Sky. Mongols’ hold over Russia for about 300 years made Russia technologically backward from the rest of Europe until the end of Middle Ages”.

Rule in China

1. The Mongols established their rule in the name of Yuan dynasty.
2. The Mongols, who overran Persia and the whole of Central Asia, did not spare China either.
3. Mangu Khan became the Great Khan in 1252 who appointed Kublai Khan the Governor of China.
4. The Mongol presence from one end of Eurasia to the other played a key role in spreading Chinese technological advances to the less developed societies in the west.
5. Though the Mongol court in Beijing impressed a foreigner like Marco Polo, the poverty of peasantry continued.
6. There were revolts of religious sects and secret societies.
7. Finally, the leader of “Red Turbans” Chu Yuan Chang took the Mongol capital Beijing and proclaimed himself emperor in 1369.
8. The Ming Empire, which replaced the Mongol empire, consciously discouraged industry and foreign trade in order to concentrate on agriculture.
9. This resulted in China lagging behind in the 16th century. ‘
10. Other parts of Eurasia, building on the techniques of the Chinese, began to march ahead.

Student Activities

Question 1.
In an outline map of Europe, the students are to sketch the extent of Ottoman Empire at the height of its glory
Answer:

Question 2.
Students are to be guided by teachers to look through Google the architectural splendours of Saracenic architecture.
Answer:
You can do this activity under the guidance of your teacher.

Assignment with Teacher’s guidance.

Question 1.
Sketching Ottoman family tree and attempting a biographical account of Saladin of Egypt and Suleiman the Magnificent of Ottoman Empire.
Answer:
The teacher can guide the students to google and find out. Narrate the entire Ottoman family tree.

Question 2.
Attempting an account of the Crusades led by Richard the Lion-Hearted of England and German Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.
Answer:
You can do this activity under the guidance of your teacher.

The Middle Ages Additional Questions

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
Historians call the period between ………………. and …………… as the Middle Ages.
(a) 470 A.D and 1400 A.D.-(C.E)
(b) 460 A.D (C.E) and 1450 A.D (C.E)
(c) 475 A.D (C.E) and 1453 A.D (C.E)
(d) 476 A.D (C.E) and 1453 A.D (C.E)
Answer:
(d) 476 A.D (C.E) and 1453 A.D (C.E)

Question 2.
The founders of Saracenic Civilization were …………….
(a) Arabs
(b) Jews
(c) Persians
(d) Syrians
Answer:
(a) Arabs

Question 3.
……………. dynasty undertook enormous public works.
(a) Sui
(b) Tang
(c) Sung
(d) Yuan
Answer:
(b) Tang

Question 4.
……………… excelled in Ceramics and Porcelain-making.
(a) Japan
(b) Korea
(c) China
(d) Europe
Answer:
(c) China

Question 5.
Japan’s name was given by a ………….. Emperor.
(a) Mongol
(b) Chinese
(c) Korean
(d) Russian
Answer:
(b) Chinese

Question 6.
…………… established Islam.
(a) Abu Bakr
(b) Abbas
(c) Prophet Mohammed
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Prophet Mohammed

Question 7.
……………. is the holy city of the Christians.
(a) Jerusalem
(b) Baghdad
(c) Venice
(d) Pisa
Answer:
(a) Jerusalem

Question 8.
Chengiz Khan was the remarkable chief of ……………..
(a) Turks
(b) Arabs
(c) Mongols
(d) Chinese
Answer:
(c) Mongols

II. Find out the correct statement.

Question 1.
(i) Tang dynasty undertook enormous public works.
(ii) Land was divided into smdll peasant holdings.
(iii) Now the length of the Great Wall of China is 6,800 kilometres.
(iv) The agricultural surplus went to the Aristocrats as rents.
(a) (i) is correct
(b) (i) and (ii) are correct
(c) (iii) is correct
(d) (iv) is correct
Answer:
(b) (i) and (ii) are correct

Question 2.
(i) The message of equality and brotherhood had great appeal only for Arabs.
(ii) Mohammed and his followers stayed in their birth place.
(iii) The flight of Mohammad from Mecca in 622 A.D is called Hijrat. :
(iv) Mohammad died 20 years after the Hijrat.
(a) (i) is correct
(b) (ii) is correct
(c) (iii) is correct
(d) (iv) is correct
Answer:
(c) (iii) is correct

Question 3.
(i) Traders and artisans were brought under the feudal system.
(ii) The merchants and artisans formed guilds and groups.
(iii) In course of time they obeyed the nobles and kings. ,
(iv) This development continued the Feudal system. –
(a) (i) is correct
(b) (ii) is correct
(c) (iii) is correct
(d) (iv) is correct
Answer:
(b) (ii) is correct

Question 4.
Assertion: Seljuq Turks were a tribe of Tartars from Central Asia.
Reason: They established a powerful empire in Persia.
(a) A is correct R is wrong
(b) Both A and R are wrong
(c) Both A and R are correct
(d) A is correct R is irrelevant to A.
Answer:
(c) Both A and R are correct

Question 5.
Assertion: The Abbasid Empire was at the height of its glory during the reign of Harun-al- Rashid.
Reason: The Arab Empire flourished soon after the death of Harun-al-Rashid.
(a) A is correct; R is not the correct explanation of A
(b) A and R are correct
(c) A and R are wrong
(d) A is correct, R is the correct explanation of A .
Answer:
(a) A is correct; R is not the correct explanation of A

III. Fill in the blanks.

1. …………….. period was also a period of great prosperity to the landowning class, officials and rich merchants. .
2. The original religion of Japan, the Shinto was a mixture of nature and ……………..
3. The first great family that controlled the state was the ……………… family.
4. The first Shogunate is called the ……………. Shogunate.
5. …………… advocated simplicity and equality.
6. The capital of Umayyads was …………..
7. The other name of Baghdad was ……………..
8. …………….. ended the feudal relations.
9. The religion of Chengiz Khan was ……………..
10. …………… meant depriving a person of all the privileges of a Christian.
Answers:
1. Sung
2. ancestor worship
3. Soga
4. Kamakura
5. Islam
6. Damascus
7. the city of Arabian Nights
8. Crusades
9. Shamanism
10. Excommunication

IV. Match the following:

Answer:
1. (g)
2. (a)
3. (b)
4. (f)
5. (c)
6. (d)
7. (e)

V. Answer all questions given under each heading.

Question 1.
Yuan Dynasty
(a) Who overran Persia and China?
Answer:
The Mongols overran Persia and China.

(b) Who was appointed as the Governor of China?
Answer:
Kublai Khan

(c) Mention the foreigner who impressed the Beijing.
Answer:
Marco Polo

(d) Who was the leader of the “Red Turbans”?
Answer:
Chu Yuan Chang

Question 2.
Punic Wars
(a) Who were Carthaginians?
Answer:
The Carthaginians were the descendants of the Phoenicians who excelled in seafaring and trade.

(b) Write about the Third Punic War.
Answer:
After the defeat and destruction of the Carthage in the Third Punic War, Rome emerged as an unrivalled power in the western world.

(c) Who united to drive out the Greeks?
Answer:
Rome and Carthage united to drive out the Greeks.

(d) Who was Hannibal?
Answer:
Hannibal was a general who defeated the Roman army and made a great part of Italy a desert.

Question 3.
Silk Route
(a) What is meant by Silk route?
Answer:
The trade route from China to Asia Minor and India, known as the Silk Road or Silk Route.

(b) Which places were linked by this route?
Answer:
It linked China with the West. Goods and ideas between the two great civilizations of Rome and China were exchanged through this route.

(c) Name the good exchanged from East to West and West to East.
Answer:
Silk went westward, and wools, gold, and silver went east.

(d) Name the religion which reached China through this route.
Answer:
China received Buddhism from India via the Silk Road. .

Question 4.
Slave Trade in Rome
(a) Why was the new labour force produced by Rome?
Answer:
Rome produced a new labour force for the rich to exploit. Big landholders bought slaves cheaply and used them to cultivate their estates.

(b) What was the strength of the Slave population in the 1st century B.C.?
Answer:
The strength of the slave population in the 1st century B.C. was 3.25 million.

(c) What was the result of Slave trade?
Answer:
Slave trade led to the impoverishment of free labour. Many poor peasants had to abandon their children who also ended up in the slave markets.

(d) Which place became a great slave market?
Answer:
The island of Delos became a great slave market.

Question 5.
Arabs’ Scholarly Pursuits.
(a) What did the Abbasid Caliphs do?
Answer:
Abbasid Caliphs did not attempt to conquer new lands.

(b) What were their interest?
Answer:
They were more interested in scholarly pursuits.

(c) Name the subjects, they learnt from India.
Answer:
Medicine and Mathematics.

(d) In which field (Arabs) they earned a great reputation? .
Answer:
In medicine and surgery, Arab physicians and surgeons earned a great reputation.

VI. Answer the following briefly.

Question 1.
Write a short account of the public works undertaken by Tang dynasty.
Answer:

• Tang dynasty undertook enormous public works. Two capital cities, Boyang and Chang- on, were built.
• Scholar officials, trained in Confucius Philosophy, were appointed to counterbalance the landowning aristocratic class.
• Land was divided into small peasant holdings.
• As a result, the agricultural surplus went to the state as taxes, not to the aristocrats as rents. State monopoly of salt, and tea added to its- revenues.

Question 2.
What led to the collapse of Chin dynasty?
Answer:

• Shih Huang Ti crushed all local rulers and established a strong central government.
• However, uprisings of the peasantry, unlike in other cultures, occurred again and again in China.
• Such uprisings led to the collapse of Chin dynasty.

Question 3.
What do you know about Sung Dynasty?
Answer:

1. The rebellion of hard-pressed peasantry under the leadership of Hung Ch’ao dealt a death knell to the tottering Tang empire.
2. The empire split into five rival states, until it was reunited under a new dynasty, Sung.
3. Trade and industry flourished during the reign of Sung dynasty.
4. Iron and steel industries became highly organized.

Question 4.
Why did Oligarchy start in Greece?
Answer:

1. When the Greek City-States first emerged, they still carried the legacy of the past.
2. The rulers came from lines of traditional chieftains.
3. Those who grew rich from the expansion of trade, resented the privileges enjoyed by the old ruling families.
4. The outcome was the overthrow of the kings and the establishment of “oligarchies” in many city-states.

Question 5.
Name the Empire which replaced the Mongol Empire. What did they do?
Answer:
The Ming Empire, which replaced the Mongol empire, consciously discouraged industry and foreign trade in order to concentrate on agriculture. This resulted in China lagging behind in the 16th century. Other parts of Eurasia, building on the techniques of the Chinese, began to march ahead.

Question 6.
Write about the reign of Alexander, the Great.
Answer:

1. Under Alexander the Great, the Greeks were able to establish a kingdom in Macedonia.
2. This kingdom succeeded in annexing two historic empires of Egypt and the Middle East.
3. But the entire period of Alexander’s reign was spent on wars.
4. The Greek school of Science, Mathematics and Philosophy reached its peak in the Greek.

Question 7.
What was the message given by Islam?
Answer:
Islam gave a message of brotherhood. Mohammed laid stress on the equality of all those who were Muslims. This message of equality and brotherhood had great appeal not only for the Arabs, who were divided into warring tribes but also for people in other parts of the world.

Question 8.
What do you know about Excommunication and Interdict?
Answer:
Excommunication meant depriving a person of all the privileges of a Christian. He was denied the right to sacraments in Church. His or her body could not be buried in the consecrated ground. Interdict was to deny benefits of religion to a ruler’s subject, intended to kindle their resentment against him.

VII. Answer the following in detail.

Question 1.
Describe Feudalism in detail, with diagram.
Answer:
Despite the hold of powerful religions such as Christianity and Islam, the economic life of . people was governed by feudal relations.
In the prevailing anarchy and violence, the mighty living in strong castles seized whatever they could and the poor peasants and labourers suffered. The latter were not organized to defend their interests. There was no strong central government either to protect them. Out of this chaos and disorder evolved the feudal system.

The king, supposed to represent God on earth, was at the head of the feudal regime. Immediately after him were the great nobles, known as dukes, counts, earls. The relationship was one of a vassal. The nobles in turn had vassals of their own, dividing and distributing their fief to lesser nobles called viscounts or barons. Last in this order were the knights, whose fiefs could not be divided.

At the bottom were the villeins or serfs. In the feudal system which centered around vassalage, there was no idea of equality or freedom.
There were only rights and obligations. The Bishops, Abbots and Cardinals and the Church came under this socio-political structure. The nobility and the clergy did not do any physical work. So the burden of producing the food and other necessities of life fell on the peasants and. Feudalism artisans.

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science Geography Solutions Chapter 6 Man and Environment

Man and Environment Textual Exercise

I. Choose the correct answer.

Man And Environment Class 9 Question 1.
All external influences and factors that affect the growth and development of living organisms is ………
(a) Environment
(b) Ecosystem
(c) Biotic factors
(d) Abiotic factors.
Answer:
(a) Environment

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Question 2.
The ‘World Population Day’ is observed on every year.
(a) August 11^th
(b) September 11^th
(c) July 11^th
(d) January 11^th
Answer:
(c) July 11^th

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 9th Social Science Question 3.
The statistical study of human population is
(a) Demography
(b) Morphology
(c) Etymology
(d) Seismography
Answer:
(a) Demography

Social Science Class 9 Chapter 1 Man And Environment Question 4.
The extraction of valuable minerals and other geological minerals from the mines, is …..
(a) Fishing
(b) Lumbering
(c) Mining
(d) Agriculture
Answer:
(c) Mining

Samacheer Kalvi Social Science 9th Std Question 5.
The Secondary sector of the economy produces …… from raw materials.
(a) Semi finished goods
(b) Finished goods
(c) Economic goods
(d) raw materials
Answer:
(b) Finished goods

Social Solutions For Class 9 Samacheer Kalvi Question 6.
Gradual increase of the earth’s temperature by the Green house gases in the atmosphere is called …….
(a) Acid rain
(b) thermal pollution
(c) Global warming
(d) Deforestation
Answer:
(c) Global warming

II. Consider the given statements and choose the right option given below.

Social Samacheer Kalvi 9th Question 7.
Assertion (A): Ozone layer in the stratosphere is considered as a protective shield.
Reason (R): It prevents the UV radiation from reaching the earth’s surface.
(a) A and R are correct and A explains R
(b) A and R are correct, but A does not explain R
(c) A is incorrect but R is correct
(d) Both A and R are incorrect
Answer:
(a) A and R are correct and A explains R

9th Samacheer Kalvi Social Question 8.
Assertion (A): In tertiary activities, instead of producing goods by themselves, they are in the process of production.
Reason (R): People in Tertiary activities are purely eco friendly.
(a) Both A and R are incorrect
(b) A and R are correct, but A does not explain R
(c) A is correct and R is incorrect.
(d) A and R are correct and A explains R.
Answer:
(c) A is correct and R is incorrect.

III. Match the following:

Answers:
1. (c)
2. (e)
3. (d)
4. (a)
5. (b)

IV. Answer the following in brief:

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science Question 1.
What do you mean by the term ‘density of population’?
Answer:
Density of population refers to the number of people living per square kilometre. An area is said to be sparsely populated when it has a large area with less number of people. Similarly, smaller the area with a large number of people, it is said to be densely populated.

9th Social Samacheer Kalvi Question 2.
What is ‘black death’?
Answer:
The black death is estimated to have killed 30 – 60 percent of Europe’s total population during the 14th century. The dominant explanation for black death is attributed to the outbreak of plague.

Samacheer Kalvi Social 9th Question 3.
Where do we have high and low densities of population?
Answer:
Areas of high density (above 50 people per sq.km) – East Asia, South Asia, North West Europe & Eastern North America.

Areas of low density (less than 10 people per sq.km) – Central Africa, Western Australia, Northern Russia, Canada, etc.

9th Samacheer Kalvi Social Science Question 4.
What is Green House effect?
Answer:
Global warming is caused by the increase of green house gases such as carbondioxide, methane, water vapour and Chloro Fluoro Carbons(CFC), carbon monoxide, photo chemical oxidants and hydrocarbons, which are responsible for the heat retention ability of the atmosphere. Global warming causes climatic change, ozone layer depletion, rise in sea level and drowning of coastal inhabited land, melting of ice, etc., They are posing an even greater threat to human existence and so, man must start thinking of protecting the environment from pollution.

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 9th Social Question 5.
Write any two ways of how the locals and the government restored Palk Bay. Restoration of Palk Bay
Answer:
Local communities, government and civic organisations all came together not just to conserve the remaining mangroves, but also to restore it.

• Saplings of native species of plants and trees are being grown, planted and cared for.
• Live colonies of coral from the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve are being transplanted to Palk Bay. The existing mangroves and the region are being mapped and the way land is used around the mangrove is being studied.
• The local communities are actively involved in the conservation and restoration of the mangroves. Education and awareness programmes about mangrove ecosystem are being undertaken.

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 9 Social Science Question 6.
Define

1. Population growth
2. Infant Mortality Rate
3. Census
4. Sustainable Development.

Answer:

1. Population growth refers to an increase in the number of people who reside in a particular area during a particular period.
2. The number of deaths under one year of age for every 1000 live births in a year is known as Infant Mortality Rate
3. Census is an official enumeration of population carried out periodically. It records information about the characteristics of population such as age, sex, literacy and occupation.
4. “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs”.

V. Distinguish the following:

Samacheer Kalvi 9 Social Question 1.
Birth rate and Death Rate
Answer:

Birth Rate	Death Rate
Number of live births per 1000 people in a year	Number of deaths under one year of age for every 1000 live births in a year

Question 2.
Emigration and Immigration
Answer:

Emigration Immigration	Emigration Immigration
Emigration means moving out or to leave a place.	Immigration means to enter or come into a new country for the purpose of settling there.

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Solutions Question 3.
Rural settlement and urban settlement
Answer:

Rural Settlement	Urban Settlement
Any settlement where most of the people are engaged in primary activities like agriculture, forestry, mining and fishery is known as a rural settlement.	Urban is the term related to cities and towns where people are primarily engaged in non-agricultural activities, such as secondary, tertiary and quartemary activities.
The most important and unique feature of rural settlements is the vast, open spaces with green, pollution-free environment.	The common characteristic feature of an urban unit is that they are compact, congested and liable to a large number of population.

Social Science 9th Samacheer Kalvi Question 4.
Metropolitan and Mega cities
Answer:

Metropolitan	Mega cities
Cities accommodating population between 10 lakhs and 50 lakhs are metropolitan cities. E.g.: Madurai	Cities with more than 50 lakh population are called Megacities. E.g.: Greater Chennai

Samacheer Kalvi Guru Social 9th Question 5.
Primary Activities Secondary Activities
Answer:

Primary Activities	Secondary Activities
Primary Activities pertain to the extraction of raw materials from the earth’s surface. For example: food gathering, hunting, lumbering, fishing, cattle rearing, mining and agriculture.	Secondary Activities transform raw materials into finished goods. For example: Iron and Steel industries, automobilemanufacturing etc.

VI. Give reasons for the following:

9th Standard Samacheer Kalvi Social Question 1.
Reforestation is encouraged throughout the world.
Answer:
Deforestation results in many effects like floods and droughts, loss of soil fertility, air pollution, extinction of species, global warming, spread of deserts, depletion of water resource, melting of ice caps and glaciers, rise in sea level and depletion of ozone layer. Therefore, reforestation is encouraged throughout the world in order to conserve our mother Earth.

9th Social Solutions Samacheer Kalvi Question 2.
Acid rain destroys the ecosystem.
Answer:
When pollutants combine with water vapour in the presence of sunlight and oxygen, they form dilute sulphuric and nitric acids in the atmosphere. When this mixture precipitates from the atmosphere, it is called acid rain. This would cause lot of damages to life and property. It would affect the health of humans and animals, alter the constituents of water bodies, plants and trees may die as it deteriorates the soil quality and many more damages to nature.

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science Solutions Question 3.
The economy of the quaternary sector is called knowledge economy.
Answer:
Quaternary sector deals with the activities related to Research and Development, as well as knowledge. For e g. Services like consultation, education and banking. Hence, it is called as knowledge economy.

Question 4.
Population growth has to be brought under control.
Answer:
Population growth leads to high competition for all available resources. It leads to poor quality of life, education, food supply, low income and so on. The resources of Earth may exhaust one day and would lead to the end of mankind.

Question 5.
Sustainable development growth has been set to protect the planet.
Answer:
The excessive usage of natural and manmade resources deplete its availability for the future generation. Hence conservation and awareness are the two important terms that can bring sustainability to our living: When we use the word sustainability to mean maintain, it means to maintain it forever. This is because our actions have a lasting effect on the environment and we should protect it for our future generations.

VII. Answer in a paragraph:

Question 1.
Explain the factors affecting the distribution of population.
Answer:
The world population is not uniformly distributed, owing to the following factors.

• Physical Factors: Physical factors include temperature, rainfall, soil, relief, water, natural vegetation, distribution of minerals and availability of energy resources.
• Historical Factors: Regions with historical importance (river valley civilizations), war and constant invasions fall under historical factors responsible for population distribution.
• Economic Factors: Educational institutions, employment opportunities, manufacturing industries, luxurious amenities, trade and commerce and other facilities encourage dense population in an area.

Question 2.
Describe the patterns of rural settlement with neat diagrams.
Answer:
Rectangular pattern:
Rectangular pattern of settlements are found in plain areas or valleys. The roads are rectangular and cut each other at right angles.

Linear pattern:
In a linear pattern, the houses are located along a road, railway line and along the edge of the river valley or along a levee.

Circular or semicircular pattern:
The pattern of settlement that is found around the lakes, ponds and sea coasts are called circular or semi circular pattern.

Star like pattern:
Where several metalled or unmetalled roads converge, star shaped settlements develop. In the star shaped settlements, houses are spread out along the sides of roads in all directions.

Triangular pattern:
Triangular patterns of rural settlement generally develop at the confluence of rivers.

T-Shaped, Y-Shaped, Cross-Shaped or
Cruciform settlements:
T-shaped settlements develop at trijunctions of the roads (T), while Y-shaped settlements emerge as the places where two roads converge with the third one. Cruciform settlements develop on the cross-roads which extend in all four directions.

Nebular pattern:
The arrangement of roads is almost circular which ends at the central location or nucleus of the settlement around the house of the main landlord of the village or around a mosque, temple or church.

VIII. HOTS:

Question 1.
Study your area and write down about its settlement pattern.
Answer:

1. My area is Velachery, Chennai – 42.
2. It was developed after the late 1990, in the Southern axis radiating out of the city.
3. It was built over a complex of low-lying wetlands.
4. In an already sunken Velachery, repeated road repairs had led to the roads increasing in height.
5. Lifting houses to escape floods.
6. Though Velachery is still a low lying area and the rainy season will be bad, it wouldn’t be as bad as before.
7. It is a place where we can get all facilitites like transport, shopping, restaurants, hair parlours etc., within 1 km

IX. Map skill:

A. On the outline map of the world mark the following.
1. An area of high density of population in Europe
2. An area of low density of population in Australia
3. PalkBay
4. A fracking banned country
5. England – A country affected by‘black death’
6. Denmark – First country where the modem census was conducted «
7. River Hwang Ho

B. On the outline map of Tamil Nadu mark the following.

1. A metropolitan city
2. A district with 7857 people per sq. km.
3. Gulf of Mannar
4. Palk Strait

Man and Environment ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
The interaction between man as an individual with his family, occupation and society is ……..
(a) Natural Environment
(b) Human Environment
(c) Man-made Environment
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Human Environment

Question 2.
The physical factor is ………..
(a) temperature
(b) war
(c) trade
(d) commerce
Answer:
(a) temperature

Question 3.
The economical factor is ……..
(a) rainfall
(b) water
(c) soil
(d) luxurious amenities
Answer:
(d) luxurious amenities

Question 4.
To enter (or) come into a new country for the purpose of settling there is known as ………..
(a) internal migration
(b) emigration
(c) immigration
(d) none of these
Answer:
(c) immigration

Question 5.
The rural settlement that is found at the confluence of rivers is ……….
(a) linear pattern
(b) circular pattern
(c) star like pattern
(d) triangular pattern
Answer:
(d) triangular pattern

Question 6.
Transforming raw materials into finished goods is activity.
(a) primary
(b) secondary
(c) tertiary
(d) quinary
Answer:
(b) secondary

Question 7.
…….. is man-made pollution.
(a) Vehicular emission
(b) Wind erosion
(c) Pollen disposal
(d) Evaporation of organic compounds
Answer:
(a) Vehicular emission

Question 8.
Dry recyclable wastes are ……..
(a) food products
(b) packing plastics
(c) diapers
(d) mobiles
Answer:
(b) packing plastics

Question 9.
Van Mahotsav is a weeklong festival celebrated between ………
(a) 1^st and 7^th July
(b) 1^st and 7^th June
(c) 1^st and 7^th August
(d) 1^st and 71^th September
Answer:
(a) 1^st and 7^th July

Question 10.
…… disease is caused by water pollution.
(a) Hypertension
(b) Mental illness
(c) Stress
(d) Diarrhoea
Answer:
(d) Diarrhoea

II. Consider the given statements and choose the right option given below:

Question 1.
Assertion (A): Noise pollution is basically a problem of urban areas, industrial areas, transport areas due to bombardment, traffic etc.
Reason (R): It has an impact on the habitat of animals migration and health of inhabitants.
(a) A and R are correct and A explains R
(b) A and R are correct and A does not explain R
(c) A is incorrect and R is correct
(d) Both A and R are incorrect
Answer:
(a) A and R are correct and A explains R

Question 2.
Assertion (A): Things used for domestic purposes can be reused and recycled.
Reason (R): Organic waste matter should be disposed off far away from settlements.
(a) Both A and R are incorrect
(b) Both A and R are correct
(c) A is correct and R is wrong
(d) A and R are correct and A explains R
Answer:
(b) Both A and R are correct

III. Match the following:

Answers:
1. (e)
2. (a)
3. (b)
4. (c)
5. (d)

IV. Fill in the blanks.
1. …….. is the statistical study of human population.
2. ……. is an official enumeration of population carried out periodically.
3. …… is a condition when a country has more people than its resources to sustain.
4. Cities with more than 50 lakh population are called ……..
5. ……… Activities pertain to the extraction of raw materials from the earth’s surface.
6. …….. is a poisonous gas made up of molecules consisting three oxygen atoms.
7. ……. refers to the process of increase in urban population and urban areas in a country.
8. The economic sustainability is successfully implemented through strong ………
Answers:
1. Demography
2. Census
3. Overpopulation
4. megacities
5. Primary
6. Ozone
7. Urbanisation
8. Public Distribution System

V. Answer the following in brief.

Question 1.
Define Environment.
Answer:
Environment is a set of relationships between man and nature. Man has survived through the ages, dwelling within his surrounding called the environment.

Question 2.
Write a short note on “Human Environment”.
Answer:
Human environment is defined as the interaction between man as an individual, with his family, occupation and society. It is also related to various cultural aspects such as education, religion, economics and politics.

Question 3.
What is Demography?
Answer:
In ancient Greek, ‘demos’ means people and ‘graphis’ means study Of measurement: So, ‘Demography’is the statistical study of human population.

Question 4.
What does population distribution refer to?
Answer:
Population distribution refers to the way in which people are spread out across the earth’s surface.

Question 5.
What do you mean by Nebular pattern of road arrangement?
Answer:
The arrangement of roads is almost circular which ends at the central location or nucleus of the settlement around the house of the main landlord of the village or around a mosque, temple or church.

Question 6.
Mention the patterns of Rural Settlement.
Answer:

1. Rectangular pattern
2. Linear pattern
3. Circular or semicircular pattern
4. Star like pattern
5. Triangular pattern
6. T-Shaped, Y-Shaped, Cross-Shaped or Cruciform settlements
7. Nebular pattern

Question 7.
What are the control measures of Noise pollution?
Answer:
The control measures of noise pollution are:

1. Development of green belt vegetation.
2. Installation of decibel meters along highways and in places of public gatherings.
3. Planting trees along the compound wall to protect houses.

Question 8.
State the problems of urbanisation.
Answer:
As the town expands, it mounts more pressure on transport system, water supplies, sewage and profuse disposal. The overall development creates problems like air pollution, water pollution, traffic congestion and noise pollution etc., This disturbed environment affects the human beings as mental illness, heart troubles, breathing problems etc.

Question 9.
Classify wastes.
Answer:
Wastes can be classified into five types, which are commonly found around the house. These . include liquid waste, solid rubbish, organic waste, recyclable rubbish and hazardous waste like e-waste.

Question 10.
What do you mean by Environmental Sustainability?
Answer:
Environmental sustainability is the ability of the environment to support a defined level of environmental quality and natural resource extraction rates forever to mankind. Unnecessary disturbances to the environment should be avoided whenever possible.

VI. Distinguish the following

Question 1.
Natural Environment and Human Environment.
Answer:

Natural Environment	Human Environment
The components of natural components of environment are lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.	Human environment is defined as the interaction between man as an individual, with his family, occupation and society.
This includes the biotic and abiotic components like ponds, lakes, grasslands, forests, mountains, etc.	It is related to various cultural aspects such as education, religion, economics and politics.

Question 2.
Rectangular Pattern and Linear Pattern.
Answer:

Rectangular Pattern	Linear Pattern
Rectangular pattern of settlements are found in plain areas or valleys. The roads are rectangular and cut each other at right angles.	In a linear pattern, the houses are located along a road, railway line and along the edge of the river valley or along a levee.

Question 3.
Tertiary Activities and Quarternary Activities.
Answer:

Tertiary Activities	Quarternary Activities
Activities which by themselves do not produce goods, but support the process of production are called tertiary activities.	The activities related to Research and Development, as well as knowledge are called Quaternary activities.
For example: Transport, communication, banking, storage and trade.	For e.g. Services like consultation, education andbanking.

Question 4.
Town and City
Answer:

Town	City
A town is generally larger than a village, but smaller than a city. It has a population of less than 1 lakh.	Cities are much larger than towns and have a greater number of economic functions. The population in cities are estimated to be more than 1 lakh.
E.g.: Arakkonam near Chennai	E.g.: Coimbatore

VII. Give Reasons

Question 1.
“It is easy to add but difficult to maintain.”
Answer:

1. Population is a dynamic phenomenon where the distribution and composition are constantly changing.
2. Human population increases as babies are born and decreases as people die. So it is easy to increase the number but difficult to maintain.

Question 2.
“Human settlement can be described as any temporary (or) permanent unit area”.
Answer:

1. During the early days man preferred tree branches, caves, pits (or) even rock cuts as his shelter.
2. Slowly settlements came into existence.
3. Later small settlements developed into villages, towns, cities. So he started living in settled areas.

Question 3.
“We must use forest products properly”.
Answer:
Besides providing habitats for animals and livelihoods for humans, forest products are one of the most essential things in our day to day life. Therefore we must use forest products properly.

Question 4.
“Pollution is an unfavourable modification of the natural world”.
Answer:
Pollute means to degrade or to make dirty. It is caused entirely (or) partly due to direct (or) indirect actions of human beings. So pollution is an unfavourable modification of the natural world.

Question 5.
Why do we get impervious diseases like skin cancer, blindness, loss of plankton?
Answer:
Due to the depletion of ozone layer, UV rays fall on the earth’s surface, and leads to impervious diseases like skin cancer, blindness, loss of plankton etc.

VIII. Answer in a paragraph.

Question 1.
Define Sustainable Development. Explain Social Sustainability and Economic Sustainability.
Answer:
“Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs”. For sustainable development to be achieved, it is crucial to harmonize three core elements: economic growth, social aspects and environmental protection. These elements are interconnected and are crucial for the wellbeing of individuals and societies. To achieve true sustainability, we need to balance the economic ,social and environmental factors of sustainability in equal harmony.

Social Sustainability
The ability of a social system such as a country, family or organization to function at a defined level of social well being and harmony is called social sustainability. Problems like war, endemic poverty, widespread injustice and low education rates are symptoms of a system in socially unsustainable. The balancing capacity of a government in maintaining peaceful existence towards other countries and at the same time providing the requirements of its citizens without affecting the environment creates social sustainability.

Economic Sustainability
The people on earth consume far more than what is their fair share.

• The economic sustainability is successfully implemented through strong Public Distrubution System.
• Economic sustainability ensures that our economic growth maintains a healthy balance with our ecosystem.