Category: Class 9

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Solutions Chapter 27 Hardware and Software

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Hardware and Software Textbook Exercises

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
Find out the part that is not found in CPU?
(a) Mother Board
(b) SMPS
(c) RAM
(d) Mouse
Answer:
(d) Mouse

Question 2.
Which of the following is correct?
(a) Free and Open source
(b) Free and Traditional Software
(c) Passive and Open source
(d) Passive and Traditional source
Answer:
(a) Free and Open source

Question 3.
LINUX is a ……………..
(a) Paid Software
(b) Licensed Software
(c) Free and Proprietary software
(d) Free and Open source software
Answer:
(d) Free and Open source software

Question 4.
Find out the Paid and Proprietary software from the given list.
(a) Windows
(b) MAC OS
(c) Adobe Photoshop
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Question 5.
……………….. is an Operating System.
(a) Android
(b) Chrome
(c) Internet
(d) Pendrive
Answer:
(a) Android

II. Match the following.

1. MAC OS – (a) Free and Open-source Software
2. Software – (b) Paid and Proprietary Software
3. Hardware – (c) Input Device
4. Keyboard – (d) RAM
5. LINUX – (e) Geogebra

Answer:

1. (b) Paid and Proprietary Software
2. (e) Geogebra
3. (d) RAM
4. (c) Input Device
5. (a) Free and Open-source Software

III. Answer in brief.

Question 1.
What is Hardware and Software?
Answer:
Hardware is the parts of a computer which we can touch and feel. Hardware includes Input and Output devices, Cabinet, Hard Disk, Mother Board, SMPS, CPU, RAM, CD Drive and Graphics Card.

Software are programmed and coded applications to process the input information. The software processes the data by converting the input information into coding or programmed language.

Question 2.
What do you mean by Operating System? How it Works?
Answer:
Operating system or System software is a software that makes the hardware devices process the data fed by the user and to display the result on the output devices like Monitor. Without the operating system, computer cannot function on its own.

Question 3.
What is Free and Open Source Software? Give any two examples?
Answer:
Free and open software is available at free of cost and can be shared to many end users. Free software is editable and customizable by the user and this leads to updation or development of new software. Examples of Free and Open source software are: LINUX, Open office, Geogebra etc.

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Hardware and Software Additional Questions

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
………………. is a group of programs designed for the benefit of end user to work on computer.
(a) System software
(b) Application software
(c) Paid and Proprietary Software
(d) Free and open source software
Answer:
(b) Application software

Question 2.
…………….. is lifeless without software.
(a) Software
(b) Hardware
(c) System
(d) Application
Answer:
(b) Hardware

Question 3.
The license of ……………. would not be provided unless it is purchased.
(a) free and open source software
(b) system software
(c) paid and proprietary software
(d) application software
Answer:
(c) paid and proprietary software

II. Match the following.

1. Editing software – (a) Paid and Proprietary Software
2. Android – (b) Monitor
3. Windows – (c) System software
4. Output device – (d) Application software

Answer:

1. (d) Application software
2. (c) System software
3. (a) Paid and Proprietary Software
4. (b) Monitor

III. Answer in brief.

Question 1.
What do you mean by application software?
Answer:
Application software is a program or a group of programs designed for the benefit of end user to work on computer. The application programs can be installed in the hard disk for the usage on a particular computer. This type of application program completes one or more than one work of the end user. The following are the examples of application program: Video player, Audio player, Word processing software, Drawing tools, Editing software, etc.

Question 2.
What are the types of software?
Answer:
The software is divided into two types based on the process. They are:

1. System software (Operating System)
2. Application software

Question 3.
What are the types of system and application software?
Answer:
The operating system and application software are available in two forms. They are:

1. Free and Open source Software
2. Paid and Proprietary Software

Question 4.
What is Paid and Proprietary Software? Give examples.
Answer:
There are softwares that need a license to use it. They have to be paid for using either permanently or temporarily. The license of the software would not be provided unless it is purchased. Similarly the end users are legally prohibited to steal the software program or to use the pirated version of the Paid and Proprietary Software. Some of the examples of Paid and Proprietary Software are: Windows, Microsoft office, Adobe Photoshop, etc.

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Solutions Chapter 26 Parts of Computer

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Parts of Computer Textbook Exercises

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
Which one of the following is an output device?
(a) Mouse
(b) Keyboard
(c) Speaker
(d) Pendrive
Answer:
(c) Speaker

Question 2.
Name the cable that connects CPU to the Monitor.
(a) Ethernet
(b) VGA
(c) HDMI
(d) USB
Answer:
(b) VGA

Question 3.
Which one of the following is an input device?
(a) Speaker
(b) Mouse
(c) Monitor
(d) Printer
Answer:
(b) Mouse

Question 4.
Which one of the following is an example for wireless connections?
(a) Wi-Fi
(b) Electric wires
(c) VGA
(d) USB
Answer:
(a) Wi-Fi

Question 5.
Pen drive is ………… device.
(a) Output
(b) Input
(c) Storage
(d) Connecting cable
Answer:
(c) Storage

II. Match the following.

1. Bluetooth – (a) Connecting cable
2. Printer – (b) LDMI
3. Keyboard – (c) Wireless connection
4. HDMI – (d) Output device

Answer:

1. (c) Wireless connection
2. (d) Output device
3. (b) LDMI
4. (a) Connecting cable

III. Short answer.

Question 1.
Name the parts of a computer.
Answer:
Three parts of the computer are :

1. Input Unit
2. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
3. Output Unit.

Question 2.
Bring out any two differences between input and output devices.
Answer:

Input Device	Output Device
The devices that are used to enter data are called input devices.	The Output device converts the command received by the computer in the form of binary signals into easily understandable characters
Example: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, Barcode reader	Example: Monitor, Printer, Speaker, scanner

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Parts of Computer Additional Questions

I. Short answers questions.

Question 1.
How are the computers classified?
Answer:
The computers can be classified based on their design, shape, speed, efficiency, working of the memory unit and their applications. The computers can be classified as follows;

1. Mainframe Computer
2. Mini Computer
3. Micro or personal computer
4. Supercomputer

Question 2.
Name two wireless connections and how it is used.
Answer:
Bluetooth, Wi-Fi are used to connect to internet without using any connecting cables.

• Bluetooth: Mouse, Keyboard can be connected to the computer using the Bluetooth.
  Used in sharing data with nearby devices.
• Wi-Fi: Net connectivity can be obtained using the Wi-Fi without any connecting cables. Any data from anywhere can be shared using Wi-Fi.

Question 3.
What is a memory unit and where is it present?
Answer:
The memory unit in the computer saves all data and information temporarily. It is present in the Central Processing Unit (CPU) which is the brain of the Computer.

II. Long answers questions.

Question 1.
Explain the types and functions of cables.
Answer:
The types of cable includes: Video Graphics Array (VGA), High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI), Universal Serial Bus (USB), Data cable, Power Cord, Mic cable, Ethernet cable.

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Solutions Chapter 24 Environmental Science

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Environmental Science Textbook Exercises

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
All the factors of biosphere which affect the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce are called as ………………
(a) biological factors
(b) abiotic factors
(c) biotic factors
(d) physical factors
Answer:
(b) abiotic factors

Question 2.
The ice sheets from the north and south poles and the icecaps on the mountains, get converted into water vapour through the process of …………….
(a) evaporation
(b) condensation
(c) sublimation
(d) infiltration
Answer:
(a) evaporation

Question 3.
The atmospheric carbon dioxide enters into the plants through the process of …………………….
(a) photosynthesis
(b) assimilation
(c) respiration
(d) decomposition
Answer:
(a) photosynthesis

Question 4.
Increased amount of …………….. in the atmosphere, results in greenhouse effect and global warming.
(a) carbon monoxide
(b) sulphur dioxide
(c) nitrogen dioxide
(d) carbon dioxide
Answers
(d) carbon dioxide

II. Match the Following:

S.No.	Microorganism	S.No.	Role Played
1.	Nitrosomonas	a	Nitrogen fixation
2.	Azotobacter	b	Ammonification
3.	Pseudomonas species	c	Nitrification
4.	Putrefying bacteria	d	Denitrification

Answer:

1. (b) Ammonification
2. (d) Denitrification
3. (a) Nitrogen fixation
4. (c) Nitrification

III. State whether the statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.

1. Nitrogen is a greenhouse gas – False
   Correct statement: Atmosphere is a rich source of nitrogen and contains about 78% nitrogen.
2. Poorly developed root is an adaptation of mesophytes – False
   Correct statement: The roots of mesophytes are well developed and are provided with root caps.
3. Bats are the only mammals that can fly – True
4. Earthworms use the remarkable high frequency system called echoes – False
   Correct statement: Bats use the remarkable high frequency system called echoes.
5. Aestivation is an adaptation to overcome cold condition – False
   Correct statement: Aestivation is an adaptation to overcome hot and dry condition.

IV. Answer in brief.

Question 1.
What are the two factors of biosphere?
Answer:
Biosphere is the part of the earth where life exists. All resources of biosphere can be grouped into two major categories namely:

1. Biotic or living factors which include plants, animals and all other living organisms.
2. Abiotic or non-living factors which include all factors like temperature, pressure, water, soil, air and sunlight which affect the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce.

Question 2.
How do human activities affect nitrogen cycle?
Answer:
Burning fossil fuels, application of nitrogen based fertilizers and other activities can increase the amount of biologically available nitrogen in an ecosystem.

Question 3.
What is adaptation?
Answer:
Any feature of an organism or its part that enables it to exist under conditions of its habitat is called adaptation.

Question 4.
What are the challenges faced by hydrophytes in their habitat?
Answer:
Hydrophytes face certain challenges in their habitat. They are:

1. Availability of more water than needed.
2. Water current may damage the plant body.
3. Water levels may change regularly.
4. Maintain buoyancy in water.

Question 5.
Why is it important to conserve water?
Answer:
Importance of water conservation:

• It creates more efficient use of water resources.
• It ensures that we have enough usable water.
• It helps in decreasing water pollution.
• It helps in increasing energy saving.

Question 6.
List some of the ways in which you could save water in your home and school?
Answer:

• When washing dishes, don’t let the tap be open. Fill one sink with wash water and another with rinse water.
• Adjust sprinklers so that only the plants are watered.
• Install rainwater tanks.
• Use hose water once a week to clean the driveway and sidewalk.
• Be sure to turn off the tap while not in use.

Question 7.
What are the uses of recycled water?
Answer:
Uses for recycled water:
Agriculture, Landscape, Public parks, Golf course irrigation, Cooling water for power plants and oil refineries, Toilet flushing, Dust control and Construction activities.

Question 8.
What is IUCN? What is the vision of IUCN?
Answer:
IUCN is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.
The vision of IUCN is ‘A just world that values and conserves nature’.

V. Answer in detail.

Question 1.
Describe the processes involved in the water cycle?
Answer:
Water cycle or hydrological cycle is the continuous movement of water on earth. In this process, water moves from one reservoir to another, from river to ocean or from ocean to the atmosphere by processes such as evaporation, sublimation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, surface runoff and infiltration, during which water converts itself to various forms like liquid, solid and vapour.

• Evaporation: Water evaporates from the surface of the earth and water bodies such as the oceans, seas, lakes, ponds and rivers turn into water vapour.
• Sublimation: Ice sheets and ice caps from north and south poles, and icecaps on mountains get converted into water vapour directly, without converting into liquid.
• Transpiration: Transpiration is the process by which plants release water vapour to atmosphere through small pores in leaves and stems.
• Condensation: At higher altitudes, the temperature is low. The water vapour present there condenses to form very tiny particles of water droplets. These particles come close together to form clouds and fog.
• Precipitation: Due to change in wind or temperature, clouds combine to make bigger droplets, and pour down as precipitation(rain). Precipitation includes drizzle, rain, snow and hail.
• Runoff: As the water pours down, it runs over the surface of earth. Runoff water combines to form channels, rivers, lakes and ends up into seas and oceans.
• Infiltration: Some of the precipitated water moves deep into the soil. Then it moves down and increases the groundwater level.
• Percolation: Some of the precipitated water flows through soil and porous or fractured rock. Infiltration and percolation are two related but different processes describing the movement of water through soil.

Question 2.
Explain carbon cycle with the help of a flow chart?
Answer:
Carbon occurs in various forms on earth. Charcoal, diamond and graphite are elemental forms of carbon. Combined forms of carbon include carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and carbonate salts. All living organisms are made up of carbon-containing molecules like proteins and nucleic acids. The atmospheric carbon dioxide enters into the plants through the process of photosynthesis to form carbohydrates.

From plants, it is passed on to herbivores and carnivores. During respiration, plants and animals release carbon into atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is also returned to the atmosphere through decomposition of dead organic matter, burning fossil fuels and volcanic activities. Contribution of carbon to the atmosphere could be reduced by aforestation and lesser use of fossil fuels.

Question 3.
List out the adaptations of xerophytes?
Answer:
The conditions that leads to adaptation of plants in a dry habitat are;

1. To absorb as much water as they can get from the surroundings.
2. To retain water in their organs for very long time.
3. To reduce the transpiration rate.
4. To reduce consumption of water.

Adaptations of xerophytes:

1. They have well-developed roots. Roots grow very deep and reach the layers where water is available as in Calotropis.
2. They store water in succulent water-storing parenchymatous tissues, e.g. Opuntia, Aloe vera.
3. They have small-sized leaves with waxy coating, e.g. Acacia. In some plants, leaves are modified into spines, e.g. Opuntia.
4. Some of the xerophytes complete their life cycle within a very short period when sufficient moisture is available.

Question 4.
How does a bat adapt itself to its habitat?
Answer:
Mostly, bats live in caves. Caves provide them protection during the day from most predators and the temperature here is very stable. Apart from caves, bats also live in trees, hollowed logs and rock crevices. They are extremely important to humans as they reduce insect population and help to pollinate plants.

Bats are active at night. This is a useful adaptation for them, as flight requires a lot of energy during day. Their thin, black wing membrane (Patagium) may cause excessive heat absorption during the day. This may lead to dehydration.

Question 5.
What is water recycling? Explain the conventional wastewater recycling treatment?
Answer:
Water recycling is reusing treated wastewater for beneficial purposes such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, industrial processes, flushing in toilets and groundwater recharge. Conventional wastewater treatment consists of a combination of physical, chemical and biological processes which remove solids, organic matter, and nutrients from wastewater.

The wastewater treatment involves the following stages:

Primary treatment:
Primary treatment involves temporary holding of the wastewater in a tank. The heavy solids get settled at the bottom while oil, grease and lighter solids float over the surface. The settled and floating materials are removed. The remaining liquid may be sent for secondary treatment.

Secondary treatment:
Secondary treatment is used to remove the biodegradable dissolved organic matter. This is performed in the presence of oxygen by aerobic microorganisms (Biological oxidation). The microorganisms must be separated from treated wastewater by sedimentation. After separating the sediments of biological solids, the remaining liquid is discharged for tertiary treatment.

Tertiary treatment:
Tertiary or advanced treatment is the final step of sewage treatment. It involves removal of inorganic constituents such as nitrogen, phosphorus and microorganisms. The fine colloidal particles in the sewage water are precipitated by adding chemical coagulants like alum or ferric sulphate.

VI. Give reason.

Question 1.
Roots grow very deep and reach the layers where water is available. Which type of plants develops the above adaptation? Why?
Answer:
Xerophytes are the type of plants that grow deep roots so as to reach the water source as they exist in a dry habitat.

Question 2.
Why streamlined bodies and presence of setae is considered as adaptations of earthworm?
Answer:
Stream-lined bodies helps them to live in narrow burrows underground and for easy penetration into the soil.
Setae help the earthworm to move through the soil and provide anchor in the burrows. Therefore these are considered to be adaptaions of earthworm.

Question 3.
Why is it impossible for all farmers to construct it in their fields?
Answer:
All farmers may not be able to constmct a pond in their fields as they occupy a large portion of farmer’s lands.

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Environmental Science Additional Questions

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
……………… includes plants, animals and all other living organisms.
(a) Physical factors
(b) biotic factors
(c) abiotic factors
(d) biological factors
Answer:
(b) biotic factors

Question 2.
……………… is a type of vapourization, where liquid is converted to gas before reaching its boiling point.
(a) Evaporation
(b) Sublimation
(c) Condensation
(d) Transpiration
Answer:
(a) Evaporation

Question 3.
When there is change in wind or temperature, clouds combine to make bigger droplets, and pour down as ……………….
(a) percolation
(b) infiltration
(c) precipitation
(d) run off
Answer:
(c) precipitation

Question 4.
……………… is the changing of gas phase into liquid phase.
(a) Transpiration
(b) Percolation
(c) Sublimation
(d) Condensation
Answer:
(d) Condensation

Question 5.
During …………….. microorganisms must be separated from treated waste water by sedimentation.
(a) water recycling
(b) primary treatment
(c) secondary treatment
(d) tertiary treatment
Answer:
(c) secondary treatment

Question 6.
Which of the following is not an adaptation of xerophytes?
(a) well developed root system
(b) store water
(c) small sized leaves with waxy coating
(d) straight and branched stems
Answer:
(d) straight and branched stems

Question 7.
…………….. helps earthworm to live in narrow burrows underground and easy penetration into the soil.
(a) Aestivation
(b) Setae
(c) Stream-lined body
(d) Skin
Answer:
(c) Stream-lined body

Question 8.
……………. is a state of inactivity in which the body temperature drops with a lowered metabolic rate during winter.
(a) Hibernation
(b) Noctumality
(c) Echolocation
(d) Aestivation
Answer:
(a) Hibernation

Question 9.
…………… provides the primary nutrient important for the survival of all living organisms.
(a) Water cycle
(b) Nitrogen cycle
(c) Carbon cycle
(d) Oxygen cycle
Answer:
(b) Nitrogen cycle

Question 10.
……………….. is the process by which plants absorb nitrate ions and use them for making organic matter.
(a) Ammonification
(b) Nitrification
(c) Nitrogen assimilation
(d) Denitrification
Answer:
(c) Nitrogen assimilation

II. Match the Following:

S.No.	Column A		Column B
1.	Water recycling	a	Living factors
2.	Abiotic	b	Management of water resources
3.	Water conservation	c	Non-living factors
4.	Biotic	d	Landscape irrigation

Answer:

1. d. Landscape irrigation
2. c. Non-living factors
3. b. Management of water resources
4. a. Living factors

III. State whether True or false. If false, write the correct statement.

1. Water cycle is an essential component of proteins, DNA and chlorophyll – False
   Correct statement: Nitrogen cycle is an essential component of proteins, DNA and chlorophyll.
2. Well developed root is an adaptation of hydrophytes – False
   Correct statement: Well developed root is an adaptation of xerophytes.
3. Noctumality is a useful adaptation for them, as flight requires a lot of energy during day – True
4. Hibernation is a state of inactivity in which the body temperature drops with a lowered metabolic rate during winter – True
5. The ability to tolerate temperature depends on the surrounding moisture in the environment – True

IV. Answer in brief.

Question 1.
What are the types of biogeochemical cycles?
Answer:
Some of the important biogeochemical cycles are:

1. Water cycle
2. Nitrogen cycle
3. Carbon cycle

Question 2.
Write the human impacts on carbon cycle.
Answer:
More carbon moves into the atmosphere due to burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. By increasing the amount of carbon dioxide, earth becomes warmer. This leads to the greenhouse effect and global warming.

Question 3.
Define ‘Cindrella of the plant kingdom’.
Answer:
Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is a very charming plant. It is called as ‘Cindrella of the plant kingdom’. It covers entire surface of the water resources.

Question 4.
What are the strategies to support water conservation?
Answer:
Some of the strategies to support water conservation are:

• Rainwater harvesting.
• Improved irrigation techniques.
• Active use of traditional water harvesting structures.
• Minimising domestic water consumption.
• Awareness on water conservation.
• Construction of farm ponds.
• Recycling of water.

Question 5.
Write a short note on water conservation.
Answer:
Water conservation is the preservation, control and management of water resources.

1. Industrial conservation
   Water conservation measures that can be taken by industries are:
   • using dry cooling systems.
   • if water is used as cooling agent, reusing the water for irrigation or other purposes.
2. Agricultural conservation
   Agricultural water is often lost due to leaks in canals, run off and evaporation. Some of the water conserving methods are:
   • using lined or covered canals that reduce loss of water and evaporation.
   • using improved techniques such as sprinklers and drip irrigation.
   • encouraging the development of crops that require less water and are drought resistant.
   • mulching of soil in vegetable cultivation and in horticulture.

Question 6.
What are the limitations of farm ponds?
Answer:
Limitations of farm ponds

• Farm ponds reduce water flow to other tanks and ponds situated in lower-lying areas.
• They occupy a large portion of farmer’s lands.

Question 7.
Why are earthworms called as “farmers friend”?
Answer:
Earthworms are referred to as farmers friends as after digesting organic matter, they excrete nutrient rich Waste product called castings. These are useful to the plant and also as the earthworms burrow the soil, there is sufficient aeration which is useful for the roots.

Question 8.
Explain nocturnality in Bat and Earthworm.
Answer:

• Nocturnality in Bat
  Bats are active at night which is a useful adaptation for them, as flight requires a lot of energy during day. The thin, black wing membrane called patagium may cause excessive heat absorption during the day leading to dehydration.
• Nocturnality in Earthworm
  Earthworms have no eyes, instead, they can sense light through the light-sensitive cells called photoreceptors present in their skin. They are very sensitive to bright light and therefore stays in burrows during the day and comes out only at night.

Question 9.
Why is Water Hyacinth responsible for the death of aquatic plants arid animals?
Answer:
Water Hyacinth is called as ‘Cindrella of the plant kingdom’. It covers entire surface of the water resources like ponds and lakes. It will not allow the light to penetrate into the water and increases the Biological Oxygen Demand leading to the death of aquatic plants and animals.3

Question 10.
What is vermicompost?
Answer:
Vermicompost is the manure prepared by using earthworms to speed up the process of decomposition of plant and animal wastes. Vermicomposting is the fundamental practise of organic gardening. Vermicompost helps better plant growth and crop yield, improves physical structure of soil, increases the water holding capacity of soil and is useful in elimination of biowaste.

Question 11.
Describe methods of water conservation in agriculture.
Answer:
Ways of water conservation in agriculture:
Agricultural water is often lost due to leaks in Canals, run off and evaporation. Some Of the water conserving methods are:

• using lined or covered canals that reduce loss of water and evaporation.
• using improved techniques such as sprinklers and drip irrigation.
• encouraging the development of crops that require less water and are drought resistant.
• mulching of soil in vegetable cultivation and in horticulture.

V. Answer in detail.

Question 1.
Explain Nitrogen cycle with a diagram.
Answer:
Nitrogen is primary nutrient important for survival of all living organisms. It is an essential component of proteins, DNA and chlorophyll. Atmosphere is a rich source of nitrogen and contains about 78% nitrogen. Plants and animals cannot utilize atmospheric nitrogen. They can use it only if it is in the form of ammonia, amino acids or nitrates. Processes involved in nitrogen cycle are:

• Nitrogen fixation: Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen, which is inert, into reactive compounds available to living organisms. This conversion is done by a number of bacteria and blue green algae (Cyanobacteria).
• Nitrogen assimilation: Plants absorb nitrate ions and use them for making organic matter like proteins and nucleic acids.
• Ammonification: The process of decomposition of nitrogenous waste by putrefying bacteria and fungi into ammonium compounds is called ammonification.
• Nitrification: The ammonium compounds formed by ammonification process are oxidised to soluble nitrates. This process of nitrate formation is known as nitrification. The bacteria responsible for nitrification are called as nitrifying bacteria.
• Denitrification: Free-living soil bacteria such as Pseudomonas sp. reduce nitrate ions of soil into gaseous nitrogen which enters the atmosphere.
  

Question 2.
Write in detail the adaptations of bat.
Answer:
Mostly, bats live in caves. Caves provide them protection during the day from most predators and the temperature here is very stable. Apart from caves, bats also live in trees, hollowed logs and rock crevices. They are extremely important to humans as they reduce insect population and help to pollinate plants.
The adaptations of a bat in relation to their habitat are;

• Nocturnality
  Bats are active at night. This is a useful adaptation for them, as flight requires a lot of energy during day. Their thin, black wing membrane (Patagium) may cause excessive heat absorption during the day. This may lead to dehydration.
• Flight adaptation
  Bat wings are entirely different from those of birds or insects. Modified forelimbs serve as wings. The bones in the wings of bats are elongated fingers and are connected by the flaps of skin on either side of the body known as Patagia. Tail supports and controls movements during flight. Muscles are well developed and highly powerful and achieve in beating of wings. Tendons of hind limbs provide a tight grasp when the animals are suspended upside down at rest.
• Hibernation
  Hibernation is a state of inactivity in which the body temperature drops with a lowered
  metabolic rate during winter. Bats are warm-blooded animals but unlike other mammals, they let their internal temperature reduce when they are resting. They go to a state of decreased activity to conserve energy.
• Echolocation
  Bats are not blind. But to fly around and hunt for insects in the dark, they use a remarkable high-frequency system called echolocation. Bats give out high-freqUeney sounds (ultrasonic sounds). These sounds are reflected back from its prey and perceived by the ear. Bats use these echoes to locate and identify the prey.

Question 3.
Write the advantages of farm ponds.
Answer:
The advantages of farm ponds are:

• They provide water to growing crops, without waiting for rainfall.
• They provide water for irrigation, even when there is no rain.
• They reduce soil erosion.
• They recharge groundwater.
• They improve drainage.
• The excavated soil can be used to enrich soil in fields and levelling lands.
• They promote fish rearing.
• They provide water for domestic purposes and livestock.

Question 4.
Write in detail about IUCN.
Answer:
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. It provides public, private and non- governmental organizations with the knowledge to enable human progress, economic development and nature conservation to take place together.

1. Vision of IUCN
   The vision of IUCN is ‘A just world that values and conserves nature’.
2. Mission of IUCN
   The mission of IUCN is to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable. It tries to influence the actions of governments, business and other stakeholders by providing information and advice.The organization is best known to the wider public for compiling and publishing the IUCN red list of threatened species, which assesses the conservation status of species worldwide.

India became state member of IUCN in 1969, through the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate change (MOEFCC). Four of 34 globally identified biodiversity hotspots are found in India. They are:

• The Himalayas
• The Western ghats
• The North-East
• The Nicobar islands

You can Download The Christmas Truce Questions and Answers, Summary, Activity, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf Supplementary Chapter 7 help you to revise complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Solutions Supplementary Chapter 7 The Christmas Truce

The Christmas Truce Warm Up: 

Question.
Name one festival which you like the most.
Answer:
The festival which I like the most is Navarathri.

Question.
How do you celebrate that festival?
Answer:
We celebrate the festival by arranging beautiful dolls as Kolu at home.

Question.
A Narrate a memorable incident which happened during that celebration?
Answer:
During a Navarathri Kolu, a press reporter took snaps of our doll arrangement. That week, we received a special prize for best Kolu. Our Kolu picture appeared in the newspaper.

The Christmas Truce Textual Questions

A. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
The story is set during the _________.
(a) World War I
(b) World War II
(c) Kargil War
(d) Indo-China War
Answer:
(a) World War I

Question 2.
The story is about the celebration of _________festival.
(a) Deepavali
(b) Pongal
(c) Ramzan
(d) Christmas
Answer:
(d) Christmas

Question 3.
Tom called the incidents happened there as a _________.
(a) fairy tale
(b) poetry
(c) tragedy
(d) comedy
Answer:
(a) fairy tale

Question 4.
The Germans had placed Christmas trees in front of their _________.
(a) houses
(b) trenches
(c) tanks
(d) cars
Answer:
(b) trenches

Question 5.
One of the German soldiers worked as a _________ at Victoria Station.
(a) tea-seller
(b) ticket-checker
(c) porter
(d) shop keeper
Answer:
(c) porter

Additional Questions

Question 1.
It is a ……………….. soldier’s letter to his sister on how all enmity was forgotten.
(a) British
(b) German
(c) Indian
(d) Chinese
Answer:
(a) British

Question 2.
The British soldier was on the battlefields of …………………. .
(a) London
(b) India
(c) France
(d) Germany
Answer:
(c) France

Question 3.
Sniper means ……………. .
(a) Dog
(b) Gunman
(c) Bird
(d) Rifle
Answer:
(d) Rifle

Question 4.
The German’s first trench was only ………………… yards from ours.
(a) hundred
(b) five hundred
(c) fifty
(d) ten
Answer:
(c) fifty

B. Identify the Character, Speaker or both of the following lines.

1. Our first complete silence in months!
2. Come and see! See what the Germans are doing!
3. Hold your fire.
4. You no shoot, we no shoot.
5. My God, why cannot we have peace and all go home? Ans: Older German soldier

Answers:

1. Tom.
2. John.
3. The British Captain.
4. One of the German soldiers.
5. Older German soldier.

Additional Questions:

Question 1.
It is a letter to his sister.
Answer:
British soldier’s sister Janet

Question 2.
It splatters and cakes everything, and constantly sucks at our boots.
Answer:
British Soldier Tom

Question 3.
I grabbed my rifle, stumbled out into the trench, and stuck my head cautiously above the sandbags.
Answer:
Tom

Question 4.
“Christmas trees!”
Answer:
John

Question 5.
Stillenacht, heiligenacht.
Answer:
Carol sung by German soldiers

C. Answer the following question in about 100 -120 words.

Question 1.
Narrate the Christmas celebration as happened in the war field.
Answer:
On Christmas eve, the soldiers had their first good freeze. Everything was tinged white with frost and a bright sun shone. It was perfect Christmas weather. Clusters of tiny lights were shining all along the German line and they had placed Christmas trees, lit by candles, lanterns, like beacons of goodwill. The Germans began singing, “ Stille nacht.” The British applauded the Germans. Both the troops crossed the barbed wires and were in No Man’s Land.

They shared their joy, greeted and wished each other. They exchanged wonderful presents with all that they had, badges, tea, coffee, buttons, knife, etc… The Christmas celebration was wonderful as joy prevailed everywhere and they longed for peace.

D. Think and answer.

Question 1.
Do you envision a similar truce taking place in any wars or fighting today? Explain.
Answer:
Yes. I feel the same enmity is between India and Pakistan borders. Both the countries were united before the British left India. People who lived as brothers and sisters are now partitioned and called different nationalities. The bond of ‘ brotherhood still exists.

Question 2.
Today, much of what we know about the truce comes from soldiers’ postcards home. In the postcard given below, write a short message home, imagine that you took part in the 1914 Christmas Truce.

Answer:
My dear Mom,

It was a wonderful Christmas this year. We had the opportunity of celebrating ‘ with our foes. Sorry, they are our friends now. We crossed boundaries, exchanged gifts and sang Christmas songs.

It’s all like a dream. I couldn’t believe that the Germans would be too kind, lovable. Hope all this truce ends soon. We long for peace.

Yours,
John.

 

The Christmas Truce by Aaron Shepard About The Author:

Aaron Shepard was bom on October 7th, 1950. He is the award-winning author of Savitri. He is well known for many children’s books. Aaron’s specialty is retelling folktales and ‘. other traditional literature from around the world.

The Christmas Truce Summary:

This story unfolds a Truce of how the foes on a warrior front become friends on a Christmas eve. It is a British soldier’s letter to his sister. A surprised brother writes to his sister something almost like a fairy tale that blended the enemy soldiers to sing carols before the fire on the battlefields of France. After the first battle was over with many dead soldiers on both sides they were waiting for replacements to come from home. It was a terrible wait expecting an artilleiy shell that would explode and kill or maim several men.

The rain played the worst havoc that made the boots stuck to the ground. This was the case for the German soldier separated by fifty yards bordered by no man’s land-yet close enough as their voices could be heard. We hated them as they had killed many of our soldiers. But we almost felt that we had something in common. As we were experiencing a good freeze with little shelling or rifle fire from either sides, the shooting stopped as darkness fell. But, we were informed that there might be a sudden attack by the Germans.

Waking up, I saw an unbelievable sight as the Germans had placed Christmas trees in front of their trenches lit by candles or lanterns. They started singing carols and we too joined them. Though we couldn’t understand their language, the tune of the song made it clear that they were singing carols. Finally we agreed to cross over and join them to celebrate Christmas forgetting that we were in the war zone.

British Khaki and German’s grey mingled over the bonfire. Many knew English as they had worked in England before. Just when we finished and started to go to our spots, an old German soldier clutched my arm and asked why can’t we just have peace and go home. We are just soldiers following orders and protecting our nation. But I hope, a day will come when there will be no wars when such spirit will be felt by world leaders to offer good wishes instead of warnings, gifts in place of retaliations. All nations want peace, though the author wonders if the wanting is quite enough.

The Christmas Truce Glossary:

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Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Solutions Poem Chapter 7 The Stick-together families

The Stick-together families Warm Up:

At the heart of life lie the relationships you have with other people: with family, classmates and friends close-by and far away. All relationships are based on some commonly accepted values like respect, honesty, consideration and commitment. Think about all the important relationships in your life and complete the table given below.

The Stick-together families Textual Questions

A. Based on your understanding of the poem, answer the questions in a sentence or two.

1. “The gladdest people living are the wholesome folks who make A circle at the fireside that no power but death can break. ”

Question (a).
Who are the gladdest people living?
Answer:
The gladdest people are those who live together as wholesome folks.

Question (b).
Where do they gather?
Answer:
They gather at the fireside.

Question (c).
What can break their unity?
Answer:
Only death can break their unity.

2. “And the finest of conventions ever held beneath the sun Are the little family gatherings when the busy day is done. ”

Question (a).
When do they have their family gatherings?
Answer:
They have their family gatherings at the end of the busy day.

Question (b).
Where do they have their family conventions?
Answer:
The family conventions are held beneath the sun.

Question (c).
What does the poet mean by ‘finest conventions’?
Answer:
The finest conventions means a family get together.

3. “There are rich folk, there are poor folk, who imagine they are wise,
And they’re very quick to shatter all the little family ties. ”

Question (a).
What do the rich and poor folk imagine themselves to be?
Answer:
The rich and the poor folks imagine themselves to be wise.

Question (b).
What do they do to their families?
Answer:
They are quick to shatter their little family ties.

Question (c).
Whom does ‘they’ refer to?
Answer:
They refers to the rich and poor people who do not consider the little family ties as valuable and shatter them.

4. “There are some who seem to fancy that for gladness they must roam,
That for smiles that are the brightest they must wander far from home”

Question (a).
Why do they roam?
Answer:
They roam to attain gladness.

Question (b).
According to them, when do they get bright smiles?
Answer:
They get bright smiles when they wander far from home.

5. “But the gladdest sort of people, when the busy day is done,
Are the brothers and the sisters who together share their fun.”

Question (a).
Who are the gladdest people?
Answer:
The gladdest people are those brothers and sisters who share their fun.

Question (b).
When do they share their fun?
Answer:
They share their fun when the busy day is done.

Question (c).
What does ‘who’ refer to?
Answer:
Who refers to the brothers and sisters.

6. “It’s the stick-together family that wins the joys of earth,

That hears the sweetest music and that finds the finest mirth;”

Question (a).
Who wins the joys of the earth?
Answer:
The stick-together families wins the joys of earth.

Question (b).
How do they find their joy?
Answer:
They find their joys by being together and hearing the sweetest music

Question (c).
What does the poet mean by ‘stick-together family’?
Answer:
The stick-together family means those families who spend time together (Joint families) and share their fun and sorrows and can be only separated after death.

Additional Questions

1. “ The stick-together families are happier by far
Than the brothers and the sisters who take separate highways are.
The gladdest people living are the wholesome folks who make
A circle at the fireside that no power but death can break.
And the finest of conventions ever held beneath the sun
Are the little family gatherings when the busyday is done. ”

Question (a).
Give the rhyme scheme of the above lines.
Answer:
‘aabbcc’ is the rhyme scheme of the above lines.

Question (b).
Pick out the rhyming words.
Answer:
‘far and are’, ‘make and break’ and ‘sun and done’ are the rhyming words.

Question (c).
What does the poet mean by ‘day is done’?
Answer:
The poet means that the day has come to an end.

Question (d).
What can break the circle at the fireside?
Answer:
Death can break a circle at the fireside.

Question (e).
What do the stick-together families do when the busy day is done?
Answer:
The stick-together families have little family gatherings when the busy day is done.

Question (f).
Mention the figure of speech in the last line.
Answer:
The figure of speech in the last line is alliteration, (day is done)

2. “There are rich folk, there are poor folk, who imagine they are wise,
And they’re very quick to shatter all the little family ties.”

Question (a).
What does the poet mean by the term, ‘family ties’?
Answer:
The poet by the term ‘family ties’ means the family bonds.

Question (b).
Pick out the rhyming words.
Answer:
The rhyming words are wise and ties.

Question (c).
Who shatters the family ties?
Answer:
The rich and the poor folk who think they are intelligent are quick to shatter the family ties.

3. “Each goes searching after pleasure in his own selected way,
Each with strangers likes to wander, and with strangers likes to play.”

Question (a).
Identify the figure of speech in the first line.
Answer:
Alliteration is the figure of speech in the first line.

Question (b).
Write the alliterated words in the first line.
Answer:
The alliterated words are searching and selected in the first line.

4. “There are some who seem to fancy that for gladness they must roam,
That for smiles that are the brightest they must wander far from home.
That the strange friend is the true friend, and they travel far astray
They waste their lives in striving for a joy that’s far away,
But the gladdest sort of people, when the busy day is done,
Are the brothers and the sisters who together share their fun. ”

Question (a).
Mention the rhyme scheme?
Answer:
‘aabbcc’ is the rhyme scheme.

Question (b).
Give the rhyming words for away and home.
Answer:
The rhyming words for away and home are astray and roam respectively.

Question (c).
What is meant by ‘astray’?
Answer:
Being lost in this world due to bad ways is the meaning of astray.

Question (d).
How do they waste their lives?
Answer:
They waste their lives in striving for a joy that cannot be easily got.

5. “And, O weary, wandering brother, if contentment you would win,
Come you back unto the fireside and be comrade with your kin.”

Question (a).
What are the alliterated words in the first line.
Answer:
The alliterated words are weary, wandering.

Question (b).
Who is a comrade?
Answer:
A comrade is a friend.

Question (c).
What should the weary wandering brother do?
Answer:
The weary wandering brother should come back to the fireside and be friends with the kith and kin.

Question (d).
What do you mean by ‘kin’?
Answer:
Kin means relatives.

B. Based on the understanding of the poem, fill in the blanks using the words and phrases given below to make a meaningful summary of the poem.

The poet brings out the difference in the attitudes of children living in joint family and nuclear family. The (1) …………………., are the happiest of all. Where as the (2) …………………… of nuclear families take (3) ………………………. The gladdest people are the children from (4) …………………….. who circle near the fireside. No power other than death can break them. The (5) …………………. imagine themselves to be wise and in the process they (6) ……………………. ties. Each of them goes searching for pleasure in their own selected way. They harvest only (7) …………. and find empty joy. But the wisest among them are the children of the stick-together families. When the busy day is done, they together (8) ……………… The stick-together family wins (9) ………………. The old house shelters all the (10) …………………… The poet invites wandering brothers to come and join the stick-together families in their fireside and have fun.
Answers

1. stick-together families
2. brothers and sisters
3. separate ways
4. joint family
5. rich and the poor folk
6. shatter their family
7. bitterness
8. share their fun
9. the joy of earth
10. charm of life

C. Answer the following questions in about 80-100 words.

Question 1.
The stick-together families are the happiest of all. Explain.
Answer:
The stick-together families are the happiest of all. There is so much fun living together in joint families. There is a lot of excitement in joint families. The gladdest people living are the good folks who create a circle for themselves. They share their joys and sorrows. The finest of all large formal gatherings is the little family gatherings. The wisest children are in the stick-together families. Some travel far away to seek joy but the happiest kind of people, are the ones who share their fun in stick-together families. It is sure that the stick-together family wins the joys of the earth.

Question 2.
Bring out the difference between the children of the joint family and nuclear family.
Answer:
The joint families are definitely happier than the members in the nuclear family who take separate ways. The joint family meets at the end of the day while the nuclear family meets occasionally. Members of the nuclear family go searching after pleasure in their own selected way but the joint family loves to travel together. People in nuclear families waste their lives in searching for a joy that’s far away. But the happiest kind of people in joint families share their fun together. The children in the stick-together families wins the joys of the earth whereas children in joint families travel far away seeking pleasure in vain.

Additional Questions:

Question 1.
What do those who think wise of themselves do?
Answer:
The rich and poor folk think wise of themselves and quickly destroy all the little family bonds. They do not like to mingle with one another and prefer to travel and seek pleasure. Every person goes searching after pleasure in his/her own selected way with strangers who likes to wander and play. On the contrary, they reap unpleasantness and find an empty joy. However, the children who are the wisest are surely those who live in the stick-together kind in the joint families and not those who are in nuclear families who think they are wise

Question 2.
Why do some people roam and what happens as they journey along?
Answer:
There are some who seem to like the thought of roaming around to seek happiness. They strongly feel that the brightest smile can be seen only when they travel far away from home. Such people also think that a strange friend is the best friend who will be true. However, when they travel far away and get lost in their path, they do waste their lives in searching for a joy that’s far away. Therefore, they really lack in happiness and lose the joy searching for gladness.

Appreciate The Poem

D. Answer the following

Question 1.
There are rich folk, there are poor folk, who imagine they are wise,…
Pick out the words in alliteration.
Answer:
‘There’ and ‘they’ are the words that alliterate.

Question 2.
Mention the rhyme scheme of the poem.
Answer:
The rhyme scheme of the poem is ‘aabbcc’ for all the stanzas.

Listening Activity

E. Listen to the passage and fill in the blanks with appropriate answer.

(For listening to the passage refer to our website www.fullcircleeducation.in) Family is where we all belong to and from where our identity comes from. A person is valued based on his family and upbringing. Family is a bond, a long lasting relationship that holds a bond with each other. There are many values that one has to learn to get the family bonding in the right manner. Bonding does not happen overnight. It forms with every second, every minute that you spend with your loved ones. The understanding, the acceptance, the belonging and the security all enclosed together is how a family bond is formed.

A close family bond is like a safe harbour, where we feel secure and where we trust that we have someone always there to whom we could turn to when we need them the most. It is through a family that we learn the values of love, trust, hope, belief, cultures, morals, traditions and every little matter that concerns to us. A strong foundation for any individual comes from being with a supportive family.

Family is one among the greatest gifts that we get from God. To have parents, who support us, teach us values in life, and gives us a strong foundation in character, teach us the importance of love and being loved, trust to be there for one another and many other morals that could be obtained only from a family. A gift not only with lovable parents, but siblings who care and love us beyond themselves. We cannot buy or demand all these things in life, as we are being given to understand their importance.

To be part of a happy family, one should always thank God for the blessing we have in lives, as having a family who cares and loves us is the greatest blessing that any person could get in life.

1. A person is valued based on his …………………. .
2. ………………….. does not happen overnight.
3. A close family bond is like a ……………………… .
4. A strong foundation for any individual comes from being with a …………………… .
5. A gift not only with …………….. but …………………….. who care and love us beyond themselves.

Answers

1. family and upbringing
2. Bonding
3. safe harbour
4. supportive family
5. lovable parents, siblings

Speaking:

F. “The building actually rests on the well laid out foundation and hence is strong and still.” How can this be related to a family? Discuss with your partner and share your views in the class.

The building actually rests on the well laid out foundation. Therefore it is strong and still. If the foundation is strong the building is strong. Likewise, if we lay a strong foundation for the children, then they will grow strong and still. For such a foundation to be strong, as parents and teachers, we must nurture them with virtues like prayer, faith, courage and other values.

You need a really solid foundation of friends and family to keep you where you need ‘ to be. If the mason is able and his materials are good, the house built will be strong and still. Just like the firm foundation with good material, the parents and teachers too should build a child on a strong foundation with good values like discipline, responsible citizenship, empathy, sympathy, sacrifice and so on.

It is surely the family which provides a child with roots, much- needed structure, and unconditional love. Families also provide their children with a happy home – a place where a child is always safe and welcome.

Writing:

G. Write a four-line poem with rhyming words describing your family.

I live in a lovely family off our Ladies two with Gentlemen two Missing days with Grandpa too Hope to hear the same from you.

The Stick-together families About The Poet:

Edgar Albert Guest born on 20th August 1881, was an English-born American poet, popular in the first half of the 20th century, commonly known as the People’s Poet due to his inspirational and optimistic view of everyday life. Elis first poem appeared on 11th December 1898. For 40 years, Guest was widely read throughout North America. Guest has penned around 11,000 poems that has appeared in 300 newspapers and collected in more than 20 books. Even today it occasionally appears in periodicals such as Reader’s Digest.

The Stick-together families Summary:

The poet envisions the joint families who are much happier than the brothers and sisters who take their separate ways. The gladdest people are those who circle around a fireside that no power but death can break. The finest conventions beneath the sun is the family gatherings after a busy day. Rich or poor folks, who think they are wise, break their family ties and wander away searching for joy in strangers and material things. But in fact, the stick together families alone enjoy the true joys of the earth, enjoy the sweetest music and finds mirth. An old home shelters the charm that life can give, and a happiest spot to live. Hence the poet asks people who go their separate ways to come together and comrade with their kin.

The Stick-together families Glossary:
Textual:
astray – away from the correct path or correct way of doing something
comrade – a friend
conventions – a large formal meeting of people who have a similar interest
mirth – laughter, humour or happiness
shatter – to break suddenly into very small pieces

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Grammar Active Voice, Passive Voice

Read the following sentences and analyze the difference.
The team leader presented the report.
The report was presented by the team leader.

1. In the first sentence, the verb shows that the subject is the doer of the action. Therefore, the sentence is in active voice.
2. In the second sentence, the verb shows that the subject is not the doer of the action. Therefore, the sentence is in passive voice.

We use the Passive voice when –

• the focus is on the action rather than the doer of the action.
  (e.g.), About 50 percent of the graduates are employed in IT-related sectors.
• we do not know who the doer is.
  (e.g.) My bike was stolen yesterday.
• we talk of a system or a process.
  (e.g.) The vegetables are washed well. Then, they are cut into cubes.
• we write newspaper headlines and notices at public places, (‘be’ verb is omitted as the language has to be concise)
  (e.g.) 20 sportsmen felicitated by PM.
• we describe changes that have taken place.
  (e.g.) Our school looks completely different. The whole place has been painted.

Look at the table below. It shows the changes in tense while changing sentences from active voice in to passive voice.

Tense	Active Voice	Passive Voice
Simple Present	He makes coffee.	Coffee is made by him.
Present Continuous	He is making coffee.	Coffee is being made by him.
Present Perfect	He has made coffee.	Coffee has been made by him.
Simple Past	He made coffee.	Coffee was made by him.
Past Continuous	He was making coffee.	Coffee was being made by him.
Past Perfect	He had made coffee.	Coffee had been made by him.
Simple Future	He will make coffee.	Coffee will be made by him.
Future Perfect	He will have made coffee.	Coffee will have been made by him.

When using the active voice, the subjects are the ones performing the action.
God loves all men.
Birds build nests.
Dogs eats bones.

In these three sentences the subject does the action. Hence they are in the active voice. In the active voice, the verb takes an object.
All men are loved by God.
Nests are built by birds.
Bones are eaten by dogs.

Rules for changing Active Voice into Passive Voice:

• Identify the subject, the verb and the object: SVO.
• Change the object into subject.
• Put the suitable helping verb or auxiliary verb according to the tense given.
• Change the verb into past participle of the verb.
• Add the preposition “by”
• Change the subject into object.

Active Voice	Passive Voice
Columbus discovered America.	America was discovered by Columbus.
Who did this work?	By whom was this work done?
Open the window.	Let the window be opened.
He is writing a letter.	A letter is being written by him.
I will finish the work.	The work will be finished by me.
Somebody cleaned the room yesterday.	The room was cleaned yesterday.

How to form passive forms of verbs?

Tense	Active	Passive
Present Tense	do, does	is done (Singular) are done (Plural)
Past Tense	did	was done (Singular) were done (Plural)
Future Tense	will / can / may / must → do	will / can etc. → be done
Present Continuous Tense	am doing is doing	is being done (Singular) are being done (Plural)
Past Continuous Tense	are doing was doing	was being done (Singular) were being done (Plural)
Future Continuous Tense	will be doing shall be doing	No Passive Voice
Present Perfect Tense	have done has done	have been done (Plural) has been done (Singular)
Past Perfect Tense	had done	had been done
Future Perfect Tense	shall have done will have done	will have been done
Present Perfect Continuous Tense	has been doing have been doing	No Passive Voice
Past Perfect Continuous Tense	had been doing	No Passive Voice
Future Perfect Continuous Tense	shall have been doing will have been doing	No Passive Voice

Changes of Pronouns:

Active Voice	Passive Voice
I	me
we	us
you	you
he	him
she	her
it	it
they	them

Type 1: Statements:

Active Voice	Passive Voice
I write a letter	A letter is written by me
We must keep the rule	The rule must be kept by us
You bought a book	A book was bought by you
He closed the window	The window was closed by him
She was writing letters	Letters were being written by her
I had posted a letter	A letter had been posted by me
I do not drink tea	Tea is not drunk by me
She does not eat a mango	A mango is not eaten by her
1 Ie will have finished his work	The work will have been finished by him
They are digging a well	A well is being dug by them

Type 2: Imperative Sentence :
If the given sentence in the active voice is in the imperative, to get the passive voice use ‘Let’.
Passive Voice = Let + Object + be + Past Participle

Active Voice	Passive Voice
Help me	You are requested to help me.
Sing a song	Let a song be sung
Open the door	Let the door be opened
Don’t eat this fruit	You are warned not to eat this fruit.

• We can begin the passive sentence with ‘you’ if we want to put emphasis on the person addressed to.

Type 3 : Interrogative Questions in the Passive :
If the question in the Active Voice begins with a Helping verb, the Passive voice must also begin with a suitable helping verb. Supposing the question begins with ‘Wh or How’ form (what, when, how …) the Passive Voice must begin with the same.

Active Voice	Passive Voice
Are you writing a letter?	Is a letter being written by you?
Is she beating the child?	Is the child being beaten by her?
Will you accept the position?	Will the position be accepted by you?
Who broke the window?	By whom was the window broken?
Why did you write such a letter?	Why was such a letter written by you?
Where can you hide this box?	Where can this box be hidden by you?

If a sentence contains two objects namely Indirect Object and Direct Object in the Active Voice, two forms of Passive Voice can be formed.

• She brought me a cup of coffee. (AV)
  I was brought a cup of coffee by her. (PV) (or)
  A cup of coffee was brought to me by her. (PV)
• The teacher teaches us grammar. (AV)
  We are taught grammar by the teacher. (PV) (or)
  Grammar is taught [to] us by the teacher. (PV)

Infinitive and Gerund :

• I want to shoot the tiger. (AV)
  I want the tiger to be shot. (PV)
• I remember my father taking me to the theatre. (AV)
  I remember being taken to the theatre by my father. (PV)

Passive to Active form:
While changing Passive Voice into Active Voice, we must keep in mind all the rules of the Active Voice in the reverse order. We come across sentences in the Passive Voice without subject or agent. In this case, supply the appropriate subject.

Changing Passive Voice to Active Voice.

Passive Voice	Active Voice
The thief was finally arrested.	The police finally arrested the thief.
We were taught grammar.	The teacher taught us grammar.
My purse has been stolen.	Somebody has stolen my purse.
The patients have looked after.	The doctor looked after the patients.

• Last year, the Swach Bharat scheme was announced by the Government.
• Rare plants are found in Silent Valley.

In the first sentence, the doer/agent is explicitly mentioned because the doer is important in that sentence. But in the second sentence, it is not so, because either the agent or doer of the action is too obvious or unknown.

The passive construction is quite common in scientific/technical/ business writing. In these types of objective writing, the emphasis is usually on the action or process or thing that is described. So the ‘by’ phrase is generally omitted in these writings. It is called Impersonal Passive.

• They say that might is right.
  It is said that might is right.
• One finds mosquitoes everywhere.
  Mosquitoes are found everywhere.
• He gave us a cheque.
  A cheque was given to us.

Exercises
(i) Choose the correct passive form for the following sentences in active voice.

1. I did not beat her.
(a) She is not beaten by me.
(b) She has not beaten by me.
(c) She was not beaten by me.
Answer:
(c) She was not beaten by me.

2. I will never forget this experience.
(a) This experience is not forgotten by me.
(b) This experience would never be forgotten by me.
(c) This experience will never be forgotten by me.
Answer:
(c) This experience will never be forgotten by me.

3. Mother made a cake yesterday.
(a) A cake made by mother yesterday.
(b) A cake is made by mother yesterday,
(c) A cake was made by mother yesterday.
Answer:
(c) A cake was made by mother yesterday.

4. The boy congratulated the girl.
(a) The girl was congratulated by the boy.
(b) The girl had congratulated by the boy.
(c) The girl congratulated the boy.
Answer:
(a) The girl was congratulated by the boy.

5. Did she do her duty?
(a) Was she done her duty?
(b) Was her duty done by her?
(c) Had her duty done by her?
Answer:
(b) Was her duty done by her?

6. The tiger was chasing the deer.
(a) The deer was chased by the tiger.
(b) The deer was being chased by the tiger,
(c) The deer had chased by the tiger.
Answer:
(b) The deer was being closed by the tiger

7. She has written a novel.
(a) A novel has written by her.
(b) A novel has been written by her.
(c) A novel had written by her.
Answer:
(b) A novel has been written by her.

8. She has learned her lessons.
(a) Her lessons has learned by her.
(b) Her lessons have been learned by her.
(c) Her lessons had been learned by her.
Answer:
(b) Her lessons have been learned by her.

9. Have you finished the report?
(a) Has the report finished by you?
(b) Has the report been finished by you?
(c) Had the report been finished by you?
Answer:
(b) Has the report been finished by you?

10. The police have caught the thief.
(a) The thief has been caught by the police.
(b) The thief was caught by the police.
(c) The thief had been caught by the police.
Answer:
(a) The thief has been caught b– police,

(ii) Rewrite the following sentences into active voice.

1. We are taught grammar by Mr. Harsha.
Answer:
Mr. Harsha teaches us grammar.

2. He was praised by the teacher.
Answer:
The teacher praised him.

3. The injured were taken to the hospital by the firemen.
Answer:
The firemen took the injured to the hospital.

4. The town was destroyed by an earthquake.
Answer:
An earthquake destroyed the town.

5. The teacher was pleased with the boy’s work.
Answer:
The boy’s work pleased the teacher.

6. The building was damaged by the fire.
Answer:
The fire damaged die building.

7. By whom were you taught Hindi?
Answer:
Who taught you Hindi? ,

8. You will be given a ticket by the manager.
Answer:
The manager will give you a ticket.

9. The streets were thronged with spectators.
Answer:
Spectators thronged the streets.

10. We will be blamed by everyone.
Answer:
Everyone will blame us.

11. The trees were blown down by the wind.
Answer:
The wind blew down the trees.

12. The thieves were caught by the police.
Answer:
The police caught the thieves.

13. The letter was posted by Alice.
Answer:
Alice posted the letter.

14. We were received by the hostess.
Answer:
The hostess received us.

15. The snake was killed with a stick.
Answer:
They / somebody killed the snake with a stick.

16. The minister was welcomed by the people.
Answer:
The people welcomed the minister.

17. He was found guilty of murder.
Answer:
They found him guilty of murder.

18. This house was built by Afsar.
Answer:
After wilting this house.

(iii) Rewrite the following sentences in the passive voice.

1. She is writing a poem.
Answer:
A poem is being written by her.

2. The team has won the series.
Answer:
The series has been won by the team.

3. Can you break the door?
Answer:
Can the door be broken by you?

4. Will she sing a song?
Answer:
Will a song be sung by her?

5. Is he speaking English?
Answer:
Is English being spoken by him?

6. Are you eating a banana?
Answer:
Is a banana being eaten by you?

7. Why are you washing the car?
Answer:
Why is the car being washed by you ?

8. When will he give the money?
Answer:
When will the money be given by him?

9. Where will he meet you?
Answer:
Where will you be met by him?

10. How do you make a cake?
Answer:
How is a cake made by you?

11. Who did you tell the story?
Answer:
To whom was the story told by you?

12. Lighting struck him.
Answer:
He was struck by lighting.

13. The language that he used quite shocked me.
Answer:
I was quite shocked by the language that he used.

14. We were both filled with horror by the sight of that event.
Answer:
The sight of the event filled both of us with horror.

15. I was much hurt by his voice and manner.
Answer:
His voice and manner hurt me much.

16. They were welcomed back by the city on their return.
Answer:
The city welcomed back them on their return.

17. He was punished by the master for speaking in the class. ‘
Answer:
The master punished him for speaking in class.

18. Many objections were raised by us to the plan that was proposed by him.
Answer:
He proposed many plans that we raised many objections.

19. Will he not be persuaded to work harder by a sense of duty?
Answer:
Will a sense of duty not persuade him to work?

20. I was called upon by the meeting to give my reasons.
Answer:
The meeting called upon me to give my reasons.

21. He was known by me by his voice when I was spoken to by him in the dark.
Answer:
I knew him by his voice when he spoke to me in the dark.

22. His return was not expected by us.
Answer:
He did not expect his return.

(iv) Complete these sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the present simple passive.

I. E-mails _________ and received by most internet users. (send)
Answer:
are sent

2. Information about goods and services _________ (find)
Answer:
is found

3. Go&ls and services _________ in e-shops. (buy)
Answer:
are bought

4. Online newspapers and magazines _________ mostly by adult users. (read)
Answer:
are read

5. The internet _________ for social networking, especially by young people. (use)
Answer:
is used

6. relephone and video calls _________ (make)
Answer:
are made

7. Videos and films _________ (watch)
Answer:
are watched

8. Listening and music streaming activities _________ (cany out)
Answer:
are carried out

9. Hotel accommodation _________ by travellers. (search for)
Answer:
is searched for

10. Financial transactions through internet banking _________ (do)
Answer:
are done

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Grammar Determiners

Observe the nouns in the following sentences and words before them.

• An apple is a healthy fruit.
• Two cats have drunk a bowl of milk,
• My father has many cars.

Determiners are the words that introduce a noun and provide some information about it (but do not describe it). .
Determiners are followed by a noun.

• The ball
• Five cats
• His son
• Some students

Types of Determiners

• The quantifiers all, any, enough, less, a lot of, more, most, no, none of, some etc., are used with both countable and uncountable nouns.
• The quantifiers both, each, either, fewer, neither etc., are used only with countable nouns.

ARTICLES

Articles are bifurcated into
(i) Definite Article (the) and
(ii) indefinite articles (a, an).

(i) DEFINITE ARTICLE : When to use “THE”

❖ General Rules
Use the to refer to something which has already been mentioned.

Examples :
On Monday, an unarmed man stole 10,000 from the bank. The thief hasn’t been caught yet.
I was walking past Benny’s Bakery when I decided to go into the bakery to get some bread.

Use the when you assume there is just one of something in that place, even if it has not been mentioned before.

Examples :
We went on a walk in the forest yesterday.
Where is the bathroom?
Turn left and go to number 45. Our house is near the restaurant.
My father enjoyed the book you gave him.

(ii) INDEFINITE ARTICLES : When to use “a” and “an”.

In English, the two indefinite articles are a and an.
Like other articles, indefinite articles are invariable.

You use one or the other, depending on the first letter of the word following the article, for pronunciation reasons. Use a when the next word starts with a consonant, or before words starting in u and eu when they sound like you. Use an when the next word starts with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or with a mute h.

Examples :
a boy, an apple, a car, a helicopter, an elephant, a big elephant, an itchy sweater, an ugly duck, a European, a university, a unit, an hour, an honour.

The indefinite article is used to refer to something for the first time or to refer to a particular member of a group or class. Some use cases and examples are given below.

1. Would you like a drink?
2. I’ve finally got a good job.
3. An elephant and a mouse fell into the well.

Example :

1. Mary is training to be an engineer.
2. John is an Englishman
3. I’d like an orange and two lemons please.

Demonstratives
Demonstratives show where an object, event, or person is in relation to the speaker. They can refer to a physical or a psychological closeness or distance. When talking about events, the near demonstratives are often used to refer to the present while the far demonstratives often refer to the past.

	Near the speaker	Far from the speaker
Adverb	Here	There
Demonstrative with singular nouns & uncountable nouns	This	That
Demonstrative with plural countable nouns	These	Those

Examples:

Near the speaker	Far from the speaker
Is this John’s house?	Is that John’s house over there?
This is a nice surprise!	That must have been a nice surprise for you.
These apples are mine.	Those apples are yours.
What are you up to these days?	Those days are long gone.
This time I won’t be late.	We really surprised you that time.
This sugar is for my crepes.	You can use that sugar for your cake.

Possessive Adjectives (Determiners)

Possessive adjectives are not pronouns, but rather determiners. It is useful to learn them at the same time as pronouns, however, because they are similar in form to the possessive pronouns. Possessive adjectives function as adjectives, so they appear before the noun they modify. They do not replace a noun as pronouns do.

Examples :
Did mother find my shoes?
The teacher wants to see your homework.
Samantha will fix her bike tomorrow.
The cat broke its leg.
This is our house.
Where is their school?

Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns replace possessive nouns as either the subject or the object of a clause. Because the noun being replaced doesn’t appear in the sentence, it must be clear from the context.

Examples :
This bag is mine.
Yours is not blue.
That bag looks like his.
These shoes are not hers.
That car is ours.
Theirs is parked in the garage.

Reflexive & Intensive Pronouns

Reflexive and intensive pronouns are the same set of words but they have different functions in a sentence.

Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject of the clause because the subject of the action is also the direct or indirect object. Only certain types of verbs can be reflexive. You cannot remove a reflexive pronoun from a sentence because the remaining sentence would be grammatically incorrect.

Examples :
I told myself to calm down.
You cut yourself on this nail?
He hurt himself on the stairs.
She found herself in a dangerous part of town.
The cat threw itself under my car!
We blame ourselves for the fire.
The children can take care of themselves.

Quantifiers
Quantifiers are adjectives and adjectival phrases that give approximate or specific answers to the questions “How much?” and “How many?” The pages in this section will teach you more about the different quantifiers in English and how they are used.

• Numbers in English: ordinal, cardinal, and percentages
• To answer the questions How much? and How many? certain quantifiers can be used with countable nouns (friends, cups, people), others with uncountable nouns (sugar, tea, money) and still others with all types of nouns.

Only with uncountable nouns	With all types of nouns	Only with countable nouns
a little	no, none, not any	a few
a bit of	some	a number of
	any	several
a great deal of	a lot of, lots of	a great number of
a large amount of	plenty of	a large number of

Examples :
Would you like some tea and a few cookies?
I always put a little milk and some carrots in my soup.
He has several apples. I don’t have any fruit at all.
She has plenty of clothes for the winter.
I received a large amount of feedback from my survey.

Cardinal Numbers
A Cardinal Number says how many of something there are, such as one, two, three, four, five, etc.
A Cardinal Number answers the question “How Many?”

Examples :
There are twenty children in the class.
He purchased two books.
There are five plates on the table.
Sumitha is fourteen years old.

Ordinal Numbers

An Ordinal Number tells us the position of something in a list, such as first, second, third, fourth, fifth and so on.
Examples :
Let us begin with the first chapter.
We live in the fourth house on the right.
I was bom on the fifteenth of January.
He got the second prize.

Exercises

1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate determiners,
1. Our garden looks awful this summer. There are too ____________ weeds
Answers:
many

2. There aren’t ____________ flowering plants in our garden.
Answers:
many

3. How ____________ pages did you read?
Answers:
many

4. They say ____________ knowledge is a dangerous thing.
Answers:
a little

5. I am having ____________ trouble passing my driving exam.
Answers:
a lot of

6. ____________ people can afford a home these days.
Answers:
few

7. You have ____________ patience
Answers:
little

8. She earns ____________ money than i do
Answers:
less

9. ____________ of the information proved to be outdated.
Answers:
some

10. I didn’t use ____________ fertilizer last spring.
Answers:
much

Choose the correct determiner.
1. There are chairs in this room than in the other room, (more / much)
Answer:
more

2. The assistant didn’t give information, (much / many)
Answer:
much

3. After the negotiations, they made changes in their proposal, (little/few)
Answer:
few

4. mosquitoes appeared after the rain. (A large amount of / A great number of)
Answer:
A great number of

5. Toned Milk has calories than Full Cream Milk, (less / fewer)
Answer:
fewer

6. students taking TOEFL is increasing. (The amount of / The number of)
Answer:
The number of

7. The case had to be reconsidered with new evidence, (these / this)
Answer:
this

8. I like to eat food, (many / a lot of)
Answer:
A lot of

9. She ate French–fries than usual, (fewer / less)
Answer:
fewer

10. He wants to make as money as possible, (much / many)
Answer:
much

11. Vini invited a large of people to the party, (amount/number)
Answer:
number

12. Raji will drink an endless of milk if you let her. (amount / number)
Answer:
Amount

Fill in the blanks with a, an, the, or leave the blank.
1. Han is earning Rupees 1000 _____ hour at the Food court.
Answer:
an

2. Janani makes it ______ habit to buy clothes on sale.
Answer:
a

3. To tell ______ truth, a bank savings account may not be the best place for your money.
Answer:
the

4. Hemá showed initiative when she decided to start a business of her own.
Answer:
an

5. Losing as little as ______ quart of blood can result in shock and unconsciousness.
Answer:
a

6. Over last 20 years, more than 3 million people have visited ______ theme park.
Answer:
the, the

7. Major changes have taken place in ______ Educational services.
Answer:
the

8. Dr. Richards predicts ______ extinction of the whooping crane.
Answer:
th

9. Taking a hot bath is ______ good way to relax.
Answer:
a

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Grammar Reported Speech (Direct to Indirect Speech)

Quoting the exact words of the speaker is called “The Direct Speech”.

David said, “I am writing a letter now”.

Reporting of what a speaker said without quoting his exact words is called ‘Indirect Speech’, (also called Reported Speech).

David said that he was writing a letter then.

The following table suggests the words that change during a transformation.

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
now	then
here	there
here after	there after
this	that
these	those
ago	before
thus	so
to-day	that day
to-night	that night
last night	the previous night
yesterday	the day before (or) the previous day
tomorrow	the next day (or) the following day
last week	the week before (or) the previous week
next week	the week after (or) the following week
last month	the month before (or) the previous month
next month	a month after

If the reporting verb is in the Present or Future tense (e.g., say, will say) there is no change in the tense of the verb in the Indirect speech.

Anto says, “I eat a mango”. (Direct Speech)
Anto says that he eats a mango”. (Indirect Speech)

If Reporting Verb is in the Past Tense, the tense of the verbs in the reported speech or Indirect Speech must be generally changed.
1. Present Tense in the Direct becomes past tense.
Janis said, “I write a letter”. (D.S)
Janis said that she wrote a letter. (I.S)

2. Past Tense in the Direct becomes past perfect or remains unchanged.
Arun said, “I bought a pen yesterday”. (D.S)
Arun said that he had bought a pen the previous day. (I.S)

3. Present Continuous in the Direct becomes past continuous.
Juber said, “I am going to mosque”. (D.S)
Juber said that he was going to mosque. (I.S)

4. Past Continuous in the Direct becomes past perfect continuous. *
Nelson said, “I was playing cricket”. (D.S) > M
Nelson said that he had been playing cricket. (I.S)

5. Present Perfect in the Direct becomes past perfect.
Kamal said, “I have done my home work”. (D.S)
Kamal said that he had done his home work. (I.S)

6. Present Perfect Continuous in the Direct becomes past perfect continuous.
He said, “I have been reading a novel”. (D.S)
He said that he had been reading a novel. (I.S)

7. ‘Will’ and ‘Shall’ are changed to ‘would’.
He said, “I will go to Trichy tomorrow”. (D.S)
He said that he would go to Trichy the next day. (I.S)

8. may – might
can – could
must – had to (or) must
Nisha said, “I must go now”. (D.S)

Nisha said that she must go then, (or) Nisha said that she had to go then. (I.S)

Hint: Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous in the Direct Speech do not take any change *, in their tenses.

Exception to the above rule:
If the direct speech contains the Universal Truth, the tense of the direct speech remains unchanged even if the reporting verb is in the past.

The teacher said, “The sun rises in the East”. (D.S)
The teacher said that the sun rises in the East. (I.S)

Statement (Or) Assertive Sentence

Rules:
Remove the quotation marks in the statement
Use the conjunction ‘that’
Change the reporting verb ‘say to’ into ‘tell’
Change the reporting verb ‘said to’ into ‘told’ ‘

Note: He said that (correct)
He told me that (correct)
He told that (Incorrect)

1. “I will work hard to get first-class” said Nasser (D.S.)
Nasser said that he would work hard to get first class. (I.S.)

2. “You can do this work” said Sundar to Kumar (D.S.)
Sundar told Kumar that he could do that work. (I.S.)

3. He says, “I am glad to be here this evening”(D.S.)
He says that he is glad to be there that evening. (I.S.)

4. “I‘m going to the library now” said David (D.S.)
David said that he was going to the library then. (I.S.)

Imperative Sentence (Order Or Request)

Rules:
Remove the quotation marks in an imperative sentence.
Use ‘to’ if it is an affirmative sentence, (without don’t)
Use ‘not to’ if the sentence is negative, (with don’t)
Don’t use ‘that’
Omit the word ‘please’. Use the word ‘request’ instead of ‘say’.

If the direct speech contains a request or a command, the reporting verb (say, said) change to tell, request, order, command etc. in its correct tense.

1. “Don’t talk in the class” said the teacher to the boys. (D.S.)
The teacher advised the boys not to talk in the class. (I.S.)

2. “Please give me something to eat. I am hungry” the old man said to them. (D.S.)
The old man requested them to give him something to eat and said that he was hungry (I.S.)

3. “Be careful” said he to her. (D.S.)
He warned her to be careful. (I.S.)

4., “Bring me a cup of tea” said Danush to Andrea. (D.S.)
Danush asked Andrea to bring him a cup of tea. (I.S.)

Interrogative Sentence (Questions)

Rules:
Remove the quotation marks and the question mark in the interrogative sentence.
Use ‘if’ or ‘whether’ if the sentence inside the quotation marks begins with a helping verb (Auxiliary verb).
Use the given interrogative word (what, when, where, why, who, whom, whose, which, now etc.) if it does not begin with the helping verb.
Don’t use ‘that’
Changing the reporting verb (say, said) into ‘ask’ or ‘enquire’ in its correct tense.
Omit helping verb like ‘do, does, did’. But don’t omit them when they are with ‘not’.

1. “Won’t you help me to carry this box?” said I to my friend. (D.S.)
I asked my friend if he would not help me to carry that box. (I.S.)

2. Mohan said to Stalin, “Why did not you attend the meeting yesterday”? (D.S.)
Mohan asked Stalin why he had not attended the meeting the day before. (I.S.)

3. “How often do you go to the theatre?” said David to John. (D.S.)
David asked John how often he went to the theatre. (I.S.)

4. Mohamed said to Sultan, “Do you like mangoes?” (D.S.)
Mohamed asked Sultan if he liked mangoes. (I.S.)

Exclamatory Sentence

Rules:
Remove the quotation marks and exclamatory mark.
Change the exclamatory sentence into Statement or Assertive.
Use the conjunction ‘that’.
Omit the interjections such as Oh, O, Alas, how, what, hurrah.
Add the word ‘very’ to the adjective or adverb if necessary.
If the verb is not given, use ‘Be’ form verb (is, was, are, were, am) in its correct tense according to the subject.
Change the reporting verb (say, said) to ‘exclaim joyfully’
Use ‘exclaim’ sorrowfully for sorrowful incidents.

1. “O, what a beautiful flower that is!” said she. (D.S.)
She exclaimed joyfully that that was a very beautiful flower. (I.S.)

2. “What a horrible sight!” we all exclaimed. (D.S.)
We all exclaimed that it was a very horrible sight. (I.S.)

3. “Alas! I have broken my brother’s watch” said he.
He exclaimed sorrowfully that he had broken his brother’s watch. (I.S.)

4. “How beautiful she is!” said Banu. (D.S.)
Banu exclaimed joyfully that she was very beautiful. (I.S.)

Direct Speech Into Indirect Speech

I. Look at the following examples of Direct and Indirect Speech:

1. He said, “Danny will be in London on Tuesday.”
He said that Danny would be in London on Tuesday.

2. “I never eat meat”, he explained.
He explained that he never ate meat.

3. He said, “I wish I knew.”
He said that he wished he knew.

4. She says, “I shall be there.”
She says that she would be there.

5. He said, “She is coming this week.”
He said that she was coming that week.

6. He said, “I bought this pearl for my mother.”
He said that he had bought that pearl for his mother.

7. He said, “Where is she going?”.
He asked where she was going.

8. He said, “Jaya, when is the next bus.”
He asked Jaya when the next bus was.

9. “Is anyone there?” she asked.
She asked if anyone was there.

10. The mother said, “Lie down, David.”
The mother asked David to lie down.

11. He said, “Don’t move, boys.”
He asked the boys not to move.

12. He said, “Please–say nothing about this.”
He asked her to say nothing about that.

Reported Speech–Statement–Rules

Whatever may be the tense of the Reporting Sentence, if the Reported Sentence tells a universal fact, no change is made in the tense of the Reported Sentence.

Example No. 1:
The mother is saying to the child, “The third day of the week is Tuesday. ”.
Step 1 : The Reported Sentence is: The third day of the week is Tuesday.
Step 2 : It is a Statement and a universal fact.
Step 3 : So, the conjunction word is — “that”.
Step 4 : ‘is saying to’ changes into ‘is telling’.
Step 5 : No change of pronoun.
Step 6 : It is a universal fact. So, no change of tense is necessary.
Step 7 : No change of extension.
‘Now, the Indirect Speech is:
The mother is telling the child that the third day of the week is Tuesday.

Example No. 2:
The History teacher says, “Megellan was the first navigator to come around the world. ”.

Step 1 : The Reported Sentence is: “Megellan was the first navigator to come around the world.”
Step 2 : It is a statement.
Step 3 : The conjunction word is — “that”.
Step 4 : ‘Says’ does not change. Use it as it is.
Step 5 : There are no pronouns to get changed.
Step 6 : No change of tense is made.
Step 7 : No extensive word to get changed.

Now, the Indirect Speech is:
The History teacher says that Megellan was the first navigator to come around the world.

Example No. 3:
You know the two types of Interrogative Sentences:
Inverted questions requiring ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ answers — 1st type.
Questions that begin with interrogative words — 2nd type
At first we shall deal with the First type:

Direct Speech: The boy said to the fruit–seller, “Are all these mangoes sweet?”
Step 1 : Identify the Reported Sentence.
Step 2 Know what kind of sentence the Reported Sentence is.
Step 3 Look for the correct Conjunction, (The Conjunction of the First type is “If or Whether”)
Step 4 Change of ‘said to’ — Since it is an interrogative sentence ‘said to ’ changes into ‘asked’.
Step 5 Step Look for the change of pronouns.
Step 6 Look for the change of tenses.

The Reporting Sentence is in past tense. The Reported Sentences is in present tense. So, the Reported Sentence should be changed into past tense, corresponding to the tense, of the Reporting Sentence.

The verb is ‘are’ — Its past tense is ‘were’.

Step 7 : Look for the change of extension words.
‘These’ changes into ‘those’.

The Indirect Speech is : The boy asked the fruit–seller if all those mangoes were sweet.

Example No 4:
Direct Speech: The grandfather said fo his grandsons, “Did you not like my story yesterday?”
SIeR 1 : The Reported Sentence is: “Did you not like my story yesterday?”
Step 2 : ‘It is an interrogative sentence. It is of the First type.
Step 3 : So its conjunction word is: ¡for Whether.
Step 4 : So ‘said to’ changes into ‘asked’.
Step 5 : Look for the pronouns.

(i) The first one is: ‘You’ (subject)
‘You’ — refers to grandsons. They are in the third person plural number.
So the third person of ‘You’ (subject, plural)
It is — ‘they’. ‘You’ changes into ‘they’.
‘You’ — grandsons — ‘They’
‘You’–they.

(ii) The next one is ‘My’.
‘My’ — refers to ‘the grandfather’ — in the third person.
So, take the third person of ‘My’
‘My’ changes into ‘His’.

Step 6 : Look for the change of tenses.
Step 7 : Extensive word ‘Yesterday’ changes into ‘the day before’. Now, the Indirect Speech is-

The grandfather asked his grandsons if they had not liked his story the day before.

Exercises
Transform the following questions into indirect form :

1. Radha asked, “Where are you going?”
Answer:
Radha asked (me) where I was going.

2. Mani asked, “Where are you going to spend the holiday?”
Answer:
Mani asked (me) where I was going to spend the holiday.

3. Jenifer said, “What will you do when you leave school?”
Answer:
Jennifer asked (me) what I would do when I left school.

4. The nurse asked the doctor, “How did you know my name?”
Answer:
The nurse wanted to know how the doctor had known her name.

5. The clerk said, “Do you have an appointment?”
Answer:
The clerk asked (me) whether/if I had an appointment.

6. Bharath said to his wife, “Have you seen my car keys?”
Answer:
Bharath asked his wife whether she had seen his car keys.

7. Rekha’s brother asked her, “Why didn’t you call me?”
Answer:
Rekha’s brother wanted to know why she hadn’t called him.

8. Rayan said to James, “Will you carry my briefcase for me please?”
Answer:
Rayan asked James to carry his briefcase.

9. Charles asked the receptionist, “When can I see the doctor?”
Answer:
Charles asked the receptionist when he could see the doctor.

10. Devi asked, “Where do you live?” ‘
Answer:
Devi asked (me) where I lived.

Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech:

1. He said, “I will do it now.”
Answer:
He said that he would do it then.

2. He says, “Honesty is the best policy.”
Answer:
He says that honesty is the best policy.

3. Ramesh says, “I have written a letter.”
Answer:
Ramesh says that he has written a letter.

4. She said, “Mahesh will be reading a book.”
Answer:
She said that Mahesh would be reading a book.

5. She said, “Where is your father?”
Answer:
She inquired where his father was.

6. He said to me, “Please take your book.”
Answer:
He requested me to take my book.

7. The Principal said to the peon, “Let this boy go out.”
Answer:
The Principal ordered the peon to let that boy go out.

8. He said to me, “May you live long!”
Answer:
He prayed that I might live long.

9. She said, “Goodbye friends!”
Answer:
She bade goodbye to her friends.

10. The student said, “Alas! I wasted my time last year.”
Answer:
The student regretted that he had wasted his time the previous year.

(iii) Change the following sentences into direct speech.

1. She asked me who was the best player..
Answer:
“Who is the best player here?”, she asked.

2. He asked me if I was going home with him.
Answer:
“Are you coming home with me?”, he asked.

3. She asked me what I wanted.
Answer:
She said to me, “What do you want?”.

4. He asked me what the matter was.
Answer:
He said to me, “What is the matter?”.

5. She enquired which her seat was.
Answer:
She said, “Which is my seat?”.

6. I asked whether he did not know the way home.
Answer:
I said, “Don’t you know the way home?”.

7. Aladdin asked the magician what he had done to deserve so severe a blow.
Answer:
Aladdin said to the magician, “What have I done to deserve so severe a blow?”

8. Ulysses asked the little bird whether it had anything to tell him.
Answer:
“Have you anything to tell me, little bird?”, asked Ulysses.

9. He asked me what my name was.
Answer:
He asked me, “What is your name?”.

10. The kind man asked the boy what he could do for him.
Answer:
“What can I do for you?”, the kind man asked the boy.

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Grammar Punctuation

Punctuation refers to the specific markings, signs and symbols that are used in and around sentences to give them structure and to allow for correct understanding and comprehension.

• While writing prose or poetry, we use certain signs to mark the stages of reading. They are called punctuation marks.
• The main purpose of the Punctuation mark is to make the meaning of a sentence clear to the reader.
• Punctuation means the right use of different marks like Full–stop, Comma, Semicolon, Colon, Question Mark…in a written sentence.

Punctuation Marks

1. Full Stop

• Full stop is used to mark the end of a Statement or an Imperative sentence.
  Ex:
  Time is Gold. (Statement)
  Get me a glass of water. (Imperative)
• After an initial (first Letter of a person ‘s name)
  Ex:
  S. Raman
  M. Renu

2. COMMA

• To indicate a pause while reading.
  Ex:
  God willing, we will meet again.
• To separate words in a list. (The last two items are separated by and)
  Ex:
  Health, wealth and peace to together.
  He visited Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Kashmir.
• To separate the actual words spoken, from the rest of the sentences.
  Ex:
  Mala said, “I am writing a letter.”
• To mark off certain words like No, Yes prefixed to a sentence.
  Ex:
  Yes, I come. No, I don’t come.
• To break up group of numbers into tens, hundreds, thousands and lakhs.
  Ex:
  1,25,500
• After salutation in letters.
  Ex:
  Dear Sir, Dear Kannan,
• To separate the date and month from the year.
  Ex:
  1st January, 2005 22nd June, 1969

3. SEMICOLON

• The semicolon represents a pause greater than that indicated by the comma.
  Ex:
  Uma came quickly; she ate in a hurry she went out.
• The comma separates individual items. A semicolon separates groups of items.
  Ex:
  In the children’s room were toys, books, balls and colour pencils; in the kitchen were pots, pans, vegetables, and fruits; and the library had books, charts and maps.

4. COLON

• The colon shows a shorter pause than a full stop, but a longer pause than a semicolon.
  Ex:
  The three great books are: the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Gita.
  The days of the week are: Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday.

5. APOSTROPHE

• To indicate the omission of a letter or letters when two words are joined.
  Ex:
  I’ve → I have I’m → I am Don’t → Do not won’t → will not
• Apostrophe is used with s– to give the meaning belongs to. (Possessiveness)
  Ex:
  Ramu’s book → The book belongs to Ramu.
• To indicate the plural of figures and letters.
  Ex:
  5’s Your 3’s and 8’s look alike.

6. QUESTION MARK

• To end the interrogative sentence.
  Ex:
  What is your name?
  How old are you?
  Are you interested in Maths?
• To mark off question tag.
  Ex:
  Pass the salt, will you?
  I am not angry, am I?

7. EXCLAMATION MARK

• After interjections.
  Ex:
  Ah! Hurrah! Alas! Oh! Hush!
• After exclamatory phrases.
  Ex:
  Well done! Miserable man!
• After exclamatory sentences.
  Ex:
  What a useful tree the coconut is!
  How cunning the fox is!

8. QUOTATION MARKS

• Single quotation marks or inverted commas are generally used in British English.
  Ex:
  ‘Help! I’m drowning!’
• In American English, double quotation marks are used.
  Ex:
  “Help! I’m drowning!”
• To mark the exact words of a speaker without any change.
  Ex:
  Rama said to Rahim, “Where are you going?”

9. CAPITAL LETTER

• To begin a sentence.
  Ex:
  They are playing cricket.
• To begin each line of poetry.
  Ex:
  If you can dream and not make dreams your master.
  If you can think and not make thoughts your aim.
• For all proper nouns and adjectives derived from them.
  Ex:
  India, Indian.
• To begin the names and surnames of persons, rivers, countries, cities, mountains, roads, buildings, days of the week, months, books, newspapers, magazines, communities, political parties.
  Ex:
  Raj, Cauvery, India, Trichy, Everest, Grand trunk road, The Hindu, Sunday…

10. HYPHEN

• It is used to join up words or syllables.
• To link pairs of words used as single words or group of words.
  Ex:
  home–work, father–in–law, co–operative, two–third.

Exercises
Punctuate the following :
1. On the drive, he would tell me dont waste your time playing insane games with these kids
Answer:
On the drive he would tell me, “Don’t waste your time playing insane games with these kids.

2. “Bow, wow, wow!” wagging his tail violently.
Answer:
“Bow, wow, wow!” wagging his tail violently.

3. Steady old pal weve been through bad things before and come out safely.
Answer:
Steady, old pal! We‘ve been through bad things before and come out safely.

4. do you want to buy it
Answer:
‘Do you want to buy it?’

5. only three years she smiled
Answer:
‘Only three years,’ she smiled.

6. I used to climb the jackfruit tree he said opening his eyes
Answer:
‘I used to climb the jackfruit tree,’ he said, opening his eyes.

7. She said where did you find it
Answer:
She said, “Where did you find it?”

8. A human how could a human be a teacher
Answer:
“A human? How could a human be a teacher?”

9. Oh Jim i’m scared
Answer:
Oh, Jim, I’m scared!

10. she is alive someone said
Answer:
“She is alive!” someone said.

11. Hey wait a minute, ’ pongo shouted.
Answer:
‘Hey! Wait a minute,’ Pongo shouted.

12. tom what on earth ails that cat
Answer:
‘Tom, what on earth ails that cat?’

13. Im a grizzly from alaska and Ive come to stay.
Answer:
“I’m a grizzly from Alaska and I‘ve come to stay.

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Grammar Framing Questions

The interrogative pronouns who, what, whom, whose, which and the interrogative Adverbs where, when, why and how are used to frame information questions. The structure ‘how + an adjective/adverb’ may also be used to frame questions.

Exercises
1. John is writing a letter.
Answer:
What is John’s writing?

2. She walks home from school.
Answer:
Who walks home from school?

3. The children are sitting in the garden.
Answer:
Where are the children sitting?

4. Peter runs with his dog on Sundays.
Answer:
When does Peter run with his dog?

5. My rabbit has a cage in the garden.
Answer:
What does your rabbit have in the garden?

6. They go to work by bus.
Answer:
How do they go to work?

7. David likes cats because they are nice.
Answer:
Why does David like cats?

8. Jenny isn’t sleeping late today.
Answer:
Who isn’t sleeping late today?

9. We are going to the cinema.
Answer:
Where are we going?

10. I’m leaving now.
Answer:
When are you leaving?

11. They went to Spain.
Answer:
Where did they go?

12. He writes novels.
Answer:
What does he write?

13. Lacy likes soccer
Answer:
Who likes soccer?

14. The girls watched a serial.
Answer:
What did the girls watch?

15. He discovered the truth.
Answer:
What did he discover?