Category: Class 12

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Maths Guide Pdf Chapter 1 அணிகள் மற்றும் அணிக்கோவைகளின் பயன்பாடுகள் Ex 1.2 Textbook Questions and Answers, Notes.

TN Board 12th Maths Solutions Chapter 1 அணிகள் மற்றும் அணிக்கோவைகளின் பயன்பாடுகள் Ex 1.2

கேள்வி 1.
பின்வரும் அணிகளுக்கு சிற்றணிக்கோவையை பயன்படுத்தி அணித்தரம் காண்க:
(i) \(\left[\begin{array}{rr}
2 & -4 \\
-1 & 2
\end{array}\right]\)
(ii) \(\left[\begin{array}{rr}
-1 & 3 \\
4 & -7 \\
3 & -4
\end{array}\right]\)
(iii) \(\left[\begin{array}{rrrr}
1 & -2 & -1 & 0 \\
3 & -6 & -3 & 1
\end{array}\right]\)
(iv) \(\left[\begin{array}{rrr}
1 & -2 & 3 \\
2 & 4 & -6 \\
5 & 1 & -1
\end{array}\right]\)
(v) \(\left[\begin{array}{llll}
0 & 1 & 2 & 1 \\
0 & 2 & 4 & 3 \\
8 & 1 & 0 & 2
\end{array}\right]\)
தீர்வு:
(i) \(\left[\begin{array}{rr}
2 & -4 \\
-1 & 2
\end{array}\right]\)

A ஒரு 2×2 வரிசை அணி
∴ \(\rho\)(A) ≤ (2, 2) – மீச்சிறு = 2
A-ன் பூச்சியமற்ற சிற்றணிக் கோவைகளின்
உச்ச வரிசை 2 ஆகும்.
இது \(\left|\begin{array}{rr}
2 & -4 \\
-1 & 2
\end{array}\right|\) = 4 – 4 = 0
ஆகையால், \(\rho\)(A)<2
அடுத்து 1 வரிசையுடைய சிற்றணிக்
கோவையை தேர்வு செய்வோம் |2| = 2≠0
∴ \(\rho\)(A) = 1

(ii) \(\left[\begin{array}{rr}
-1 & 3 \\
4 & -7 \\
3 & -4
\end{array}\right]\)
A = \(\left[\begin{array}{rr}
-1 & 3 \\
4 & -7 \\
3 & -4
\end{array}\right]\) என்க .
A ஒரு 3 × 2 வரிசை அணி
∴ ρ(A) ≤ (3, 2) -ன் மீச்சிறு = 2
A -ன் பூச்சியமற்ற சிற்றணிக் கோவைகளின்
உச்ச வரிசை 2 ஆகும்.
அது \(\left|\begin{array}{cc}
-1 & 3 \\
4 & -7
\end{array}\right|\) = 7-12 =-5 ≠ 0
∴ ρ(A) = 2.

(iii) \(\left[\begin{array}{rrrr}
1 & -2 & -1 & 0 \\
3 & -6 & -3 & 1
\end{array}\right]\)
A = \(\left[\begin{array}{rrrr}
1 & -2 & -1 & 0 \\
3 & -6 & -3 & 1
\end{array}\right]\) என்க.
A ஒரு (2 × 4) வரிசை அணி
∴ ρ(A) ≤ (2, 4) -ன் மீச்சிறு = 2
A-ன்பூச்சியமற்ற சிற்றணிக்கோவைகளின்
உச்சவரிசை 2 ஆகும்.
அது \(\left|\begin{array}{ll}
1 & -2 \\
3 & -6
\end{array}\right|\) = – 6+6 =0

∴ ρ(A) = 2.

(iv) \(\left[\begin{array}{rrr}
1 & -2 & 3 \\
2 & 4 & -6 \\
5 & 1 & -1
\end{array}\right]\)
A = \(\left[\begin{array}{rrr}
1 & -2 & 3 \\
2 & 4 & -6 \\
5 & 1 & -1
\end{array}\right]\) என்க.
A ஒரு 3 × 3 வரிசை அணி
∴ ρ(A) ≤ (3, 3) – ன் மீச்சிறு = 3
A-ன் பூச்சியமற்ற சிற்றணிக்கோவைகளின்
உச்சவரிசை 3 ஆகும்.
அது, |1 -2 3)

[R₁.- ன் மூலம் விரிவுபடுத்தப்பட்டது]
= 1 (-4+ 6) + 2 (- 2 + 30) + 3 (2 – 20)
= 1 (2) + 2 (28) + 3 (- 18) = 2 + 56 – 54 = 58 – 54 = 4≠0
∴ ρ(A) = 3.

(v) \(\left[\begin{array}{llll}
0 & 1 & 2 & 1 \\
0 & 2 & 4 & 3 \\
8 & 1 & 0 & 2
\end{array}\right]\)
A = \(\left[\begin{array}{llll}
0 & 1 & 2 & 1 \\
0 & 2 & 4 & 3 \\
8 & 1 & 0 & 2
\end{array}\right]\) என்க.
A ஒரு 3 × 4 வரிசை அணி
∴ ρ(A) ≤ (3, 4)- ன் மீச்சிறு = 3
A-ன்பூச்சியமற்ற சிற்றணிக்கோவைகளின்
உச்ச வரிசை 3
=-8 (6 – 4) = – 8(2) =-16≠0
∴ ρ(A) = 3

கேள்வி 2.
பின்வரும் அணிகளுக்கு ஏறுபடி வடிவத்தைப் பயன்படுத்தி அணித்தரம் காண்க :
(i) \(\left[\begin{array}{rrrr}
1 & 1 & 1 & 3 \\
2 & -1 & 3 & 4 \\
5 & -1 & 7 & 11
\end{array}\right]\)
(ii) \(\left[\begin{array}{rrr}
1 & 2 & -1 \\
3 & -1 & 2 \\
1 & -2 & 3 \\
1 & -1 & 1
\end{array}\right]\)
(iii) \(\left[\begin{array}{rrrr}
3 & -8 & 5 & 2 \\
2 & -5 & 1 & 4 \\
-1 & 2 & 3 & -2
\end{array}\right]\)
தீர்வு:
(i) \(\left[\begin{array}{rrrr}
1 & 1 & 1 & 3 \\
2 & -1 & 3 & 4 \\
5 & -1 & 7 & 11
\end{array}\right]\)
A = \(\left[\begin{array}{cccc}
1 & 1 & 1 & 3 \\
2 & -1 & 3 & 4 \\
5 & -1 & 7 & 11
\end{array}\right]\) என்க

கடைசி சமான அணியானது நிரை ஏறுபடி வடிவத்தில் அமைந்துள்ளது. இரண்டு அபூச்சிய நிரைகளை உடையது.
∴ ρ(A) = 2.

(ii) \(\left[\begin{array}{rrr}
1 & 2 & -1 \\
3 & -1 & 2 \\
1 & -2 & 3 \\
1 & -1 & 1
\end{array}\right]\)
A = \(\left[\begin{array}{ccc}
1 & 2 & -1 \\
3 & -1 & 2 \\
1 & -2 & 3 \\
1 & -1 & 1
\end{array}\right]\) என்க.


கடைசி சமான அணியானது நிரை ஏறுபடி வடிவத்தில் அமைந்துள்ளது. மூன்று அபூச்சிய நிரைகளை உடையது.
∴ ρ(A) = 3

(iii) \(\left[\begin{array}{rrrr}
3 & -8 & 5 & 2 \\
2 & -5 & 1 & 4 \\
-1 & 2 & 3 & -2
\end{array}\right]\)
Let A = \(\left[\begin{array}{rrrr}
3 & -8 & 5 & 2 \\
2 & -5 & 1 & 4 \\
-1 & 2 & 3 & -2
\end{array}\right]\)


கடைசி சமான அணியானது நிரை ஏறுபடி வடிவில் அமைந்துள்ளது. மூன்று அப்பூச்சிய நிரைகளை உடையது.
∴ ρ(A) = 3

கேள்வி 3.
பின்வரும் அணிகளுக்கு காஸ்-ஜோர்டன் நீக்கல் முறையைப் பயன்படுத்தி நேர்மாறு காண்க:
(i) \(\left[\begin{array}{cc}
2 & -1 \\
5 & -2
\end{array}\right]\)
(ii) \(\left[\begin{array}{rrr}
1 & -1 & 0 \\
1 & 0 & -1 \\
6 & -2 & -3
\end{array}\right]\)
(iii) \(\left[\begin{array}{lll}
1 & 2 & 3 \\
2 & 5 & 3 \\
1 & 0 & 8
\end{array}\right]\)
தீர்வு:
(i) \(\left[\begin{array}{ll}
2 & -1 \\
5 & -2
\end{array}\right]\)

காஸ்-ஜோர்டன் முறையை பயன்படுத்த கிடைப்பது

(ii) \(\left[\begin{array}{rrr}
1 & -1 & 0 \\
1 & 0 & -1 \\
6 & -2 & -3
\end{array}\right]\)
A = \(\left[\begin{array}{rrr}
1 & -1 & 0 \\
1 & 0 & -1 \\
6 & -2 & -3
\end{array}\right]\) என்க.
காஸ்-ஜோர்டன் முறையை பயன்படுத்த கிடைப்பது

(iii) \(\left[\begin{array}{lll}
1 & 2 & 3 \\
2 & 5 & 3 \\
1 & 0 & 8
\end{array}\right]\)
A = \(\left[\begin{array}{lll}
1 & 2 & 3 \\
2 & 5 & 3 \\
1 & 0 & 8
\end{array}\right]\) என்க
காஸ்-ஜோர்டன் முறையை பயன்படுத்த கிடைப்பது

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Maths Guide Pdf Chapter 7 வகை நுண்கணிதத்தின் பயன்பாடுகள் Ex 7.2 Textbook Questions and Answers, Notes.

TN Board 12th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 வகை நுண்கணிதத்தின் பயன்பாடுகள் Ex 7.2

கேள்வி 1.
கொடுக்கப்பட்ட புள்ளிகளில் பின் வரும் வலை வரைகளுக்கும் தொடு கோட்டின் சாட்யினைக் பாண்க.
(i) y = x⁴ + 2x² – x, x = 1
(ii) x = a cos³ t, y = sin³ t, t = \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)
தீர்வு:
(i) y = x⁴ + 2x² – x, x = 1
கொழிக்கப்பட்ட y = x⁴ + 2x² – x
\(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = 4x³ + 4x – 1
x = 1 ம் தோற்கோட்டின் சாய்வு
m = \(\left(\frac{d y}{d x}\right)_{(x=1)}\)
= 4(1)³ + 4(1) – 1
= 4 +4 – 1 = 7
∴ m = 7

(ii) x = a cos³ t, y = sin³ t, t = \(\frac{\pi}{2}\)
கொடுக்கப்பட்டா x = a cos³ t; y = sin³ t
\(\frac{d x}{d t}\) = -3a cos² t sin t;
\(\frac{d y}{d t}\) = -3b sin² t cos t;
∴ \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = \(\frac{\frac{d y}{d t}}{\frac{d x}{d t}}=\frac{3 b \sin ^{2} t \cos t}{-3 a \cos ^{2} t \sin t}=\frac{-b}{a} \tan t\)
t = \(\frac{\pi}{2}\) என்பது தொடுகோட்டின் சாய்வு
m = \(\)
= \(\frac{-b}{a}\) tan \(\frac{\pi}{2}\) = \(\frac{-b}{a}\) × ∞ = ∞
∴ m = ∞

கேள்வி 2.
y = x² – 5x + 4 என்ற வளைவரைக்கு எப்புள்ளிகளில் வரையப்படும் தொடுகோடு 3x + y = 7 என்ற கோட்டிற்கு இணையாக இருக்கம்?
தீர்வு:
கொடுக்கப்பட்ட பாரடி y = x² – 5x + 4 மற்றும் கோடு 3x+y=7
வாையரைக்கான தொாபோட்டின் சாய்வு
m₁ = \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = 2x – 5
கோட்டின் சாய்வு = m₂ = \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = -3

வளைவளை மற்றும் தொடுகோட்டின் சாய்வு சமம்
∴ m₁ = m₂
⇒ 2x – 5 = -3
⇒ 2x = 2
⇒ x = 1
x = 1 இக சாய்து
y = x² – 5x + 4 இடைட்டது
y = 1² – 5(1) + 4 = 0
∴ தேவையான புரிகள் (1, 0)

கேள்வி 3.
y = x³ – 6x² + x + 3 போன்ற வளை வரைக்கு எப்புள்ளிகளில் வரையப்படும் தொடுகோடு x + y = 1729 என்ற கோட்டிற்கு செங்குத்தாக இருக்கும்?
நீர்வு:
கொடுக்கப்பட்ட எனைவரை x³ – 6x² + x + 3
மற்றும் மோர் x + y = 1729
சளைகாரங்க தொர்கோட்டின் சாப்பு
\(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = 3x² – 12x + 1
வளைவறையின் நேர்க்கோட்டின் சாய்வு
m₁ = \(\frac{-1}{3 x^{2}-12 x+1}\)
நேர்க்கோட்டின் சாய்வு
m₂ = \(\frac{-1}{1}\) = -1
வளைவரைக்கான செங்கோடு மற்றும் நோக்கோடுகள்
m₁ = m₂
\(\frac{-1}{3 x^{2}-12 x+1}\) = – 1
3x² – 12x + 1 = 1
3x² – 12x = 0
3x(x – 4) = 0
x = 0 x = 4
x= 0 எனில், y = 0³ – 6(0)² + 0 + 3
y = 3 [1) விருந்து]
x = 4 எனில், y = 4³ – 6(4)² + 4 + 3
= 64 – 96 + 7 = -25
∴ (0, 3) மற்றும் (4.–25) தேவையான புள்ளிகள்

கேள்வி 4.
y² – 4xy = x² + 5 என்ற வளைவரைக்கு எப்புள்ளிகளில் வரையப்படும் தொடுகோடு கிடைமட்டமாக இருக்கும்?
தீர்வு:
கோழிக்கப்பட்ட வளைவரையின் சமன்பாடு
y² – 4xy = x² + 5 ………… (1)
‘x’ ஆல் வகைப்படுத்த கிடைப்பது

வரைவரைக்கான தொடுகோடு கடைமட்டம் ஆதலால்
⇒ \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = 0
∴ \(\frac{x+2 y}{y-2 x}\) = 0
⇒ x + 2y = 0
⇒ x = -2y ……….. (2)
(2) and (1)ல் பிரதிட்ட கடைப்பது
⇒ y² – 4(-2y)y = (-2y)² + 5
⇒ y² + 8y² = 4y² + 5
⇒ 9y² = 4y² + 5
⇒ 5y² = 5
⇒ y² = 1
⇒ y = ±1
(2) விருந்து,
y = 1 எனில், x = -2
y = -1 எனில், x = 2
∴ தேவையான புள்ளிகள் (2, -1) மற்றும் (-2, 1)

கேள்வி 5.
கீழ்க்கண்ட வளை வரைகளின் மீது’ கொடுக்கப்பட்ட புள்ளிகளில் தொடுகோடு மற்றும் செய்கோடுகளின் சமன்பாடுகளைக் காண்க.
(i) y = x² – x⁴; (1, 0)
(ii) y = x⁴ + 2e^x; (0, 2)
(iii) y = x sin x; (\(\frac{\pi}{2}\) , \(\frac{\pi}{2}\))
(iv) x = cost, y = 2sin² t; t = \(\frac{\pi}{3}\)
தீர்வு:
(i) y = x² – x⁴; (1, 0)

தொடுக்காட்டின் சமன்பார் y – y₁ = m(x – x₁)
⇒ y – 0 = -2(x – 1)
⇒ y = -2x + 2
⇒ 2x + y = 2
செங்கோட்டின் சமன்பாடு)- y – y₁ = \(\frac{-1}{m}\)(x – x₁)
⇒ y – 0 = \(\frac{1}{2}\)(x – 1)
⇒ 2y = x – 1
⇒ x – 2y = 1

(ii) y = x⁴ + 2e^x; (0, 2)

தொடுப்பாட்டின் சாட்வு y – y₁ = m(x – x₁)
⇒ y – 2 = 2 (x – 0)
⇒ y – 2 = 2x
⇒ 2x – y = -2
செங்கோட்டின் சாய்வு y – y₁ = \(\frac{-1}{m}\)(x – x₁)
⇒ y – 2 = \(\frac{1}{2}\)(x – 0)
⇒ 2y – 4 = -x
⇒ x + 2y = 4

(iii) y = x sin x; (\(\frac{\pi}{2}\) , \(\frac{\pi}{2}\))
கோர்க்கப்பட்ட அனைவரையின் சமன்பாடு y = x sin x

(iv) x = cost, y = 2sin² t; t = \(\frac{\pi}{3}\)
கொடுக்கப்பட்ட போயாவரையின் சமன்பாடு
x = cos t; y = 3 sin² t

கேள்வி 6.
y = 1 + x³ என்ற வளைவரைக்கும் x + 12y = 12 என்ற கோட்டிக்கு செங்குத்தாக உள்ள தொடு கோடுகளின் சமன்பாடுகளைக் காண்க, .
தீர்வு:
வெறுக்கப்பட்ட வரைமின் சமன்பாடு
y = 1 + x³ மர்மம் கோர்ட் x + 12y = 12
வளைவரைபின் தொடுகோடின் சாய்வு
m₁ = \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = 3x² மற்றும்
கோட்டின் சாய்வு = m₂

வளைவரைக்கான தொடுகோடு மற்றும் நேர்க்கோடு சொய்கத்து ஆதமாம் m₁ m₂ = -1
∴ 3x² (\(\frac{-1}{12}\)) = -1
⇒ \(\frac{x^{2}}{4}\) = 1
⇒ x² = 4
⇒ x = ±2
x = 2 எனில், y = 1 + 2³ = 9
x = -2 எனில், y = 1 + (-2)³
= 1 – 8 = -7
∴ (2, 9) ல் தொடுகோட்டின் சமன்பாடு
y – 9 = 12 (x – 2) [∵ m₁ = 3x² = 3(2)² = 12]
⇒ y – 9 = 12x – 24
⇒ 12x – y = 15
(-2, -7) -ல் தொடுகோட்டின் சமன்பார்
y + 7 = 12(x + 2)
⇒ y + 7 = 12x + 24
⇒ 12x – y = -17

கேள்வி 7.
y = \(\frac{x+1}{x-1}\) என்ற வளைவரைக்கு x + 2y = 6 என்ற கோட்டிக்கு இணையாக உள்ள தொடு கோடுகளின் சமன்பாடுகளைக் காண்க .
தீர்வு:
கொடுக்கப்பட்ட மாளவரைபின் சமன்பார்.
y = \(\frac{x+1}{x-1}\) மற்றும் கோடு x + 2y = 5 .
வளைவரைக்கான தொர்கோட்டின் சாப்பு

வளைவரைக்கான தொடுகோடு மற்றும் கோடுகள்
m₁ = m₂
⇒ \(\frac{-2}{(x-1)^{2}}\) = \(\frac{-1}{2}\)
⇒ 4 = (x + 1)²
⇒ x – 1 = ±2
⇒ x – 1 = 2 அல்லது x – 1 = -2
⇒ x = 3 அல்லது x = – 1
⇒ x = -1 எனில், y = \(\frac{3+1}{3-1}=\frac{4}{2}\) = 2
⇒ x = – 1 (அல்லது)
y = \(\frac{-1+1}{-1-1}=\frac{0}{-2}\) = 0
∴ (3, 2)-ல் தொடுகோட்டின் சமன்பாடு
y – y₁ = m(x – x₁)
⇒ y – 2 = \(\frac{-1}{2}\)(x – 3)
⇒ 2y – 4 = -x + 3
⇒ x + 2y = 7
(-1,0 ) தொடுக்காட்டின் சமன்பாற்
y – 0 = \(\frac{-1}{2}\)(x + 1)
⇒ 2y = -x – 1
x + 2y = -1

கேள்வி 8.
x = 7 cos t மற்றும் y = 2 sin t, t ∈ ℝ என்ற வளைவரைக்கு ஏதேகம் – புள்ளியில் வரையப்படும் தொடுபோடு மற்றும் செங்கோட்டின் சமன்பாடுகளைக் காண்க. தீர்வு:
கோர்க்கப்பட்ட வளைவரையின் சமன்பாடு

∴ வாைகரையில் எந்த பள்ளிக்கான தொட்கோட்டின்
சமன்பாடு y – 2 sin t = \(\bar{A}\) (x – 7 cos t)
⇒ (-7 sin t) y + 14 sin² t = (2 cos t)x – 14 cos² t
⇒ (2 cos t)x + (7 sin t)y
= 14(sin² t + cos² t)
= 14(1) = 14
⇒ (2 cos t)x + (7 sin t)y = 14
வளைவறையின் ஒத புsirefiதமான செங்கத்தின் சமன்பாடு y – 2 sin t = \(\frac{7 \sin t}{2 \cos t}\) (x – 7 cos t)
⇒ (2 cos t)y – 4 sin t cos t = (7 sin t)x – 49 sin t cos t
⇒ (7 sin t)x – (2 cos t)y = 49 sin t cos t – 4 sin t cos t
⇒ (7 sin t)x – (2 cos t)y = 45 sin t cos t

கேள்வி 9.
xy = 2 என்ற செவ்வக அதிபரவளையத்திற்கும் x² + 4y = 0 என்ற பரவளையத்திற்கும் இடைப்பட்ட கோணத்தினைக் காண்க.
தீர்வு:
செவ்வக அதிபரவளையத்தின் சமன்பாடு xy = 2
⇒ y = \(\frac{2}{x}\)
⇒ x . \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) + y (1) = 0
⇒ \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = \(\frac{-y}{x}\)
வளைவரைக்கான தொடுகோட்டின் சாய்வு m₁ = \(\frac{-y}{x}\)
பரவளையத்தின் சமன்பாடு x² + 4y = 0 …… (1)
⇒ 2x + 4 \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = 0
\(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = \(\frac{-2 x}{4}=\frac{-x}{2}\)
வளைவரைக்கான தொடுகோட்டின் சாய்வு m₂ = \(\frac{-x}{2}\)
(1) ஐ (2) ல் பிரதியிட கிடைப்பது,
x² + 4 (\(\frac{2}{x}\)) = 0 ⇒ x² + \(\frac{8}{x}\) = 0
⇒ x³ + 8 = 0
⇒ x = -8= (-2) ⇒ x = -2
⇒ x = -2, y = –\(\frac{-2}{2}\) = -1
செவ்வக அதிபரவளையத்திற்கும் மற்றும் பரவளையத்திற்கான வெட்டும் புள்ளி (-2, -1)
∴ m₁ = \(\frac{-y}{x}=\frac{-(-1)}{-2}=\frac{-1}{2}\)
m₂ = \(\frac{-x}{2}=\frac{-(-2)}{2}=1\)
அதிபரவளையம் மற்றும் செவ்வக அதிபரவளைத்திற்கான கோணம் θ என்க.

கேள்வி 10.
x² – y² = r² மற்றும் xy = c² என்ற வளைவரைகள் செங்குத்தாக வெட்டிக் கொள்ளும் எனக்காட்டுக. இங்கு c, r ஆகியவை மாறிலிகள்.
தீர்வு:
கொடுக்கப்பட்ட வளைவரையின் சமன்பாடுகள் x² – y² = r² மற்றும் xy = c²
x² – y² = r²
⇒ 2x – 2y \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = 0 .
⇒ 2x = 2y\(\frac{d y}{d x}\),
⇒ \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = \(\frac{2 x}{2 y}=\frac{x}{y}\)
வளைவரைகளின் வெட்டும் புள்ளி (x₁, y₂,) என்க.
∴ முதல் வளைவரைக்கான தொடுகோட்டின்
சாய்வு m₁ = \(\frac{x_{1}}{y_{1}}\) ……….. (1)
⇒ xy = c²
⇒ x . \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) + y (1) = 0
⇒ x \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = – y
⇒ \(\frac{d y}{d x}\) = \(\frac{-y}{x}\)
∴ முதல் வளைவரைக்கான தொடுகோட்டின்
சாய்வு m₂ = \(\frac{-y_{1}}{x_{1}}\) ……….. (1)
கருது m₁m₂ = \(\left(\frac{x_{1}}{y_{1}}\right)\left(\frac{-y_{1}}{x_{1}}\right)\) = -1
ஆதலால் கொடுக்கப்பட்ட m₁m₂ = -1 வளை வரைகள் செங்குத்தாக வெட்டிக் கொள்ளும்.

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Maths Guide Pdf Chapter 1 அணிகள் மற்றும் அணிக்கோவைகளின் பயன்பாடுகள் Ex 1.1 Textbook Questions and Answers, Notes.

TN Board 12th Maths Solutions Chapter 1 அணிகள் மற்றும் அணிக்கோவைகளின் பயன்பாடுகள் Ex 1.1

கேள்வி 1.
பின்வரும் அணிகளுக்குச் சேர்ப்பு அணி காண்க:
(i) \(\left[\begin{array}{cc}
-3 & 4 \\
6 & 2
\end{array}\right]\)
(ii) \(\left[\begin{array}{lll}
2 & 3 & 1 \\
3 & 4 & 1 \\
3 & 7 & 2
\end{array}\right]\)
(iii) \(\frac{1}{3}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}
2 & 2 & 1 \\
-2 & 1 & 2 \\
1 & -2 & 2
\end{array}\right]\)
தீர்வு:
(i) \(\left[\begin{array}{cc}
-3 & 4 \\
6 & 2
\end{array}\right]\)

[தன்மை மூலைவிட்ட உறுப்புகளை இடமாற்ற மற்றும் மூலைவிட்டமல்லாத உறுப்புகளின் குறியை மாற்றுக]

(ii) \(\left[\begin{array}{lll}
2 & 3 & 1 \\
3 & 4 & 1 \\
3 & 7 & 2
\end{array}\right]\)

(iii) \(\frac{1}{3}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}
2 & 2 & 1 \\
-2 & 1 & 2 \\
1 & -2 & 2
\end{array}\right]\)

∴ தேவையான அணியின் சேர்ப்பு

= \(\frac{3}{9}\left[\begin{array}{rrr}
2 & -2 & 1 \\
2 & 1 & -2 \\
1 & 2 & 2
\end{array}\right]\)
[ஒவ்வொரு வரிசையிலும் 3 ஐ பொதுவில் எடுக்க]
= \(\frac{1}{3}\left[\begin{array}{rrr}
2 & -2 & 1 \\
2 & 1 & -2 \\
1 & 2 & 2
\end{array}\right]\)

கேள்வி 2.
பின்வரும் அணிகளுக்கு நேர்மாறு (காண முடியுமெனில்) நேர்மாறு காண்க:
(i) \(\left[\begin{array}{rr}
-2 & 4 \\
1 & -3
\end{array}\right]\)
(ii) \(\left[\begin{array}{lll}
5 & 1 & 1 \\
1 & 5 & 1 \\
1 & 1 & 5
\end{array}\right]\)
(iii) \(\left[\begin{array}{lll}
2 & 3 & 1 \\
3 & 4 & 1 \\
3 & 7 & 2
\end{array}\right]\)
தீர்வு:
(i) \(\left[\begin{array}{rr}
-2 & 4 \\
1 & -3
\end{array}\right]\)
A= \(\left[\begin{array}{cc}
-2 & 4 \\
1 & -3
\end{array}\right]\)என்க
|A| = \(\left|\begin{array}{cc}
-2 & 4 \\
1 & -3
\end{array}\right|\) = 6 – 4 = 2 ≠ 0
A பூச்சியமற்றக் கோவை அணி ஆதலால் A^-1 காணலாம்.
A^-11 = \(\frac{1}{|\mathrm{~A}|}\)adj A
இங்கு adj A = \(\left[\begin{array}{rr}
-3 & -4 \\
-1 & -2
\end{array}\right]\)
[முதன்மை மூலைவிட்ட உறுப்புகளை இடமாற்றம் மற்றும் மூலைவிட்டத்தில் இல்லாத உறுப்புகளின் குறியை மாற்றுக)]
∴ A^-1 = \(\frac{1}{2}\left[\begin{array}{ll}
-3 & -4 \\
-1 & -2
\end{array}\right]\)

(ii) \(\left[\begin{array}{lll}
5 & 1 & 1 \\
1 & 5 & 1 \\
1 & 1 & 5
\end{array}\right]\)
A = \(\left[\begin{array}{lll}
5 & 1 & 1 \\
1 & 5 & 1 \\
1 & 1 & 5
\end{array}\right]\) என்க
R₁ மூலம் விரிவுபடுத்த,
|A| = 5\(\left|\begin{array}{ll}
5 & 1 \\
1 & 5
\end{array}\right|\) -1\(\left|\begin{array}{ll}
1 & 1 \\
1 & 5
\end{array}\right|\) + 1\(\left|\begin{array}{ll}
1 & 5 \\
1 & 1
\end{array}\right|\)
= 5(25 – 1) -1 (5- 1) + 1 (1- 5)
= 5(24) – 1 (4) + 1 (-4)
= 120-4-4 = 120- 8 = 112 ≠ 0
A ஒரு பூச்சியமற்றக் கோவை எனில் Aசாத்தியம்.

ஒவ்வொரு உறுப்பிலிருந்தும் 4 ஐ பொதுவில் எடுக்க,

(iii) \(\left[\begin{array}{lll}
2 & 3 & 1 \\
3 & 4 & 1 \\
3 & 7 & 2
\end{array}\right]\)
A = \(\left[\begin{array}{lll}
2 & 3 & 1 \\
3 & 4 & 1 \\
3 & 7 & 2
\end{array}\right]\) என்க.
R₁ மூலம் விரிவுபடுத்த கிடைப்பது,
|A| = 2\(\left|\begin{array}{ll}
4 & 1 \\
7 & 2
\end{array}\right|\) – 3\(\left|\begin{array}{ll}
3 & 1 \\
3 & 2
\end{array}\right|\) + 1\(\left|\begin{array}{ll}
3 & 4 \\
3 & 7
\end{array}\right|\)
= 2 (8-7) – 3 (6-3) +1 (21 – 12)
= 2 (1) – 3(3) + 1 (9)
= 2 – 9 + 9 = 2 ≠ 0
A ஒரு பூச்சியமற்றக் கோவை அணி ஆதலால்
A^-1 சாத்தியம்

கேள்வி 3.

தீர்வு:

F(α) ஒரு பூச்சியமற்றக் கோவை அணி ஆதலால்,

கேள்வி 4.
A = \(\left[\begin{array}{rr}
5 & 3 \\
-1 & -2
\end{array}\right]\) எனில், A² – 3A – 7I₂ = O₂, எனக்காட்டுக. இதன் மூலம் A^-1 காண்க.
தீர்வு:
கொடுக்கப்பட்ட A = \(\left[\begin{array}{rr}
5 & 3 \\
-1 & -2
\end{array}\right]\)

எனவே நிரூபிக்கப்பட்டது.
∴ A² – 3A – 7I₂ = 0
பின்புறமாக A^-1 ஆல் பெருக்க கிடைப்பது,
A². A^-1-3AA^-1 7I₂A^-1 = 0.A^-1
⇒ A(AA^-1) – 3 (AA^-1)-7(A^-1) = 0
[∵ I₂, A^-1 = A^-1 மற்றும் |(0)A^-1=0]
⇒ AI-3I – 7A^-1= 0 [∵AA^-1 = I]
⇒ AI – 3I = 7A^-1 [∵AI = A]

கேள்வி 5.
A=\(\frac{1}{9}\left[\begin{array}{rrr}
-8 & 1 & 4 \\
4 & 4 & 7 \\
1 & -8 & 4
\end{array}\right]\) எனில், A^-1=A^T நிறுவுக.
தீர்வு:
கொடுக்கப்பட்ட A =
\(\frac{1}{9}\left[\begin{array}{rrr}
-8 & 1 & 4 \\
4 & 4 & 7 \\
1 & -8 & 4
\end{array}\right]\)



(2) பிரதியிட கிடைப்பது,

(1) மற்றும் (3) லிருந்து கிடைப்பது, A^T = A^-1

கேள்வி 6.
A = \(\left[\begin{array}{rr}
8 & -4 \\
-5 & 3
\end{array}\right]\). எனில் A(adj A) = (adj A) A=|A| I₂ என்பதைச் சரிபார்க்க.
தீர்வு:
கொடுக்கப்பட்ட A = \(\left[\begin{array}{cc}
8 & -4 \\
-5 & 3
\end{array}\right]\)
adj A = \(\left[\begin{array}{ll}
3 & 4 \\
5 & 8
\end{array}\right]\)
[முதன்மை மூலைவிட்ட உறுப்புகளை இடமாற்ற மற்றும் மூலைவிட்டத்தில் இல்லாத உறுப்புகளின் குறியை மாற்ற]
|A| = 24 – 20 = 4

(1), (2) மற்றும் (3) லிருந்து,
A (adj A) = (adj A) A = |A|I₂
எனவே நிரூபிக்கப்பட்டது.

கேள்வி 7.
A = \(\left[\begin{array}{ll}
3 & 2 \\
7 & 5
\end{array}\right]\) மற்றும் B= \(\left[\begin{array}{rr}
-1 & -3 \\
5 & 2
\end{array}\right]\) என (AB)^-1 = B^-1A^-1 என்பதைச் சரிபார்க்க.
தீர்வு:

|AB| = -77+90=13+0 ⇒ (AB)^-1 காணலாம்.
|A| = 15 – 14 = 1≠0 ⇒ A^-1 காணலாம்
|B| = -2 + 15 = 13+0 ⇒ B^-1 காணலாம்

(1) மற்றும் (2) லிருந்து
(AB)^-1 = B^-1A^-1. எனவே நிரூபிக்கப்பட்டது.

கேள்வி 8.
adj (A) = \(\left[\begin{array}{rrr}
2 & -4 & 2 \\
-3 & 12 & -7 \\
-2 & 0 & 2
\end{array}\right]\), எனில் A – ஐ காண்க .
தீர்வு:

= 2 (24-0) + 4 (-6- 14) + 2 (0 + 24)
= 2 (24) + 4 (- 20 ) + 2 (24) = 48 – 80 + 48 )
= 96 – 80 = 16 …. (2)
இங்கு , adj (adj A)


(2) மற்றும் (3) ஐ (1)ல் பிரதியிட கிடைப்பது,

கேள்வி 9.
adj (A) = \(\left[\begin{array}{rrr}
0 & -2 & 0 \\
6 & 2 & -6 \\
-3 & 0 & 6
\end{array}\right]\) எனில் A^-1 -ஐ காண்க.
தீர்வு:

கேள்வி 10.

தீர்வு:

கேள்வி 11.

தீர்வு:

[முதன்மை மூலைவிட்ட உறுப்புகளை இடமாற்ற மற்றும் மூலைவிட்டத்தில் இல்லாத உறுப்புகளின் குறியை மாற்ற]

கேள்வி 12.
A = \(\left[\begin{array}{rr}
5 & 3 \\
-1 & -2
\end{array}\right]\) = \(\left[\begin{array}{rr}
14 & 7 \\
7 & 7
\end{array}\right]\)
தீர்வு:

கேள்வி 13.
AXB = C எனில், X என்ற அணியைக் காண்க.
தீர்வு:
கொடுக்கப்பட்ட A = \(\left[\begin{array}{rr}
1 & -1 \\
2 & 0
\end{array}\right]\), B = \(\left[\begin{array}{rr}
3 & -2 \\
1 & 1
\end{array}\right]\), C = \(\left[\begin{array}{ll}
1 & 1 \\
2 & 2
\end{array}\right]\), மேலும், AXB = C
A^-1 ஆல் முன்புறம் பெருக்க கிடைப்பது,
(A^-1A) X B = A^-1C
⇒ XB = A^-1C. [∵ A^-1A = I]
B^-1 ஆல் பின்புறம் பெருக்க கிடைப்பது
(XB) B^-1 = (A^-1C) B^-1
⇒ X = (A^-1C) B^-1

கேள்வி 14.
A=\(\left[\begin{array}{lll}
0 & 1 & 1 \\
1 & 0 & 1 \\
1 & 1 & 0
\end{array}\right]\) எனில் A^-1= \(\frac{1}{2}\left(A^{2}-3 I\right)\) எனக்காட்டுக.
தீர்வு:
கொடுக்கப்பட்ட A = \(\left[\begin{array}{lll}
0 & 1 & 1 \\
1 & 0 & 1 \\
1 & 1 & 0
\end{array}\right]\)


(1) மற்றும் (2)லிருந்து, A^-1= \(\frac{1}{2}\left[\mathrm{~A}^{2}-3 \mathrm{I}\right]\) எனவே நிரூபிக்கப்பட்டது.

கேள்வி 15.
\(\left[\begin{array}{rr}
-1 & -1 \\
2 & 1
\end{array}\right]\) என்ற அணியை பிந்தையப் பெருக்கல் சங்கேத மொழியாக்க அணியாகக் கொண்டு [2 -3] [20 4] என்ற பெறப்பட்ட \(\left[\begin{array}{rr}
-1 & -1 \\
2 & 1
\end{array}\right]\)-ன நோமாறு அணியின் பிந்தையப் பெருக்கற் சாவியாகக் கொண்டு சங்கேத மொழி மாற்றம் செய்க. இங்கு ஆங்கில எழுத்துகள் A – Z -க்கு முறையே எண்க ள் 1 – 26 ஐயும், காலியிடத்திற்கு எண் 0 ஐயும் பொருத்தி சங்கேத மொழியாக்கம் மற்றும் மொழிமாற்றம் செய்க.
தீர்வு:
சங்கேத மொழியாக்குதலுக்கான A=\(\left[\begin{array}{rr}
-1 & -1 \\
2 & 1
\end{array}\right]\) என்க.

ஆகையால் பெருக்கற் சாவி அணி \(\left[\begin{array}{rr}
1 & 1 \\
-2 & -1
\end{array}\right]\)

சங்கேத மொழி மாற்றம் செய்யப்பட்ட நிரை அணிகளின் வரிசை பின்வருமாறு
[8 5], [12 16]

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 12th Maths Guide Pdf Chapter 7 வகை நுண்கணிதத்தின் பயன்பாடுகள் Ex 7.1 Textbook Questions and Answers, Notes.

TN Board 12th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 வகை நுண்கணிதத்தின் பயன்பாடுகள் Ex 7.1

கேள்வி 1.
ஆதிப்புள்ளியிலிருந்து t வினாடிகளுக்குப் பிறகு ஒரு துகள் உள்ள தூரத்தின் அளவு s = 2t² + 3t மீட்டர் எனும்படி நேர்க்கோட்டில் ஒரு துகள் நகர்கிறது.
(i) t = 3 மற்றும் t = 6 வினாடிகளுக்கிடையே டள்ள சராசரி திசைவேகம் என்ன?
(ii) t = 3 மற்றும் t = 6 வினாபாத்திடையே உள்ள கணப்பொழுது திசைவேகம் என்ன?
தீர்வு:
(i) கொடுக்கப்பட்ட s = 2t² + 3t
s(3) = 2 × 3² + 3(3)
= 2 × 9 + 9
= 27 மீ …(1)
s(6) = 2 × 6² + 3(6)
= 72 + 18 = 90மி …(2)
சராசரி திசைபோம் = \(\frac{s(6)-s(3)}{6-3}=\frac{90-27}{3}\)
= \(\frac{63}{3}\) = 21 மீ/வினாடி

(ii) கணப்பொழுது திசைவேகம்
V(t) = \(\frac{d s}{d t}\) = 4t + 3
t = 3 இல் கணப்பொழுது திசைமேகம்
= V(3) = 15 மீ/வினாடி [ (1) இலிருந்து]
t = 6 இம் காப்பொழுது திாைபேகம்
= V(6) = 27 மீ/வினாடி [ (2) இலிருந்து]

கேள்வி 2.
400 அடி உயர மலை உச்சி முகட்டிலிருந்து தவாதயாக ஒரு புகைப்படக் கருவி வீழுகியது. t வினாடிகளில் புகைப்படக் கருவி விடும் தூரம் s = 16t² ஆகும்,
(i) தரையைத் தொடும் முன்னர் புகைப்படக் கருவி விடி எடுத்துக்கொண்ட நேரம் என்ன?
(ii) இடி விழுந்த இறுதி 2 வினாடிகளில் புகைப்படக் கருவியின் சரபரி திசைவேகம் என்ன?
(iii) தரையைத் தொடும் போது புகைப்படக் கருவியின் கணப்பொழுது திசைவேகம் என்ன ?
தீர்வு :
(i) கொர்க்கப்பட்ட s(t) = 16t²
உயரம் – 400 அடி
16t² = 400
⇒ t² = \(\frac{400}{16}=\frac{100}{4}\)
t² = 25
t = 5 வினாடி

(ii) சராளி நிலாபேகம் = \(\frac{d s}{d t}\) = 32t
இறுதி t = 2 வினாடிகளில்

(iii) கணப்பொழுது திசைவேகம்
= \(\frac{d s}{d t}=\) = 32t
இக்கா t = 5 வினாடி
திலைபேகம் = \(\frac{d s}{d t}=\) = 32(5)
= 160 அடிவினாடி

கேள்வி 3.
s(t) = 2t³ – 9t² + 12t – 4, இங்கு t > equal 0 எனும் விதிப்படி ஒரு கோட்டில் ஒரு துகள் நகர்கிறது.
(i) எந்நேரங்களில் துகளின் திசைமாறுகின்றது?
(ii) முதல் 4 வினாடிகளில் துகள் பயணித்த தூரம் என்ன?
(iii) திசைவேகம் பூச்சிய மதிப்பை அடையும் தேரங்காய் பால்காம் துகளின் முடுக்கம் கான்க?
தீர்வு :
கொடுக்கப்பட்ட s(t) = 2t³ – 9t² + 12t – 4, t > equal 0.
(i) வகைப்படுத்த கூடப்பது,
V(t) = 6t² – 18t + 12 …(1)
= 6(t²– 3t + 2)
= 6(t – 1)(t – 2)
இங்கு V(t) = 0
⇒ 6(t – 1)(t – 2) = 0
⇒ t = 1, 2
V(t) யின் தறி மாறும் பொழுது துகளின் திசை மாறுகின்றது.
0 ≤ t < 1 எனில், (t – 1) மற்றும் (t – 2) இரண்டும் < 0 ⇒ V(t) > 0
1 < t < 2 னில், (t – 1) > 0 மற்றும் (t – 2) < 0
⇒ V(t) < 0 t > 2 யில், both (t – 1) மாறும் (t – 2) அன்ற ம் > 0
⇒V(t) > 0
∴ t = 1 மற்றும் t = 2 வினாடியாரில் பயான் திசை மாறன்ற து.

(ii) முகம் 4 கோடிகளில் சகன் யணித்த பம்
|s(0) – s(1)| + |s(1) – s(2)| + |s(2) – s(4)|
s(0) = -4
s(1) = 2(1)³ – 9(1)² + 12(1) – 4
= 2 – 9 + 12 – 4 = 1
s(2) = 2 x 2³ – 9 x 2² + 12 x 2 – 4
= 16 – 36 + 24 – 4 = 0
s(4) = 2(4)³ – 9(4)² + 12(4) – 4
= 128 – 144 + 48 – 4 = 28
∴ |s(0) – s(1)| + |s(1) – s(2)| + |s(2) – s(4)|
= |-4 – 1| + |1 – 0| + |0 – 28|
= |-5| + |1| + |0 – 28|
= 5 + 1 + 28 = 34 மீ

(iii) முடுக்கம் A = 12t – 18 [வடுக்கம் = \(\frac{d v}{d t}\)]
t = 1 எனில்,
மாதகம் = 12 (1) – 18 = -6 மீ/வினாடி²
t = 2 எனில்,
முடுக்கம் – 12 (2) – 18 = 6 மீ/வினாடி²

கேள்வி 4.
x பக்க அளவு கொண்ட ஒரு கன சதுரத்தின் கன அளவு v = x³ பாலில் x = 5 கலகள் எனம் போது x -அப் பொறுத்து கன அளவு மாறுவிதம்
தீர்வு :
கொடுக்கப்பட v = x³
x பொறுத்து வகைப்படுத்த கிடைப்பது,
\(\frac{d v}{d x}\) = 3x²

கேள்வி 5.
x நீளமுள்ள (மீட்டரில்) ஒரு மெல்லிய கோலின் நிறை m(x) ( கிலோகிராமில்), m(x) = \(\) பானக் கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது ானில், x = 3 மற்றும் x = 27 மீட்டர் எனும் போது நீளத்தைப் பொறுத்து நிறையின் மாறுபாட்டு வீதத்தை காண்க.
தீர்வு :
கொடுக்கப்பட்ட m(x) = \(\sqrt{3 x}\)=\(\sqrt{3}\) . x^{\({\frac{1}{2}}\)}
x பொறுத்து வகைப்படுத்த கிடைப்பது,

கேள்வி 6.
ஒரு குளத்தில் விழுந்த கல்லினால் பொது மைய வட்டங்களின் வடிவத்தில் சிலைகள் ஏற்படுகின்றது. வெளிப்பு சிந்தமையின் ஆரம் r வினாடிக்கு 2 செ மீவீதம் அதிகரிக்கிறது. ஆரம்
5 செ.மீ. பனும் போது கலங்கும் நீரின் பரப்பாவு மாறுவீதம் என்ன?
தீர்வு:
சிற்றலையின் ஆரம் r மற்றும் பரப்பு A கொ.
டுக்கப்பட்ட \(\frac{d r}{d t}\) = 2 செ.மீ/ வினாடி மற்றும்
r = 5 2 செ.மீ …(1)
A = πr² என்பது

கேள்வி 7.
கடற்கரையிலிருந்து 5 கி.மீ தூரத்தில் கப்பல் நங்கூரமிடப்பட்டுள்ளது. கலங்கரை விளக்கத்தின் ஒரு விளக்கு ஒவ்வொரு 10 வினாடிகளுக்கு ஒரு முறை சுற்றுகிறது. கலங்கரை விளக்கத்தின் ஒளிக்கற்றை கடற்கரையுடன் 45° கோணத்தை ஏற்படுத்தும் போது கடற்கரையில் ஒளிக்கற்றை எவ்வளவு வேகமாக நகரும்?
தீர்வு:
கலங்கரை விளக்கத்தின் ஒருவாக்கும்பொரு 10 வினாடிக்கு (360°) இம் சுற்றுவதால்

கேள்வி 8.
தலை கீழாக வைக்கப்பட்ட ஒரு நேர்வட்ட கூம்பின் வடிவில் உள்ள ஒரு நீர்நிலைத் தொட்டியின் ஆழம் 12 மீட்டர் மற்றும் மேலுள்ள வட்டத்தின் பாரம் 5 மீட்ட ளன்க, நிமிடத்திற்கு 10 கன மீட்டர் வேகத்தில் நீர் பாய்ச்சப்படுகிறது எனில், 8 மீட்டர் ஆழத்தில் நீர் இருக்கும் போது நீரின் ஆழம் அதிகரிக்கும் வேகம் என்ன?
தீர்வு:
கொடுக்கப்பட்ட h = 12 மீ
r = 5 மீ

V என்பது கூம்பின் கன அளவு
பாத் உச்சிக் கோணம் α

கேள்வி 9.
17 மீட்டர் நீளமுள்ள ஒரு ஏணி செங்குத்தான சுவரில் சாய்த்து வைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. ரணியின் அடிப்பக்கம் சுவற்றிலிருந்து விலகிச் செல்லும் விதம் வினாடிக்கு 5 மீட்டர் எனில் ரணியின் அடிப்பக்கம் சுவற்றிலிருந்து 8 மீட்டர் தொலைவில் இருக்கும் போது,
(i) அதன் உச்சி என்ன வீதத்தில் கீழ்நோக்கி இயங்கும் என்பதைக் காண்க.
(ii) எந்த விதத்தில், ஏணி, சுவர் மற்றும் தரை ஆகியவத்மால் உருவாகும் முக்கோணத்தின் பரப்பளவு மாறுகிறது?
தீர்வு:
(i) OA = x பாம் OB = y வருமாறு காமம் t மில் ஏணி ABமின் நிமையாகும்.

எனவே OA² + OB² = AB²
⇒ x² + y² =17² …(1)
கொடுக்கப்பட்ட \(\) = 5 மற்றும் x = 8
x = 8 எனில், 8² + y² = 17²
⇒ y² = 289 – 64 = 225
⇒ = 15
‘t’ யை பொறுத்து (1) யை பாகப்படுத்தக்கூடப்பது,

∴ வணியின் உச்சி கீழ் நோக்கி இறங்கும் விதம் \(\frac{-8}{3}\)மீ/வினாடி.

(ii) ஏணி, கார் மற்றும் தரை ஆகியவற்றால் உருவாகும் வாங்கோண முக்கோணம்
∴ ப்படிப்பு = \(\frac{1}{2}\)xy
‘t’ யை பொறுத்து வகையீட கிடைப்பது.

கேள்வி 10.
வடதிசையிலிருந்து ஒரு செங்கோண சந்திப்பை அரும் ஒரு காவல்துறை வாகனம் வேகமாகச் சென்று திரும்பி கிழக்கு நோக்கிச் செல்லும் ஒரு மகிழுத்தை காத்துகிறது. சாலை சந்திப்பின் வடக்கே 0.6 கி.மீ நொணயலில் காவல்துறையின் வாகனமும் கிழக்கே 0.8 கி.மீ தொலைவில் மகிழுந்தும் உள்ள பொழுது, மின்காந்த அலைக் காலியின் துணைகொண்டு பாவங்கனை தங்களது வாகனத்திற்கும் மகிழுத்துக்கும் இடைப்பட்ட தூரம் மணிக்கு 20 கி.மீ வீதத்தில் அதிகரிக்கிறது எனத் தீர்மானிக்கின்றனர். காவல்துறை வாகனம் மணிக்கு 60 கி.மீ வேகத்தில் நகர்கிறது எனில் மகிழுத்தின் வேகம் என்ன?
தீர்வு:

x குறிப்பது மகிழ்ந்து கடந்த தூரம் y குறிப்பது காவல்துறை கடாக வாகனம் மற்றும் s குறிப்பது பாகனம் மற்றும் மகிழுந்து இடையேயான தூரம் அரும்.
∴ கொடுக்கப்பட்ட = x = 0.8 கி.மீ, y = 0.6 கி.மீ,

Students can Download Computer Science Chapter 13 Python and CSV Files Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Solutions Chapter 13 Python and CSV Files

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Python and CSV Files Text Book Back Questions and Answers

PART – I
I. Choose The Correct Answer

Csv File Questions Class 12 Question 1.
A CSV file is also known as a
(a) Flat File
(b) 3D File
(c) String File
(d) Random File
Answer:
(a) Flat File

Csv Files In Python Class 12 Questions Question 2.
The expansion of CRLF is ………………………
(a) Control Return and Line Feed
(b) Carriage Return and Form Feed
(c) Control Router and Line Feed
(d) Carriage Return and Line Feed
Answer:
(d) Carriage Return and Line Feed

Questions On Csv Files In Python Question 3.
Which of the following module is provided by Python to do several operations on the CSV files?
(a) py
(b) xls
(c) csv
(d) os
Answer:
(c) csv

A Csv File Is Also Known As A 3d File Question 4.
Which of the following mode is used when dealing with non-text files like image or exe files?
(a) Text mode
(b) Binary mode
(c) xls mode
(d) csv mode
Answer:

A Csv File Is Also Known As A Flat File Question 5.
The command used to skip a row in a CSV file is ……………………….
(a) next( )
(b) skip( )
(c) omit( )
(d) bounce( )
Answer:
(b) skip( )

Question 6.
Which of the following is a string used to terminate lines produced by writer( )method of csv module?
(a) Line Terminator
(b) Enter key
(c) Form feed
(d) Data Terminator
Answer:
(a) Line Terminator

Question 7.
What is the output of the following program?
import csv
d=csv.reader(open(‘c:\PYPRG\chl3\city.csv’))
next(d)
for row in d:
print(row)
if the file called “city.csv” contain the following details
chennai,mylapore
mumbai,andheri
(a) chennai,mylapore
(b) mumbai,andheri
(c) chennai, mumbai
(d) chennai,mylapore,mumbai,andheri
Answer:
(b) mumbai,andheri

Question 8.
Which of the following creates an object which maps data to a dictionary?
(a) listreader( )
(b) reader( )
(c) tuplereader( )
(d) DictReader( )
Answer:
(d) DictReader( )

Question 9.
Making some changes in the data of the existing file or adding more data is called
(a) Editing
(b) Appending
(c) Modification
(d) Alteration
Answer:
(c) Modification

Question 10.
What will be written inside the file test.csv using the following program import csv
D = [[‘Exam’],[‘Quarterly’],[‘Halfyearly’]]
csv.register_dialect(‘M’,lineterminator = ‘\n’)
with open(‘c:\pyprg\chl3\line2.csv’, ‘w’) as f:
wr = csv.writer(f,dialect=’M’)
wr.writerows(D)
f.close( )
(a) Exam Quarterly Halfyearly
(b) Exam Quarterly Halfyearly
(c) Q H
(d) Exam, Quarterly, Halfearly
Answer:
(d) Exam, Quarterly, Halfearly

PART – II
II. Answer The Following Questions

Question 1.
What is CSV File?
Answer:
A CSV file is a human readable text file where each line has a number of fields , separated by commas or some other delimiter. A CSV file is also known as a Flat File. Files in the CSV format can be imported to and exported from programs that store data in tables, such as Microsoft Excel or OpenOfficeCalc.

Question 2.
Mention the two ways to read a CSV file using Python?
Answer:
Read a CSV File Using Python
There are two ways to read a CSV file.

1. Use the csv module’s reader function
2. Use the DictReader class.

Question 3.
Mention the default modes of the File?
Answer:
You can specify the mode while opening a file. In mode, you can specify whether you want to read ‘r’, write ‘w’ or append ‘a’ to the file. You can also specify “text or binary” in which the file is to be opened.
The default is reading in text mode. In this mode, while reading from the file the data w’ould . be in the format of strings.

Question 4.
What is use of next( ) function?
Answer:
# skipping the first row(heading)
Example: next( reader)

Question 5.
How will you sort more than one column from a csv file? Give an example statement?
Answer:
To sort by more than one column you can use itemgetter with multiple indices: operator .itemgetter (1,2).
#using operator module for sorting multiple columns
sortedlist = sorted (data, key=operator.itemgetter(1))

PART – III
III. Answer The Following Questions

Question 1.
Write a note on open( ) function of python. What is the difference between the two methods?
Answer:
Python has a built-in function open() to open a file. This function returns a file object, also called a handle, as it is used to read or modify the file accordingly.
For Example
>>> f = openf’sample.txt”) bopen file in current directory andf is file object
>>> f = open(‘c:\ \pyprg\ \chl3sample5.csv’) #specifyingfull path
You can specify the mode while opening a file. In mode, you can specify whether you want to read ‘r’, write ‘w’ or append ‘a’ to the file, you can also specify “text or binary” in which the file is to be opened.
The default is reading in text mode. In this mode, while reading from the file the data would be in the format of strings.
On the other hand, binary mode returns bytes and this is the mode to be used when dealing with non-text files like image or exe files.
f = open(“test.txt”) # since no mode is specified the default mode it is used
#perform file operations
f.close( )
The above method is not entirely safe. If an exception occurs when you are performing some operation with the file, the code exits without closing the file. The best way to do this is using the “with” statement. This ensures that the file is closed when the block inside with is exited. You need not to explicitly call the close() method. It is done internally.

Question 2.
Write a Python program to modify an existing file?
Answer:
import csv
row= [‘3’, ‘Meena’, ‘Bangalore’]
with open(‘student.csv’, ‘r’) as readFile:
reader= csv.reader(readFile)
lines =list(reader) # list( ) – to store each row of data as a list
lines[3] =row
with open(‘student.csv’, ‘w’) as writeFile:
# returns the writer object which converts the user data with delimiter
writer= csv.writer(writeFile)
#writerows( )method writes multiple rows to a csv file
writer, writerows(lines)
readFile.close( )
writeFile.close( )
When we Open the student.csv file with text editor, then it will show:

Question 3.
Write a Python program to read a CSV file with default delimiter comma (,)?
Answer:
CSV file with default delimiter comma(,)
The following program read a file called “sample l.csv” with default delimiter cpmma(,) and print row by row.
#importing csv
import csv
#opening the csv fde which is in different location with read mode
with open(‘c:\ \pyprg\\sample l.csv’, V) as F:
#other way to open the file is f = (‘c:\\pyprg\\sample l.csv’, ‘r’)
reader = csv.reader(F)
Sprinting each line of the Data row by row print(row)
F.close( )
OUTPUT
[‘SNO’, ‘NAME’, ‘CITY’]
[12101’,’RAM’, ‘CHENNAI’]
[‘12102′,’LAVANYA’,’TIRUCHY’]
[‘12103′,’LAKSHMAN’,’MADURA’]

Question 4.
What is the difference between the write mode and append mode?
Answer:
Append mode write the value of row after the last line of the “student.csv file:”
The ‘w’ write mode creates a new file. If the file is already existing ‘w’ mode over writs it. Where as ‘a’ append mode add the data at the end of the file if the file already exists otherwise creates a new one.

Question 5.
What is the difference between reader( ) and DictReader( ) function?
Answer:
Reading CSV File Into A Dictionary:
To read a CSV file into a dictionary can be done by using DictReader class of csv module which works similar to the reader( ) class but creates an object which maps data to a dictionary. The keys are given by the fieldnames as parameter. DictReader works by reading the first line of the CSV and using each comma separated value in this line as a dictionary key.

The columns in each subsequent row then behave like dictionary values and can be accessed with the appropriate key (i.e. fieldname). The main difference between the csv.reader( ) and DictReader( ) is in simple terms csv. reader and csv.writer work with list/tuple, while csv.DictReader and csv.DictWriter work ‘ with dictionary. csv.DictReader and csv.DictWriter take additional argument fieldnames that are used as dictionary keys.

PART – IV
IV. Answer The Following Questions

Question 1.
Differentiate Excel file and CSV file?
Answer:
The difference between Comma-Separated Values (CSV) and eXceL Sheets(XLS) file formats is
Answer:
Excel:

1. Excel is a binary file that holds information about all the worksheets in a file, including both content and formatting
2. XLS files can only be read by applications that have been especially written to read their format, and can only be written in the same way.
3. Excel is a spreadsheet that saves files into its own proprietary format viz. xls or xlsx
4. Excel consumes more memory while importing data

CSV:

1. CSV format is a plain text format with a series of values separated by commas.
2. CSV can be opened with any text editor in Windows like notepad, MS Excel, OpenOffice, etc.
3. CSV is a format for saving tabular information into a delimited text file with extension .csv
4. Importing CSV files can be much faster, and it also consumes less memory

Question 2.
Tabulate the different mode with its meaning?
Python File Modes:
Answer:

Question 3.
Write the different methods to read a File in Python?
Answer:
Read a CSV File Using Python
There are two ways to read a CSV file.

1. Use the csv module’s reader function
2. Use the DictReader class.

CSV Module’s Reader Function:
You can read the contents of CSV file with the help of csv.reader( )method. The reader function is designed to take each line of the file and make a list of all columns. Then, you just choose the column you want the variable data for. Using this method one can read data from csv files of different formats like quotes (” “),pipe (|) and comma(,).
The syntax for csv.reader( ) is
csv. reader (fileobject, delimiter,fmtparams)
where
file object:- passes the path and the mode of the file
delimiter:- an optional parameter containing the standard dilects like, I etc can be omitted
fmtparams:- optional parameter which help to override the default values of the dialects like skipinitialspace,quoting etc. Can be omitted

CSV file with default delimiter comma(,)
The following program read a file called “sample l.csv” with default delimiter comma(,) and print row by row.
#importing csv
import csv
#opening the csv file which is in different location with read mode
with open(‘c:\ \pyprg\\sample l.csv’, ‘r’) as F:
#other way to open the file is f= (‘c:\\pyprg\\sample l.csv’, ’r)
reader = csv.reader(F)
#printing each line of the Data row by row
print( row)
F.close( )
OUTPUT
[‘SNO’, ‘NAME’, ‘CITY’]
[‘12101′,’RAM’,’CHENNAI’]
[‘12102’, ‘LAVANYA’, ‘TIRUCHY’]
[‘12103’, ‘LAKSHMAN’, ‘MADURAI’]
CSV files- data with Spaces at the beginning
Consider the following file “sample 2.csv” containing the following data when opened through notepad

The following program read the file through Python using “csv.reader( )”.
import csv
csv.register_dialect(‘myDialect’,delimiter = ‘,’,skipimtialspace=True)
F=open(‘c:\ \pyprg\ \sample 2.csv’,’r’)
reader= csv.reader(F, dialect=’myDialect’)
for row in reader:
print( row)
F.close( )
OUTPUT
[‘Topic 1’, ‘Topic 2’, ‘Topic 3′]
[!one’, ‘two’, ‘three’]
[‘Example 1’, ‘Example 2’, ‘Example 3’]
As you can see in “sample 2.csv” there are spaces after the delimiter due to which the output is also displayed with spaces.
These whitespaces can be removed, by registering new dialects using csv.register_dialect( ) class of csv module. A dialect describes the format of the csv file that is to be read. In dialects the parameter “skipinitialspace” is used for removing whitespaces after the delimiter.

CSV File-Data With Quotes
You can read the csv file with quotes, by registering new dialects using csv.register_dialect( ) class of csv module.
Here, we have quotes.csv file with following data.
SNO,Quotes
(a) “The secret to getting ahead is getting started.”
(b) “Excellence is a continuous process and not an accident.”
(c) “Work hard dream big never give up and believe yourself.”
(d) “Failure is the opportunity to begin again more intelligently.”
(e) “The successful warrior is the average man, with laser-like focus.”
The following Program read “quotes.csv” file, where delimiter is comma (,)but the quotes are within quotes (“”). import csv
csv.register_dialect(‘myDialect’,delimiter = ‘,’,quoting=csv.QUOTE_ALL,
skipinitialspace=True)
f=open(’c:\\pyprg\ \quotes.csv’,’r’)
reader= csv.reader(f, dialect-myDialect’)
for row in reader:
print (row)
OUTPUT
[‘SNO’, ’Quotes’]
[(a), ’The secret to getting ahead is getting started.’]
[(b), ’Excellence is a continuous process and not an accident.’]
[(c), ’Work hard dream big never give up and believe yourself.’]
[(d), ’Failure is the opportunity to begin again more intelligently.’]
[(e), ’The successful warrior is the average man, with laser-like focus. ’]
In the above program, register a dialect with name myDialect. Then, we used csv. QUOTE_ ALL to display all the characters after double quotes.
CSV files with Custom Delimiters
You can read CSVfile having custom delimiter by registering a new dialect with the help of csv.register_dialect( ).
In the following file called “sample 4.csv”,each column is separated with | (Pipe symbol)

The following program read the file “sample4.csv” with user defined delimiter “|”
import csv
csv.register_dialect(‘myDialect’, delimiter ‘|’)
with open(‘c:\\pyprg\\sample 4.csv’, ‘r’) as f:
reader= csv.reader(f, dialect-myDialect’)
for row in reader:
print(row)
f.close( )
OUTPUT
[‘RollNo’, ‘Name’, ‘City’]
[‘12101’, ‘Arun’, ‘Chennai’]
[‘12102’, ‘Meena’, ‘Kovai’]
[T21031,’Ram’,’Nellai’]

Reading CSV File Into A Dictionary:
To read a CSV file into a dictionary can be done by using DictReader class of csv module which works similar to the reader() class but creates an object which maps data to a dictionary. The keys are given by the fieldnames as parameter. DictReader works by reading the first line of the CSV and using each comma separated value in this line as a dictionary key. The columns in each subsequent row then behave like dictionary values and can be accessed with the appropriate key (i.e. fieldname).

If the first row of your CSV does not contain your column names, you can pass a fieldnames parameter into the DictReader’s constructor to assign the dictionary keys manually. The main difference between the csv.reader( ) and DictReader( ) is in simple terms csv. reader and csv.writer work with list/tuple, while csv.DictReader and csv.DictWriter work with dictionary. csv.DictReader and csv.DictWriter take additional argument fieldnames that are used as dictionary keys.

For Example:
Reading “sample 8.csv” file into a dictionary
import csv
filename= ‘c:\ \pyprg\ \sample 8.csv’
input_file =csv.DictReader(open(filename;’r’))
for row in input_file:
print(dict(row))
print (data(row)) #dict( ) to print data
OUTPUT
{‘ItemName ‘^Keyboard’, ‘Quantity’: ’48’}
{‘ItemName VMonitor’, ‘Quantity’: ’52’}
{‘ItemName VMouse’, ‘Quantity’: ’20’}
In the above program, DictReader( ) is used to read “sample 8.csv” file and map into a dictionary. Then, the function dict( ) is used to print the data in dictionary format without order. Remove the dict( ) function from the above program and use print(row). Check you are getting
the following output
OrderedDict([(‘ItemName Keyboard’), (‘Quantity’, ’48’)])
OrderedDict([(‘ltemName ‘,’Monitor’), (‘Quantity’, ’52’)])
OrderedDict([(‘ItemName ‘,’Mouse’), (‘Quantity’, ’20’)])

Question 4.
Write a Python program to write a CSV File with custom quotes?
CSV File with quote characters
Answer:
You can write the CSV file with custom quote characters, by registering new dialects using csv.register_dialect( ) class of csv module,
import csv
csvData = [[‘SNO’,Items’], [‘l’,’Pen’], [‘2′,’Book’], [‘3′,’Pencil’]]
csv.register_dialect(‘myDialect’, delimiter = ‘|’,quotechar = “”,
quoting=csv.QUOTE_ALL)
with open(‘c:\\pyprg\ \chl3\\quote.csv’, ‘w’) as csvFile:
writer= csv.writer(csvFile, dialect-myDialect’)
writer, write rows(csvData)
print(“writing completed”)
csvFile.close( )
When you open the “quote.csv” file in notepad, we get following output:

In the above program, myDialect uses pipe (|) as delimiter and quotechar as doublequote “” to write inside the file.

Question 5.
Write the rules to be followed to format the data in a CSV file?
Answer:
Rules to be followed to format data in a CSV file:
(i) Each record (row of data) is to be located on a separate line, delimited by a line break by pressing enter key. For example:
xxx,yyy
denotes enter Key to be pressed

(ii) The last record in the file may or may not have an ending line break. For example:
PPP, qqq
yyy,xxx

(iii) There may be an optional header line appearing as the first line of the file with the same format as normal record lines. The header will contain names corresponding to the fields in the file and should contain the same number of fields as the records in the rest of the file. For example: field_ name 1,field_name 2,field_name_3 aaa,bbb,ccc
zzz,yyy,xxx CRFF( Carriage Return and Line feed)

(iv) Within the header and each record, there may be one or more fields, separated by commas. Spaces are considered part of a field and should not be ignored. The last field in the record must not be followed by a comma. For example: Red, Blue

(v) Each field may or may not be enclosed in double quotes. If fields are not enclosed with double quotes, then double quotes may not appear inside the fields. For example: “Red”,”Blue”,”Green” #Field data with double quotes
Black,White,Yellow #Field data without double quotes

(vi) Fields containing line breaks (CRLF), double quotes, and commas should be enclosed in double-quotes. For example:
Red, “;:Blue CRLF #comma itself is a field value, so it is enclosed with double quotes Red, Blue, Green

(vii) If double-quotes are used to enclose fields, then a double-quote appearing inside a field must be preceded with another double quote. For example:
“Red,” “Blue1: “Green”, #since double quotes is a field value it is enclosed with another double quotes,, White

Practice Programs

Question 1.
Write a Python program to read the following Namelist.csv file and sort the data in alphabetically order of names in a list and display the output

import csv.operator
data = csv.reader(open(‘c:\\PYPRG\\NameList.scv’))
next(data)
sorted list = sorted(data, key = operator.itemgetter(1))
for row in sorted list:
print(row)
Output:

Question 2.
Write a Python program to accept the name and five subjects mark of 5 students. Find the total and store all the details of the students in a CSV file?
Answer:
import csv
csvData = [[‘student’, ‘ml Vm2′,’m3′,’m4′,’m5′,’total’],
[‘Ram’, ’90’,’90’,”90′,”90′,”90′,”450′],
[‘Hari’,’100′,’100′,’100′,’10’,’90’,’490′],
[‘Sai’, ’90’,’90’,’ 100′,’ 100′,’ 100′,’480′],
[‘Viji’, ’ 100′,’90’,’90’,’90’,’ 100′,’470′],
[‘Raja’, ’80’,’’80’,”80′,’ 100′,’ 100′,’440′]]
with open(‘c:\\pyprg\\chl3\\st.csv’,’w’)as CF:
writer = csv.writer(CF) writer. writerows(csvData)
CF.close( )
Output:

Samacheer kalvi 12th Computer Science Python and CSV Files Additional Questions and Answers

PART – 1
I. Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
CSV means ……………………… files
(a) common server values
(b) comma separated values
(c) correct separator values
(d) constructor separated value
Answer:
(b) comma separated values

Question 2.
The file extension to save excel files are
(a) xls Civdsx
(b) XL
(c) exc or XL
(d) XL or xlx
Answer:
(a) xls Civdsx

Question 3.
csv files cannot be opened with ………………………..
(a) notepad
(b) MS Excel
(c) open office
(d) html
Answer:
(d) html

Question 4.
Identify the wrong statement
(a) Excel is a binary file
(b) csv is a plain text
(c) Excel is a plain text
(d) csv has tabular information
Answer:
(c) Excel is a plain text

Question 5.
Identify the statement which is correct.
(a) csv consumes less memory and faster
(b) Excel consumes less memory and slower
Answer:
(a) csv consumes less memory and faster

Question 6.
Find the wrong statement.
(a) csv files can be opened with any text editor
(b) Excel files can be opened with any text editor
Answer:
(b) Excel files can be opened with any text editor

Question 7.
…………………… file is used to store tabular data such as spreadsheet or database.
Answer:
csv

Question 8.
How will you open a new file in Notepad?
(a) File → New
(b) Ctrl + N
(c) both a and b
(d) shift + N
Answer:
(c) both a and b

Question 9.
If the fields of data in csv file has commas, then it should be given with …………………..
(a) ,
(b) ”
(c) ‘
(d) :
Answer:
(b) ”

Question 10.
Any field containing a newline as part of its data should be given in ……………………..
(a) quotes
(b) double colon
(c) colon
(d) double quotes
Answer:
(d) double quotes

Question 11.
If the fields contains double quotes as part of the data, the internal quotation marks need to be
(a) same
(b) quarter
(c) doubled
(d) tripled
Answer:
(c) doubled

Question 12.
The line // white indicates
(a) the first two fields of the row are empty
(b) It can be deleted
(c) comma not necessary
(d) only one field is there and , can be deleted
Answer:
(a) the first two fields of the row are empty

Question 13.
Find the correct statement
(I) The last record in the file may or may not have an ending line break
(II) Header is must with same format as record lines.
(a) (I) is true, (II) is False
(b) (I) is False, (II) – True
(c) (I), (II) – both are true
(d) (I), (II) – both are false
Answer:
(a) (I) is true, (II) is False

Question 14.
Identify the wrong statement from the following.
(a) Each field may or may not be enclosed in double quotes.
(b) If the fields are not enclosed with double quotes, then double quotes may not appear inside the fields
(c) Fields containing line breaks, double quotes and commas should be enclosed in single quotes.
(d) the last field in the record must not be followed by a comma
Answer:
(c) Fields containing line breaks, double quotes and commas should be enclosed in single quotes.

Question 15.
There are ……………………. ways to read a csv file.
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Answer:
(b) 2

Question 16.
In open command, file name can be represented in ………………………
(a) ” ”
(b) ”
(c) $
(d) both a & b
Answer:
(d) both a & b

Question 17.
open( ) returns a file called ………………………… which is used to read or modify the file accordingly.
Answer:
handle

Question 18.
The default reading mode is ………………….. mode.
Answer:
text

Question 19.
The default mode when you open a file is
(a) r
(b) w
(c) x
(d) a
Answer:
(a) r

Question 20.
In text mode, while reading from the file the data would be in the format of ……………………..
(a) int
(b) float
(c) char
(d) strings
Answer:
(d) strings

Question 21.
What will happen when you open a file for writing and file already exists there?
(a) creates a new file
(b) truncates the file
(c) overwrite the file
(d) append the contents
Answer:
(b) truncates the file

Question 22.
To open the file updating data, click ……………………
(a) a
(b) b
(c) t
(d) +
Answer:
(d) +

Question 23.
…………………… opens a file for exclusive creation.
(a) r
(b) w
(c) x
(d) +
Answer:
(c) x

Question 24.
………………….. opens the file for read and write in binary mode.
(a) r
(b) b
(c) x + b
(d) r + b
Answer:
(d) r + b

Question 25.
Python has a ……………………… collector to clean up unreferenced objects.
Answer:
garbage

Question 26.
closing a file will free up the resources that were tied with the file and is done by ……………………. method.
(a) Exit
(b) close
(c) Quit
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) close

Question 27.
Which format is not allowed to read data from cav files?
(a) quotes
(b) pipe
(c) comma
(d) Asterisk
Answer:
(d) Asterisk

Question 28.
How many arguments are there in csv.reader( ) functions?
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
Answer:
(b) 3

Question 29.
Which one of the following cannot be omitted in cav. reader?
(a) file object
(b) delimiter
(c) fmtparams
(d) space
Answer:
(a) file object

Question 30.
A ……………………. describes the format of the csv file that is to be read.
Answer:
dialect

Question 31.
In dialects, the parameter …………………… is used for remaining whitespaces after the delimiter.
Answer:
skipintialspace

Question 32.
By default, what will be the value of skipinitial space?
(a) True
(b) False
(c) 0
(d) 1
Answer:
(b) False

Question 33.
A ………………….. is a class of csv module which helps to define paramters for reading and writing csv.
Answer:
dialect

Question 34.
We can register for new dialects using class of csv module.
Answer:
csv.register-dialects

Question 35.
Which of the following is used to display all the characters after double quotes.
(a) Quote
(b) Quote-all
(c) double quotes
(d) single quotes
Answer:
(b) Quote-all

Question 36.
Which one of the following is used to add the elements in the list.
(a) add
(b) insert
(c) append
(d) update
Answer:
(c) append

Question 37.
Which one of the following cannot be used as a column separator?
(a) delimiter
(b) pipe
(c) comma
(d) #
Answer:
(d) #

Question 38.
List literals are written using ………………………..
(a) [ ]
(b) ( )
(c) { }
(d) <>
Answer:
(a) [ ]

Question 39.
An ordered sequence of elements which are mutable or changeable are called ……………………..
(a) object
(b) tuple
(c) list
(d) dictionary
Answer:
(c) list

Question 40.
…………………….. command arranges a list value in ascending order.
Answer:
sort( )

Question 41.
……………………… is used to arrange a list in descending order.
Answer:
sort(reverse)

Question 42.
To sort by more than one column, we can use ………………………. with multiple indices.
Answer:
itemgetter

Question 43.
To sort second column which option have to be selected?
(a) itemgetter(0)
(b) itemgetter(1)
(c) itemgetter(2)
(d) itemgetter(3)
Answer:
(b) itemgetter(1)

Question 44.
(I) csv.writer work with list/tuple
(II) csv.Dictwriter work with dictionary
(III) csv.DictReader work with list/tuple/dictionary.
(a) (I),(II) – True (III) – False
(b) (I) – True (II), (III) – False
(c) (I),(II),(III) – True
(d) (I),(II),(III) – False
Answer:
(a) (I),(II) – True (III) – False

Question 45.
The additoinal argument fieldnames that are used with csv.DictReader and csv. Dictwriter are called as …………………………
Answer:
dictionary keys

Question 46.
Which function is used to print the data in dictionary format without order?
(a) dictionary
(b) print( )
(c) dict( )
(d) dictprint( )
Answer:
(c) dict( )

Question 47.
Which is a dictionary subclass that saves the order in whcih its contents are added?
(a) orderedDist
(b) SortDist
(c) DistSort
(d) Sorting
Answer:
(a) orderedDist

Question 48.
……………………. is used to remove the ordered Diet.
Answer:
Dist( )

Question 49.
…………………. method writes a row of data into the specified file.
Answer:
writerow( )

Question 50.
The number of parameters in csv.writer( ) …………………….
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
Answer:
(b) 3

Question 51.
Identify the wrong statement.
(a) The writerow( ) writes one row at a time
(b) The writerows( ) writes all the data at once
(c) No such writerows( ) function in csv
Answer:
(c) No such writerows( ) function in csv

Question 52.
Identify the true statement.
(a) writerow( ) takes 1 dimensional data
(b) writerows( ) takes 2 dimensional data
(c) both are true
(d) both are false
Answer:
(c) both are true

Question 53.
By default, csv files open automatically in ……………………..
Answer:
Excel.

PART – II
II. Answer The Following Questions

Question 1.
What is the syntax for csv.reader( )?
Answer:
The syntax for csv.reader( ) is
where csv.reader(fileobject,delimiter,fmtparams)
file object – passes the path and the mode of the file
delimiter – an optional parameter containing the standard dilects like, | etc can be omitted
fmtparams – optional parameter which help to override the default values of the dialects like skipinitialspace,quoting etc. Can be omitted

PART – III
III. Answer The Following Questions

Question 1.
How will you create a csv file?
Answer:
Creating CSV Normal File
To create a CSV file in Notepad, First open a new file using
File → New or Ctrl +N.
Then enter the data you want the file to contain, separating each value with a comma and each row with a new line.
For example consider the following details
Topic 1,Topic 2,Topic 3
one,two,three
Example 1,Example 2,Example 3
Save this content in a file with the extension .csv . You can then open the same using Microsoft Excel or any other spreadsheet program. Here we have opened using Microsoft Excel. It would create a table of data similar to the following:

Question 2.
How will you create csv file that contains comma with data?
Answer:

To retain the commas in “Address” column, you can enclose the fields in quotation marks.
For example:
RollNo, Name, Address
12101, Nivetha, “Mylapore, Chennai”
12102, Lavanya, “Adyar, Chennai”
12103, Ram, “Gopalapuram, Chennai”
As you can see, only the fields that contain commas are enclosed in quotes. If you open this in MS Excel, It looks like as follows

Question 3.
How will you create csv file that contains double quotes with data?
Answer:
Creating CSV File That contains Double Quotes With Data
If your fields contain double-quotes as part of their data, the internal quotation marks need to be doubled so that they can be interpreted correctly. For Example, given the following data:
Answer:

It should be written in csv file as RollNo, Name, FavoriteSports, Address
12101,Nivetha””” Cricket’”‘”, FootballMylapore chennai 12102, Lavanya,””” Basketball Cricket “””, Adyar chennai 12103, Ram,””” Soccer”””,”” Hockey”””, Gopalapuram chennai
The output will be

Question 4.
How will you create csv file using MS-Excel?
Answer:
Create A CSV File Using Microsoft Excel:
To create a CSV file using Microsoft Excel, launch Excel and then open the file you want to save in CSV format. For example, below is the data contained in our sample Excel worksheet:

Item Name, Cost-Rs, Quantity, Profit
Keyboard,480, 12,1152 ,
Monitor, 5200, 10, 10400
Mouse,200,50,2000
Total Profit = 13552

Question 5.
What are the different formats to create csv files?
Answer:

1. CSV file – data with default delimiter comma (,)
2. CSV file – data with Space at the beginning
3. CSV file – data with quotes
4. CSV file – data with custom Delimiters

Question 6.
Write a program create csv files data with sapces at the beginning?
Answer:
import csv
csv.register_dialect(‘myDialect’,delimiter = 7,skipinitialspace=True)
F=open(‘c:\ \pyprg\ \sample2.csv’,’r’)
reader= csv.reader(F, dialect=’myDialect’)
for row in reader:
print( row)
F.close( )
OUTPUT
[‘Topic 1’, ‘Topic2’, ‘Topic3’]
[‘one’, ‘two’, ‘three’]
[‘Example 1’, ‘Example2’, ‘Example3’]

Question 7.
Write a program to read csv files with custom delimiters?
Answer:
import csv
csv.register_dialect(‘myDialect’, delimiter ‘|’)
with open(‘c:\\pyprg\\sample4.csv’, ‘r’) as
f: reader= csv.reader(f, dialect=’myDialect’)
for row in reader: print(row)
F.close( )
Output
[‘RollNo’, ‘Name’, ‘City’]
[‘12101’, ‘Arun’, ‘Chennai’]
[‘12102’, ‘Meena’, ‘Kovai’]
[‘12103’, ‘Ram’, ‘Nellai’]

Question 8.
Give the syntax for csv.writer( )
Answer:
The syntax for csv.writer( ) is
csv. writerffileobject, delimiter,fmtparams)
where
fileobject : passes the path and the mode of the file.
delimiter : an optional parameter containing the standard dilects like , | etc can be omitted.
fmtparams : optional parameter which help to override the default values of the dialects like skipinitialspace,quoting etc. can be omitted.

Question 9.
Give the program to add new row to the csv file?
Answer:
import csv
row= [‘6’, ‘Sajini’Madurai’]
with open(‘student.csv’, ‘a’) as CF: # append mode to add data at the end
writer= csv.writer(CF)
writer.writerow(row) # writerow( ) method write a single row of data in file
CF.close( )
Output

Question 10.
Give a program for csv file with a line terminator?
import csv
Answer:
Data= [[‘Fruit’, ‘Quantity’], [‘Apple’, ‘5’], [‘Banana’, ‘7’], [‘Mango’, ‘8’]] csv.register_dialect(‘myDialect’, delimiter= ‘|’, lineterminator = ‘\n’) with open(‘c:\\pyprg\ \chl3\\line.csv’, ‘w’) as f:
writer= csv.writer(f, dialect=’myDialect’) writer.writerows(Data)
f.close( )
Output

PART – IV
IV. Answer The Following Questions

Question 1.
Write a program to read a specific column in a file?
Answer:
Read a specific column In a File:
To get the specific columns like only Item Name and profit for the “sampleS.csv” file. Then you have to do the following:
import csv
#opening the csv file which is in different location with read mode
f=open(“c:\ \pyprg\ \chl3sample5.csv”,’r’)
#reading the File with the help of csv.reader( )
readFile=csv.reader(f)
#printing the selected column for col in readFile :
print col[0],col[3]
f.close( )

Question 2.
Write a python program to read a csv file and store it in a list?
Answer:
Read A CSV File And Store It In A List
In this topic you are going to read a CSV file and the contents of the file will be stored as a list. The syntax for storing in the List is
list = [ ] # Start as the empty list
list.append(element) # Use append( ) to add elements
For example all the row values of “sample.csv” file is stored in a list using the following
program
import csv
# other way of declaring the filename
inFile= ‘c:\ \pyprg\\sample.csv’
F=open(inFile,’r’)
reader= csv.reader(F)
# declaring array
arrayValue = [ ]
# displaying the content of the list
for row in reader:
array Value, appendfrow)
print(row)
F.close( )

Question 3.
Write a python program to read a csv file and store a column value in a list for sorting?
Answer:
python file
F=open(inFile;’r’)
# reading the File with the help of csv.reader( )
reader = csv.reader(F)
# skipping the first row(heading) next( reader)
# declaring a list array Value = [ ]
a= int(input (“Enter the column number 1 to 3:-“))
# sorting a particular column-cost for row in reader:
array Value. append(row[a]) array Value.sorif) for row in array Value: print (row)
F.close( )
OUTPUT
Enter the column number 1 to 3:- 2
50
12
10

Question 4.
Write a python program to get data at runtime and write it in a csv file?
Answer:
import csv
with open(‘c:\ \pyprg\ \chl3\\dynamicfile.csv’, ‘w’) as f:
w = csv. writer (f)
ans=’y’
while (ans= =’y’):
name= input(“Name?: “)
date = input(“Date of birth: “)
place = input(“Place: “) w.writerow([name, date, place])
ans=input(“Do you want to enter more y/n?: “)
F=open(‘c:\ \pyprg\ \chl3\\dynamiefde.csv,’r’)
reader = csv.reader(F)
for row in reader:
print(row)
F.close( )
OUTPUT
Name?: Nivethitha
Date of birth: 12/12/2001
Place: Chennai
Do you want to enter more y/n?: y
Name?: Leena
Date of birth: 15/10/2001
Place: Nagercoil
Do you want to enter more y/n?: y
Name?: Padma
Date of birth: 18/08/2001
Place: Kumbakonam
Do you want to enter more y/n?: n
[‘Nivethitha’, ’12/12/2001′, ‘Chennai’]
[ ]
[’Leena’, ’15/10/2001′, ‘Nagercoil’]
[ ]
[‘Padma’, ’18/08/2001′, ‘Kumbakonam’]

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Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Principles of Ecology Text Book Back Questions and Answers

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 12th Botany Question 1.
Arrange the correct sequence of ecological hierarchy starting from lower to higher level.
(a) Individual organism → Population Landscape → Ecosystem
(b) Landscape → Ecosystem → Biome → Biosphere
(c) community → Ecosystem → Landscape → Biome
(d) Population → organism → Biome → Landscape
Answer:
(a) Individual organism → Population Landscape → Ecosystem

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Botany Book Back Answers Question 2.
Ecology is the study of an individual species is called
(i) Community ecology
(ii) Autecology
(iii) Species ecology
(iv) Synecology
(a) i only
(b) ii only
(c) i and iv only
(d) ii and iii only
Answer:
(b) ii only

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Solutions Question 3.
A specific place in an ecosystem, where an organism lives and performs its functions is
(a) habitat
(b) niche
(c) landscape
(d) biome
Answer:
(b) niche

12th Botany Samacheer Kalvi Question 4.
Read the given statements and select the correct option.
(i) Hydrophytes possess aerenchyma to support themselves in water.
(ii) Seeds of Viscum are positively photoblastic as they germinate only in presence of light.
(iii) Hygroscopic water is the only soil water available to roots of plant growing in soil as it is present inside the micropores.
(iv) High temperature reduces use of water and solute absorption by roots.
(a) i, ii, and iii only
(b) ii, iii and iv
(c) ii and iii only
(d) i and ii only
Answer:
(d) i and ii only

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 12th Bio Botany Question 5.
Which of the given plant produces cardiac glycosides?
(a) Calotropis
(b) Acacia
(c) Nepenthes
(d) Utricularia
Answer:
(a) Calotropis

Samacheer Kalvi 12 Bio Botany Solutions Question 6.
Read the given statements and select the correct option.
(i) Loamy soil is best suited for plant growth as it contains a mixture of silt, sand and clay.
(ii) The process of humification is slow in case of organic remains containing a large amount of lignin and cellulose.
(iii) Capillary water is the only water available to plant roots as it is present inside the micropores.
(iv) Leaves of shade plant have more total chlorophyll per reaction centre, low ratio of chi a and chi b are usually thinner leaves.
(a) i, ii and iii only
(b) ii, iii and iv only
(c) i, ii and iv only
(d) ii and iii only
Answer:
(d) ii and iii only

Principles Of Ecology Book Pdf Question 7.
Read the given statements and select the correct option.
Statement A: Cattle do not graze on weeds of Calotropis.
Statement B: Calotropis have thorns and spines, as defense against herbivores.
(a) Both statements A and B are incorrect.
(b) Statement A is correct but statement B is incorrect.
(c) Both statements A and B are correct but statement B is not the correct explanation of statement A.
(d) Both statements A and B are correct and statement B is the correct explanation of statement A.
Answer:
(b) Statement A is correct but statement B is incorrect.

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Botany Solutions Question 8.
In soil water available for plants is
(a) gravitational water
(b) chemically bound water
(c) capillary water
(d) hygroscopic water
Answer:
(c) capillary water

Principle Of Ecology Pdf Question 9.
Read the following statements and fill up the blanks with correct option.

1. Total soil water content in soil is called ______
2. Soil water not available to plants is called ______
3. Soil water available to plants is called ______

Answer:
(a) Holard, Echard and Cheresard

Principles Of Ecology Book Question 10.
Column I represent the size of the soil particles components. Which of the following is correct match for the Column I and Column II

Answer:
(c) i, ii, i and iv

12th Bio Botany Samacheer Kalvi Question 11.
The plant of this group are adapted to live partly in water and partly above substratum and free from water
(a) Xerophytes
(b) Mesophytes
(c) Hydrophytes
(d) Halophytes
Answer:
(b) Mesophytes

Chapter 6 Biology Class 12 Notes Question 12.
Identify the A, B, C and D in the given table:


Answer:
(a) (+) Parasitism (-) Amensalism

Question 13.
Ophrys an orchid resembling the female of an insect so as to able to get pollinated is due to phenomenon of
(a) Myrmecophily
(b) Ecological equivalents
(c) Mimicry
(d) None of these
Answer:
(c) Mimicry

Question 14.
A free living nitrogen fixing cyanobacterium which can also form symbiotic association with the water fem Azolla
(a) Nostoc
(b) Anabaena
(c) Chlorella
(d) Rhizobium
Answer:
(b) Anabaena

Question 15.
Pedogenesis refers to
(a) Fossils
(b) Water
(c) Population
(d) Soil
Answer:
(d) Soil

Question 16.
Mycorrhiza promotes plant growth by
(a) Serving as a plant growth regulators
(b) Absorbing inorganic ions from soil
(c) Helping the plant in utilizing atmospheric nitrogen
(d) Protecting the plant from infection
Answer:
(d) Protecting the plant from infection

Question 17.
Which of the following plant has a non-succulent xerophytic and thick leathery leaves with waxy coating?
(a) Bryophyllum
(b) Ruscus
(c) Nerium
(d) Calotropis
Answer:
(d) Calotropis

Question 18.
In a fresh water environment like pond, rooted autotrophs are
(a) Nymphaea and typha
(b) Ceratophyllum and Utricularia
(c) Wolffia and pistia
(d) Azolla and lemna
Answer:
(a) Nymphaea and typha

Question 19.
Match the following and choose the correct combination from the options given below:

Answer:
(d) iv, iii, ii, v and i

Question 20.
Strong, sharp spines that get attached to animal’s feet are found in the fruits of
(a) Argemone
(b) Ecballium
(c) Heraitier
(d) Crossandra
Answer:
(a) Argemone

Question 21.
Sticky glands of Boerhaavia and Cleome support
(a) Anemochory
(b) Zoochory
(c) Autochory
(d) Hydrochory
Answer:
(b) Zoochory

Question 22.
Define ecology.
Answer:
Ecology is the study of the reciprocal relationship between living organisms and their environment.

Question 23.
What is ecological hierarchy?
Name the levels of ecological hierarchy.
Answer:
The interaction of organisms with their environment results in the establishment of grouping of organisms which is called ecological hierarchy.

Question 24.
What are ecological equivalents? Give one example.
Answer:
Taxonomically different species occupying similar habitats (Niches) in different geographical regions are called Ecological equivalents.
E.g: Certain species of epiphytic orchids of Western Ghats of India differ from the epiphytic orchids of South America. But they are epiphytes.

Question 25.
Distinguish habitat and niche.
Answer:
Habitat:

1. A specific physical space occupied by an organism (species).
2. Same habitat may be shared by many organisms (species).
3. Habitat specificity is exhibited by organism.

Niche:

1. a functional space occupied by an organism in the same eco-system
2. A single niche is the occupied by a single species
3. Organisms may change their niche with time and season

Question 26.
Why are some organisms called as eurythermals and some others as stenohaline?
Answer:

1. Eurythermal: Organisms which can tolerate a wide range of temperature fluctuations.
   Example: Zostera.
2. Stenothermal: Organisms which can tolerate only small range of temperature variations.
   Example: Mango.

Question 27.
‘Green algae are not likely to be found in the deepest strata of the ocean’. Give at least one reason.
Answer:
As the name indicates, green algae possess photosynthetic pigments which use the light as energy source for survival and they are not found in deepest sea since there is lack of light.

Question 28
What is Phytoremediation?
Answer:
Phytoremediation refers to the using of living green plants to overcome soil or water contamination.
E.g: Growing Eichhomia in cadmium enriched soil reduces the level of cadmium.

Question 29.
What is Albedo effect and write their effects?
Answer:
Gases let out to atmosphere causes climatic change. Emission of dust and aerosols from industries, automobiles, forest fire,  and DMS (dimethyl sulphur) play an important role in disturbing the temperature level of any region. Aerosols with small particles is reflecting the solar radiation entering the atmosphere. This is known as Albedo effect.

Question 30.
The organic horizon is generally absent from agricultural soils because tilling, e.g., plowing, buries organic matter. Why is an organic horizon generally absent in desert soils?
Answer:
Organic horizon is generally absent in deserts because of low content of organic matter due to scarcity of plant and animal remains or excreta.

Question 31.
Soil formation can be initiated by biological organisms. Explain how?
Answer:
Soil formation is initiated by the biological weathering process. Biological weathering takes place when organisms like bacteria, fungi, lichens and plants help in the breakdown of rocks through the production of acids and certain chemical substances.

Question 32.
Sandy soil is not suitable for cultivation. Explain why?
Answer:
Sandy soil has a high porosity leading to decreased water retention hence unfit for cultivation.

Question 33.
Describe the mutual relationship between the fig and wasp and comment on the phenomenon that operates in this relationship.
Answer:
Wasps present in the figs is an example of mutualism where both the interacting species are benefitted from the obligate association. Wasps acts as a pollinating agents for figs intum larvae of wasps are nourished and protected by fruits of figs.

Question 34.
Lichen is considered as a good example of obligate mutualism. Explain.
Answer:
Lichen is a mutual association of an alga and a fungus, where the algal partner nourishes and provides shelter to fungi, intum fungi confers protection from bacterial infections and also maintains moisture for algal growth.

Question 35.
What is mutualism? Mention any two example where the organisms involved are commercially exploited in modern agriculture.
Answer:

1. Mutualism is an interaction between two species of organisms in which both are benefitted from the obligate
2. association. Nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria associated with Azolla (a fern) and Rhizobium found in the root nodules of leguminous plant are used in the field of agriculture to increase the soil fertility.

Question 36.
List any two adaptive features evolved in parasites enabling them to live successfully on their host?
Answer:
Presence of haustorial roots inside the host plant to absorb nutrients.

Question 37.
Mention any two significant roles of predation plays in nature.
Answer:
Predation maintains the stability of food chain in an ecosystem. Population of the insects and small animals are in control due to predation or else it may lead to overgrazing and browsing thereby altering the vegetation.

Question 38.
How does an orchid ophrys ensures its pollination by bees ?
Answer:
The plant, Ophrys an orchid, the flower looks like a female insect to attract the male insect to get pollinated by the male insect and it is otherwise called ‘floral mimicry ‘

Question 39.
Water is very essential for life. Write any three features for plants which enable them to survive in water scarce environment.
Answer:

1. Presence of highly developed root system to absorb water.
2. Stems and leaves are covered with waxing coating or dense hairs to avoid transpirational loss.
3. Modified leaves generally leathery and shiny to reflect light and heat.

Question 40.
Why do submerged plants receive weak illumination than exposed floating plants in a lake?
Answer:
Submerged plants like Vallisneria receive dim illumination because majority of the light are reflected back by the water surface whereas, the floating hydrophytes receive and absorb maximum light as they are on the water surface.

Question 41.
What is vivipary? Name a plant group which exhibits vivipary.
Answer:
Viviparity is the phenomenon, where the seeds germinate and then starts developing to some extent before they detach from the parent plant body. In plant, it is noticed in Halophytes like Rhizophora.

Question 42.
What is thermal stratification? Mention their types.
Answer:
Thermal Stratification is usually found in aquatic habitat. The change in the temperature profile with increasing depth in a water body is called thermal stratification. There are three kinds of thermal stratifications.

1. Epilimnion – The upper layer of warmer water.
2. Metalimnion – The middle layer with a zone of gradual decrease in temperature.
3. Hypolimnion – The bottom layer of colder water.

Question 43.
How is rhytidome act as the structural defence by plants against fire?
Answer:
Rhytidome is the structural defense by plants against fire. The outer bark of trees which extends to the last formed periderm is called Rhytidome. It is composed of multiple layers of suberized periderm, cortical and phloem tissues. It protects the stem against fire, water loss, invasion of insects and prevents infections by microorganisms.

Question 44.
What is myrmecophily?
Answer:
Sometimes, ants take their shelter on some trees such as Mango, Litchi, Jamun and Acacia, etc. These ants act as body guards of the plants against any disturbing agent and the plants in turn provide food and shelter to these ants. This phenomenon is known as Myrmecophily. Example: Acacia and its ants.

Question 45.
What is seed ball?
Answer:
Seed ball is an ancient Japanese technique of encasing seeds in a mixture of clay and soil humus (also in cow dung) and scattering them on to suitable ground, not planting of trees manually. This method is suitable for barren and degraded lands for tree regeneration and vegetation before monsoon period where the suitable dispersal agents become rare.

Question 46.
How is anemochory differ from zoochory?
Answer:
Anemochory:

1. Anemochory refers to the seed dispersal by wind.
2. Anemochory seeds are very minute and may have wings or feathery appendages for dispersal.
3. E.g: Orchids

Zoochory:

1. Zoochory refers to the seed dispersal by animals.
2. Zoochory seeds and fruits are very fleshy and succulent and sticky they may have hooks to adhere to the body of animals.
3. E.g: Mango

Question 47.
What is co-evolution?
Answer:
The interaction between organisms, when continues for generations, involves reciprocal changes in genetic and morphological characters of both organisms. This type of evolution is called Co-evolution. It is a kind of co-adaptation and mutual change among interactive species.
Examples:

• Corolla length and proboscis length of butterflies and moths (Habenaria and Moth).
• Bird’s beak shape and flower shape and size.

Question 48.
Explain Raunkiaer classification in the world’s vegetation based on the temperature.
Answer:
Raunkiaer classified the world’s vegetation into the following four types. They are megatherms, mesotherms, microtherms and hekistotherms.

Question 49.
List out the effects of fire to plants.
Answer:
Effects of fire:

1. Fire has a direct lethal effect on plants.
2. Burning scars are the suitable places for the entry of parasitic fungi and insects.
3. It brings out the alteration of light, rainfall, nutrient cycle, fertility of soil, pH, soil flora and fauna.
4. Some fungi which grow in soil of burnt areas are called pyrophilous.
5. Example: Pyronema confluens.

Question 50.
What is soil profile? Explain the characters of different soil horizons.
Answer:
Soil is commonly stratified into horizons at different depth. These layers differ in their physical, chemical and biological properties. This succession of super-imposed horizons is called soil profile.

Question 51.
Give an account of various types of parasitism with examples.
Answer:
(a) Parasitism: It is an interaction between two different species in which the smaller partner (parasite) obtains food from the larger partner (host or plant). So the parasitic species is benefitted while the host species is harmed. Based on the host-parasite relationship, parasitism is classified into two types they are holoparasite and hemiparasite.

(b) Holoparasites: The organisms which are dependent upon the host plants for their entire nutrition are called Holoparasites. They are also called total parasites.
Examples:

• Cuscuta is a total stem parasite of the host plant Acacia, Duranta and many other plants. Cuscuta even gets flower inducing hormone from its host plant.
• Balanophora, orobanche and Refflesia are the total root parasites found on higher plants.

(c) Hemiparasites: The organisms which derive only water and minerals from their host plant while synthesizing their own food by photosynthesis are called Hemiparasites. They are also called partial parasites.
Examples:

• Viscum and Loranthus are partial stem parasites.
• Santalum (Sandal Wood) is a partial root parasite.
  The parasitic plants produce the haustorial roots inside the host plant to absorb nutrients from the vascular tissues of host plants.

Question 52.
Explain different types of hydrophytes with examples.
Answer:
Hydrophytes
The plants which are living in water or wet places are called hydrophytes. According to their relation to water and air, they are sub-divided into following categories:

1. Free floating hydrophytes
2. Rooted-floating hydrophytes
3. Submerged floating hydrophytes
4. Rooted- submerged hydrophytes
5. Amphibious hydrophytes.

1. Free floating hydrophytes: These plants float freely on the surface of water. They remain in contact with water and air, but not with soil. Examples: Eichhornia, Pistia and Wolffia (smallest flowering plant).

2. Rooted floating hydrophytes: In these plants, the roots are fixed in mud, but their leaves and flowers are floating on the surface of water. These plants are in contact with soil, water and air. Examples: Nelumbo, Nymphaea, Potomogeton and Marsilea.

3. Submerged floating hydrophytes: These plants are completely submerged in water and not in contact with soil and air. Examples: Ceratophyllum and Utricularia.

4. Rooted-submerged hydrophytes: These plants are completely submerged in water and rooted in soil and not in contact with air. Examples: Hydrilla, Vallisneria and Isoetes.

5. Amphibious hydrophytes (Rooted emergent hydrophytes): These plants are adapted to both aquatic and terrestrial modes of life. They grow in shallow water. Examples: Ranunculus, Typha and Sagittaria.

Question 53.
Enumerate the anatomical adaptations of xerophytes.
Answer:

1. Presence of multilayered epidermis with heavy cuticle to prevent water loss due to transpiration.
2. Hypodermis is well developed with sclerenchymatous tissues.
3. Sunken shaped stomata are present only in the lower epidermis with hairs in the sunken pits.
4. Scotoactive type of stomata found in succulent plants.
5. Vascular bundles are well developed with several layered bundle sheath.
6. Mesophyll is well differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma.
7. In succulents, the stem possess a water storage region.

Question 54.
List out any five morphological adaptations of halophytes.
Answer:
Morphological adaptations

1. The temperate halophytes are herbaceous but the tropical halophytes are mostly bushy.
2. In addition to the normal roots, many stilt roots are developed.
3. A special type of negatively geotropic roots called pneumatophores with pneumathodes to get sufficient aeration are also present. They are called breathing roots.
   Example: Avicennia.
4. Presence of thick cuticle on the aerial parts of the plant body.
5. Leaves are thick, entire, succulent and glossy. Some species are aphyllous (without leaves).

Question 55.
What are the advantages of seed dispersal?
Answer:
Advantages of seed dispersal:

1. Seeds escape from mortality near the parent plants due to predation by animals or getting diseases and also avoiding competition.
2. Dispersal also gives a chance to occupy favourable sites for growth.
3. It is an important process in the movement of plant genes particularly this is the only method available for self-fertilized flowers and maternally transmitted genes in outcrossing plants.
4. Seed dispersal by animals help in conservation of many species even in human altered ecosystems.
5. Understanding of fruits and seed dispersal acts as a key for proper functioning and establishment of many ecosystems from deserts to evergreen forests and also for the maintenance of biodiversity conservation and restoration of ecosystems.

Question 56.
Describe dispersal of fruit and seeds by animals.
Answer:
Birds and mammals, including human beings play an efficient and important role in the dispersal of fruit and seeds. They have the following devices.

1. Hooked fruit: The surface of the fruit or seeds have hooks (Xanthium), barbs (Andropogon), spines (Aristida) by means of which they adhere to the body of animals or clothes of human beings and get dispersed.
2. Sticky fruits and seeds:
   • Some fruits have sticky glandular hairs by which they adhere to the fur of grazing animals. Example: Boerhaavia and Cleome.
   • Some fruits have viscid layer which adhere to the beak of the bird which eat them and when they rub them on to the branch of the tree, they disperse and germinate.
     Example: Cordia and Alangium.
3. Fleshy fruits: Some fleshy fruits with conspicuous colours are dispersed by human beings to distant places after consumption.

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Bio Botany Principles of Ecology Additional Questions and Answers

1 – Mark Questions

Question 1.
Who is called as the father of Modem Ecology?
Answer:
Eugene P. Odum

Question 2.
Autoecology deals with the study of ________
(a) Community
(b) Population
(c) Individual species
(d) Niche of species
Answer:
(c) Individual species

Question 3.
Environment of any community is called
(a) Paratope
(d) Biotope
(c) Opitope
(d) Biotope
Answer:
(d) Biotope

Question 4.
Match Coloumn I with Column II

Answer:
(a) – iii
(b) – i
(c) – iv
(d) – ii

Question 5.
The study of soil is called as __________
(a) Lithotripsy
(b) Lithosphere
(c) Pedology
(d) Pedology analysis
Answer:
(c) Pedology

Question 6.
Identify the indicators of fire.
(a) Pucinia
(b) Pyricularia
(c) Pyronema
Answer:
(c) Pyronema

Question 7.
The surface features of earth are called __________
Answer:
Topography

Question 8.
Amensalism is called as __________
Answer:
Antibiosis

Question 9.
is the transition zone between two ecosystems.
Answer:
Ecotone

Question 10.
Match the type of species interaction with correct combination. Interaction Type Combination

Answer:
(a) – iii (b) – i (c) – iv (d) – ii

Question 11.
Wasps is the fruits of fig is an example for ________ type of species interaction.
Answer:
Mutualism

Question 12.
Statement 1: Latitudes represent distance from the equator.
Statement 2: Height above the seal level from longitude.
(a) Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
(b) Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is correct.
(c) Both the statements are correct.
(d) Both the statements are incorrect.
Answer:
(a) Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.

Question 13.
Statement 1: Holoparsites depend totally on other organisms for nutrition.
Statement 2: Dumta is holoparasite.
(a) Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
(b) Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is correct.
(c) Both the statements are correct.
(d) Both the statements are incorrect.
Answer:
(c) Both the statements are correct.

Question 14.
Statement 1: Ephemerals are drought evaders.
Statement 2: They are not true xerophytes.
(a) Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is incorrect.
(b) Statement 1 is incorrect. Statement 2 is correct.
(c) Both the statements are correct.
(d) Both the statements are incorrect.
Answer:
(c) Both the statements are correct.

Question 15.
Assertion (A) : Plains and valleys are rich in vegetation
Reason (R): Slow drain of surface water and better water retention is noticed.
(a) A is true R is false
(b) R explains A
(c) A and R are false
(d) A and R are true. But R doesnot explains A
Answer:
(b) R explains A

Question 16.
Utricularia is a _______
(a) Rooted floating hydrophyte
(b) Submerged floating hydrophyte
(c) Rooted submerged hydrophyte
(d) Amphibious hydrophyte
Answer:
(b) Submerged floating hydrophyte

Question 17.
Earth day is observed on
(a) April 22nd
(b) March 21st
(c) July 07th
(d) September 16th
Answer:
(a) April 22nd

Question 18.
Plants in sandy soils are commonly called as _______
Answer:
Psammophytes

2 – Mark Questions

Question 1.
How Earnest Haeckel defined ecology?
Answer:
Earnest Haeckel defined “Ecology is the study of the reciprocal relationship between living organisms and their environment.”

Question 2.
What is ecological hierarchy?
Answer:
The interaction of organisms with their environment results in the establishment of grouping of organisms which is called ecological hierarchy.

Question 3.
Sequentially arrange the different units of ecological hierarchy.
Answer:

Question 4.
Define

1. Autecology
2. Synecology.

Answer:

1. Autecology is the ecology of an individual species and is also called species ecology.
2. Synecology is the ecology of a population or community with one or more species and also called as community ecology.

Question 5.
What is Niche?
Answer:
An ecological niche refers to an organism’s place in the biotic environment and its functional role in an ecosystem.

Question 6.
What are ecological factors?
Answer:
The environment (surrounding) includes physical, chemical and biological components. When a component surrounding an organism affects the life of an organism, it becomes a factor. All such factors together are called environmental factors or ecological factors.

Question 7.
Name the climatic factors that affect plant life.
Answer:
Light, Temperature, Water, Wind and Fire.

Question 8.
Name any four physiological processes in plants, where the light plays a crucial role.
Answer:

1. Photosynthesis
2. Transpiration
3. Seed germination
4. Flowering

Question 9.
Heliophytes differ from Sciophytes. How?
Answer:
Heliophytes – Light loving plants. Example: Angiosperms.
Sciophytes – Shade loving plants. Example: Bryophytes and Pteridophytes.

Question 10.
Based on temperature prevalence, Raunkiaer classified world’s vegetation into four types. Name them.
Answer:
Raunkiaer classified the world’s vegetation into the following four types. They are megatherms, mesotherms, microtherms and hekistotherms.

Question 11.
Distinguish between evergreen forests and sclerophyllous forests.
Answer:
Evergreen Forests: Found where heavy rainfall occurs throughout the year.
Sclerophyllous Forests: Found where heavy rainfall occurs during winter and low rainfall during summer.

Question 12.
What does the term ‘Timber line’ refers to?
Answer:
Timber line is an imaginary line in a mountain or higher areas of land that marks the level above which trees do not grow. The altitudinal limit of normal tree growth is about 3000 to 4000 m.

Question 13.
Compare Euryhaline organisms with stenohaline organisms.
Answer:

1. Euryhaline: Organisms which can live in water with wide range of salinity. Examples: Marine algae and marina angiosperms.
2. Stenohaline: Organisms which can withstand only small range of salinity. Example: Plants of estuaries.

Question 14.
Write the composition of gases in atmosphere.
Answer:
Nitrogen -78% , Oxygen -21%, Carbon-di-oxide -0.03%, Argon and other gases – 0.93%.

Question 15.
What is Albedo effect?
Answer:
Gases let out to atmosphere causes climatic change. Emission of dust and aerosols from industries, automobiles, forest fire, S02 and DMS (dimethyl sulphur) play an important role in disturbing the temperature level of any region. Aerosols with small particles is reflecting the solar radiation entering the atmosphere. This is known as Albedo effect.

Question 16.
Point any two adverse effects of fire in an environment.
Answer:

1. Fire has a direct lethal effect on plants.
2. It brings out the alteration of light, rainfall, nutrient cycle, fertility of soil, pH, soil flora and fauna

Question 17.
Pyronema confluens is the indicator of fire – comment.
Answer:
Pyronema confluens is a fungus which grow on the soil of burnt or fire disturbed areas. Hence it is called as indicator of fire.

Question 18.
What are edaphic factors?
Answer:
Edaphic factors are the abiotic factors related to soil, include the physical and chemical composition of the soil formed in a particular area.

Question 19.
Name the study that deals with soil factors. Also mention the optimal soil pH for crop cultivation.
Answer:
The study of soil is called pedology. The best pH of soil for crop cultivation is 5.5 to 6.8.

Question 20.
Define soil profile.
Answer:
Soil is commonly stratified into horizons at different depth. These layers differ in their physical, chemical and biological properties. This succession of super-imposed horizons is called soil profile.

Question 21.
Given below are few types of plants. Mention their habitats.

1. Halophytes
2. Chasmophytes
3. Cryophytes
4. Psammophytes.

Answer:

1. Halophytes: Plants living in saline soils.
2. Chasmophytes: Plants living in rocky crevices.
3. Cryophytes: Plants living in ice surface.
4. Psammophytes: Plants living in sandy soils.

Question 22.
Mention any four topographic factors that affect vegetation.
Answer:

1. Latitude
2. Altitude
3. Direction of mountain and
4. Steepness of mountain.

Question 23.
How the steepness of mountain affects the vegetation?
Answer:
The steepness of the mountain or hill allows the rain to run off. As a result the loss of water causes water deficit and quick erosion of the top soil resulting in poor vegetation. On the other hand, the plains and valley are rich in vegetation due to the slow drain of surface water and better retention of water in the soil.

Question 24.
Name any two positive interactions with an example for each.
Answer:

1. Mutualism – E.g: Lichen
2. Commensalism – E.g: Orchids.

Question 25.
Define mutualism with an example.
Answer:
Mutualism is an interaction between two species of organisms in which both are benefitted from the obligate association. E.g: Lichens (alga with fungus).

Question 26.
What is the principle of commensalism?
Answer:
Commensalism is an interaction between two organisms in which one is benefitted and the other is neither benefitted nor harmed. The species that derives benefit is called the commensal, while the other species is called the host.

Question 27.
Specify the type of interactions between the given pair of species.

1. Spanish moss and Oak tree
2. Cuscuta and Acacia
3. Nepenthes and Ants
4. Alga and fungus

Answer:

1. Commensalism
2. Parasitism
3. Predation
4. Mutualism

Question 28.
Explain the concept of proto co-operation.
Answer:
Proto Co-operation is an interaction between organisms of different species in which both organisms benefit but neither is dependent on the relationship. Example: Soil bacteria / fungi and plants growing in the soil.

Question 29.
What are Holoparasites? Give example.
Answer:
The organisms which are dependent upon the host plants for their entire nutrition are called Holoparasites. They are also called total parasites.
Example: Cuscuta is a total stem parasite of the host plant Acacia.

Question 30.
What are hemiparasites? Give example.
Answer:
Hemiparasites is the organisms which derive only water and minerals from their host plant while synthesizing their own food by photosynthesis are called Hemiparasites. They are also called partial parasites.
Example: Viscum.

Question 31.
Cite an example for partial stem parasite and partial root parasite.
Answer:

1. Partial stem parasite – E.g: Loranthus.
2. Partial root parasite – E.g: Santalum.

Question 32.
Define Amensalism.
Answer:
Amensalism is an interspecific interaction in which one species is inhibited while the other species is neither benefitted nor harmed. The inhibition is achieved by the secretion of certain chemicals called allelopathic substances. Amensalism is also called antibiosis.

Question 33.
Point out any two morphological adaptations noticed in the roots of hydrophytes.
Answer:

1. Roots are totally absent in Wolffia and Salvinia or poorly developed in Hydrilla or well developed in Ranunculus.
2. The root caps are replaced by root pockets.
   Example: Eichhomia.

Question 34.
What are hygrophytes? Give example.
Answer:
The plants which can grow in moist damp and shady places are called hygrophytes. Examples: Habenaria (Orchid) and Mosses (Bryophytes), etc.

Question 35.
What are trichophyllous plants? Give example.
Answer:
In xerophytic plants, with the leaves and stem are covered with hairs are called trichophyllous plants.
Example: Cucurbits (Melothria and Mukia)

Question 36.
Give an example for following type of adaptations.

1. Phyllode
2. Cladode

Answer:

1. Phyllode – E.g: Acacia.
2. Cladode – E.g: Asparagus.

Question 37.
Write a brief note on pneumatophores. Give an example.
Answer:
Pneumatophores are the special type of negatively geotropic roots developed by halophytes. It possess pneumathodes to get sufficient aeration. They are also called breathing roots.
Example: Avicennia.

3 – Mark Questions

Question 38.
Differentiate habitat from niche.
Answer:
Habitat:

1. A specific physical space occupied by an organism (species).
2. Same habitat may be shared by many organisms (species).
3. Habitat specificity is exhibited by organism.

Niche:

1. A functional space occupied by an organism in the same eco-system.
2. A single niche is occupied by a single species.
3. Organisms may change their niche with time and season.

Question 39.
What is thermal stratification? Explain its types.
Answer:
Thermal stratification is usually found in aquatic habitat. The change in the temperature profile with increasing depth in a water body is called thermal stratification. There are three kinds of thermal stratifications.

1. Epilimnion – The upper layer of warmer water.
2. Metalimnion – The middle layer with a zone of gradual decrease in temperature.
3. Hypolimnion – The bottom layer of colder water.

Question 40.
What are the adverse effects of temperature on plant?
Answer:

1. Temperature affects the enzymatic action of all the bio-chemical reactions in a plant body.
2. Low temperature with high humidity can spread diseases to plants.
3. The varying temperature with moisture determines the distribution of the vegetation types.

Question 41.
Explain briefly about the three types of fire.
Answer:

1. Ground fire – Which is flameless and subterranean.
2. Surface fire – Which consumes the herbs and shrubs.
3. Crown fire – Which bums the forest canopy.

Question 42.
Classify soil based on its formation.
Answer:
Based on soil formation (pedogenesis), the soils are divided into:

1. Residual soils -These are soils formed by weathering and pedogenesis of the rock.
2. Transported soils – These are transported by various agencies.

Question 43.
Loamy soil is ideal for crop cultivation – Justify.
Answer:
Loamy soil is ideal soil for cultivation, since it consists of 70% sand and 30% clay or silt or both. It ensures good retention and proper drainage of water. The porosity of soil provides adequate aeration and allows the penetration of roots.

Question 44.
Direction of mountain determines the richness of vegetation – Justify.
Answer:
North and south faces of mountain or hill possess different types of flora and fauna because they differ in their humidity, rainfall, light intensity, light duration and temperature regions. The two faces of the mountain or hill receive different amount of solar radiation, wind action and rain. Of these two faces, the windward region possesses good vegetation due to heavy rains and die leeward region possesses poor vegetation due to rain shadows (rain deficit).

Question 45.
What are epiphytes? Explain their characteristic features.
Answer:
The plants which are found growing on other plants without harming them are called epiphytes. They are commonly found in tropical rain forest The epiphytic higher plant (Orchids) gets its nutrients and water from the atmosphere with the help of their hygroscopic roots which contain special type of spongy tissue called Velamen. So it prepares its own food and does not depend on the host. They use the host plant only for support and does not harm.

Question 46.
Discuss on predator – prey interaction with example.
Answer:
Predation: It is an interaction between two species, one of which captures, kills and eats up the other. The species which kills is called a predator and the species which is killed is called a prey. The predator is benefitted while the prey is harmed. Many herbivores are predators. Cattles, Camels and Goats etc., frequently browse on the tender shoots of herbs, shrubs and trees.

Question 47.
Give an account of Mimicry.
Answer:
Mimicry is a phenomenon in which living organism modifies its form, appearance, structure or behavior and looks like another living organism as a self defence and increases the chance of their survival. Floral mimicry is for usually inviting pollinators but animal mimicry is often protective. Mimicry is a result of evolutionary significance due to shape and sudden heritable mutation and preservation of natural selection.

Question 48.
Mention any two species that exhibits protective mimicry.
Answer:

1. Carausium morosus (Stick insect)
2. PhyIlium frondosum (Leaf insect).

Question 49.
What is co-evolution? Explain with example.
Answer:
The interaction between organisms, when continues for generations, involves reciprocal changes in genetic and morphological characters of both organisms. This type of evolution is called Co-evolution. It is a kind of co-adaptation and mutual change among interactive species.
Examples:

• Corolla length and proboscis length of butterflies and moths (Habenaria and Moth).
• Bird’s beak shape and flower shape and size.

Question 50.
How physical dryness differ from physiological dryness?
Answer:

1. Physical dryness: In these habitats, soil has a little amount of water due to the inability of the soil to hold water because of low rainfall.
2. Physiological dryness: In these habitats, water is sufficiently present but plants are unable to absorb it because of the absence of capillary spaces.
   Example: Plants in salty and acidic soil.

Question 51.
Point out the Anatomical adaptations exhibited by the Halophytes.
Answer:
Anatomical adaptations:

1. Epidermal cells of stem is heavily cutinized, almost squarish and are filled with oil and tannins.
2. Star’ shaped sclereids and ‘H’ shaped heavy thickened spicules that provide mechanical strength to cortex are present in the stem.
3. The leaves may be dorsiventral or isobilateral with salt secreting glands.

5-Mark Question

Question 52.
Explain various edaphic factors that affect vegetation.
Answer:
The important edaphic factors which affect vegetation are as follows:

1. Soil moisture: Plants absorbs rain water and moisture directly from the air.
2. Soil water: Soil water is more important than any other ecological factors affecting the distribution of plants. Rain is the main source of soil water. Capillary water held between pore spaces of soil particles and angles between them is the most important form of water available to the plants.
3. Soil reactions: Soil may be acidic or alkaline or neutral in their reaction. pH value of the . soil solution determines the availability of plant nutrients. The best pH range of the soil for cultivation of crop plants is 5.5 to 6.8.
4. Soil nutrients: Soil fertility and productivity is the ability of soil to provide all essential plant nutrients such as minerals and organic nutrients in the form of ions.
5. Soil temperature: Soil temperature of an area plays an’important role in determining the
   geographical distribution of plants. Low temperature reduces use of water and solute absorption by roots. .
6. Soil atmosphere: The spaces left between soil particles are called pore spaces which contains oxygen and carbon-di-oxide.
7. Soil organisms: Many organisms existing in the soil like bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoans, nematodes, insects and earthworms, etc. are called soil organisms.

Question 53.
What does competition refers to? Classify and describe it.
Answer:
1.Competition: It is an interaction between two organisms or species in which both the organisms or species are harmed. Competition is the severest in population that has irregular distribution. Competition is classified into intraspecific and interspecific.

2. Intraspecific competition: It is an interaction between individuals of the same species. This competition is very severe because all the members of species have similar requirements of food, habitat and pollination etc., and they also have similar adaptations to fulfill their needs.

3. Interspecific competition: It is an interaction between individuals of different species. In grassland, many species of grasses grow well as there is little competition when enough nutrients and water is available. During drought Shortage of water occurs. A life and death competition starts among the different species of grass lands.

Survival in both these competitions is determined by the quantity of nutrients, availability of water and migration to new areas. Different species of herbivores, larvae and grass hopper competing for fodder or forage plants. Trees, shrubs and herbs in a forest struggle for sunlight, water and nutrients and also for pollination and dispersal of fruits and seeds, The Utricularia (Bladderwort) competes with tiny fishes for small crustaceans and insects.

Question 54.
Point out any five morphological adaptations of epiphytes.
Answer:
Morphological adaptations:

1. Root system is extensively developed. These roots may be of two types. They are Clinging roots and Aerial roots. Clinging roots fix the epiphytes firmly on the surface of the supporting objects. Aerial roots are green coloured roots which may hang downwardly and absorb moisture from the atmosphere with the help of a spongy tissue called velamen.
2. Stem of some epiphytes are succulent and develop pseudo bulb or tuber.
3. Generally the leaves are lesser in number and may be fleshy and leathery.
4. Myrmecophily is a common occurrence in the epiphytic vegetation to prevent the predators.
5. The fruits and seeds are very small and usually dispersed by wind, insects and birds.

Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTs) Questions

Question 1.
Being a tropical country, India is the largest producer of delicious mangoes. These mango tree don’t grow in temperate countries. Give reason.
Answer:
Mango tree show very narrow range of thermal tolerance. Hence they cannot grow in temperate countries.

Question 2.
What is cause of flag forms in trees?
Answer:
Unidirectional wind stimulates the development of flag forms in trees.

Question 3.
In the picture given below, A and B represents the two different biomes. What does the letter C denotes? What will be its impact on the organisms in C Explain with example.
Answer:

The letter C denotes Ecotone – a transition zone between two different ecosystem. Those species found in the ecotone will have impact of environment of two habitats.
E.g. Owl in the ecotone area between forest and grassland.

Question 4.
Observe the tabular column and complete it using proper terms.

Answer:
A = +
B = Commensalism
C = –
D = Parasitism
E = –

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Students can Download Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Clipped Words, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Vocabulary Clipped Words

Clipping is a process of coining a new word. It is done by removing a portion of the original word.
For example: document – doc

Clipped Words For 12th English Question 1.
Choose the clipped word for airplane”.
(a) aer
(b) aerop
(c) aero
(d) plane
Answer:
(d) plane

Clipped Word For Internet Question 2.
Choose the clipped word for “biology”.
(a) bio
(b) biol
(c) logy
(d) Biolog
Answer:
(a) bio

12th English Clipped Words Question 3.
Choose the clipped word for the word “cafeteria”.
(a) caf
(b) cafe
(c) tena
(a) cafet
Answer:
(b) cafe

Clipped Word For Promenade Question 4.
Choose the clipped word for “champion”.
(a) chap
(b) pion
(c) ch ion
(d) champ
Answer:
(d) champ

Clipped Word For Cafeteria Question 5.
Choose the clipped word for “Chemistry”.
(a) Chemist
(b) Mistry
(c) Chern
(d) Chemis
Answer:
(c) Chem

Clipped Form Of Cafeteria Question 6.
Choose the clipped word for “chimpanzee”.
(a) chimpan
(b) chimp
(c) panzee
(d) chirn
Answer:
(b) chimp

Clipped Word Of Chemistry Question 7.
Choose the clipped word tòr “coeducational”.
(a) co-ed
(b) co-edu
(c) co-educate
(d) co-educ
Answer:
(a) co-ed

Cafeteria Clipped Word Question 8.
Choose the clipped word for “Internet”.
(a) mt
(b) intern
(c) net
(d) inter
Answer:
(c) net

Clipped Words Pdf Question 9.
Choose the clipped word for “graduate”.
(a) grate
(b) grad
(c) grade
(d) gradu
Answer:
(b) grad

Clipped Word Of Internet Question 10.
Choose the clipped word for “electronic mail”.
(a) E-mail
(b) electro-mail
(c) elect-mail
(d) e-mail
Answer:
(d) e-mail

Clipped Word For Information Question 11.
Choose the clipped word for ‘dormitory”.
(a) dort
(b) dorm
(c) dormi
(d) dormit
Answer:
(b) dorm

Clipped Form Of Hippopotamus Question 12.
Choose the clipped word for “fabulous”.
(a) fabul
(b) falous
(c) fab
(d) fabu
Answer:
(c) fab

Clipped Word Question 13.
Choose the clipped word for the word “information”.
(a) info
(b) inform
(c) ino
(d) infrm
Answer:
(a) info

Clipped Word For University Question 14.
Choose the clipped word for “gasoline”.
(a) galine
(b) gas
(c) gasol
(d) gaso
Answer:
(b) gas

Clipped Word For Demarcate Question 15.
Choose the clipped word for “hippopotamus”.
(a) hipot
(b) potamus
(c) hipo
(d) hippo
Answer:
(d) hippo

Clipped Word For Pianoforte Question 16.
Choose the clipped word for “teenager”.
(a) tee
(b) teenag
(c) teen
(d) ager
Answer:
(c) teen

Question 17.
Choose the clipped word for “luncheon”.
(a) lunch
(b) lunchon
(c) leon
(d) lunchen
Answer:
(a) lunch

Question 18.
Choose the clipped word for “moving picture”.
(a) mpic
(b) mopic
(c) movepic
(d) movie
Answer:
(d) movie

Question 19.
Choose the clipped
(a) piano word for “pianoforte”.
(b) piaf
(c) pionofort
(d) piaforte
Answer:
(a) piano

Question 20.
Choose the clipped
(a) prade word for “promenade”.
(b) promade
(c) prom
(d) promade
Answer:
(c) prom

Question 21.
Choose the clipped
(a) reftor word for ‘refrigerator’.
(b) refrig
(c) gerator
(d) fridge
Answer:
(d) fridge

Question 22.
Choose the clipped
(a) chronise word for “synchronise”.
(b)synchron
(c) sync
(d) synchro
Answer:
(d) vet

Question 23.
Choose the clipped
(a) rhin word for the word “rhinoceros”.
(b) rhino
(c) rhinoce
(d) ceros
Answer:
(c) sync

Question 24.
Choose the clipped
(a) stats word for “statistics”.
(b) statis
(c) static
(d) statist
Answer:
(b) rhino

Question 25.
Choose the clipped word for “veterinarian”.
(a) vetem
(b) vetrin
(c) veter
(d) vet
Answer:
(a) stats

Some more examples of clipped words:

1	agriculture	agri
2.	alchemist	chemist
3.	alumni/alumna	alum
4.	amend	mend
5.	apollinaris	polly
6.	automobile	auto
7.	beautiful	beauty
8.	biology	bio
9.	botany	bot
10.	brassiere	bra
11.	brother	bro
12.	burst	bust
13.	buttocks	butt
14.	cablegram	cable
15.	calculus	calc
16.	cellphone	cell
17.	centum	cent
18.	cleric	clerk
19.	coattails	tails
20.	coca-cola / cocaine	coke
21.	coeducational	coed
22.	comprehensive	comp
23.	condominium	condo
24.	co-operative	co-op
25.	cousin	cous
26.	cucumber	cuke
27.	daddy	dad
28.	daily paper	daily
29.	delicatessen / delicacy	deli
30.	dental / dentistry	dent
31.	detective	tec
32.	differential	diff
33.	disport	sport
34.	distill	still          ;
35.	doctor	doc
36.	dormitory	dorm
37.	drapery	drape
38.	earthquake	quake
39.	ecology	eco
40.	enthusiasm	enthu
41.	examination	exam
42.	fabulous	fab
43.	faggot	fag
44.	fraternity	frat
45.	gabble	gab
’46.	gentleman	gent
47.	Gypsy	gyp
48.	hackney	hack
49.	head-shrinker	shrink
50.	homosexual	homo
51.	jet aircraft	jet
52.	laboratory	lab
53.	lavatory	lav
54.	limousine	limo
55.	literature	lit
56.	lubricate	lube
57.	mathematics	maths
58,	maximum	max
59.	medical	medic
60.	memorandum	memo
61.	mistress	miss
62.	mobile vulgus	mob
63.	modem	mod
64.	mommy	mom
65.	motorcar	car
66.	non-vegetarian	non-veg
67.	oleomargarine	margarine
68.	parachute	chute
69.	parole dhonneur	parole
70.	penitentiary	pen
71.	pepper	pep
72.	percolate / perquisite	perk
73.	periwig	wig
74.	petroleum	petro
75.	photograph	photo
76.	popular	pop
77.	president	pres
78.	professional	pro
79.	professor	prof
80.	psychology	psych
81.	public house	pub
82.	pugnacious	pug
83.	pajamas	jams/jammies
84.	quadrangle / quadraphonic	quad
85.	raccoon	coon
86.	referee/reference	ref          ‘
87.	representative	rep
88.	revolution/reverend	rev
89.	robot	bot
90.	saxophone	sax
91.	schizophrenic	schizo
92.	scramble	scram
93.	squadron	squad
94.	specifications	specs
95.	sweatsuit	sweats
96.	synchronize	sync
97.	teacher	teach
98.	technical	tech
99.	telephone	phone
100.	television	tele
101.	trigonometry	trig
102.	triumph	trump
103.	trombone	bone
104.	turnpike	pike
105.	tuxedo	tux
106.	tympani	tymps
107.	universal joint	U joint
108.	university	varsity
109.	vegetarian	veg
110.	veteran / veterinarian	vet
111.	website	web
112.	zoological garden	zoo

Students can Download Computer Science Chapter 6 Control Structures Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Solutions Chapter 6 Control Structures

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Control Structures Text Book Back Questions and Answers

PART – I
I. Choose The Best Answer

12th Computer Science Chapter 6 Book Back Answers Question 1.
How many important control structures are there in Python?
(a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 5
(d) 6
Answer:
(a) 3

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 12th Computer Science Question 2.
elif can be considered to be abbreviation of ……………………….
(a) Nested if
(b) If … else
(c) Else if
(d) If ……… Else
Answer:
(a) Nested if

12th Computer Science Samacheer Kalvi Question 3.
What plays a vital role in Python programming?
(a) Statements
(b) Control
(c) Structure
(d) Indentation
Answer:
(d) Indentation

Computer Chart For 12th Class Question 4.
Which statement is generally used as a placeholder?
(a) Continue
(b) Break
(c) Pass
(d) Goto
Answer:
(c) Pass

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Question 5.
The condition in the if statement should be in the form of ……………………….
(a) Arithmetic or Relational expression
(b) Arithmetic or Logical expression
(c) Relational or Logical expression
(d) Arithmetic
Answer:
(c) Relational or Logical expression

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Science Solutions Question 6.
Which is the most comfortable loop?
(a) do..while
(b) While
(c) For
(d) if….elif
Answer:
(c) For

Computer Science Chapter 6 Question 7.
What is the output of the following snippet?
i = 1
while True:
if i % 3 = 0:
break
print(i, end = “)
i + = 1
(a) 12
(b) 123
(c) 1234
(d) 124
Answer:
(a) 12

Computer Chart 12th Class Question 8.
What is the output of the following snippet?
T = 1
while T: print(True)
break
(a) False
(b) True
(c) 0
(d) No output
Answer:
(d) No output

Samacheer Kalvi Class 12 Computer Science Question 9.
Which amongst this is not a jump statement?
(a) For
(b) Goto
(c) Continue
(d) Break
Answer:
(a) For

12 Computer Science Samacheer Kalvi Question 10.
Which punctuation should be used in the blank?
if _
statements – block 1
else:
statements – block 2
else:
(a) ;
(b) :
(c) ::
(d) !
Answer:
(b) :

PART – II
II. Answer The Following Questions

Question 1.
List the control structures in Python?
Answer:
There are three important control structures

1. Sequential
2. Alternative or Branching
3. Iterative or Looping

Question 2.
Write note on break statement?
Answer:
The break statement terminates the loop containing it. Control of the program flows to the statement immediately after the body of the loop.

Question 3.
Write is the syntax of if .. else statement?
Answer:
Syntax:
if:
statements – block 1
else:
statements – block 2

Question 4.
Define control structure?
Answer:
A program statement that causes a jump of control from one part of the program to another is called control structure or control statement. As you have already learnt in C++, these control statements are compound statements used to alter the control flow of the process or program depending on the state of the process.

Question 5.
Write note on range 0 in loop?
Answer:
Usually in Python, for loop uses the rangeQ function in the sequence to specify the initial, final and increment values. rangeQ generates a list of values starting from start till stop – 1.

PART – III
III. Answer The Following Questions

Question 1.
Write a program to display?
A
A B
A B C
A B C D
A B C D E
Answer:
Program code: for i in range(1, 6):
for i in range(65, 65 + i)
a = chr (j)
print a
print

Question 2.
Write note on ifi.else structure?
if .. else statement
Answer:
The if., else statement provides control to check the true block as well as the false block. Following is the syntax of ‘if.else’ statement.
Syntax:
if:
statements – block 1
else:
statements – block 2

Question 3.
Using if..else..elif statement write a suitable program to display largest of 3 numbers. Display Largest of 3 Numbers?
Answer:
num 1 = int (input(“Enter first number : “))
num 2 = int (input(“Enter second number : “))
num 3 = int (input(“Enter third number : “))
if (num 1 > num 2) and (num 1 > num 3):
largest = num 1
elif (num 2 > num 1) and (num 2 > num 3):
largest = num 2
else:
largest = num3
print (“The largest number is”, largest)
Output:
Enter first number: 7
Enter second number: 5
Enter third number: 4
The largest number is 7

Question 4.
Write the syntax of while loop?
Answer:
The syntax of while loop in Python has the following syntax:
Syntax:
while:
statements block 1
[else:
statements block 2]

Question 5.
List the differences between break and continue statements?
Answer:
Break statement:
Break statement has even skipped the ‘else’ part of the loop and has transferred the control to the next line following the loop block.

Continue statement:
Continue statement unlike the break statement is used to skip the remaining part of a loop and start with next iteration.

PART – IV
IV. Answer The Following Questions.

Question 1.
Write a detail note on for loop?
for loop:
for loop is the most comfortable loop. It is also an entry check loop. The condition is checked in the beginning and the body of the loop(statements – block 1) is executed if it is only True otherwise the loop is not executed.
Syntax:
for counter _ variable in sequence:
statements block 1
# optional block
[else:
statements block 2]
The counter_variable mentioned in the syntax is similar to the control variable that we used in the for loop of C++ and the sequence refers to the initial, final and increment value.

Usually in Python, for loop uses the rangeQ function in the sequence to specify the initial, final and increment values, ranged) generates a list of values starting from start till stop – 1.
The syntax of range O is as follows:
range (start, stop, [step])
Where,
start – refers to the initial value
stop – refers to the final value
step – refers to increment value, this is optional part.
Examples for range 0
range (1, 30, 1) will start the range of values from 1 and end at 29
range (2, 30, 2) will start the range of values from 2 and end at 28
range (30, 3, -3) will start the range of values from 30 and end at 6
range (20) will consider this value 20 as the end value(or upper limit) and starts the range count from 0 to 19 (remember always range 0 will work till stop – 1 value only).

# program to illustrate the use of for loop – to print single digit even number
fori in range (2, 10, 2):
print (i, end = ‘ ‘)
Output:
2 4 6 8

Question 2.
Write a detail note on if..else..elif statement with suitable example?
Answer:
Nested if..elif…else statement:
When we need to construct a chain of if statement(s) then ‘elif’ clause can be used instead of ‘else’.
Syntax:
if:
statements – block 1
elif:
statements – block 2
else:
statements – block n

In the syntax of if..elif..else mentioned above, condition – 1 is tested if it is true then statements-block 1 is executed, otherwise the control checks condition – 2, if it is true statements-block2 is executed and even if it fails statements – block n mentioned in else part is executed.

‘elif’ clause combines if.else – if.else statements to one if.elif… else, ‘elif’ can be considered to be abbreviation of ‘else if’. In an ‘if’ statement there is no limit of ‘elif’ clause that can be used, but an ‘else ’clause if used should be placed at the end

m1 = int (input(“Enter mark in first subject: ”))
m2 = int (input(“Enter mark in second subject: ”))
avg = (m1 + m2)/2
if avg> = 80:
print (“Grade: A”)
elif avg> = 70 and avg<80: print (“Grade: B”) elif avg> = 60 and avg<70: print (“Grade: C”) elif avg> = 50 and avg<60:
print (“Grade: D”)
else:
print (“Grade: E”)

Output 1:
Enter mark in first subject: 34
Enter mark in second subject: 78
Grade: D

Question 3.
Write a program to display all 3 digit odd numbers?
Answer:
Odd Number (3 digits)
for a in range (100, 1000)
if a % 2 = = 1:
print b
Output:
101, 103, 105, 107, .. …… 997, 999

Question 4.
Write a program to display multiplication table for a given number?
Answer:
Multiplication table
num = int (input(“Enter the number : “))
print (“multiplication Table of “, num)
for i in range(1, 11):
print (num, “x”, i,”=”, num*i)
Output:
Enter the number: 6
Multiplication Table of 6
6 × 1 = 6
6 × 2 = 12
6 × 3 = 18
6 × 4 = 24
6 × 5 = 30
6 × 6 = 36
6 × 7 = 42
6 × 8 = 48
6 × 9 = 54
6 × 10 = 60

Practice Programs

Question 1.
Write a program to check whether the given character is a vowel or not?
Answer:
ch = input(“Enter a character : “)
if ch in (‘a’, ’A’, ‘e’, ‘E’, ‘i’, ‘I’, ‘o’, ‘O’, ‘u’, ‘U’):
print (ch,’is a vowel’)
else:
print (ch the letter is not a vowel’)
Output:
Enter a character: e
e is a vowel

Question 2.
Using if..else..elif statement check smallest of three numbers?
Answer:
num 1 = int (input(“Enter first number : “))
num 2 = int (input(“Enter second number : “))
num 3 = int (input(“Enter third number : “))
if (num 1 < num 2) and (num 1 < num 3):
smallest = num 1
elif (num 2 < num 1) and (num 2 < num 3): smallest = num 2 else: smallest = num 3 print(” The smallest number is”, smallest) Output: Enter first number: 12 Enter second number: 7 Enter third number: 15 The smallest number is 7 Question 3. Write a program to check if a number is Positive, Negative or zero? Answer: num = int(input(“Enter a number : “)) if num > 0:
print (“positive number”)
elif num = = 0:
print(“zero”)
else:
print (“Negative number”)
Output:
Enter a number: 2
positive number

Question 4.
Write a program to display Fibonacci series 01 1235 (up to n terms)?
Answer:
n terms = int (input (“How many terms?”))
n1 = 0
n2 = 1
count = 2
# check if the number of tenns is valid
if n terms <= 0:
print (“please enter a positive integer”)
elif n terms = =1:
print (“Fibonacci sequence:”)
print(n1)
else:
print (“Fibonacci sequence :”)
print (n1, n2, end = “,”)
while count < nterms: nth = n1 + n2 print(nth, end =’, ‘) n1 = n2 n2 = nth count + = 1 Output: How many terms? 10 Fibonacci sequence: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34

Question 5.
Write a program to display sum of natural numbers, upto n?
Answer:
n = input(“Enter any number”) sum = 0 for i in range(i, n + 1): sum = sum + i print “sum = “, sum
Output:
Enter any number 5
sum =15

Question 6.
Write a program to check if the given number is a palindrome or not?
Answer:
n = int(input(“Enter any Number : “)) temp = n rev = 0 while (n >0):
dig = n%10
rev = rev * 10 + dig
n = n // 10
if (temp = = rev):
print (“palindrome”)
else:
print (“not a palindrome”)
Output:
Enter any Number 2332
palindrome

Question 7.
Write a program to print the following pattern?

Program:
for i in range(0, 5):
for j in range(5, i, -1):
print (“*”, end = “”)
print ( )

Question 8.
Write a program to check if the year is leap year or not?
Answer:
n = int (input(“Enter any year”))
if (n % 4 = 0):
print “Leap Year”
else:
print “Not a Leap Year”
Output:
Enter any Year 2000
Leap Year

Samacheer kalvi 12th Computer Science Control Structures Additional Questions and Answers

PART – I
I. Choose The Best Answer

Question 1.
Executing a set of statements multiple times are called as …………………………..
(a) Iteration
(b) Looping
(c) Branching
(d) Both a and b
Answer:
(d) Both a and b

Question 2.
A program statement that causes a jump of control from one part of the program to another is called ………………………….
Answer:
Control Structure.

Question 3.
Identify which is not a control structure?
(a) Sequential
(b) Alternative
(c) Iterative
(d) Break
Answer:
(d) Break

Question 4.
A ………………………… is composed of a sequence of statements which are executed one after the another.
Answer:
Sequential Statement

Question 5.
Branching statements are otherwise called as ……………………………
(a) Alternative
(b) Iterative
(c) Loop
(d) Sequential
Answer:
(a) Alternative

Question 6.
…………………………… is the simplest of all decision making statements.
Answer:
Simple If

Question 7.
…………………………….. statement provides control to check the true block as well as the false block.
Answer:
If ………. else

Question 8.
How many blocks can be given in Nested if.. elif.. else statements?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) n
Answer:
(d) n

Question 9.
How many types of looping constructs are there?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Answer:
(b) 2

Question 10.
The ………………….. part of while is optional.
Answer:
Else

Question 11.
What types of Expressions can be given in the while loop?
(a) Arithmetic
(b) Logical
(c) Relational
(d) Boolean
Answer:
(d) Boolean

Question 12.
Which one of the following is the entry check loop type?
(a) While
(b) Do while
(c) If
(d) If…else
Answer:
(a) While

Question 13.
How many parameters are there in print function?
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
Answer:
(a) 2

Question 14.
Escape sequences can be given using …………………………. parameter in print ( ) function.
(a) Ret
(b) Let
(c) End
(d) Sep
Answer:
(c) End

Question 15.
Which parameter is used to specify any special characters?
(a) Ret
(b) Let
(c) End
(d) Sep
Answer:
(d) Sep

Question 16.
If the condition is checked in the beginning of the loop, then it is called as ……………………… loop.
(a) Exit
(b) Exit check
(c) Entry check
(d) Multiple
Answer:
(c) Entry check

Question 17.
range ( ) generates a list of values starting from start till ………………………..
Answer:
Stop – 1

Question 18.
Which is the optional part in range ( ) function?
(a) Start
(b) Stop
(c) Step
(d) Incr
Answer:
(c) Step

Question 19.
The end value of range (30, 3, -3) is ………………………..
(a) 30
(b) -3
(c) 3
(d) 6
Answer:
(d) 6

Question 20.
range(20) has the range value from ……………………….. to ………………………..
Answer:
0 to 19

Question 21.
range ( ) cannot take the values from ………………………..
(a) String
(b) Print
(c) List
(d) Dictionary
Answer:
(b) Print

Question 22.
A loop placed within another loop is called as ………………………..
Answer:
Nested loop

Question 23.
……………………….. statements are used to unconditionally transfer the control from one part of the program to another.
(a) While
(b) Jump
(c) For
(d) If
Answer:
(b) Jump

Question 24.
How many keywords are there to achieve Jump statements in python?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Answer:
(c) 3

Question 25.
Pick the odd one out.
break, for, continue, pass.
Answer:
For

Question 26.
………………………. is used to come out of loop.
(a) Break
(b) For
(c) Continue
(d) Pass
Answer:
(a) Break

Question 27.
If a loop is left by ……………………… then the else part is not executed.
Answer:
Break

Question 28.
………………………….. statement forces the next iteration to takes place.
(a) Break
(b) For
(c) Continue
(d) Pass
Answer:
(c) Continue

Question 29.
……………………. is the null statement.
(a) Break
(b) For
(c) Continue
(d) Pass
Answer:
(d) Pass

Question 30.
Python …………………….. will throw error for all indentation errors.
Answer:
Interpreter.

PART – II
II. Answer The Following Questions

Question 1.
Write note on sequential statements?
Answer:
A sequential statement is composed of a sequence of statements which are executed one after another. A code to print your name, address and phone number is an example of sequential statement.

Question 2.
Name the different types of alternative statements in Python?
Answer:
Python provides the following types of alternative or branching statements:
Simple if statement if……else statement if….elif statement

Question 3.
Define loops?
Answer:
Iteration or loop are used in situation when the user need to execute a block of code several of times or till the condition is satisfied. A loop statement allows to execute a statement or group of statements multiple times.

Question 4.
Give the diagram for while loop execution?
Answer:

Question 5.
Give the syntax of range O in for loop?
Answer:
The syntax of range ( ) is as follows:
range (start, stop, [step] )
Where,
start – refers to the initial value
stop – refers to the final value
step – refers to increment value, this is optional part.

Question 6.
Give the diagram for ‘for loop’ execution?
Answer:

Question 7.
Define nested loops?
Answer:
A loop placed within another loop is called as nested loop structure. One can place a while within another while; for within another for; for within while and while within for to construct such nested loops.

Question 8.
Write note on Jump statements in python?
Answer:
The jump statement in Python, is used to unconditionally transfer the control from one part of the program to another. There are three keywords to achieve jump statements in Python : break, continue, pass.

PART – III
III. Answer The Following Questions

Question 1.
Give the syntax for simple if statements and if else
simple if
Syntax:
Answer:
if:
statements – block 1
if else
Syntax:
variable = variable 1 if condition else variable 2

Question 2.
Give the flow chart diagram for if..else statement execution?
Answer:
if..else statement thus provides two possibilities and the condition determines which BLOCK is to be executed.

Question 3.
Write a python program to check whether the given number is odd or even?
Example: #Program to check if the accepted number odd or even
Answer:
a = int (input(“Enter any number:”))
if a%2 = = 0:
print (a, ” is an even number”)
else:
print (a,” is an odd number”)

Output 1:
Enter any number: 56
56 is an even number

Output 2:
Enter any number: 67
67 is an odd number

Question 4.
Give the flowchart diagram for if..elif…else statement execution?
Answer:

Question 5.
Give a diagram to illustrate how looping construct get executed?
Answer:

Question 6.
Explain the two parameters of print ( ) function?
Answer:
print can have end, sep as parameters, end parameter can be used when we need to give any escape sequences like ‘\t’ for tab, ‘\n’ for new line and so on. sep as parameter can be used to specify any special characters like, (comma); (semicolon) as separator between values.

Question 7.
Give the syntax for ‘for loop’?
Answer:
Syntax:
for counter_variable in sequence:
statements – block 1
[else: # optional block
statements – block 2]

Question 8.
Write the program to calculate the sum of numbers from 1 to 100.
Example: # program to calculate the sum of numbers 1 to 100
Answer:
n = 100
sum = 0
for counter in range (1, n + 1):
sum = sum + counter
print (“Sum of 1 until %d: %d” % (n,sum))
Output:
Sum of 1 until 100: 5050

Question 9.
Draw the flowchart to illustrate the use of break and continue statements in loop?
Answer:

Question 10.
Give the syntax for break, continue and pass?
Answer:
Syntax:
break
Syntax:
continue
Syntax:
pass

Question 11.
Write short note on pass statements?
Answer:
pass statement in Python programming is a null statement, pass statement when executed by the interpreter it is completely ignored. Nothing happens when pass is executed, it results in no operation. pass statement can be used in ‘if’ clause as well as within loop construct, when you do not want any statements or commands within that block to be executed.

PART – IV
IV. Answer The Following Questions

Question 1.
Explain If and If..else with sample programs?
Answer:
Simple if statement:
Simple if is the simplest of all decision making statements. Condition should be in the form of relational or logical expression.

Syntax:
if :
statements – block 1
In the above syntax if the condition is true statements – block 1 will be executed.

Example
# Program to check the age and print whether eligible for voting
x = int (input (“Enter your age :”))
if x > = 18:
print (“You are eligible for voting”)

Output 1:
Enter your age: 34 You are eligible for voting

Output 2:
Enter your age: 16
>>>
As you can see in the second execution no output will be printed, only the Python prompt will be displayed because the program does not check the alternative process when the condition is failed.

if..else statement:
The if., else statement provides control to check the true block as well as the false block. Following is the syntax of ‘if.else’ statement.

Syntax:
if:
statements – block 1
else:
statements – block 2

if..else statement thus provides two possibilities and the condition determines which BLOCK is to be executed.
Example: #Program to check if the accepted number odd or even
a = int(input(“Enter any number :”)) if a%2==0:
print (a,” is an even number”)
else:
print (a, ” is an odd number”)

Output 1:
Enter any number: 56 56 is an even number

Output 2:
Enter any number: 67 67 is an odd number
An alternate method to rewrite the above program is also available in Python. The complete if.else can also written as:

Syntax:
variable = variable 1 if condition else variable 2

Question 2.
Explain while loop with sample program,
while loop
The syntax of while loop in Python has the following syntax:
Syntax:
while:
statements block 1

In the while loop, the condition is any valid Boolean expression returning True or False. The else part of while is optional part of while. The statements block 1 is kept executed till the condition is True. If the else part is written, it is executed when the condition is tested False.

Recall while loop belongs to entry check loop type, that is it is not executed even once if the condition is tested False in the beginning.
Example: program to illustrate the use of while loop – to print all numbers from 10 to 15
i = 10 # initializing part of the control variable
while (i< = 15): # test condition
print (i, end =’\t’) # statements – block 1
i = i + 1 # Updation of the control variable
Output:
10 11 12 13 14 15

Question 3.
Write a python program to display the following output.?
Answer:

i = 1
while (i< = 6):
for j in range (1, i):
print (j, end = \t’)
print (end =’\n’)
i + = 1f

Students can Download Computer Applications Chapter 1 Multimedia and Desktop Publishing Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Applications Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Applications Solutions Chapter 1 Multimedia and Desktop Publishing

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Applications Multimedia and Desktop Publishing Text Book Back Questions and Answers

PART – I
I. Choose The Correct Answer

12th Computer Application Chapter 1 Question 1.
………………………… refers to any type of application that involves more than one type of media such as text, graphics video animation and sound
(a) an executable file
(b) desktop publishing
(c) multimedia
(d) hypertext
Answer:
(c) multimedia

12th Computer Application 1st Lesson Answer Key Question 2.
One of the disadvantages of the multimedia is its …………………………….
(a) cost
(b) adaptability
(c) usability
(d) relativity
Answer:
(a) cost

Computer Application Chapter 1 Question 3.
Expand JPEG
(a) joint photo experts gross
(b) joint photographic experts group
(c) joint processor experts group
(d) joint photographic expression group
Answer:
(b) joint photographic experts group

Multimedia And Desktop Publishing Question 4.
You need hardware, software and …………………….. to make multimedia.
(a) network
(b) compact disk drive
(c) good idea
(d) programming knowledge
Answer:
(b) compact disk drive

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Application Question 5.
Match the following by choosing the right one.
(i) Text – 1.TGA
(ii) Image – 2. MIDI
(iii) Sound – 3. MPEG
(iv) Video – 4. RTF
(a) (i)-1, (ii)-2, (iii)-3, (iv)-4
(b) (i)-2, (ii)-3, (iii)-4, (iv)-1
(c) (i)-4, (ii)-1, (iii)-2, (iv)-3
(d) (i)-3, (ii)-4, (iii)-1, (iv)-2
Answer:
(c) (i)-4, (ii)-1, (iii)-2, (iv)-3

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 12th Computer Application Question 6.
Find the odd one on the following which is not an image format
(a) TIFF
(b) BMP
(c) RTF
(d) JPEG
Answer:
(c) RTF

Samacheer Kalvi 12 Computer Application Question 7.
………………………….. is the process displaying still images they give continuous movement
(a) Text formats
(b) Sound
(c) MP3
(d) Animation
Answer:
(d) Animation

12th Computer Application Samacheer Kalvi Question 8.
The live telecasting of real time program through Internet is known as ……………………………..
(a) web casting
(b) web hosting
(c) data manipulation
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(a) web casting

Question 9.
GIF use ………………………. color look up table
(a) 8 bit
(b) 8 KB
(c) 8 MB
(d) 8 GB
Answer:
(a) 8 bit

Question 10.
RTF file format was introduced by ……………………………
(a) TCS
(b) Microsoft
(c) Apple
(d) IBM
Answer:
(b) Microsoft

PART – II
II. Short Answers

Question 1.
Define Multimedia and their features?
Answer:
The word multimedia consists of two words “multi” and “media” which means that multiple forms of media are combined to gather and provide services like storage, communication, presentation and Input/output interactions of text, video, image, graphics and audio.
Features of Multimedia:

1. The information they handle is represented digitally.
2. Multimedia Systems are integrated, computer controlled and usually interactive.

Question 2.
List out Multimedia Components?
Answer:
Multimedia has five major components like text, images, sound, video and animation.

Question 3.
Classify the TEXT component in multimedia?
Answer:
Text is classified as static text and hypertext. Static text, the text or the words will remain static as a heading or in a line, or in a paragraph. A hypertext is a system which consists of nodes, the text and the links between the nodes, which defines the paths the user need to follow for the text access in non-sequential ways.

Question 4.
Classify the IMAGE component in multimedia?
Answer:
Images acts as an vital component in multimedia. These images are generated by the Image components are classified in two ways, as bitmap or raster images and as vector images. Raster or Bitmap Images:
The common and comprehensive form of storing images in a computer is raster or bitmap image.

Vector Images:
Drawing elements or objects such as lines, rectangles, circles and so on to create an images are based on Vector images.

Question 5.
Define Animation and their features?
Answer:
Animation is the process displaying still images so quickly so that they give the impression of continuous movement.
Features:

1. In animation the screen object is a vector image in animation.
2. The least frame rate of at least 16 frames per second gives the impression of smoothness and for natural looking it should be at least 25 frames per second.

Question 6.
List out image file formats?
Answer:
TIFF (Tagged Image File Format), BMP (Bitmap), DIB (Device Independent Bitmap), GIF (Graphics Interchange Format), JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group), TGA (Tagra), PNG (Portable Network Graphics).

Question 7.
List out audio file formats?
Answer:
WAV (Waveform Audio File Format), MP3 (MPEG Layer-3 Format), OGG, AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format), WMA (Windows Media Audio), RA (Real Audio Format).

Question 8.
List out video file formats?
Answer:
AVI (Audio/Video Interleave) and MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group).

Question 9.
Define Multimedia Production?
Answer:
Production:
In the multimedia application, after the pre-production activities, the production phase starts. This phase includes the activities like background music selection, sound recording and so on. Text is incorporated using OCR software, Pictures shot by digital camera, Video clips are shot, edited and compressed. A pilot project is ready by this time.

Question 10.
List out Multimedia Production team members?
Answer:
Production Manager, Content Specialist, Script Writer, Text Editor, Multimedia Architect, Computer Graphic Artist, Audio and Video Specialist, Computer Programmer, Web Master.

PART – III
III. Explain in Brief Answer

Question 1.
Briefly explain about Multimedia Components?
Answer:
Multimedia has five major components like text, images, sound, video and animation.
Text:
Text is the basic components of multimedia and most common ways of communicating information to other person.

Image:
Images acts as an vital component in multimedia. These images are generated by the computer in two ways, as bitmap or raster images and as vector images.

Sound:
Sound is a meaningful speech in any language and is the most serious element in multimedia, providing the pleasure of music, special effects and so on.

Video:
Video is defined as the display of recorded event, scene.

Animation:
Animation is the process of displaying still images so quickly so that they give the impression of continuous movement.

Question 2.
Describe the features and techniques of animation?
Answer:
Animation is the process displaying still images so quickly so that they give the impression of continuous movement. In animation the screen object is a vector image in animation. Using numerical transformations the movement of that image along its paths is calculated for their defining coordinates.

The least frame rate of at least 16 frames per second gives the impression of smoothness and for natural looking it should be at least 25 frames per second. Animations may be in two or three dimensional. The two dimensional animation, bring an image alive, that occur on the flat X and Y axis of the screen, while in three dimensional animation it occurs along the three axis X, Y and Z. Animation tools are very powerful and effective. The two basic types of animations are Path animation and Frame animation.

Question 3.
Write roles and responsibilities of Production team members?
Answer:
Production Manager:
In a multimedia production, the role of production manager is to define, and coordinate, the production of the multimedia project in time and with full quality.

Content Specialist:
Content specialist is responsible for performing all research activities concerned with the proposed application’s content.

Script Writer:
The script writer visualizes the concepts in three dimensional environments.

Text Editor:
The content of a multimedia production always must flow logically and the text should always be structured and correct grammatically.

Multimedia Architect:
The multimedia architect integrates all the multimedia building blocks like graphics, text, audio, music, video, photos and animation by using an authoring software.

Computer Graphic Artist:
The role of Computer Graphic Artist is to deal with the graphic elements of the programs like backgrounds, bullets, buttons, pictures editing, 3-D objects, animation, and logos etc.

Audio and Video Specialist:
They are responsible for recording, editing sound effects and digitizing.

Computer Programmer:
The computer programmer writes the lines of code or scripts in the appropriate language.

Web Master:
The responsibility of the web master is to create and maintain an Internet web page.

Question 4.
Describe the various file formats in multimedia?
Answer:
Text Formats: RTF, Plain text, Image Formats:TIFF (Tagged Image File Format), BMP (Bitmap), DIB (Device Independent Bitmap), GIF (Graphics Interchange Format), JPEG (Jbint Photographic Experts Group), TGA (Tagra), PNG (Portable Network Graphics), Digital Audio File Formats: WAV (Waveform Audio File Format), MP3 (MPEG Layer-3 Format), OGG, AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format), WMA (Windows Media Audio), RA (Real Audio Format), Digital Video File Formats: AVI (Audio/Video Interleave), MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group).

Question 5.
Explain animation industry and their scope?
Answer:
1. The Indian Animation Industry encompasses traditional 2D animations, 3D animation <& visual effects for films.

2. An animation Studio is a company producing animated media. Many of these studios help with the fulfillment of animation works for big brand names and have carried out outsourced projects including Nemo.

3. The first Indian animated TV series was Ghayab Aya in the year 1986. The first Indian animated film was The Banyan Deer in 1957.

PART – IV
IV. Explain in detail

Question 1.
Explain in detail Process of Multimedia ?
Steps in Multimedia Production
Answer:
Adequate time and efficient planning is required for multimedia production, which assures that the project will be proceed smoothly and certainly ensures that the information reaches the target audience. Following are the phases for development of complex multimedia projects. Multimedia and Desktop Publishing.

Conceptual Analysis and Planning:
The process of multimedia making begins with a conceptual ignition point. Conceptual analysis identifies a appropriate theme, budget and content availability on that selected theme. Additional criteria like copyright issues also are considered in this phase.

Project design:
Once the theme is finalized objectives, goals, and activities are drawn for the multimedia project. General statements are termed as goals. The specific statements in the project is known as the objectives. Activities are series of actions performed to implement an objective. These activities contribute to the Project design phase.

Pre-production:
Based on the planning and design, it is necessary to develop the project.
The following are the steps involved in pre-production:

Budgeting:
Budgeting for each phases like consultants, hardware, software, travel, communication and publishing is estimated for all the multimedia projects.

Multimedia Production Team:
The production team for a high-end multimedia project requires a team efforts. The team comprises of members playing various roles and responsibilities like Script writer, Production manager, Editor, Graphics Architect, Multimedia Architect and Web Master.

Hardware/Software Selection:
All multimedia Application requires appropriate tools to develop and playback the application. Hardware includes the selection of fastest CPU, RAM and huge monitors, sufficient disc for storing the records. Selection of the suitable software and file formats depends on the funds available for the project being developed.

Defining the Content:
Content is the “stuff’ provided by content specialist to the multimedia architect with which the application is developed, who prepares the narration, bullets, charts and tables etc.

Preparing the structure:
A detailed structure must have information about all the steps ‘along with the time line of the future action. This structure defines the activities, responsible person for each activity and the start/end time for each activity.

Production:
In the multimedia application, after the pre-production activities, the production phase starts. This phase includes the activities like background music selection, sound recording and so on. Text is incorporated using OCR software, Pictures shot by digital camera, Video clips are shot, edited and compressed. A pilot project is ready by this time.

Testing:
The complete testing of the pilot product is done before the mass production to ensure that everything is in place, thereby avoiding the failure after launch. If it’s an web . based product its functioning is tested with different browsers like Internet Explorer, Chrome, Mozilla and Netscape Navigator. If it is a locak multimedia application on a LAN it must be deployed in the server for testing purpose. After the testing process are over, the product is incorporated with valid suggested changes.

Documentation User documentation is a mandatory feature of all multimedia projects. The documentation has all the valuable information’s starting from the system requirement till the completion of testing. Contact details, e-mail address and phone numbers are provided for technical support and sending suggestions and comments.

Delivering the Multimedia Product:
Multimedia applications are best delivered on CD/DVD or in the website . In reality various challenges are faced while delivering through internet, like bandwidth problems, huge number of plug-ins required to play audio and video and long downloading time. Finally, a multimedia application is delivered in a more effective way by the integration of two mediums CD-ROM/DVD and Internet.

Question 2.
Explain in detail Techniques of Animation?
Answer:
The various animation techniques are
(i) Traditional Animation:
Traditional animation involved animators drawing by hand for each and every frame. It is creating the drawings one by one on the frame. Eg. Snow White and the Seven Dwarf Movie

(ii) Computer animation – 2D, 3D:

1. The famous mickey mouse was created using the 2D animation technique.
2. The first 2D animation was called Fantasmagorie. It is a short cartoon made by Emile Cohl. It is entirely in black and white

(iii) Digital 2D animation:

1. Creating animations in the 2 dimensional space with the help of digital technologies is called digital 2D animation.
2. Create 100s of drawing and animate them to show same kind of movement in technically called digital 2d animations.

(iv) Digital 3D animation:
3D animation models are highly realistic. They are used to create Short Films, TV Commercials.

(v) Stop-motion animation:
Using frame by frame animation, physical static objects are moved around. Eg. Movie “The Teddy Bears”.

(vi) Mechanical Animations:
Instead of robotics, machines can be animated by using the mechanical animation techniques. It helps the animator to understand how the machine works.

(vii) Chuckimation:
Chuckimation is one of the popular animation techniques created by “Action League Now!” creators. It is the combination of stop frame animation and live shots, where characters are dropped into a particular frame.

(Viii) Clay animation (or) claymation:
Pieces of clay are moulded to create characters and based on the imagination of the animator, a story is unfolded. There are oil based and water based clays available.

(ix) Typography Animation:
Typography is nothing but font faces and letters and combination of text in motion.
Eg. Titles part of movie “The Atlantic”

(x) Sand Animation:
A lit glass table is used as a canvas and the animator creates animation by moving the sand in certain directions.

(xi) ZoetrOpe Animation:
Some still images are drawn on a drum and when turned in a circular way, we will get an illusion of movement.

Question 3.
Explore the opportunities in Animation filed movie industry?
Answer:
In India, the VFX domain, or the animation and visual effects industry has been growing stronger and stronger in recent years.

1. Animation and visual effects requirement for massive international projects such as HBO’s top TV series and Marvels’ hit Infinity War and Black Panther was outsourced to Indian companies in Mumbai and Pune.
2. This led to the significant increase in the number of students enrolling for a VFX course.
3. As such, a student that completes a 3D animation course cap hope to build a rewarding and satisfying career in the Media and Entertainment field these days.
4. The timeless classics Tom and Jerry and Mickey Mouse created a milestone but the legacy is not disappointing.
5. Indian animation has risen from an amateur piece of craft like “The Banyan Deer” to the million rupees project “Chhota Bheem”
6. POGO, the leading cartoon channel in India is the most successful entertainment channel for kids.
7. Indian animation industry is anticipated to grow faster than the IT industry.
8. The industry has grown to a multibillion net work standard.
9. As a result of the growing demand in industry, the scope of animation course in tremendous.
10. The number of VFX artists and animators that worked on Baahubali was around 750.
11. Ex. For Top animates Movies: Spider-Man, Incredibles 2, Zootopia, Inside Out, Toy Story 3, Finding Nemo, Frozen, etc.

Question 4.
Explain in detail about production team Roles and Responsibilities?
Answer:
Multimedia Production Team:
Managing team members in a way to get maximum outcome with high degree of efficiency is mandatory in multimedia production. The fine quality high-end multimedia production application requires a specialize team comprises of the following members:

Production Manager:
In a multimedia production, the role of production manager is to define, and coordinate, the production of the multimedia project in time and with full quality. The production manager should be an expertise in the technology expert, good at proposal writing, good communication skills and budget management skills. Also must have experience in human resource management and act as an efficient team leader.

Content Specialist:
Content specialist is responsible for performing all research activities concerned with the proposed application’s content. Program content refers to projects information, graphics, data or facts presented through the multimedia production.

Script Writer:
Video and film scripts represents a linear sequence of events. The script writer visualizes the concepts in three dimensional environments and if needed uses the virtual reality integration into the program.

Text Editor:
The content of a multimedia production always must flow logically and the text should always be structured and correct grammatically. Text and narration is an integrated part of the application.

Multimedia Architect:
The multimedia architect integrates all the multimedia building blocks like graphics, text, audio, music, video, photos and animation by using an authoring software.

Computer Graphic Artist:
The role of Computer Graphic Artist is to deal with the graphic elements of the programs like backgrounds, bullets, buttons, pictures editing, 3-D objects, animation, and logos etc.

Audio and Video Specialist:
The roles of these specialists are needed for dealing with narration and digitized videos to-be added in a multimedia presentation. They are responsible for recording, editing sound effects and digitizing.

Computer Programmer:
The computer programmer writes the lines of code or scripts in the appropriate language. These scripts usually develops special functions like developing the software to give the size and shape of video windows, controlling peripherals and so on.

Web Master:
The responsibility of the web master is to create and maintain an Internet web page. They converts a multimedia presentation into a web page. Final multimedia product is ready for consultation is a joint effort of the entire team. Initially, the production manager identifies the project content, while the web master provides access to a wide range of community through web-services.

Question 5.
Explain about different file formats in multimedia files?
Answer:
File Formats for Multimedia:
The following is an outline of current file formats used for the production and delivery of multimedia data.
Text Formats:
RTF Rich Text Format:
is the primary file format introduced in 1987 by Microsoft with the specification of their published products and for cross-platform documents interchange.

Plain text:
Plain text files can be opened, read, and edited with most text editors. Commonly used are Notepad (Windows), Gedit or nano (Unix, Linux), TextEdit (Mac OS X) and so on. Other computer programs are also capable of reading and importing plain text. Plain text is the original and popular way of conveying an e-mail.

Image Formats:
TIFF (Tagged Image File Format):
This format is common in desktop publishing world (high quality output), and is supported by almost all software packages. Recent versions of TIFF allows image compression, and the format is comfortable for moving large files between computers.

BMP (Bitmap):
Initially this format is in use with Windows 3.1. It is quite large and uncompressed and hence BMP is used for the high-resolution or large images.

DIB (Device Independent Bitmap):
This format which is similar to BMP, allows the files to be displayed on a variety of devices.

GIF (Graphics Interchange Format):
GIF is a compressed image format. Most of the computer color images and backgrounds are GIF files. This file format is best suitable for graphics that uses only limited colors, and it is the most popular format used for online color photos. 13-bit Color look up table is used by the GIF format to identify its color values. This format is supported widely.

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group):
JPEG was designed to attain maximum image compression. It uses loss compression technique, where a compression method is referred that loses some of the data required for the image reconstruction. It works good with photographs, naturalistic artwork, and similar material but functions less on lettering, live drawings or simple cartoons.

TGA (Tagra):
It is the first popular format for high-resolution images. TGA is supported by Most of the video-capture boards.

PNG (Portable Network Graphics):
An extensible file format for the less loss, portable and well compressed storage of raster images. PNG acts as replacement for GIF and also replaces multiple common uses of TIFF. PNG works good with online viewing applications like worldwide web. So it is fully streameable with a best display option.

Digital Audio File Formats:
1. WAV (Waveform Audio File Format):
It is the most popular audio file format in windows for storing uncompressed sound files. In order to attain the. reduced file size it can also be converted to other file formats like MP3.

2. MP3 (MPEG Layer-3 Format)
3. MPEG Layer-3 format is the most popular format for storing and downloading music. The MP3 files are roughly compressed to one-tenth the size of an equivalent WAV file.

4. OGG:
A free, open source container format that is designed for obtaining better streaming and evolving at high end quality digital multimedia. It can be compared to MP3 files in terms of quality.

5. AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format):
A standard audio file format used by Apple which is like a WAV file for the Mac.

6. WMA (Windows Media Audio):
It is a popular windows media audio format owned by Microsoft and designed with Digital Right Management (DRM) abilities for copyright protection.

7. RA (Real Audio Format):
Real Audio format is designed for streaming audio over the Internet. The digital audio resources are usually stored as a computer file in computer’s hard drive or CD/DVD. Besides the variety of audio file formats available, the most common formats are wave files (.WAV) and MPEG Layer-3 files (.MP3), WMA and RA.

Digital Video File Formats:
AVI (Audio/Video Interleave):
AVI is the video file format for Windows. Here sound and picture elements are stored in alternate interleaved chunks in the file.

MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group):
MPEG is a standard for generating digital video and audio compression under the International Standards Organization (ISO) by the group of people. The group has developed MPEG-1, the standard on which Video CD and MP3 are based, MPEG-2, the standard that supports products as Digital Television set top boxes and DVD, MPEG-4, the standard for multimedia and mobile web. MPEG-7, the standard for search of audio and visual content. Research on MPEG-21 “Multimedia Framework” has started in 2000. Simply MPEG is the standards for digital video and audio compression.

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Applications Multimedia and Desktop Publishing Additional Questions and Answers

I. Choose The Best Answer

Question 1
……………………….. applications plays vital role in presenting information to the user.
(a) Power point
(b) Multimedia
(c) Star office
(d) php
Answer:
(b) Multimedia

Question 2.
In the term multimedia, multi refers to …………………………….
(a) medium
(b) single
(c) hybrid
(d) many
Answer:
(d) many

Question 3.
What is the plural form of medium?
(a) medium
(b) mediu
(c) media
(d) median
Answer:
(c) media

Question 4.
How many major components are there in Multimedia?
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
Answer:
(d) 5

Question 5.
Which is not a multimedia components? [Pick the odd one out].
(a) Test
(b) Image
(c) Sound
Answer:
(a) Test

Question 6.
Identify the static element from the following.
(a) Video
(b) graphics
(c) Animation
Answer:
(b) graphics

Question 7.
…………………………. is the basic components of Multimedia.
(a) Video
(b) Animation
(c) Text
Answer:
(c) Text

Question 8.
In …………………… the words are given along with the images to explain about the images.
(a) Static text
(b) Hyper text
(c) Multi text
(d) Super text
Answer:
(a) Static text

Question 9.
The readability of the text depends on the ………………………….
(a) pronunciation
(b) spacing
(c) punctuation
(d) b & c
Answer:
(d) b & c

Question 10.
In how many ways, in ages can be generated by the computer?
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
Answer:
(a) 2

Question 11.
Bitmap images are otherwise called as ………………………… images.
(a) multimedia
(b) vector
(c) Raster
Answer:
(c) Raster

Question 12.
The common and comprehensive form of storing images in a computer is ……………………………
(a) raster images
(b) bitmap
(c) vector
(d) both (a) &(b)
Answer:
(d) both (a) &(b)

Question 13.
The tiny dots which forms on the screen (picture elements) are called as …………………………
(a) pitel
(b) pixel
(c) dots
(d) dpi
Answer:
(b) pixel

Question 14.
……………………… is a simple matrix of pixel that forms a raster image.
(a) Bitmap
(b) Pixel
(c) Vector
(d) Animation
Answer:
(a) Bitmap

Question 15.
In determining number of colors, ……………………. bits indicates 256 colors.
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 8
(d) 16
Answer:
(c) 8

Question 16.
………………………… is a techniques used to reduce the file size of the images.
(a) Animation
(b) Rendering
(c) Compression
(d) Morphing
Answer:
(c) Compression

Question 17.
Identify which is not a compression format?
(a) GIF
(b) TIFF
(c) JPEG
(d) MIDI
Answer:
(d) MIDI

Question 18.
What is the least frame rate for smooth appearance of images?
(a) 4
(b) 8
(c) 16
(d) 32
Answer:
(c) 16

Question 19.
How many frames per second are needed for a normal natural looking images?
(a) 10
(b) 15
(c) 20
(d) 25
Answer:
(d) 25

Question 20.
If the image appears in xy axis of the screen, then it is called as ………………………… animation.
(a) picture
(b) Image xy
(c) 2D
(d) 3D
Answer:
(c) 2D

Question 21.
If the image appears inXYZ axis of the screen then it is called as ………………………. animation.
(a) 2D
(b) 3D
(c) XYZ
Answer:
(b) 3D

Question 22.
How many types of animations are there?
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
Answer:
(a) 2

Question 23.
The two types of animations are …………………………
(a) Frame, object
(b) path, object
(c) path, Frame
Answer:
(c) path, Frame

Question 24.
Which animation involves moving an object on the screen with constant background?
(a) Vector
(b) Path
(c) Frame
(d) Static
Answer:
(b) Path

Question 25.
Multiple objects are allowed to travel simultaneously in ……………………………. animations.
(a) Vector
(b) Path
(c) Frame
(d) Static
Answer:
(c) Frame

Question 26.
Which one of the following is the most serious element in multimedia and provides the pleasure of music, special effects etc?
(a) Text
(b) Image
(c) Sound
(d) Video
Answer:
(c) Sound

Question 27.
What is the unit of sound?
(a) Decibels
(b) Newton
(c) Hertz
(d) Frequency
Answer:
(a) Decibels

Question 28.
MIDI stand for ………………………………..
(a) Magic In Data Interface
(b) Musical Instrument Digital Identifier ,
(c) Magnetic Induction Drive Input
(d) Most Interactive Digital Interface
Answer:
(d) Most Interactive Digital Interface

Question 29.
………………………….. Sound is a digitized sound.
(a) Recorded
(b) Digital
(c) Frame
(d) Sampled
Answer:
(d) Sampled

Question 30.
is defined as how often the samples are taken and how many numbers are used to represent the value of each sample.
(a) Digitized sound
(b) sampling rate
(c) compression
(d) compression ratio
Answer:
(b) sampling rate

Question 31.
How many types of videos are there?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Answer:
(b) 2

Question 32.
The display of recorded event, scene etc. are called as …………………………..
(a) Video
(b) Sampling
(c) Frames
(d) Modelling
Answer:
(a) Video

Question 33.
How many categories of Analog videos’are there?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Answer:
(b) 2

Question 34.
Which video format have all the components like brightness, color and synchronization are combined into one signal?
(a) Digital video
(b) MIDI
(c) Component Analog Video
(d) Composite Analog Video
Answer:
(d) Composite Analog Video

Question 35.
Which video format produces low plarity videos?
(a) Analog video
(b) Digital video
(c) Component Analog Video
(d) Composite Analog Video
Answer:
(d) Composite Analog Video

Question 36.
Which one of the following format was used for customer analog video recording tape formats?
(a) Beta max
(b) MIDI
(c) DIB
(d) BMP
Answer:
(a) Beta max

Question 37.
How many different multimedia file formats are there?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Answer:
(d) 4

Question 38.
RTF stand for …………………………..
(a) Rich Text Format
(b) Real Time Format
(c) Red Tagra Format
(d) Recording to file Format
Answer:
(a) Rich Text Format

Question 39.
The RTF was introduced in the year …………………………..
(a) 1982
(b) 1985
(c) 1987
(d) 1992
Answer:
(c) 1987

Question 40.
Match the following editors with OS?
1. Gedit/Nano – (a) windows
2. Text Edit – (b) Unix / Linux
3. Notepad – (c) Mac OS
(a) 1-(b), 2-(c), 3-(a)
(b) 1-(c), 2-(b), 3-(a)
(c) 1-(a),2-(b),3-(c)
(d) 1-(b), 2-(a), 3-(c)
Answer:
(a) 1-(b), 2-(c), 3-(a)

Question 41.
Identify which is not an editor?
(a) Notepad
(b) Gotit
(c) Nano
(d) Text Edit
Answer:
(b) Gotit

Question 42.
………………………….. is the popular way of conveying an e-mail.
(a) RTF
(b) plaintext
(c) BMP
(d) TIFF
Answer:
(b) plaintext

Question 43.
TIFF is a ………………………….. Format of file.
(a) Sound
(b) Video
(c) Text
(d) Image
Answer:
(d) Image

Question 44.
identify the statement which is correct.
(i) RTF was developed by apple.
(ii) TIFF format is common in desktop publishing world.
(iii) GIF uses lossy compression technique
(iv) JPEG works good with photographs.
(a) (i), (ii), (iii) are correct
(b) (i), (iv) are correct
(c) (i), (iii) are correct
(d) (ii), (iv) are correct
Answer:
(d) (ii), (iv) are correct

Question 45.
Which is the first popular format for high resolution images?
(a) TIFF
(b) TGA
(c) JPEG
(d) GIF
Answer:
(b) TGA

Question 46.
Identify which is not an image format.
(a) DIB
(b) BMP
(c) TGA
(d) OGG
Answer:
(d) OGG

Question 47.
TIFF Stand for …………………………
(a) Time Interchange File Format
(b) Tagged Image File Format
(c) Time In File Format
(d) Task Interrupt File Format
Answer:
(b) Tagged Image File Format

Question 48.
Which one of the following format produces high quality output in DTP world?
(a) TIFF
(b) TGA
(c) PNG
(d) JPEG
Answer:
(a) TIFF

Question 49.
BMP stands for …………………………..
(a) Bitwise Manipulation
(b) Binary Manipulations
(c) Bitmap
(d) Binary Map
Answer:
(c) Bitmap

Question 50.
Pick out the correct statement from the following.
(a) GIF are good with photographs
(b) PNG is portable, good with online viewing applications
(c) TIFF produces two quality output
(d) BMP is used for high resolution & small images
Answer:
(b) PNG is portable, good with online viewing applications

Question 51.
DIB stands for …………………………..
(a) Drive in Bus
(b) Devuce Input Bias
(c) Device Interface Format
(d) Device Independent Bitmap
Answer:
(d) Device Independent Bitmap

Question 52.
GIF stands for ……………………….
(a) Graphics Interchange Format
(b) Graphics Interchange File
(c) Graphics Interface Format
(d) Grahics Interface File
Answer:
(a) Graphics Interchange Format

Question 53.
TGA means …………………………
(a) Tagged
(b) Tagra
(c) tamil graphics
(d) Tiff graphics
Answer:
(b) Tagra

Question 54.
PNG means ………………………
(a) Power Net Gate
(b) Portable
(c) Portable Network Graphics
(d) Power Network Graphics
Answer:
(c) Portable Network Graphics

Question 55.
WAV stands for …………………………..
(a) Wave
(b) Waveform
(c) Waveform Audio Video Format
(d) Waveform Audio File Format
Answer:
(d) Waveform Audio File Format

Questionv 56.
AIFF stands for ………………………..
(a) Audio Interchange File Format
(b) Audio In File Format
(c) Audio Interference File Format
(d) Audio Interrupt File Format
Answer:
(a) Audio Interchange File Format

Question 57.
WMA means ……………………………
(a) Wave Media Animation
(b) Wave Moving Animation
(c) Windows Media Audio
(d) Waveform Media Audio
Answer:
(c) Windows Media Audio

Question 58.
RA stands for ……………………………
(a) Rich Animation
(b) Real Audio
(c) Rapid Audio
(d) Raster Audio
Answer:
(b) Real Audio

Question 59.
AVI means ……………………………
(a) Audio Video Interleave
(b) Animation Video Interface
(c) Audio Video Interchange
(d) Animation Video Intechange
Answer:
(a) Audio Video Interleave

Question 60.
The MPEG layer-3 Format is ……………………………
(a) MP3
(b) MPEG
(c) MIDI
(d) JPEG
Answer:
(a) MP3

Question 61.
Which image format is used for storing high-resolution large images?
(a) TIFF
(b) BMP
(c) DIB
(d) GIF
Answer:
(b) BMP

Question 62.
Which image format allows the files to be displayed on a variety of devices?
(a) BMP
(b) DIB
(c) DIP
(d) PNG
Answer:
(b) DIB

Question 63.
What is the table used by the GIF format to identify colors?
(a) Color
(b) Look color
(c) Color Look up
(d) Color up
Answer:
(c) Color Look up

Question 64.
………………………… is a compressed image format.
(a) GIF
(b) JPEG
(c) PNG
(d) DIB
Answer:
(a) GIF

Question 65.
What is the compression technique used by JPEG image format?
(a) Lossless
(b) Lossy
(c) Full compression
(d) Half / partial
Answer:
(b) Lossy

Question 66.
Which image format is good with photographs, naturalistic artworks?
(a) TIFF
(b) BMP
(c) GIF
(d) JPEG
Answer:
(d) JPEG

Question 67.
…………………………… is the first popular format for high resolution images.
(a) JPEG
(b) TGA
(c) GIF
(d) TIFF
Answer:
(b) TGA

Question 68.
Most of the video – capture boards supports …………………………… formats.
(a) JPEG
(b) TGA
(c) GIF
(d) TIFF
Answer:
(b) TGA

Question 69.
…………………………… format is fully streameable with a best display option.
(a) JPEG
(b) GIF
(c) PNG
(d) TIFF
Answer:
(c) PNG

Question 70.
Which format works good with online viewing applications like www?
(a) PNG
(b) TIFF
(c) OGG
(d) AIFF
Answer:
(a) PNG

Question 71.
Identify which is not an image format.
(a) PNG
(b) TIFF
(c) TGA
(d) OGG
Answer:
(d) OGG

Question 72.
Identify the wrongly matched pair from the following.
(a) OGG – (i) Audio
(b) MPEG – (ii) Video
(c) MIDI- (iii) Text
(d) TGA – (iv) image
(a) (iii)
(b) (ii)
(c) (iv)
(d) (i)
Answer:
(a) OGG – (i) Audio

Question 73.
Identify which is not an Digital Audio File Format.
(a) OGG
(b) AVI
(c) AIFF
(d) WMA
Answer:
(b) AVI

Question 74.
Which format is most popular for storing and downloading music?
(a) MP3
(b) MPEG
(c) JPEG
(d) AIFF
Answer:
(a) MP3

Question 75.
…………………………… format stores uncompressed sound files.
(a) WAV
(b) MP3
(c) OGG
(d) AIFF
Answer:
(a) WAV

Question 76.
Which files are compressed to onw-tenth the size of an equivalent WAV file?
(a) WAV
(b) OGG
(c) WMA
(d) MP3
Answer:
(d) MP3

Question 77.
AIFF was developed by …………………………
(a) Microsoft
(b) Apple
(c) IBM
(d) Flash
Answer:
(b) Apple

Question 78.
……………………….. is a free, open source container format.
(a) WAV
(b) MP3
(c) OGG
(d) WMA
Answer:
(c) OGG

Question 79.
Expand DRM.
(a) Digi Read Memory
(b) Digital Rich MP3
(c) Data Read Memory
(d) Digital Right Management
Answer:
(d) Digital Right Management

Question 80.
Which digital Audio format is designed with DRM facility?
(a) WMA
(b) TIFF
(c) OGG
(d) MP3
Answer:
(a) WMA

Question 81.
Identify the format which is not developed by Microsoft?
(a) AVI
(b) WMA
(c) AIFF
(d) RTF
Answer:
(c) AIFF

Question 82.
Who developed WMA?
(a) Apple
(b) Microsoft
(c) Macromedia
(d) IBM
Answer:
(b) Microsoft

Question 83.
…………………………… abilities are provided in WMA format for copyright protection.
(a) DMA
(b) DRA
(c) DRM
(d) DMR
Answer:
(c) DRM

Question 84.
The sound and picture elements in AVI are stored in alternate …………………………… chunks in the file.
(a) interleaved
(b) interface
(c) interrupt
(d) interchange
Answer:
(a) interleaved

Question 85.
Multimedia Framework was started in the year ……………………………
(a) 1999
(b) 2000
(c) 2001
(d) 2002
Answer:
(b) 2000

Question 86.
Find the pair wrongly matched.
(i) MPEG-2 – DVD, TV set top Boxes
(ii) MPEG-4 – Multimedia
(iii) MPEG-1 – Mobile
(iv) MPEG-7 -Video CD
(v) MPEG-21 – Multimedia Framework
(a) (iii), (iv)
(b) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(c) (iii) (iv) (v)
(d) All are correct
Answer:
(a) (iii), (iv)

Question 87.
Which MPEG format is used for multimedia and mobile web?
(a) MPEG-4
(b) MPEG-21
(c) MPEG-7
(d) MPEG-2
Answer:
(a) MPEG-4

Question 88.
………………………. is a standard format for generation digital video and audio compression under the ISO.
(a) AVI
(b) MP3
(c) JPEG
(d) MPEG
Answer:
(d) MPEG

Question 89.
Which format had research on “Multimedia Framework” in the year 2000?
(a) MPEG-4
(b) MPEG-2
(c) MPEG7
(d) MPEG-21
Answer:
(d) MPEG-21

Question 90.
How many steps are there in Multimedia production?
(a) 10
(b) 11
(c) 12
(d) 13
Answer:
(c) 12

Question 91.
The first step in Multimedia production is ……………………………
(a) project design
(b) conceptual analysis
(c) planning
(d) both b & c
Answer:
(d) both b & c

Question 92.
The general statements in project design stage are termed as ……………………………
(a) goals
(b) objectives
(c) Aim
(d) planning
Answer:
(a) goals

Question 93.
The selection of fastest CPU, RAM and huge monitors, sufficient disc for storing comes under
(a) content definition
(b) RAM capacity
(c) structure preparing
(d) Hardware / Software selection
Answer:
(d) Hardware / Software selection

Question 94.
Find the correct statement from the following
(i) Start / end time of each activity are defined in preparing the structure stage.
(ii) A pilot project will be ready in the production stage.
(iii) Suggestions and comments are given in the documentation phase.
(a) (i) is correct
(b) (i) (ii) are correct
(c) (i) (iii) are correct
(d) All are correct
Answer:
(d) All are correct

Question 95.
What are the factors to be considered while delivering the multimedia applications through internet.
(a) Bandwidth
(b) Plugins
(c) Downloading time
(d) all the above
Answer:
(d) all the above

Question 96.
Which software is used to incorporate the text in the production stage?
(a) Light pen
(b) Scanner
(c) OCR
(d) OMR
Answer:
(c) OCR

Question 97.
Identify which is not a browser?
(a) Internet Explorer
(b) Trash
(c) Mozilla Firefox
(d) Google Chrome
Answer:
(b) Trash

Question 98.
Arrange the options given below in the proper order.
(i) Budgeting
(ii) project design
(iii) Documentation
(iv) Hardware / software selection
(v) Testing
(a) (ii) (i) (iv) (v) (iii)
(b) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
(c) (v) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
(d) (i) (iii) (v) (iv) (ii)
Answer:
(a) (ii) (i) (iv) (v) (iii)

Question 99.
Copyright issues are considered in the …………………………… phase.
(a) conceptual analysis and planning
(b) project design
(c) pre-production
(d) Budgeting
Answer:
(a) conceptual analysis and planning

Question 100.
How many members are there in multimedia production team?
(a) 8
(b) 9
(c) 10
(d) 12
Answer:
(b) 9

Question 101.
The production manager should not be an expertise in ……………………………
(a) technology
(b) proposal writing
(c) communication
(d) Text Narration
Answer:
(d) Text Narration

Question 102.
Identify the wrong statement.
(a) The text should always be structured
(b) The text should be grammatically correct
(c) The text must flow logically
(d) All the above statements are correct
Answer:
(d) All the above statements are correct

Question 103.
The multimedia presentation is converted into a web page by
(a) computer programmer
(b) web master
(c) graphic artist
(d) multimedia architect
Answer:
(b) web master

Question 104.
…………………………… represents a linear sequence of events.
(a) video
(b) film scripts
(c) Text
(d) a & b
Answer:
(d) a & b

Question 105.
Who plays a vital role in dealing with backgrounds, bullets, buttons, pictures editing, 3D objects, animations, logos of the programs.
(a) Multimedia Architect
(b) Web Master
(c) Computer Graphic Artist
(d) Video Specialist
Answer:
(c) Computer Graphic Artist

Question 106.
Identify the person who is not a member of Multimedia Production team.
(a) Content specialist
(b) Program debugger
(c) Script writer
(d) Text Editor
Answer:
(b) Program debugger

Question 107.
How many million consumers uses Internet, radio and video services every month?
(a) 55
(b) 45
(c) 65
(d) 75
Answer:
(a) 55

Question 108.
…………………………… is a multimedia based teaching and learning system at GMU in Germany to provide decentralized learning environment to the students.
(a) MODULO
(b) MODULES
(c) MODE
(d) MODEL
Answer:
(a) MODULO

Question 109.
…………………………… is an Education satellite launched in India to provide virtual classrooms.
(a) EDSAT
(b) EDUSAT
(c) E-SAT
(d) E SATELLITE
Answer:
(b) EDUSAT

Question 110.
……………………………. conferencing is a system that performs face to face interactions for the users.
(a) Multimedia
(b) Video
(c) Audio
(d) Both a and b
Answer:
(d) Both a and b

Question 111.
…………………………… is a free standing furnished equipped multimedia computer that allow users to retrieve information via a touch screen.
(a) Kiosk
(b) Helpdesk
(c) Customer care
(d) ATM
Answer:
(a) Kiosk

Question 112.
Banks uses Kiosks in the form of
(a) Cash
(b) Finance
(c) Credit Cards
(d) ATM
Answer:
(d) ATM

II. Short Answers

Question 1.
What are the advantages of vector images?
Answer:
Relatively small amount of data is required to represent the image and thereby only less memory is needed to store.

Question 2.
Define compression?
Answer:
Compression is a technique used to reduce the file size of images that is useful for storing large number of images and speeding transmission for networked applications.

Question 3.
Mention some compression formats?
Answer:

1. GIF – Graphics Interface Format
2. TIFF – Tagged Image File Format
3. JPEG – Joint Photographic Experts Group

Question 4.
Define frame Animation?
Answer:
In frame animations, multiple objects are allowed to travel simultaneously and the background or the objects also changes.

Question 5.
Define sampling rate?
Answer:
Sampling rate is defined as how often the samples are taken and how many numbers are used to represent the value of each sample (bit depth, resolution and sample size).

Question 6.
Write note on MIDI?
Answer:
Musical Instrument Digital Identifier (MIDI) is a standard communication tool developed for computers and electronic instruments. This tool is flexible and easy for composing the projects in multimedia. Tools for synthesizing the sound and software for sequencing are necessary for MIDI.

Question 7.
Classify video?
Answer:
The video can be categorized into two types as:
Analog video and Digital video

Question 8.
Classify Analog video?
Answer:
Analog Video’s are classified as

1. composite Analog video
2. component Analog video

Question 9.
Write note on RTF text format?
Answer:
Rich Text Format is the primary file format introduced in 1987 by Microsoft with the specification of their published products and for cross-platform documents interchange.

Question 10.
Mention some text editors?
Answer:
Notepad (Windows), Gedit or nano (Unix, Linux), TextEdit (Mac OS X)

Question 11.
Compare BMP and DIB?
Answer:
DIB is similar to BMP. It allows the files to be displayed on a variety of devices.

Question 12.
Write note on Tagra?
Answer:
It is the first popular format for high-resolution images. TGA is supported by Most of the video-capture boards.

Question 13.
Write note on MP3 format?
Answer:
MPEG Layer-3 format is the most popular format for storing and downloading music. The MP3 files are roughly compressed to one-tenth the size of an equivalent WAV file.

Question 14.
Write note on WMA?
Answer:
It is a popular windows media audio format owned by Microsoft and designed with Digital Right Management (DRM) abilities for copyright protection.

Question 15.
Write note on RA Format?
Answer:
Real Audio format is designed for streaming audio over the Internet. The digital audio resources are usually stored as a computer file in computer’s hard drive or CD/DVD.

Question 16.
What are the factors to be considered while delivering the multimedia product?
Answer:

1. Bandwidth issues.
2. Huge Number of Plugins required to play audio and video.
3. Long downloading time.

Question 17.
Name the various fields where multimedia plays a vital role?
Answer:
Education, Entertainment, Business Systems, Medical Services, Public Places and Multimedia Conferencing.

Question 18.
What is Kiosk?
Answer:
Kiosk is a free-standing furnished equipped multimedia computer that allow users to retrieve information via a touch screen. It is^ commonly used in airports and other public locations to provide directions and few mandatory information’s.

III. Explain in Brief

Question 1.
Define path animation?
Answer:
Path animation involves moving an object on a screen that has a constant background e.g. a cartoon character may move across the screen regardless of any change in the background or the character.

Question 2.
Define composite Analog video? Mention same characteristics of composite Analog video?
Answer:
Composite Analog Video has all the video components like brightness, color, and synchronization combined into one signal. Due to the combining of the video components, the quality of the composite video resulted in color blending, low clarity and high generational loss.

Question 3.
Write note on TIFF?
Answer:
TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) is common in desktop publishing world (high quality output), and is supported by almost all software packages. Recent versions of TIFF allows image compression, and the format is comfortable for moving large files between computers.

Question 4.
Differentiate GIF and JPEG?
Ans
GIF:

1. It is lossless format
2. It is limited to 8 bit palette
3. Size of GIF is more
4. Good for animation works

JPEG:

1. It uses lossy format
2. It allows multiple colors
3. It is lesser
4. Good for photographs

Question 5.
Explain PNG format?
Answer:
An extensible file format for the less loss, portable and well compressed storage of raster images. PNG acts as replacement for GIF and also replaces multiple common uses of TIFF. PNG works good with online viewing applications like world wide web. so it is fully streameable with a best display option.

Question 6.
Write note on MPEG?
Answer:
MPEG is a standard for generating digital video and audio compression under the International Standards Organization (ISO) by the group of people. The group has developed MPEG-1, the standard on which Video CD and MP3 are based, MPEG-2, the standard that supports products as Digital Television set top boxes and DVD, MPEG-4, the standard for multimedia and mobile web. MPEG-7, the standard for search of audio and visual content. Research on , MPEG-21 “Multimedia Framework” has started in 2000. Simply MPEG is the standards for digital video and audio compression.

Question 7.
List out the steps in Multimedia Production?
Answer:
Conceptual Analysis and Planning, Project design, Pre-production, Budgeting, Multimedia Production Team, Hardware/Software Selection, Defining the Content, Preparing the structure, Production, Testing, Documentation and Delivering the Multimedia Product.

Question 8.
What is meant by digital library?
Answer:
Information’s are available in digital formats It include digital books, scanned images, graphics and digitized audio-visual clips etc. digital library projects were based on textual data, images, audio and video recordings were also integrated under the collection of digital library.

IV. Answer in Detail

Question 1.
Explain various components of Multimedia?
Answer:
Multimedia has five major components like text, images, sound, video and animation. They are explained in detail below:
1. Text:
is the basic components of multimedia and most common ways of communicating information to other person. Static text, the text or the words will remain static as a heading or in a line, or in a paragraph. A hypertext is a system which consists of nodes, the text and the links between the nodes, which defines the paths the user need to follow for the text access in non-sequential ways.

2. Images:
acts as an vital component in multimedia. These images are generated by the computer in two ways, as bitmap or raster images and as vector images. Raster or Bitmap Images: The common and comprehensive form of storing images in a computer is raster or bitmap image.

3. Vector images:
Drawing elements or objects such as lines, rectangles, circles and so on to create an images are based on Vector images.

Animation is the process displaying still images so quickly so that they give the impression of continuous movement. Path animation involves moving an object on a screen that has a constant background e g. a cartoon character may move across the screen regardless of any change in the background or the character.

4. Frame animation:
In frame animations, multiple objects are allowed to travel simultaneously and the background or the objects also changes.

5. Sound:
is a meaningful speech in any language and is the most serious element in multimedia, providing the pleasure of music, special effects and so on.

6. Video:
is defined as the display of recorded event, scene etc. The powerful way to convey information in multimedia applications are embedding of video. The video can be categorized in two types as Analog video and Digital video.PART – I
I. Choose The Correct Answer

Question 1.
………………………… refers to any type of application that involves more than one type of media such as text, graphics video animation and sound
(a) an executable file
(b) desktop publishing
(c) multimedia
(d) hypertext
Answer:
(c) multimedia

Question 2.
One of the disadvantages of the multimedia is its …………………………….
(a) cost
(b) adaptability
(c) usability
(d) relativity
Answer:
(a) cost

Question 3.
Expand JPEG
(a) joint photo experts gross
(b) joint photographic experts group
(c) joint processor experts group
(d) joint photographic expression group
Answer:
(b) joint photographic experts group

Question 4.
You need hardware, software and …………………….. to make multimedia.
(a) network
(b) compact disk drive
(c) good idea
(d) programming knowledge
Answer:
(b) compact disk drive

Question 5.
Match the following by choosing the right one.
(i) Text – 1.TGA
(ii) Image – 2. MIDI
(iii) Sound – 3. MPEG
(iv) Video – 4. RTF
(a) (i)-1, (ii)-2, (iii)-3, (iv)-4
(b) (i)-2, (ii)-3, (iii)-4, (iv)-1
(c) (i)-4, (ii)-1, (iii)-2, (iv)-3
(d) (i)-3, (ii)-4, (iii)-1, (iv)-2
Answer:
(c) (i)-4, (ii)-1, (iii)-2, (iv)-3

Question 6.
Find the odd one on the following which is not an image format
(a) TIFF
(b) BMP
(c) RTF
(d) JPEG
Answer:
(c) RTF

Question 7.
………………………….. is the process displaying still images they give continuous movement
(a) Text formats
(b) Sound
(c) MP3
(d) Animation
Answer:
(d) Animation

Question 8.
The live telecasting of real time program through Internet is known as ……………………………..
(a) web casting
(b) web hosting
(c) data manipulation
(d) none of the above
Answer:
(a) web casting

Question 9.
GIF use ………………………. color look up table
(a) 8 bit
(b) 8 KB
(c) 8 MB
(d) 8 GB
Answer:
(a) 8 bit

Question 10.
RTF file format was introduced by ……………………………
(a) TCS
(b) Microsoft
(c) Apple
(d) IBM
Answer:
(b) Microsoft

PART – II
II. Short Answers

Question 1.
Define Multimedia and their features?
Answer:
The word multimedia consists of two words “multi” and “media” which means that multiple forms of media are combined to gather and provide services like storage, communication, presentation and Input/output interactions of text, video, image, graphics and audio.
Features of Multimedia:

1. The information they handle is represented digitally.
2. Multimedia Systems are integrated, computer controlled and usually interactive.

Question 2.
List out Multimedia Components?
Answer:
Multimedia has five major components like text, images, sound, video and animation.

Question 3.
Classify the TEXT component in multimedia?
Answer:
Text is classified as static text and hypertext. Static text, the text or the words will remain static as a heading or in a line, or in a paragraph. A hypertext is a system which consists of nodes, the text and the links between the nodes, which defines the paths the user need to follow for the text access in non-sequential ways.

Question 4.
Classify the IMAGE component in multimedia?
Answer:
Images acts as an vital component in multimedia. These images are generated by the Image components are classified in two ways, as bitmap or raster images and as vector images. Raster or Bitmap Images:
The common and comprehensive form of storing images in a computer is raster or bitmap image.

Vector Images:
Drawing elements or objects such as lines, rectangles, circles and so on to create an images are based on Vector images.

Question 5.
Define Animation and their features?
Answer:
Animation is the process displaying still images so quickly so that they give the impression of continuous movement.
Features:

1. In animation the screen object is a vector image in animation.
2. The least frame rate of at least 16 frames per second gives the impression of smoothness and for natural looking it should be at least 25 frames per second.

Question 6.
List out image file formats?
Answer:
TIFF (Tagged Image File Format), BMP (Bitmap), DIB (Device Independent Bitmap), GIF (Graphics Interchange Format), JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group), TGA (Tagra), PNG (Portable Network Graphics).

Question 7.
List out audio file formats?
Answer:
WAV (Waveform Audio File Format), MP3 (MPEG Layer-3 Format), OGG, AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format), WMA (Windows Media Audio), RA (Real Audio Format).

Question 8.
List out video file formats?
Answer:
AVI (Audio/Video Interleave) and MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group).

Question 9.
Define Multimedia Production?
Answer:
Production:
In the multimedia application, after the pre-production activities, the production phase starts. This phase includes the activities like background music selection, sound recording and so on. Text is incorporated using OCR software, Pictures shot by digital camera, Video clips are shot, edited and compressed. A pilot project is ready by this time.

Question 10.
List out Multimedia Production team members?
Answer:
Production Manager, Content Specialist, Script Writer, Text Editor, Multimedia Architect, Computer Graphic Artist, Audio and Video Specialist, Computer Programmer, Web Master.

PART – III
III. Explain in Brief Answer

Question 1.
Briefly explain about Multimedia Components?
Answer:
Multimedia has five major components like text, images, sound, video and animation.
Text:
Text is the basic components of multimedia and most common ways of communicating information to other person.

Image:
Images acts as an vital component in multimedia. These images are generated by the computer in two ways, as bitmap or raster images and as vector images.

Sound:
Sound is a meaningful speech in any language and is the most serious element in multimedia, providing the pleasure of music, special effects and so on.

Video:
Video is defined as the display of recorded event, scene.

Animation:
Animation is the process of displaying still images so quickly so that they give the impression of continuous movement.

Question 2.
Describe the features and techniques of animation?
Answer:
Animation is the process displaying still images so quickly so that they give the impression of continuous movement. In animation the screen object is a vector image in animation. Using numerical transformations the movement of that image along its paths is calculated for their defining coordinates.

The least frame rate of at least 16 frames per second gives the impression of smoothness and for natural looking it should be at least 25 frames per second. Animations may be in two or three dimensional. The two dimensional animation, bring an image alive, that occur on the flat X and Y axis of the screen, while in three dimensional animation it occurs along the three axis X, Y and Z. Animation tools are very powerful and effective. The two basic types of animations are Path animation and Frame animation.

Question 3.
Write roles and responsibilities of Production team members?
Answer:
Production Manager:
In a multimedia production, the role of production manager is to define, and coordinate, the production of the multimedia project in time and with full quality.

Content Specialist:
Content specialist is responsible for performing all research activities concerned with the proposed application’s content.

Script Writer:
The script writer visualizes the concepts in three dimensional environments.

Text Editor:
The content of a multimedia production always must flow logically and the text should always be structured and correct grammatically.

Multimedia Architect:
The multimedia architect integrates all the multimedia building blocks like graphics, text, audio, music, video, photos and animation by using an authoring software.

Computer Graphic Artist:
The role of Computer Graphic Artist is to deal with the graphic elements of the programs like backgrounds, bullets, buttons, pictures editing, 3-D objects, animation, and logos etc.

Audio and Video Specialist:
They are responsible for recording, editing sound effects and digitizing.

Computer Programmer:
The computer programmer writes the lines of code or scripts in the appropriate language.

Web Master:
The responsibility of the web master is to create and maintain an Internet web page.

Question 4.
Describe the various file formats in multimedia?
Answer:
Text Formats: RTF, Plain text, Image Formats:TIFF (Tagged Image File Format), BMP (Bitmap), DIB (Device Independent Bitmap), GIF (Graphics Interchange Format), JPEG (Jbint Photographic Experts Group), TGA (Tagra), PNG (Portable Network Graphics), Digital Audio File Formats: WAV (Waveform Audio File Format), MP3 (MPEG Layer-3 Format), OGG, AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format), WMA (Windows Media Audio), RA (Real Audio Format), Digital Video File Formats: AVI (Audio/Video Interleave), MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group).

Question 5.
Explain animation industry and their scope?
Answer:
1. The Indian Animation Industry encompasses traditional 2D animations, 3D animation <& visual effects for films.

2. An animation Studio is a company producing animated media. Many of these studios help with the fulfillment of animation works for big brand names and have carried out outsourced projects including Nemo.

3. The first Indian animated TV series was Ghayab Aya in the year 1986. The first Indian animated film was The Banyan Deer in 1957.

PART – IV
IV. Explain in detail

Question 1.
Explain in detail Process of Multimedia ?
Steps in Multimedia Production
Answer:
Adequate time and efficient planning is required for multimedia production, which assures that the project will be proceed smoothly and certainly ensures that the information reaches the target audience. Following are the phases for development of complex multimedia projects. Multimedia and Desktop Publishing.

Conceptual Analysis and Planning:
The process of multimedia making begins with a conceptual ignition point. Conceptual analysis identifies a appropriate theme, budget and content availability on that selected theme. Additional criteria like copyright issues also are considered in this phase.

Project design:
Once the theme is finalized objectives, goals, and activities are drawn for the multimedia project. General statements are termed as goals. The specific statements in the project is known as the objectives. Activities are series of actions performed to implement an objective. These activities contribute to the Project design phase.

Pre-production:
Based on the planning and design, it is necessary to develop the project.
The following are the steps involved in pre-production:

Budgeting:
Budgeting for each phases like consultants, hardware, software, travel, communication and publishing is estimated for all the multimedia projects.

Multimedia Production Team:
The production team for a high-end multimedia project requires a team efforts. The team comprises of members playing various roles and responsibilities like Script writer, Production manager, Editor, Graphics Architect, Multimedia Architect and Web Master.

Hardware/Software Selection:
All multimedia Application requires appropriate tools to develop and playback the application. Hardware includes the selection of fastest CPU, RAM and huge monitors, sufficient disc for storing the records. Selection of the suitable software and file formats depends on the funds available for the project being developed.

Defining the Content:
Content is the “stuff’ provided by content specialist to the multimedia architect with which the application is developed, who prepares the narration, bullets, charts and tables etc.

Preparing the structure:
A detailed structure must have information about all the steps ‘along with the time line of the future action. This structure defines the activities, responsible person for each activity and the start/end time for each activity.

Production:
In the multimedia application, after the pre-production activities, the production phase starts. This phase includes the activities like background music selection, sound recording and so on. Text is incorporated using OCR software, Pictures shot by digital camera, Video clips are shot, edited and compressed. A pilot project is ready by this time.

Testing:
The complete testing of the pilot product is done before the mass production to ensure that everything is in place, thereby avoiding the failure after launch. If it’s an web . based product its functioning is tested with different browsers like Internet Explorer, Chrome, Mozilla and Netscape Navigator. If it is a locak multimedia application on a LAN it must be deployed in the server for testing purpose. After the testing process are over, the product is incorporated with valid suggested changes.

Documentation User documentation is a mandatory feature of all multimedia projects. The documentation has all the valuable information’s starting from the system requirement till the completion of testing. Contact details, e-mail address and phone numbers are provided for technical support and sending suggestions and comments.

Delivering the Multimedia Product:
Multimedia applications are best delivered on CD/DVD or in the website . In reality various challenges are faced while delivering through internet, like bandwidth problems, huge number of plug-ins required to play audio and video and long downloading time. Finally, a multimedia application is delivered in a more effective way by the integration of two mediums CD-ROM/DVD and Internet.

Question 2.
Explain in detail Techniques of Animation?
Answer:
The various animation techniques are
(i) Traditional Animation:
Traditional animation involved animators drawing by hand for each and every frame. It is creating the drawings one by one on the frame. Eg. Snow White and the Seven Dwarf Movie

(ii) Computer animation – 2D, 3D:

1. The famous mickey mouse was created using the 2D animation technique.
2. The first 2D animation was called Fantasmagorie. It is a short cartoon made by Emile Cohl. It is entirely in black and white

(iii) Digital 2D animation:

1. Creating animations in the 2 dimensional space with the help of digital technologies is called digital 2D animation.
2. Create 100s of drawing and animate them to show same kind of movement in technically called digital 2d animations.

(iv) Digital 3D animation:
3D animation models are highly realistic. They are used to create Short Films, TV Commercials.

(v) Stop-motion animation:
Using frame by frame animation, physical static objects are moved around. Eg. Movie “The Teddy Bears”.

(vi) Mechanical Animations:
Instead of robotics, machines can be animated by using the mechanical animation techniques. It helps the animator to understand how the machine works.

(vii) Chuckimation:
Chuckimation is one of the popular animation techniques created by “Action League Now!” creators. It is the combination of stop frame animation and live shots, where characters are dropped into a particular frame.

(Viii) Clay animation (or) claymation:
Pieces of clay are moulded to create characters and based on the imagination of the animator, a story is unfolded. There are oil based and water based clays available.

(ix) Typography Animation:
Typography is nothing but font faces and letters and combination of text in motion.
Eg. Titles part of movie “The Atlantic”

(x) Sand Animation:
A lit glass table is used as a canvas and the animator creates animation by moving the sand in certain directions.

(xi) ZoetrOpe Animation:
Some still images are drawn on a drum and when turned in a circular way, we will get an illusion of movement.

Question 3.
Explore the opportunities in Animation filed movie industry?
Answer:
In India, the VFX domain, or the animation and visual effects industry has been growing stronger and stronger in recent years.

1. Animation and visual effects requirement for massive international projects such as HBO’s top TV series and Marvels’ hit Infinity War and Black Panther was outsourced to Indian companies in Mumbai and Pune.
2. This led to the significant increase in the number of students enrolling for a VFX course.
3. As such, a student that completes a 3D animation course cap hope to build a rewarding and satisfying career in the Media and Entertainment field these days.
4. The timeless classics Tom and Jerry and Mickey Mouse created a milestone but the legacy is not disappointing.
5. Indian animation has risen from an amateur piece of craft like “The Banyan Deer” to the million rupees project “Chhota Bheem”
6. POGO, the leading cartoon channel in India is the most successful entertainment channel for kids.
7. Indian animation industry is anticipated to grow faster than the IT industry.
8. The industry has grown to a multibillion net work standard.
9. As a result of the growing demand in industry, the scope of animation course in tremendous.
10. The number of VFX artists and animators that worked on Baahubali was around 750.
11. Ex. For Top animates Movies: Spider-Man, Incredibles 2, Zootopia, Inside Out, Toy Story 3, Finding Nemo, Frozen, etc.

Question 4.
Explain in detail about production team Roles and Responsibilities?
Answer:
Multimedia Production Team:
Managing team members in a way to get maximum outcome with high degree of efficiency is mandatory in multimedia production. The fine quality high-end multimedia production application requires a specialize team comprises of the following members:

Production Manager:
In a multimedia production, the role of production manager is to define, and coordinate, the production of the multimedia project in time and with full quality. The production manager should be an expertise in the technology expert, good at proposal writing, good communication skills and budget management skills. Also must have experience in human resource management and act as an efficient team leader.

Content Specialist:
Content specialist is responsible for performing all research activities concerned with the proposed application’s content. Program content refers to projects information, graphics, data or facts presented through the multimedia production.

Script Writer:
Video and film scripts represents a linear sequence of events. The script writer visualizes the concepts in three dimensional environments and if needed uses the virtual reality integration into the program.

Text Editor:
The content of a multimedia production always must flow logically and the text should always be structured and correct grammatically. Text and narration is an integrated part of the application.

Multimedia Architect:
The multimedia architect integrates all the multimedia building blocks like graphics, text, audio, music, video, photos and animation by using an authoring software.

Computer Graphic Artist:
The role of Computer Graphic Artist is to deal with the graphic elements of the programs like backgrounds, bullets, buttons, pictures editing, 3-D objects, animation, and logos etc.

Audio and Video Specialist:
The roles of these specialists are needed for dealing with narration and digitized videos to-be added in a multimedia presentation. They are responsible for recording, editing sound effects and digitizing.

Computer Programmer:
The computer programmer writes the lines of code or scripts in the appropriate language. These scripts usually develops special functions like developing the software to give the size and shape of video windows, controlling peripherals and so on.

Web Master:
The responsibility of the web master is to create and maintain an Internet web page. They converts a multimedia presentation into a web page. Final multimedia product is ready for consultation is a joint effort of the entire team. Initially, the production manager identifies the project content, while the web master provides access to a wide range of community through web-services.

Question 5.
Explain about different file formats in multimedia files?
Answer:
File Formats for Multimedia:
The following is an outline of current file formats used for the production and delivery of multimedia data.
Text Formats:
RTF Rich Text Format:
is the primary file format introduced in 1987 by Microsoft with the specification of their published products and for cross-platform documents interchange.

Plain text:
Plain text files can be opened, read, and edited with most text editors. Commonly used are Notepad (Windows), Gedit or nano (Unix, Linux), TextEdit (Mac OS X) and so on. Other computer programs are also capable of reading and importing plain text. Plain text is the original and popular way of conveying an e-mail.

Image Formats:
TIFF (Tagged Image File Format):
This format is common in desktop publishing world (high quality output), and is supported by almost all software packages. Recent versions of TIFF allows image compression, and the format is comfortable for moving large files between computers.

BMP (Bitmap):
Initially this format is in use with Windows 3.1. It is quite large and uncompressed and hence BMP is used for the high-resolution or large images.

DIB (Device Independent Bitmap):
This format which is similar to BMP, allows the files to be displayed on a variety of devices.

GIF (Graphics Interchange Format):
GIF is a compressed image format. Most of the computer color images and backgrounds are GIF files. This file format is best suitable for graphics that uses only limited colors, and it is the most popular format used for online color photos. 13-bit Color look up table is used by the GIF format to identify its color values. This format is supported widely.

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group):
JPEG was designed to attain maximum image compression. It uses loss compression technique, where a compression method is referred that loses some of the data required for the image reconstruction. It works good with photographs, naturalistic artwork, and similar material but functions less on lettering, live drawings or simple cartoons.

TGA (Tagra):
It is the first popular format for high-resolution images. TGA is supported by Most of the video-capture boards.

PNG (Portable Network Graphics):
An extensible file format for the less loss, portable and well compressed storage of raster images. PNG acts as replacement for GIF and also replaces multiple common uses of TIFF. PNG works good with online viewing applications like worldwide web. So it is fully streameable with a best display option.

Digital Audio File Formats:
1. WAV (Waveform Audio File Format):
It is the most popular audio file format in windows for storing uncompressed sound files. In order to attain the. reduced file size it can also be converted to other file formats like MP3.

2. MP3 (MPEG Layer-3 Format)
3. MPEG Layer-3 format is the most popular format for storing and downloading music. The MP3 files are roughly compressed to one-tenth the size of an equivalent WAV file.

4. OGG:
A free, open source container format that is designed for obtaining better streaming and evolving at high end quality digital multimedia. It can be compared to MP3 files in terms of quality.

5. AIFF (Audio Interchange File Format):
A standard audio file format used by Apple which is like a WAV file for the Mac.

6. WMA (Windows Media Audio):
It is a popular windows media audio format owned by Microsoft and designed with Digital Right Management (DRM) abilities for copyright protection.

7. RA (Real Audio Format):
Real Audio format is designed for streaming audio over the Internet. The digital audio resources are usually stored as a computer file in computer’s hard drive or CD/DVD. Besides the variety of audio file formats available, the most common formats are wave files (.WAV) and MPEG Layer-3 files (.MP3), WMA and RA.

Digital Video File Formats:
AVI (Audio/Video Interleave):
AVI is the video file format for Windows. Here sound and picture elements are stored in alternate interleaved chunks in the file.

MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group):
MPEG is a standard for generating digital video and audio compression under the International Standards Organization (ISO) by the group of people. The group has developed MPEG-1, the standard on which Video CD and MP3 are based, MPEG-2, the standard that supports products as Digital Television set top boxes and DVD, MPEG-4, the standard for multimedia and mobile web. MPEG-7, the standard for search of audio and visual content. Research on MPEG-21 “Multimedia Framework” has started in 2000. Simply MPEG is the standards for digital video and audio compression.

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Computer Applications Multimedia and Desktop Publishing Additional Questions and Answers

I. Choose The Best Answer

Question 1
……………………….. applications plays vital role in presenting information to the user.
(a) Power point
(b) Multimedia
(c) Star office
(d) php
Answer:
(b) Multimedia

Question 2.
In the term multimedia, multi refers to …………………………….
(a) medium
(b) single
(c) hybrid
(d) many
Answer:
(d) many

Question 3.
What is the plural form of medium?
(a) medium
(b) mediu
(c) media
(d) median
Answer:
(c) media

Question 4.
How many major components are there in Multimedia?
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
Answer:
(d) 5

Question 5.
Which is not a multimedia components? [Pick the odd one out].
(a) Test
(b) Image
(c) Sound
Answer:
(a) Test

Question 6.
Identify the static element from the following.
(a) Video
(b) graphics
(c) Animation
Answer:
(b) graphics

Question 7.
…………………………. is the basic components of Multimedia.
(a) Video
(b) Animation
(c) Text
Answer:
(c) Text

Question 8.
In …………………… the words are given along with the images to explain about the images.
(a) Static text
(b) Hyper text
(c) Multi text
(d) Super text
Answer:
(a) Static text

Question 9.
The readability of the text depends on the ………………………….
(a) pronunciation
(b) spacing
(c) punctuation
(d) b & c
Answer:
(d) b & c

Question 10.
In how many ways, in ages can be generated by the computer?
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
Answer:
(a) 2

Question 11.
Bitmap images are otherwise called as ………………………… images.
(a) multimedia
(b) vector
(c) Raster
Answer:
(c) Raster

Question 12.
The common and comprehensive form of storing images in a computer is ……………………………
(a) raster images
(b) bitmap
(c) vector
(d) both (a) &(b)
Answer:
(d) both (a) &(b)

Question 13.
The tiny dots which forms on the screen (picture elements) are called as …………………………
(a) pitel
(b) pixel
(c) dots
(d) dpi
Answer:
(b) pixel

Question 14.
……………………… is a simple matrix of pixel that forms a raster image.
(a) Bitmap
(b) Pixel
(c) Vector
(d) Animation
Answer:
(a) Bitmap

Question 15.
In determining number of colors, ……………………. bits indicates 256 colors.
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 8
(d) 16
Answer:
(c) 8

Question 16.
………………………… is a techniques used to reduce the file size of the images.
(a) Animation
(b) Rendering
(c) Compression
(d) Morphing
Answer:
(c) Compression

Question 17.
Identify which is not a compression format?
(a) GIF
(b) TIFF
(c) JPEG
(d) MIDI
Answer:
(d) MIDI

Question 18.
What is the least frame rate for smooth appearance of images?
(a) 4
(b) 8
(c) 16
(d) 32
Answer:
(c) 16

Question 19.
How many frames per second are needed for a normal natural looking images?
(a) 10
(b) 15
(c) 20
(d) 25
Answer:
(d) 25

Question 20.
If the image appears in xy axis of the screen, then it is called as ………………………… animation.
(a) picture
(b) Image xy
(c) 2D
(d) 3D
Answer:
(c) 2D

Question 21.
If the image appears inXYZ axis of the screen then it is called as ………………………. animation.
(a) 2D
(b) 3D
(c) XYZ
Answer:
(b) 3D

Question 22.
How many types of animations are there?
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
Answer:
(a) 2

Question 23.
The two types of animations are …………………………
(a) Frame, object
(b) path, object
(c) path, Frame
Answer:
(c) path, Frame

Question 24.
Which animation involves moving an object on the screen with constant background?
(a) Vector
(b) Path
(c) Frame
(d) Static
Answer:
(b) Path

Question 25.
Multiple objects are allowed to travel simultaneously in ……………………………. animations.
(a) Vector
(b) Path
(c) Frame
(d) Static
Answer:
(c) Frame

Question 26.
Which one of the following is the most serious element in multimedia and provides the pleasure of music, special effects etc?
(a) Text
(b) Image
(c) Sound
(d) Video
Answer:
(c) Sound

Question 27.
What is the unit of sound?
(a) Decibels
(b) Newton
(c) Hertz
(d) Frequency
Answer:
(a) Decibels

Question 28.
MIDI stand for ………………………………..
(a) Magic In Data Interface
(b) Musical Instrument Digital Identifier ,
(c) Magnetic Induction Drive Input
(d) Most Interactive Digital Interface
Answer:
(d) Most Interactive Digital Interface

Question 29.
………………………….. Sound is a digitized sound.
(a) Recorded
(b) Digital
(c) Frame
(d) Sampled
Answer:
(d) Sampled

Question 30.
is defined as how often the samples are taken and how many numbers are used to represent the value of each sample.
(a) Digitized sound
(b) sampling rate
(c) compression
(d) compression ratio
Answer:
(b) sampling rate

Question 31.
How many types of videos are there?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Answer:
(b) 2

Question 32.
The display of recorded event, scene etc. are called as …………………………..
(a) Video
(b) Sampling
(c) Frames
(d) Modelling
Answer:
(a) Video

Question 33.
How many categories of Analog videos’are there?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Answer:
(b) 2

Question 34.
Which video format have all the components like brightness, color and synchronization are combined into one signal?
(a) Digital video
(b) MIDI
(c) Component Analog Video
(d) Composite Analog Video
Answer:
(d) Composite Analog Video

Question 35.
Which video format produces low plarity videos?
(a) Analog video
(b) Digital video
(c) Component Analog Video
(d) Composite Analog Video
Answer:
(d) Composite Analog Video

Question 36.
Which one of the following format was used for customer analog video recording tape formats?
(a) Beta max
(b) MIDI
(c) DIB
(d) BMP
Answer:
(a) Beta max

Question 37.
How many different multimedia file formats are there?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
Answer:
(d) 4

Question 38.
RTF stand for …………………………..
(a) Rich Text Format
(b) Real Time Format
(c) Red Tagra Format
(d) Recording to file Format
Answer:
(a) Rich Text Format

Question 39.
The RTF was introduced in the year …………………………..
(a) 1982
(b) 1985
(c) 1987
(d) 1992
Answer:
(c) 1987

Question 40.
Match the following editors with OS?
1. Gedit/Nano – (a) windows
2. Text Edit – (b) Unix / Linux
3. Notepad – (c) Mac OS
(a) 1-(b), 2-(c), 3-(a)
(b) 1-(c), 2-(b), 3-(a)
(c) 1-(a),2-(b),3-(c)
(d) 1-(b), 2-(a), 3-(c)
Answer:
(a) 1-(b), 2-(c), 3-(a)

Question 41.
Identify which is not an editor?
(a) Notepad
(b) Gotit
(c) Nano
(d) Text Edit
Answer:
(b) Gotit

Question 42.
………………………….. is the popular way of conveying an e-mail.
(a) RTF
(b) plaintext
(c) BMP
(d) TIFF
Answer:
(b) plaintext

Question 43.
TIFF is a ………………………….. Format of file.
(a) Sound
(b) Video
(c) Text
(d) Image
Answer:
(d) Image

Question 44.
identify the statement which is correct.
(i) RTF was developed by apple.
(ii) TIFF format is common in desktop publishing world.
(iii) GIF uses lossy compression technique
(iv) JPEG works good with photographs.
(a) (i), (ii), (iii) are correct
(b) (i), (iv) are correct
(c) (i), (iii) are correct
(d) (ii), (iv) are correct
Answer:
(d) (ii), (iv) are correct

Question 45.
Which is the first popular format for high resolution images?
(a) TIFF
(b) TGA
(c) JPEG
(d) GIF
Answer:
(b) TGA

Question 46.
Identify which is not an image format.
(a) DIB
(b) BMP
(c) TGA
(d) OGG
Answer:
(d) OGG

Question 47.
TIFF Stand for …………………………
(a) Time Interchange File Format
(b) Tagged Image File Format
(c) Time In File Format
(d) Task Interrupt File Format
Answer:
(b) Tagged Image File Format

Question 48.
Which one of the following format produces high quality output in DTP world?
(a) TIFF
(b) TGA
(c) PNG
(d) JPEG
Answer:
(a) TIFF

Question 49.
BMP stands for …………………………..
(a) Bitwise Manipulation
(b) Binary Manipulations
(c) Bitmap
(d) Binary Map
Answer:
(c) Bitmap

Question 50.
Pick out the correct statement from the following.
(a) GIF are good with photographs
(b) PNG is portable, good with online viewing applications
(c) TIFF produces two quality output
(d) BMP is used for high resolution & small images
Answer:
(b) PNG is portable, good with online viewing applications

Question 51.
DIB stands for …………………………..
(a) Drive in Bus
(b) Devuce Input Bias
(c) Device Interface Format
(d) Device Independent Bitmap
Answer:
(d) Device Independent Bitmap

Question 52.
GIF stands for ……………………….
(a) Graphics Interchange Format
(b) Graphics Interchange File
(c) Graphics Interface Format
(d) Grahics Interface File
Answer:
(a) Graphics Interchange Format

Question 53.
TGA means …………………………
(a) Tagged
(b) Tagra
(c) tamil graphics
(d) Tiff graphics
Answer:
(b) Tagra

Question 54.
PNG means ………………………
(a) Power Net Gate
(b) Portable
(c) Portable Network Graphics
(d) Power Network Graphics
Answer:
(c) Portable Network Graphics

Question 55.
WAV stands for …………………………..
(a) Wave
(b) Waveform
(c) Waveform Audio Video Format
(d) Waveform Audio File Format
Answer:
(d) Waveform Audio File Format

Questionv 56.
AIFF stands for ………………………..
(a) Audio Interchange File Format
(b) Audio In File Format
(c) Audio Interference File Format
(d) Audio Interrupt File Format
Answer:
(a) Audio Interchange File Format

Question 57.
WMA means ……………………………
(a) Wave Media Animation
(b) Wave Moving Animation
(c) Windows Media Audio
(d) Waveform Media Audio
Answer:
(c) Windows Media Audio

Question 58.
RA stands for ……………………………
(a) Rich Animation
(b) Real Audio
(c) Rapid Audio
(d) Raster Audio
Answer:
(b) Real Audio

Question 59.
AVI means ……………………………
(a) Audio Video Interleave
(b) Animation Video Interface
(c) Audio Video Interchange
(d) Animation Video Intechange
Answer:
(a) Audio Video Interleave

Question 60.
The MPEG layer-3 Format is ……………………………
(a) MP3
(b) MPEG
(c) MIDI
(d) JPEG
Answer:
(a) MP3

Question 61.
Which image format is used for storing high-resolution large images?
(a) TIFF
(b) BMP
(c) DIB
(d) GIF
Answer:
(b) BMP

Question 62.
Which image format allows the files to be displayed on a variety of devices?
(a) BMP
(b) DIB
(c) DIP
(d) PNG
Answer:
(b) DIB

Question 63.
What is the table used by the GIF format to identify colors?
(a) Color
(b) Look color
(c) Color Look up
(d) Color up
Answer:
(c) Color Look up

Question 64.
………………………… is a compressed image format.
(a) GIF
(b) JPEG
(c) PNG
(d) DIB
Answer:
(a) GIF

Question 65.
What is the compression technique used by JPEG image format?
(a) Lossless
(b) Lossy
(c) Full compression
(d) Half / partial
Answer:
(b) Lossy

Question 66.
Which image format is good with photographs, naturalistic artworks?
(a) TIFF
(b) BMP
(c) GIF
(d) JPEG
Answer:
(d) JPEG

Question 67.
…………………………… is the first popular format for high resolution images.
(a) JPEG
(b) TGA
(c) GIF
(d) TIFF
Answer:
(b) TGA

Question 68.
Most of the video – capture boards supports …………………………… formats.
(a) JPEG
(b) TGA
(c) GIF
(d) TIFF
Answer:
(b) TGA

Question 69.
…………………………… format is fully streameable with a best display option.
(a) JPEG
(b) GIF
(c) PNG
(d) TIFF
Answer:
(c) PNG

Question 70.
Which format works good with online viewing applications like www?
(a) PNG
(b) TIFF
(c) OGG
(d) AIFF
Answer:
(a) PNG

Question 71.
Identify which is not an image format.
(a) PNG
(b) TIFF
(c) TGA
(d) OGG
Answer:
(d) OGG

Question 72.
Identify the wrongly matched pair from the following.
(a) OGG – (i) Audio
(b) MPEG – (ii) Video
(c) MIDI- (iii) Text
(d) TGA – (iv) image
(a) (iii)
(b) (ii)
(c) (iv)
(d) (i)
Answer:
(a) OGG – (i) Audio

Question 73.
Identify which is not an Digital Audio File Format.
(a) OGG
(b) AVI
(c) AIFF
(d) WMA
Answer:
(b) AVI

Question 74.
Which format is most popular for storing and downloading music?
(a) MP3
(b) MPEG
(c) JPEG
(d) AIFF
Answer:
(a) MP3

Question 75.
…………………………… format stores uncompressed sound files.
(a) WAV
(b) MP3
(c) OGG
(d) AIFF
Answer:
(a) WAV

Question 76.
Which files are compressed to onw-tenth the size of an equivalent WAV file?
(a) WAV
(b) OGG
(c) WMA
(d) MP3
Answer:
(d) MP3

Question 77.
AIFF was developed by …………………………
(a) Microsoft
(b) Apple
(c) IBM
(d) Flash
Answer:
(b) Apple

Question 78.
……………………….. is a free, open source container format.
(a) WAV
(b) MP3
(c) OGG
(d) WMA
Answer:
(c) OGG

Question 79.
Expand DRM.
(a) Digi Read Memory
(b) Digital Rich MP3
(c) Data Read Memory
(d) Digital Right Management
Answer:
(d) Digital Right Management

Question 80.
Which digital Audio format is designed with DRM facility?
(a) WMA
(b) TIFF
(c) OGG
(d) MP3
Answer:
(a) WMA

Question 81.
Identify the format which is not developed by Microsoft?
(a) AVI
(b) WMA
(c) AIFF
(d) RTF
Answer:
(c) AIFF

Question 82.
Who developed WMA?
(a) Apple
(b) Microsoft
(c) Macromedia
(d) IBM
Answer:
(b) Microsoft

Question 83.
…………………………… abilities are provided in WMA format for copyright protection.
(a) DMA
(b) DRA
(c) DRM
(d) DMR
Answer:
(c) DRM

Question 84.
The sound and picture elements in AVI are stored in alternate …………………………… chunks in the file.
(a) interleaved
(b) interface
(c) interrupt
(d) interchange
Answer:
(a) interleaved

Question 85.
Multimedia Framework was started in the year ……………………………
(a) 1999
(b) 2000
(c) 2001
(d) 2002
Answer:
(b) 2000

Question 86.
Find the pair wrongly matched.
(i) MPEG-2 – DVD, TV set top Boxes
(ii) MPEG-4 – Multimedia
(iii) MPEG-1 – Mobile
(iv) MPEG-7 -Video CD
(v) MPEG-21 – Multimedia Framework
(a) (iii), (iv)
(b) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(c) (iii) (iv) (v)
(d) All are correct
Answer:
(a) (iii), (iv)

Question 87.
Which MPEG format is used for multimedia and mobile web?
(a) MPEG-4
(b) MPEG-21
(c) MPEG-7
(d) MPEG-2
Answer:
(a) MPEG-4

Question 88.
………………………. is a standard format for generation digital video and audio compression under the ISO.
(a) AVI
(b) MP3
(c) JPEG
(d) MPEG
Answer:
(d) MPEG

Question 89.
Which format had research on “Multimedia Framework” in the year 2000?
(a) MPEG-4
(b) MPEG-2
(c) MPEG7
(d) MPEG-21
Answer:
(d) MPEG-21

Question 90.
How many steps are there in Multimedia production?
(a) 10
(b) 11
(c) 12
(d) 13
Answer:
(c) 12

Question 91.
The first step in Multimedia production is ……………………………
(a) project design
(b) conceptual analysis
(c) planning
(d) both b & c
Answer:
(d) both b & c

Question 92.
The general statements in project design stage are termed as ……………………………
(a) goals
(b) objectives
(c) Aim
(d) planning
Answer:
(a) goals

Question 93.
The selection of fastest CPU, RAM and huge monitors, sufficient disc for storing comes under
(a) content definition
(b) RAM capacity
(c) structure preparing
(d) Hardware / Software selection
Answer:
(d) Hardware / Software selection

Question 94.
Find the correct statement from the following
(i) Start / end time of each activity are defined in preparing the structure stage.
(ii) A pilot project will be ready in the production stage.
(iii) Suggestions and comments are given in the documentation phase.
(a) (i) is correct
(b) (i) (ii) are correct
(c) (i) (iii) are correct
(d) All are correct
Answer:
(d) All are correct

Question 95.
What are the factors to be considered while delivering the multimedia applications through internet.
(a) Bandwidth
(b) Plugins
(c) Downloading time
(d) all the above
Answer:
(d) all the above

Question 96.
Which software is used to incorporate the text in the production stage?
(a) Light pen
(b) Scanner
(c) OCR
(d) OMR
Answer:
(c) OCR

Question 97.
Identify which is not a browser?
(a) Internet Explorer
(b) Trash
(c) Mozilla Firefox
(d) Google Chrome
Answer:
(b) Trash

Question 98.
Arrange the options given below in the proper order.
(i) Budgeting
(ii) project design
(iii) Documentation
(iv) Hardware / software selection
(v) Testing
(a) (ii) (i) (iv) (v) (iii)
(b) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
(c) (v) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
(d) (i) (iii) (v) (iv) (ii)
Answer:
(a) (ii) (i) (iv) (v) (iii)

Question 99.
Copyright issues are considered in the …………………………… phase.
(a) conceptual analysis and planning
(b) project design
(c) pre-production
(d) Budgeting
Answer:
(a) conceptual analysis and planning

Question 100.
How many members are there in multimedia production team?
(a) 8
(b) 9
(c) 10
(d) 12
Answer:
(b) 9

Question 101.
The production manager should not be an expertise in ……………………………
(a) technology
(b) proposal writing
(c) communication
(d) Text Narration
Answer:
(d) Text Narration

Question 102.
Identify the wrong statement.
(a) The text should always be structured
(b) The text should be grammatically correct
(c) The text must flow logically
(d) All the above statements are correct
Answer:
(d) All the above statements are correct

Question 103.
The multimedia presentation is converted into a web page by
(a) computer programmer
(b) web master
(c) graphic artist
(d) multimedia architect
Answer:
(b) web master

Question 104.
…………………………… represents a linear sequence of events.
(a) video
(b) film scripts
(c) Text
(d) a & b
Answer:
(d) a & b

Question 105.
Who plays a vital role in dealing with backgrounds, bullets, buttons, pictures editing, 3D objects, animations, logos of the programs.
(a) Multimedia Architect
(b) Web Master
(c) Computer Graphic Artist
(d) Video Specialist
Answer:
(c) Computer Graphic Artist

Question 106.
Identify the person who is not a member of Multimedia Production team.
(a) Content specialist
(b) Program debugger
(c) Script writer
(d) Text Editor
Answer:
(b) Program debugger

Question 107.
How many million consumers uses Internet, radio and video services every month?
(a) 55
(b) 45
(c) 65
(d) 75
Answer:
(a) 55

Question 108.
…………………………… is a multimedia based teaching and learning system at GMU in Germany to provide decentralized learning environment to the students.
(a) MODULO
(b) MODULES
(c) MODE
(d) MODEL
Answer:
(a) MODULO

Question 109.
…………………………… is an Education satellite launched in India to provide virtual classrooms.
(a) EDSAT
(b) EDUSAT
(c) E-SAT
(d) E SATELLITE
Answer:
(b) EDUSAT

Question 110.
……………………………. conferencing is a system that performs face to face interactions for the users.
(a) Multimedia
(b) Video
(c) Audio
(d) Both a and b
Answer:
(d) Both a and b

Question 111.
…………………………… is a free standing furnished equipped multimedia computer that allow users to retrieve information via a touch screen.
(a) Kiosk
(b) Helpdesk
(c) Customer care
(d) ATM
Answer:
(a) Kiosk

Question 112.
Banks uses Kiosks in the form of
(a) Cash
(b) Finance
(c) Credit Cards
(d) ATM
Answer:
(d) ATM

II. Short Answers

Question 1.
What are the advantages of vector images?
Answer:
Relatively small amount of data is required to represent the image and thereby only less memory is needed to store.

Question 2.
Define compression?
Answer:
Compression is a technique used to reduce the file size of images that is useful for storing large number of images and speeding transmission for networked applications.

Question 3.
Mention some compression formats?
Answer:

1. GIF – Graphics Interface Format
2. TIFF – Tagged Image File Format
3. JPEG – Joint Photographic Experts Group

Question 4.
Define frame Animation?
Answer:
In frame animations, multiple objects are allowed to travel simultaneously and the background or the objects also changes.

Question 5.
Define sampling rate?
Answer:
Sampling rate is defined as how often the samples are taken and how many numbers are used to represent the value of each sample (bit depth, resolution and sample size).

Question 6.
Write note on MIDI?
Answer:
Musical Instrument Digital Identifier (MIDI) is a standard communication tool developed for computers and electronic instruments. This tool is flexible and easy for composing the projects in multimedia. Tools for synthesizing the sound and software for sequencing are necessary for MIDI.

Question 7.
Classify video?
Answer:
The video can be categorized into two types as:
Analog video and Digital video

Question 8.
Classify Analog video?
Answer:
Analog Video’s are classified as

1. composite Analog video
2. component Analog video

Question 9.
Write note on RTF text format?
Answer:
Rich Text Format is the primary file format introduced in 1987 by Microsoft with the specification of their published products and for cross-platform documents interchange.

Question 10.
Mention some text editors?
Answer:
Notepad (Windows), Gedit or nano (Unix, Linux), TextEdit (Mac OS X)

Question 11.
Compare BMP and DIB?
Answer:
DIB is similar to BMP. It allows the files to be displayed on a variety of devices.

Question 12.
Write note on Tagra?
Answer:
It is the first popular format for high-resolution images. TGA is supported by Most of the video-capture boards.

Question 13.
Write note on MP3 format?
Answer:
MPEG Layer-3 format is the most popular format for storing and downloading music. The MP3 files are roughly compressed to one-tenth the size of an equivalent WAV file.

Question 14.
Write note on WMA?
Answer:
It is a popular windows media audio format owned by Microsoft and designed with Digital Right Management (DRM) abilities for copyright protection.

Question 15.
Write note on RA Format?
Answer:
Real Audio format is designed for streaming audio over the Internet. The digital audio resources are usually stored as a computer file in computer’s hard drive or CD/DVD.

Question 16.
What are the factors to be considered while delivering the multimedia product?
Answer:

1. Bandwidth issues.
2. Huge Number of Plugins required to play audio and video.
3. Long downloading time.

Question 17.
Name the various fields where multimedia plays a vital role?
Answer:
Education, Entertainment, Business Systems, Medical Services, Public Places and Multimedia Conferencing.

Question 18.
What is Kiosk?
Answer:
Kiosk is a free-standing furnished equipped multimedia computer that allow users to retrieve information via a touch screen. It is^ commonly used in airports and other public locations to provide directions and few mandatory information’s.

III. Explain in Brief

Question 1.
Define path animation?
Answer:
Path animation involves moving an object on a screen that has a constant background e.g. a cartoon character may move across the screen regardless of any change in the background or the character.

Question 2.
Define composite Analog video? Mention same characteristics of composite Analog video?
Answer:
Composite Analog Video has all the video components like brightness, color, and synchronization combined into one signal. Due to the combining of the video components, the quality of the composite video resulted in color blending, low clarity and high generational loss.

Question 3.
Write note on TIFF?
Answer:
TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) is common in desktop publishing world (high quality output), and is supported by almost all software packages. Recent versions of TIFF allows image compression, and the format is comfortable for moving large files between computers.

Question 4.
Differentiate GIF and JPEG?
Ans
GIF:

1. It is lossless format
2. It is limited to 8 bit palette
3. Size of GIF is more
4. Good for animation works

JPEG:

1. It uses lossy format
2. It allows multiple colors
3. It is lesser
4. Good for photographs

Question 5.
Explain PNG format?
Answer:
An extensible file format for the less loss, portable and well compressed storage of raster images. PNG acts as replacement for GIF and also replaces multiple common uses of TIFF. PNG works good with online viewing applications like world wide web. so it is fully streameable with a best display option.

Question 6.
Write note on MPEG?
Answer:
MPEG is a standard for generating digital video and audio compression under the International Standards Organization (ISO) by the group of people. The group has developed MPEG-1, the standard on which Video CD and MP3 are based, MPEG-2, the standard that supports products as Digital Television set top boxes and DVD, MPEG-4, the standard for multimedia and mobile web. MPEG-7, the standard for search of audio and visual content. Research on , MPEG-21 “Multimedia Framework” has started in 2000. Simply MPEG is the standards for digital video and audio compression.

Question 7.
List out the steps in Multimedia Production?
Answer:
Conceptual Analysis and Planning, Project design, Pre-production, Budgeting, Multimedia Production Team, Hardware/Software Selection, Defining the Content, Preparing the structure, Production, Testing, Documentation and Delivering the Multimedia Product.

Question 8.
What is meant by digital library?
Answer:
Information’s are available in digital formats It include digital books, scanned images, graphics and digitized audio-visual clips etc. digital library projects were based on textual data, images, audio and video recordings were also integrated under the collection of digital library.

IV. Answer in Detail

Question 1.
Explain various components of Multimedia?
Answer:
Multimedia has five major components like text, images, sound, video and animation. They are explained in detail below:
1. Text:
is the basic components of multimedia and most common ways of communicating information to other person. Static text, the text or the words will remain static as a heading or in a line, or in a paragraph. A hypertext is a system which consists of nodes, the text and the links between the nodes, which defines the paths the user need to follow for the text access in non-sequential ways.

2. Images:
acts as an vital component in multimedia. These images are generated by the computer in two ways, as bitmap or raster images and as vector images. Raster or Bitmap Images: The common and comprehensive form of storing images in a computer is raster or bitmap image.

3. Vector images:
Drawing elements or objects such as lines, rectangles, circles and so on to create an images are based on Vector images.

Animation is the process displaying still images so quickly so that they give the impression of continuous movement. Path animation involves moving an object on a screen that has a constant background e g. a cartoon character may move across the screen regardless of any change in the background or the character.

4. Frame animation:
In frame animations, multiple objects are allowed to travel simultaneously and the background or the objects also changes.

5. Sound:
is a meaningful speech in any language and is the most serious element in multimedia, providing the pleasure of music, special effects and so on.

6. Video:
is defined as the display of recorded event, scene etc. The powerful way to convey information in multimedia applications are embedding of video. The video can be categorized in two types as Analog video and Digital video.

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Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Principles of Management Textbook Exercise Questions and Answers

I. Choose the Correct Answer

12th Commerce Chapter 1 Question 1.
Management is what a _______ does?
(a) Manager
(b) Subordinate
(c) Supervisor
(d) Superior
Answer:
(a) Manager

12th Commerce 1st Lesson Question 2.
Management is an _______
(a) Art
(b) Science
(c) Art and Science
(d) Art or Science
Answer:
(c) Art and Science

12th Commerce Chapter 1 Question Answer Question 3.
Scientific management is developed by _______
(a) Fayol
(b) Taylor
(c) Mayo
(d) jacob
Answer:
(b) Taylor

12th Commerce Samacheer Kalvi Question 4.
Dividing the work into small tasks is known as _______
(a) Discipline
(b) Unity
(c) Division of work
(d) Equity
Answer:
(c) Division of work

12th Commerce 1st Chapter Question 5.
With a wider span, there will be _______ hierarchical levels..
(a) More
(b) Less
(c) Multiple
(d) Additional
Answer:
(b) Less

II. Very Short Answer Questions

12th Commerce 1st Chapter Question Answer Question 1.
What is Management?
Management is part and parcel of our day to day life. So management is goal oriented and it is an art of getting things done with and through others.

Commerce 12th Samacheer Kalvi Question 2.
List out the management tools.
Answer:
Tools of management have been developed such as, accounting, business law, psychology, statistics, econometrics, data processing, etc.

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 12th Commerce Question 3.
Who is a manager?
Answer:
A manager is a dynamic and life giving element in every business. Without efficient management it cannot be possible to secure the best allocation and utilisation of human, material and financial resources.

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Question 4.
State the meaning of Authority.
Answer:
Authority means the right of a superior to give the order to his subordinates. This is the issue of commands followed responsibility for their consequences.

Principles Of Management Exercise Question 5.
What do you mean by Span of management?
Answer:
The Span of Management refers to the number of subordinates who can be managed efficiently by a superior. Simply, the manager having the group of subordinates who report him directly is called as the span of management.

III. Short Answer Questions

12 Commerce Samacheer Kalvi Question 1.
Define the term management.
Answer:
“To manage is to forecast, to plan, to organise, to command, to co-ordinate and to control.” -Henry Fayol. It attempts to describe management in terms of what a manager does, and not what management is.

Samacheer Kalvi Commerce 12th Question 2.
Is management an Art or Science?
Answer:
Management is neither a science nor an art, but a combination of both requiring people holding managerial positions to apply the scientific management principles and displaying popular managerial skills to accomplish the organizational goals as efficiently and as quickly as possible so as to be competitive in the globalised environment of business.

Principle Of Management Exercise Question 3.
Differentiate Management from Administration.
Answer:

Basis for Comparison	Management	Administration
Meaning	An organised way of managing people and things of a business organisation is called the management.	The process of administrating an organisation by a group of people is known as the administration.
Authority	Middle and lower level.	Top level
Role	Executive	Decisive
Concerned with	Policy Implementation.	Policy formulation.
Area of operation	It works under administration.	It has .full control over the activities of the organisation.
Applicable for	Profit making organisations, i.e. business organisations.	Government offices, military clubs,business enterprises, hospitals, religious and educational organisations.

Commerce Samacheer Kalvi Question 4.
What are the principles of Taylor?
Answer:
Principles of scientific management propounded by Taylor are:

1. Science, Not Rule of Thumb
2. Harmony, Not Discord
3. Mental Revolution
4. Cooperation, Not individualism
5. Development of each and every person to his or her greatest efficiency and prosperity.

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Book Question 5.
What determines the span of management?
Answer:
The Span of Management has two implications:

1. Influences the complexities of the individual managers job.
2. Determine the shape or configuration of the organisation.
3. There is a wide and a narrow span of management.

IV. Long Answer Questions

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Solution Book Question 1.
Write about the contribution of Drucker to management.
Answer:
“Management is a multipurpose organ that manages a business and manages manager, and manages worker and work.”— Peter F. Drucker: The Practice of Management.
Drucker stresses three jobs of management:

1. Managing a business;
2. Managing manager; and
3. Managing workers and work.

Even if one is omitted, It would not have management anymore and it also would not have a business enterprise or an industrial society. According to P. Drucker, the manager has” to balance and integrate three major jobs of a business enterprise as mentioned above.

Hence, a manager is a dynamic and life-giving element in every business. Without efficient management it cannot be possible to secure the best allocation and utilisation of human, ‘ material and financial resources.

Question 2.
Explain the management process in detail.
Answer:
The substance of management should be identified as a process. A process is something that what a person does in the context of his individual duties and responsibilities assigned by his or her immediate higher authority.
There are twin purposes of the management process:

1. Maximum productivity or profitability
2. Maximum human welfare and satisfaction.

There are five parts of management as a process:

1. Co-ordination of resources: The manager of an enterprise must effectively coordinate all activities and resources of the organisation, namely, men, machines, materials and money, the fdur M’s of management.
2. Management is a Process: The manager achieves proper coordination of resources by means of the managerial functions of planning, organising, staffing, directing (or leading and motivating) and controlling.
3. Management is a Purposive Process: It is directed toward the achievement of predetennined goals or objectives. Without an objective, we have no destination to reach or a path to follow to arrive at our destination, i.e., a goal, both management and organisation must be purposive or goal-oriented.
4. Management is a Social Process: It is the art of getting things done through other people.
5. Management is a Cyclical Process: It represents planning-action-control-replanning cycle, i.e., an ongoing process to attain the planned goals.

Question 3.
Describe the principles of scientific management.
Answer:
Principles of scientific management propounded by Taylor are:
(i) Science, Not Rule of Thumb: Rule of Thumb means decisions taken by manager as per their personal judgments. According to Taylor, even a small production activity like loading iron sheets into box cars can be scientifically planned. This will help in saving time as well as human energy. Decisions should be based on scientific enquiry with cause and effect relationships.

(ii) Harmony, Not Discord: Taylor emphasized that there should be complete harmony between the workers and the management since if there is any conflict between the two, it will not be beneficial either for the workers or the management. Both the management and the workers should realize the importance of each other.

(iii) Mental Revolution: The technique of Mental Revolution involves a change in the attitude ‘ of workers and management towards each other. Both should realize the importance of each
other and should work with full cooperation. Management as well as the workers should aim to .increase the profits of the organisation.

(iv) Cooperation, Not Individualism: This principle is an extension of principle of ‘Harmony, ‘ . not discord’ and lays stress on mutual cooperation between workers and the management. Cooperation, mutual confidence, sense of goodwill should prevail among both, managers as well as workers. The intention is to replace internal competition with cooperation. Both ‘Management’ and ‘Workers’ should realize the importance of each other.

(v) Development of each and every person to his or her greatest efficiency and prosperity: Efficiency of any organisation also depends on the skills and capabilities of its employees to a great extent. Thus, providing training to the workers was considered essential in order to learn the best method developed through the use of scientific approach.

Question 4.
Explain the principles of modern management.
Answer:
The Father of Modem Management is Mr.Henry Fayol, and according to him there are 14 major principles of management which every manager has to practice for the success of the organization.

1. Division of Work: According to this principle the whole work is divided into small tasks. This leads to specialization which increases the efficiency of labour.
2. Authority and Responsibility: This is the issue of commands followed by responsibility for their consequences.
3. Discipline: It is obedience, proper conduct in relation to others, respect of authority, etc. It is essential for the smooth functioning of all organizations.
4. Unity of Command: This principle states that each subordinate should receive orders and be accountable to one and only one superior.
5. Unity of Direction: All related activities should be put under one group, there should be one plan of action for them, and they should be under the control of one manager.
6. Subordination of Individual Interest to Mutual Interest: The management must put aside personal considerations and put company objectives firstly.
7. Remuneration: Workers must be paid sufficiently as this is a chief motivation of employees and therefore greatly influences productivity.
8. The Degree of Centralization: The amount of power wielded with the central management depends on company size.
9. Line of Authority/Scalar Chain: This refers to the chain of superiors ranging from top management to the lowest rank.
10. Order: Social order ensures the fluid operation of a company through authoritative procedure.
11. Equity: Employees must be treated kindly, and justice must be enacted to ensure a just workplace.
12. Stability of Tenure of Personnel: Stability of tenure of personnel is a principle stating that in order for an organization to run smoothly, personnel (especially managerial personnel) must not frequently enter and exit the organization.
13. Initiative: Using the initiative of employees can add strength and new ideas to an organization.
14. Esprit de Corps/Team Spirit: This refers to the need of managers to ensure and develop morale in the Workplace; individually and communally.

Question 5.
Discuss the implications of span of management.
Answer:
The Span of Management has two implications:

1. Influences the complexities of the individual manager’s job.
2. Determine the shape or configuration of the Organization.

The span of management is related to the horizontal levels of the organization structure. There is a wide and a narrow span of management. With the wider span, there will be less hierarchical levels, and thus, the organizational structure would be flatter. Whereas, with the narrow span, the hierarchical levels increases, hence the organizational structure would be tall.

1. Both these organizational structures have their advantages and the disadvantages. But however the tall organizational structure imposes more challenges.
2. Since the span is narrow, which means less number of subordinates under one superior, requires more managers to be employed in the organization. Thus, it would be very expensive in terms of the salaries to be paid to each senior.
3. With more levels in the hierarchy, the communication suffers drastically. It takes a lot of time to reach the appropriate points, and hence the actions get delayed.
4. Lack of coordination and control because the operating staff is far. away from the top management.

Samacheer Kalvi 12th Commerce Principles of Management Additional Questions and Answers

A. Choose the Correct Answer

Question 1
_______ is a global and universal concept.
(a) Management
(b) Process
(c) Art
(d) Science
Answer:
(a) Management

Question 2.
Drucker stresses _______ jobs of management.
(a) three
(b) two
(c) four
(d) six
Answer:
(a) three

Question 3.
“To manage is to forecast, to plan, to organise, to command, to co-ordinate and to control.”said by _______
(a) Henry Fayol
(b) Peter F. Drucker
(c) Walker
(d) Carter
Answer:
(a) Henry Fayol

Question 4.
Which one is matched correctly?

	Management		Administration
(a)	Executive	(i)	Decisive
(b)	Policy Implementation	(ii)	Top level
(c)	Middle and lower level	(iii)	Policy Formulation
(d)	Under administration	(iv)	Profit making

Answer:
(a) Executive – (i) Decisive

Question 5.
Assertion (A): The process of administering an organisation by a group of people is known as the administration.
Reason (R): It has not full control over the activities of the organisation.
(a) Both are true
(b) (A) true but (R) is not correct
(c) Both are not true
(d) (A) is not correct but (R) is correct
Answer:
(b) (A) true but (R) is not correct

Question 6.
The father of Modem Management is _______
(a) F.W. Taylor
(b) Henry Fayol
(c) Peter F. Drucker
(d) Louis A. Allen
Answer:
(b) Henry Fayol

B. Fill in the blanks

1. Management is _______ and it is an art of getting things done with and through others.
2. The Span of Management is related to the _______ levels of organisation structure
Answer:
1. goal-oriented
2. Horizontal

II. Very Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are the twin purposes of the management process?
Answer:

1. Maximum productivity or profitability and
2. Maximum human welfare and satisfaction

Question 2.
What is Professional Association?
Answer:
The Business Management Associations in many countries to promote the spread of knowledge in all management areas and to build up the bright public image of managerial profession.

Question 3.
What is division of work?
Answer:
According to this principle, the whole work is divided into small tasks. The specialization of the workforce according to the skills of a person, creating specific personal and professional development within the labour force and therefore increasing productivity.

Question 4.
What is unity of command?
Answer:
This principle states that-each subordinate should receive orders and be accountable to one and only one superior. If an employee receives orders from more than one superior, it is likely to
create confusion and conflict.

Question 5.
What is Scalar chain or Line of Authority?
Answer:
This refers to the chain of superiors ranging from top management to the lowest rank. The principle suggests that there should be a clear line of authority from top to bottom linking all managers at all levels.

Question 6.
Write a note on Team Spirit.
Answer:
Team Spirit refers to the need of managers to ensure and develop morale in the workplace. Team spirit helps to finish the task on time.

Question 7.
What is Mental Revolution?
Answer:
The technique of Mental Revolution involves a change in the attitude of workers and management towards each other. Both should realize the importance of each other and should work with full cooperation.

III. Short Answer Questions

Question 1.
Write any subsidiary functions of management.
Answer:
(i) Innovation: Innovation refers to the preparation of personnel and organisation to face the changes made in the business world. Continuous changes are being made in the business. Consumers are satisfied through innovation.
(ii) Representation: A manager has to act as representative of a company. Manager has dealings with customers, suppliers, government officials, banks, financial institutions, trade unions and the like. It is the duty of every manager to have good relation with others.

Question 2.
Who is a Professional Manager?
Answer:
“A professional manager is one who specialises in the work of planning, organising, leading and controlling the efforts of others and does so through systematic use of classified knowledge, a common vocabulary and principles and who subscribes to the standards of practice and code of ethics established by recognised body.” – Louis A. Allen.

IV. Long Answer Questions

Question 1.
What are the differences between Management and Administration?
Answer:

Basis for Comparison	Management	Administration
Meaning	An organised way of managing people and things of a business organisation is called the management.	The process of administrating an organisation by a group of people is known as the administration.
Authority	Middle and lower level.	Top level
Role	Executive	Decisive
Concerned with	Policy Implementation.	Policy formulation.
Area of operation	It works under administration.	It has full control over the activities of the organisation.
Applicable for	Profit making organisations, i.e., business organisations.	Government offices, military clubs, business enterprises, hospitals, religious and educational organisations.
Decides	Who will do the work? And How will it be done?	What should be done? And When it should be done?“
Work	Putting plans and policies into actions.	Formulation of plans, framing policies and setting objectives.
Focus on	Managing work	Making best possible allocation of limited resources.
Key person	Manager	Administrator

For own thinking

Question 1.
Imagine yourself to be a manager and chart down the functions to be performed.
Answer:
If I am a manager of a company, I need to perform the following functions:
(a) Planning – mapping out exactly how to achieve a particular goal; creating a structure for daily tasks.
(b) Organizing – arranging the narrow goals from their broadest to most intricate form; assigning work as well as the required material to the team.
(c) Staffing – beefing up the team by recruiting, selecting, training, and developing employees.
(d) Leading – motivating, communicating, guiding, encouraging as well as assisting the team members.
(e) Controlling: Continuously checking results against goals and taking any corrective actions necessary to ensure success of the plan.

Question 2.
Formulate a new policy relating to timing of employees.
Answer:
It has always been a struggle for people to maintain work-life balance. Working excessive hours poses a danger to workers’ health and to their families. Earlier all the work was done manually. However, with the help of machinery and computers, in modem times certain industries don’t require as many working hours anymore. Technology has introduced new ways to increase productivity. More recently, the global trend leans toward a four-day work week (counting one work day as eight hours).

Even the ILO standards on working time provide the framework for regulated hours of work, daily and weekly rest periods, and annual holidays. These instruments ensure high productivity while safeguarding workers’ physical and mental health. If the workers earn enough to pay for their necessities, they may opt to spend more time at home or in leisure. Countries around the globe are already experimenting and implementing shorter work weeks in varying degrees. So, in my opinion, the new policy relating to timing of employees should be a four-day work week.

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