Samacheer Kalvi 10th Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Numbers and Sequences Ex 2.5

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 10th Maths Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 10th Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Numbers and Sequences Ex 2.5

10th Maths Exercise 2.5 Samacheer Kalvi Question 1.
Check whether the following sequences are in A.P.
(i) a – 3, a – 5, a – 7, ………
(ii) \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \),\(\frac { 1 }{ 3 } \),\(\frac { 1 }{ 4 } \),\(\frac { 1 }{ 4 } \), ………..
(iii) 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, ………
(iv) \(\frac { -1 }{ 3 } \),0,\(\frac { 1 }{ 3 } \),\(\frac { 2 }{ 3 } \),………..
(v) 1,-1, 1,-1, 1,-1,…
Solution:
To prove it is an A.P, we have to show d = t2 – t1 = t3 – t2.
(i) a – 3, a – 5, a – 7………
t1,t2,t3
d = t2 – t1 = a – 5 – (a – 3) = a – 5 – a + 3 = -2
∴ d = -2    ∴ It is an A.P.
d = t3 – t2 = a – 7 – (a – 5) = a – 7 – a + 5 = -2

(ii) \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \),\(\frac { 1 }{ 3 } \),\(\frac { 1 }{ 4 } \),\(\frac { 1 }{ 4 } \), ………..
10th Maths Exercise 2.5 Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 2 Numbers And Sequences
(v) 1,-1, 1,-1, 1,-1,…
d = t2 – t1 = -1 -1 = -2
d = t3 – t2 = 1 – (-1) = 2
-2 ≠ 2 ∴ It is not an A.P.

Ex 2.5 Class 10 Samacheer Question 2.
First term a and common difference d are given below. Find the corresponding A.P.
(i) a = 5, d = 6
(ii) a = 7, d = 5
(iii) a = \(\frac { 3 }{ 4 } \), d = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \)
Solution:
(i) a = 5, d = 6
A.P a, a + d, a + 2d, ………
= 5, 5 + 6, 5 + 2 × 6, ………
= 5, 11, 17,…
(ii) a = 7,d = -5
A.P. = a,a + d,a + 2d,…
= 7,7 + (-5), 7 + 2(-5), ……….
= 7, 2, -3, …….,…
(iii) a = \(\frac { 3 }{ 4 } \), d = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \)
Ex 2.5 Class 10 Samacheer Chapter 2 Numbers And Sequences

Exercise 2.5 Class 10 Maths Solution Question 3.
Find the first term and common difference of the Arithmetic Progressions whose nthterms are given below

(i) tn = -3 + 2n
Answer:
tn = -3 + 2 n
t1 = -3 + 2(1) = -3 + 2
= -1
t2 = -3 + 2(2) = -3 + 4
= 1
First term (a) = -1 and
Common difference
(d) = 1 – (-1) = 1 + 1 = 2

(ii) tn = 4 – 7n
Answer:
tn = 4 – 7n
t1 = 4 – 7(1)
= 4 – 7 = -3
t2 = 4 – 7(2)
= 4 – 14 = -10
First term (a) = – 3 and
Common difference (d) = 10 – (-3)
= – 10 + 3
= – 7

10th Maths Exercise 2.5 Question 4.
Find the 19th term of an A.P. -11, -15, -19, ………..
Solution:
A.P = -11, -15, -19, ……..
a = -11
d = t2 – t1 =-15-(-11)
= -15 + 11
= -4
n = 19
∴ tn = a + (n – 1)d
t19 = -11 + (19 – 1)(-4)
= -11 + 18 × -4
= -11 – 72
= -83

Class 10 Maths Exercise 2.5 Solution Question 5.
Which term of an A.P. 16, 11, 6, 1,… is -54?
Answer:
First term (a) = 16
Common difference (d) = 11 – 16 = -5
tn = – 54
a + (n – 1) d = -54
16 + (n – 1) (-5) = -54
54 + 21 = -54
54 + 21 = 5n
75 = 5n
n = \(\frac { 75 }{ 5 } \) = 15
The 15th term is – 54

Samacheer Kalvi 10th Maths Exercise 2.5 Question 6.
Find the middle term(s) of an A.P. 9, 15, 21, 27, ……. ,183.
Solution:
A.P = 9, 15, 21, 27,…, 183
No. of terms in an A.P. is
n = \(\frac { l-a }{ d } \) + 1
a = 9, l = 183, d = 15 – 9 = 6
∴ n = \(\frac { 183-9 }{ 6 } \) + 1
= \(\frac { 174 }{ 6 } \) + 1
= 29 + 1 = 30
∴ No. of terms = 30. The middle must be 15th term and 16th term.
∴ t15 = a + (n – 1)d
= 9 + 14 × 6
=9 + 84
= 93
t16 = a + 15 d
= 9 + 15 × 6
= 9 + 90 = 99
∴ The middle terms are 93, 99.

10th Maths Exercise 2.5 In Tamil Question 7.
If nine times the ninth term is equal to the fifteen times fifteenth term, Show that six times twenty fourth term is zero.
Answer:
tn = a + (n – 1)d
9 times 9th term = 15 times 15th term
9t9 = 15 t15
9[a + 8d] = 15[a + 14d]
9a + 72d = 15a + 210d
9a – 15a + 72 d – 210 d = 0
-6a – 138 d = 0
6a + 138 d = 0
6 [a + 23 d] = 0
6 [a + (24 – 1)d] = 0
6 t24 = 0
∴ Six times 24th terms is 0.

Ex 2.5 Class 10 Question 8.
If 3 + k, 18 – k, 5k + 1 are in A.P. then find k.
Solution:
3 + k, 18 – k, 5k + 1 are in A.P
⇒ 2b = a + c if a, b, c are in A.P
Exercise 2.5 Class 10 Maths Solution Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 2 Numbers And Sequences

10th Maths 2.5 Exercise Question 9.
Find x,y and z gave that the numbers x,
10, y, 24, z are in A.P.
Answer:
x, 10, y, 24, z are in A.P
t2 – t1 = 10 – x
d = 10 – x …..(1)
t3 – t2 = y – 10
d = y – 10 ……(2)
t4 – t3 = 24 – y
d = 24 – y …..(3)
t5 – t4 = z – 24
d = z – 24 …..(4)
From (2) and (3) we get
y – 10 = 24 – y
2y = 24 + 10
2y = 34
y = 17
From (1) and (2) we get
10 – x = y – 10
– x – y = -10 -10
-x -y = -20
x + y = 20
x + 17 = 20(y = 17)
x = 20 – 17 = 3
From (1) and (4) we get
z – 24 = 10 – x
z – 24 = 10 – 3 (x = 3)
z – 24 = 7
z = 7 + 24
z = 31
The value of x = 3, y = 17 and z = 31

10th Maths 2.5 Question 10.
In a theatre, there are 20 seats in the front row and 30 rows were allotted. Each successive row contains two additional seats than its front row. How many seats are there in the last row?
Solution:
t1 = a = 20
t2 = a + 2 = 22
t3 = a + 2 + 2 = 24 ⇒ d = 2
∴ There are 30 rows.
t30 = a + 29d
= 20 + 29 × 2
= 20 + 58
= 78
∴ There will be 78 seats in the last row.

Exercise 2.5 Class 10 Question 11.
The Sum of three consecutive terms that are in A.P. is 27 and their product is 288. Find the three terms.
Answer:
Let the three consecutive terms be a – d, a and a + d
By the given first condition
a – d + a + a + d = 27
3a = 27
a = \(\frac { 27 }{ 3 } \) = 9
Again by the second condition
(a – d) (a) (a + d) = 288
a (a2 – d2) = 288
9(81 – d2) = 288 (a = 9)
81 – d2 = \(\frac { 288 }{ 9 } \)
81 – d2 = 32
∴ d2 = 81 – 32
= 49
d = \(\sqrt { 49 }\) = ± 7
When a = 9, d = 7
a + d = 9 + 7 = 16
a = 9
a – d = 9 – 7 = 2
When a = 9, d = -7
a + d = 9 – 7 = 2
a = 9
a – d = 9 – (-7) = 9 + 7 = 16
The three terms are 2, 9, 16 (or) 16, 9, 2

Maths Exercise 2.5 Class 10 Question 12.
The ratio of 6th and 8th term of an A.P is 7:9. Find the ratio of 9th term to 13th term.
Solution:
\(\frac{t_{6}}{t_{8}}=\frac{7}{9}\)
\(\frac { a+5d }{ a+7d } \) = \(\frac { 7 }{ 9 } \)
9a + 45d = 7a + 49d
9 a + 45 – 7d = 7a + 49 d
9a + 45d – 7a – 49d = 0
2a – 4d = 0 ⇒ 2a = 4d
a = 2d
Substitue a = 2d in
10th Maths Exercise 2.5 Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 2 Numbers And Sequences

Exercise 2.5 Class 10 Maths Samacheer Question 13.
In a winter season let us take the temperature of Ooty from Monday to Friday to be in A.P. The sum of temperatures from Monday to Wednesday is 0° C and the sum of the temperatures from Wednesday to Friday is 18° C. Find the temperature on each of the five days.
Solution:
Let the five days temperature be (a – d), a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d.
The three days sum = a – d + a + a + d = 0
⇒ 3a = 0 ⇒ a = 0. (given)
a + d + a + 2d + a + 3d = 18
3a + 6d = 18
3(0) + 6 d = 18
6d = 18
d = \(\frac { 18 }{ 6 } \) = 3
∴ The temperature of each five days is a – d, a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d
0 – 3, 0, 0 + 3, 0 + 2(3), 0 + 3(3) = -3°C, 0°C, 3°C, 6°C, 9°C

2.5 Exercise Class 10 Question 14.
Priya earned ₹ 15,000 in the first month. Thereafter her salary increased by ₹1500 per year. Her expenses are ₹13,000 during the first year and the expenses increases by ₹900 per year. How long will it take for her to save ₹20,000 per month.
Solution:
Class 10 Maths Exercise 2.5 Solution Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 2 Numbers And Sequences
We find that the yearly savings is in A.P with a1 = 2000 and d = 600.
We are required to find how many years are required to save 20,000 a year …………..
an = 20,000
an = a + (n – 1)d
20000 = 2000 + (n – 1)600
(n – 1)600 = 18000
n – 1 = \(\frac { 18000 }{ 600 } \) = 30
n = 31 years

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science History Solutions Chapter 1 Evolution of Humans and Society – Prehistoric Period

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science History Solutions Chapter 1 Evolution of Humans and Society – Prehistoric Period

Evolution of Humans and Society – Prehistoric Period Textual Exercise

I. Choose the correct answer.

Evolution Of Humans And Society Prehistoric Period Question 1.
………….. is genetically closest to humans.
(a) Gorilla
(b) Chimpanzee
(c) Orang-utan
(d) Great Apes
Answer:
(b) Chimpanzee

Evolution Of Human And Society Prehistoric Period Question 2.
The period called ……………. marks the beginning of agriculture and animal domestication.
(a) Palaeolithic
(b) Mesolithic
(c) Neolithic
(d) Megalithic
Answer:
(c) Neolithic

Evolution Of Humans And Society Prehistoric Period Question Answer Question 3.
Direct ancestor of modem man was ……………..
(a) Homo habilis
(b) Homo erectus
(c) Homo sapiens
(d) Neanderthal man
Answer:
(c) Homo sapiens

9th Social Guide Question 4.
………….. refers to the area covering Egypt, Israel-Palestine and Iraq.
(a) Great Rift Valley
(b) Fertile Crescent
(c) Solo river
(d) Neander Valley
Answer:
(b) Fertile Crescent

Evolution Of Human And Society-Prehistoric Period Book Back Answers Question 5.
Sir Robert Bruce Foote, a geologist from England first discovered the …………. tools at Pallavaram near Chennai.
(a) Stone Age
(b) Palaeolithic
(c) Mesolithic
(d) Neolithic
Answer:
(b) Palaeolithic

9th Social History 1st Lesson Question 6.
(i) The period before the introduction of writing is called pre-history.
(ii) The pre-historic people developed language, made beautiful paintings and artefacts.
(iii) The pre-historic societies are treated as literate.
(iv) The pre-historic period is called ancient. .
(a) (i) is correct
(b) (i) and (ii) are correct
(c) (i) and (iv) are correct
(d) (ii) and (iii) are correct
Answer:
(c) (i) and (iv) are correct

Evolution Of Humans And Society Prehistoric Period Book Back Answers Question 7.
(i) The Neolithic people used polished stone axes called Celts.
(ii) Evidence of Neolithic village is found at Payyampalli in Chennai district.
(iii) The cultural period that succeeded the Neolithic is called the Bronze Age.
(iv) The period that witnessed domestication .of animals and cultivation of crops is called Mesolithic.
(a) (i) is correct
(b) (ii) is correct
(c) (ii) and (iii) are correct
(d) (iv) is correct
Answer:
(a) (i) is correct

9th Standard Social Science Guide Question 8.
Assertion (A): Many of the Mesolithic sites are found nearby rivers and tanks.
Reason (R): Irrigation management developed during Mesolithic period.
(a) A and R are correct and R explains A
(b) A and R are correct but R doesn’t explain A
(c) A is correct but R is incorrect
(d) A and R both are incorrect
Answer:
(d) A and R both are incorrect

II. Fill in the blanks.

1. The primitive multi-cellular life first appeared in the age of ……………..
2. Hand axes and cleavers are the important tool types of the …………. culture.
3. The methods and techniques involved in the production of stone tools are called ………………… technology.
4. ………………… is known as the Middle Stone Age, as it is placed between the Palaeolithic and Neolithic.
Answers:
1. Proterozoic
2. Low Palaeolithic
3. lithic
4. Mesolithic period

III. Find out the correct statement.

Evolution Of Human And Society Prehistoric Period Book Back Answers Question 1.
(a) The concept ‘survival of the fittest’ contributed to the scientific understanding of human origins.
(b) The book “On the Origin of Species” was published by Herbert Spencer.
(c) Darwin’s theory of biological evolution connects with the process of natural selection.
(d) Geology is the study of lithic technology.
Answer:
(a) correct
(b) incorrect
(c) correct
(d) incorrect

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Book Answers Question 2.
(a) Among the great Apes Orangutan is genetically the closest to humans.
(b) The ancestors to humans were called Hominins and their origins have been traced to Africa.
(c) Flake is a small chip that has flaking on both sides.
(d) Acheulian is the main block of stone from which small1 chips are flaked by using a hammer stone.
Answer:
(a) incorrect
(b) correct
(c) incorrect
(d) incorrect

IV. Match the following.

Evolution Of Humans And Society Prehistoric Period Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science History Solutions Chapter 1
Answer:
1. (e)
2. (c)
3. (b)
4. (a)
5. (d)

V. Answer the following briefly.

9th Social Book Back Answers Question 1.
Discuss how the age of speculation made humans become conscious and knowledgeable.
Answer:

  1. Humans are the only species on earth concerned with understanding as well as explaining the World and Universe.
  2. Humans became knowledgeable and conscious in the coarse of evolution.
  3. They became curious and began to think and ask questions about nature, organisms and the world around them.
    e.g., At first they worshipped nature as God.
    Later on they developed their own understanding some of which is not scientific. Thus the age of speculation made humans become conscious and knowledgeable.

9th New Social Book Back Answers Question 2.
Write a note on the impact of pastoralism on the prehistoric people in Tamil Nadu.
Answer:

  1. The people in the Age practiced agriculture, domesticated cattle and sheep.
  2. Some of the groups were still hunting and gathering.
  3. Millets & rice were cultivated.
  4. Irrigation management developed in this period. In the deltaic regions irrigation as a technology had developed.
  5. Evidences of rice is seen in Megalithic sites like Adidchanallur in Thoothukudi district and Porunthal near Palani.

Evolution Of Humans And Society Prehistoric Period Meaning In Tamil Question 3.
List out the features of Megalithic Burial types.
Answer:

  1. The Iron Age is also known as Megalithic since people created burials with large stones for the dead people.
  2. Within these burials, the skeletons (or) a few bones of the dead persons were placed along with grave goods including iron objects, carnelian beads and bronze objects.
  3. Some of the burials do not have human bones and they have only the grave goods.
  4. They may be called memorial burials.

9th Social Science Guide Question 4.
Examine the tool making technical skills of lower Palaeolithic people.
Answer:

  1. Hand axes and cleavers are the important tool types of the Lower palaeolithic period.
  2. These tools were fitted with a wooden and bone handle. They were used for cutting, piercing and digging.
  3. The people also used hammer stones and spheroids.
  4. The quartzite pebbles and cobbles were chosen as raw materials.
    The tools are found in the soil deposits and also in the exposed river side.

VI. Answer all the questions given under each caption.

Evolution Of Humans And Society – Prehistoric Period Notes Question 1.
Hominid and Hominins.
(a) Who are Hominids?
Answer:
Hominids refers to all the species of the modem and extinct great apes, which also includes humans.

(b) Who was the earliest human ancestor to make tools in Africa?
Answer:
Homo habilis (handy human) was the earliest known human ancestors to make tools in Africa about 2.6 million years ago.

(c) How are the modern humans known?
Answer:
Modem-humans are known as Homo sapiens.

(d) Name any one species of this tribe.
Answer:
Homo erectus – extinct Humans are the only living species.

9 Social Guide Question 2.
Earliest Lithic Assemblages of Human ancestors.
(a) Where are Acheulian tools reported to have been found in Karnataka and in Madhya Pradesh?
Answer:
Acheulian tools are reported to have been found in Isampur in Karnataka and Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh.

(b) What is meant by Lithic Technology?
Answer:
‘Lith’ means stone. The methods and techniques involved in the production of stone tools are called lithic technology.

(c) What are Biface tools?
Answer:
Bifaces are tools that have flaking on both sides (bi = two, face = side).

(d) Name a few stone tools used by the human ancestors.
Answer:
Core is the main block of stone. Flake is a small chip removed from a large stone block. Levalloisian tools includes long blades and burins. Burin is a stone-made chisel with a sharp cutting edge.

VII. Answer the following in detail.

Social Science Class 9 Guide Question 1.
The developments in the fields of agriculture, pottery and metal tools are considered a landmark in the life of Megalithic period- Substantiate.
Answer:

  • As the name suggests, people used iron technology.
  • An exchange relationship developed among the people.
  • The people of this age had knowledge of metallurgy and pottery making.
  • The Iron Age is also known as Megalithic period since people created burials with large stones for the dead people.
  • Weapons such as swords and daggers, axes, chiesels, lamps and tripod stands are also found.
  • The Iron tools were used for agriculture, hunting, gathering and in battles.
  • Bronze bowls, vessels with stylish finials decorated with animals and birds, bronze mirrors and bells have also been found. So these developments are considered a landmark in the life of Megalithic period.

Question 2.
The history of humans is closely related to the history of the earth. Elucidate.
Answer:

  • The history of humans is closely related to the history of the earth.
  • The earth contains geological, archaeological and biological records of historical times in its upper layers.
  • They are important for reconstructing the history of the earth and various living organisms.
  • The fossil bones of the human ancestors are embedded in the earth’s layers.
  • Palaeoanthropologists and archaeologists excavate the soil and rock layers on the earth and extract evidence about human ancestors.
  • These layers and the fossils are scientifically dated to study the various stages in human evolution and prehistory.
  • Through the gathered evidence they attempt to understand the evolution of human history and developments in a chronological order.
  • The earth was formed approximately 4.54 billion years ago.
  • Gradually conditions emerged for the growth of organisms. Then plants and animals came into being and thereby foundation was laid for the evolution of humans. The long span of time in earth’s history is divided into eras, periods and epochs by the Geologists. Thus the history of humans is closely related to the history of the earth.

Student Activities

Question 1.
Mark the prehistoric sites on the world map.
Answer:
(i) The ancestors to humans were called Hominins and their origins have been traced to Africa.
(ii) You can draw the Prehistoric sites of human ancestors in Africa with the guidance of your teacher.
Evolution Of Human And Society Prehistoric Period Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science History Solutions Chapter 1

Question 2.
Assignment with teacher’s guidance.
Answer:
A power-point presentation on the origin of human life.
A power-point presentation on the pre-historic tools.
A power-point presentation on the scripts of the ancient.

Evolution of Humans and Society – Prehistoric Period Additional Questions

I. Choose the correct answer.

1. …………….. is the study of the human past through the analysis and interpretation of material remains.
(a) Geology
(b) Archaeology
(c) History
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Archaeology

Question 2.
The beginning of history writing can be traced to the ancient ……………..
(a) Greeks
(b) Egyptians
(c) Romans
(d) Africans
Answer:
(a) Greeks

Question 3.
The DNA of a Chimpanzee is ……………. identical to that of a human being.
(a) 95%
(b) 96%
(c) 97%
(d) 98%
Answer:
(d) 98%

Question 4.
………….. are stone artefacts of small size.
(a) Microliths
(b) Bifaces
(c) Acheulian
(d) core
Answer:
(a) Microliths

Question 5.
Evidence of Neolithic village is found at …………… in Vellore district.
(a) Gudiam
(b) Athirampakkam
(c) Payyampalli
(d) Salem
Answer:
(c) Payyampalli

Question 6.
The ……………. was a formative period and the foundation for the Sangam Age.
(a) Iron Age
(b) Bronze Age
(c) Stone Age
(d) Age of Information Technology
Answer:
(a) Iron Age

Question 7.
(i) We live in the age of Information Technology.
(ii) The internet has literally put the world on our finger tips.
(iii) The Prehistoric people were the pioneers of literacy.
(iv) Powerful Technology developed all of a sudden.
(a) (i) is correct
(b) (ii) & (iii) are correct
(c) (ii) & (iv) are correct
(d) (i) & (iii) are correct
Answer:
(a) (i) is correct

Question 8.
(i) The chimpanzee is genetically the closest to humans.
(ii) Hominins & their origin have been traced to Asia.
(iii) The Hominins emerged around 6 to 5 million years ago.
(iv) The Great Rift valley in Africa has many sites for the Prehistoric period.
(a) (i) is correct
(b) (ii) & (iii) are correct
(c) (i) & (iv) are correct
(d) (iii) is correct
Answer:
(a) (i) is correct and (c) (i) & (iv) are correct

Question 9.
……………… are tools used for scraping the surfaces.
(a) Lunates
(b) Triangles
(c) Scrapers
(d) Cists
Answer:
(c) Scrapers

Question 10.
…………… are pottery jars and were used for burying the dead.
(a) Urns
(b) Cists
(c) Dolmens
(d) Menheirs
Answer:
(a) Urns

II. Fill in the blanks.

1. Prehistoric people were the pioneers of ……………..
2. …………… were the apes from which modem humans evolved.
3. Prehistoric animal (or) plant that turns to stone over a period of time …………….
4. The earliest tools made by human ancestors are found in ……………. in Kenya.
5. …………….. people buried the dead people systematically.
6. Rice was probably cultivated in India and China around …………… (or) even earlier.
7. Oxen were used in ………….. civilisation for tilling the land.
8. ……………. discovered the first Palaeolithic tools in India at Pallavaram.
9. ………….. people perhaps devised the first pottery.
10. The black and Red colour pottery were used by ……………. and people.
Answers:
1. Creative Knowledge
2. Australopithecines
3. Fossil
4. Lomekwi
5. Neanderthals
6. 7000 BCE
7. Sumerian
8. Sir Robert Bruce Foote
9. Neolithic
10. Iron Age & Sangam Age

III. Match the following

a.
Evolution Of Humans And Society Prehistoric Period Question Answer Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science History Solutions Chapter 1
Answer:
1. (d)
2. (e)
3. (a)
4. (b)
5. (c)

b.
9th Social Guide Samacheer Kalvi Science History Solutions Chapter 1 Evolution Of Humans And Society - Prehistoric Period
1. (d)
2. (e)
3. (a)
4. (b)
5. (c)

IV. Answer the following briefly.

Question 1.
Discuss when the earth was formed.
Answer:

  1. The earth was formed approximately 4.54 billion years ago.
  2. Gradually, conditions emerged for the growth of organisms.
  3. Then plants and animals came into being and thereby foundation was laid for the evolution of humans.
  4. The long span of time in earth’s history is divided into eras periods and epochs by the geologists.

Question 2.
Who proposed the idea of the Three Age system?
Answer:

  1. The idea of the Three Age system proposed by CJ. Thomsen became the basis for understanding early human history.
  2. He classified the artefacts in the Danish National Museum, Copenhagen, into Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age.

Question 3.
The Great Rift valley in Africa has evidence for the Prehistoric period. Discuss.
Answer:

  • The Great Rift valley in Africa has many sites that have evidence for the prehistoric period.
  • The Great Rift valley is a valley – like formation that run for about 6,400 km from the Northern part of Syria to Central Mozambique in East Africa.
  • This geographical feature is visible even from the space, and many prehistoric sites are found in Africa.

Question 4.
Write a short note on “Prehistoric cultures”.
Answer:
While the fossil bones are classified as various species such as Homo habilis, Homo erectus and Neanderthalensis, based on the lithic tools, cultures are assigned names such as Earliest Lithic, Assemblages, Oldowan Technology, Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic cultures.

Question 5.
Why were the Levalloisian tools called so?
Answer:

  1. The lithic tool – making tradition of the Levalloisian belonged to this period.
  2. Levalloisian tools are the implements made after preparing the core.
  3. These tools are found in Europe and Central and Western Asia.
  4. The Levalloisian tools are the implements made after preparing the core. It was named after the town of Levallois in France.

Question 6.
What was the main factor for the development of early civilisations?
Answer:

  1. As a result of domestication and cultivating plants, there was an excess food production.
  2. The surplus food production was a main factor for the development of early civilizations.

Question 7.
Describe the burials in the Sangam Age.
Answer:

  1. The Sangam literature mentions the various burial practices of the people.
  2. The Megalithic burials are classified as dolmens, cists, menheirs, rock-cut caves, um burials and sarcophagus.
  3. The burial types of Kodakkal (umbrella stone), Toppikkal (hatstone) and Paththikal (hood stone) are found in Kerala.

V. Answer all the questions given under each caption.

(A) Oldest Museum.
Question 1.
Name the oldest museum, in the world.
Answer:
The museum of Ennigaldi Nanna in Mesopotamia.

Question 2.
When was it established?
Answer:
It was established in 530 BCE.

Question 3.
Which is the oldest surviving museum at present?
Answer:
The Capitoline museum in Italy is perhaps the oldest surviving museum at present (1471 CE).

Question 4.
Name the bldest university museum in the world.
Answer:
Ashmolean Museum at Oxford University is the oldest University Museum in the world.

(B) Mesolithic culture.
Question 1.
Mention the evidence for the existence of Mesolithic hunt-gatherers.
Answers:
They are found at Chennai, North Arcot, Dharmapuri, Salem, Coimbatore, Ariyalur, Trichi, Pudukottai, Madurai, Sivagangai, Tirunelveli and Kanyakumari.

Question 2.
What type of artefacts were used by the people of this period?
Answer:
The people of this period used small artefacts made of Chert and Quartz. .

Question 3.
What are the tool types used by them?
Answer:
The tool types are scrapers, lunates and triangles.

Question 4.
What did they do for their subsistence?
Answer:
These people hunted wild animals and gathered fruits, nuts and roots for their subsistence.

VI. Answer the following in detail.

Question 1.
Discuss the Neolithic culture in Tamilnadu.
Answer:

  • The culture that domesticated animals and cultivated crops is called Neolithic.
  • It is known as the New Stone Age. The Neolithic people used polished stone axes called celts.
  • Cattle rearing was their main occupation. They lived in small villages with houses made of thatched roof and walls plastered with clay.
  • Evidence of Neolithic village is found at Payyampalli in Vellore district and a few sites in the Dharmapuri region.
  • Payyampalli is a village in Vellore district of Tamil Nadu. The earliest evidence for the domestication of animals and the cultivation of plants is found at this site, which was excavated by the Archaeological Survey of India.
  • Evidence for pottery making and cultivation of horse gram and green gram has been found in this village.
  • These Neolithic sites were part of the Southern Neolithic Culture of India. They are mainly concentrated in the Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka regions.
  • The Neolithic people used stone axes fitted on a wooden handle.
  • These polished stone axes are worshipped in many village temples of Tamil Nadu even today.

Question 2.
Domestication of Animals and plants. A milestone in Human History. Explain.
Answer:

  1. Rice was probably cultivated in India and China around 7000 BCE or even earlier.
  2. Wheat and barley were cultivated at Mehrgarh in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent (Pakistan) before 6000 BCE.
  3. Animal domestication developed as part of symbiotic life.
  4. Dogs may have been domesticated first. Friendly animals were gradually domesticated. Sheep and goat were domesticated around 10,000 BCE in Southwest Asia.
  5. Oxen were used in Sumerian civilization for tilling the land. Mehrgarh in Pakistan has evidence of sheep, goat and cattle domestication in the Neolithic period.

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Tamil Solutions Chapter 4.3 பல்துறைக் கல்வி

Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus Samacheer Kalvi 8th Tamil Book Solutions Guide Pdf Chapter 4.3 பல்துறைக் கல்வி Text Book Back Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 8th Tamil Solutions Chapter 4.3 பல்துறைக் கல்வி

கற்பவை கற்றபின்

Question 1.
பத்துப்பாட்டு, எட்டுத்தொகை, பதினெண்கீழ்க்கணக்கு நூல்கள் ஆகிய தொகுப்புகளில் இடம்பெறும் நூல்களின் பெயர்களைத் திரட்டி எழுதுக.
Answer:
Samacheer Kalvi 8th Tamil Solutions Chapter 4.3 பல்துறைக் கல்வி 1
Samacheer Kalvi 8th Tamil Solutions Chapter 4.3 பல்துறைக் கல்வி 2

பாடநூல் வினாக்கள்

சரியான விடையைத் தேர்ந்தெடுத்து எழுதுக.

Question 1.
அறியாமையை நீக்கி அறிவை விளக்குவது ………………………..
அ) விளக்கு
ஆ) கல்வி
இ) விளையாட்டு
ஈ) பாட்டு
Answer:
ஆ) கல்வி

Question 2.
கல்விப் பயிற்சிக்குரிய பருவம் ……………………
அ) இளமை
ஆ) முதுமை
இ) நேர்மை
ஈ) வாய்மை
Answer:
அ) இளமை

Question 3.
இன்றைய கல்வி ……………………… நுழைவதற்குக் கருவியாகக் கொள்ளப்பட்டு வருகிறது.
அ) வீட்டில்
ஆ) நாட்டில்
இ) பள்ளியில்
ஈ) தொழிலில்
Answer:
ஈ) தொழிலில்

நிரப்புக

1. கலப்பில் …………………………. உண்டென்பது இயற்கை நுட்பம்
2. புற உலக ஆராய்ச்சிக்கு ………………… கொழுகொம்பு போன்றது.
3. வாழ்விற்குரிய இன்பத் துறைகளில் தலையாயது ………………………. இன்பம் ஆகும்.
Answer:
1. வளர்ச்சி
2. அறிவியல்
3. காவிய

பொருத்துக

1. இயற்கை ஓவியம் – அ) சிந்தாமணி
2. இயற்கை தவம் – ஆ) பெரிய புராணம்
3. இயற்கைப் பரிணாமம் – இ) பத்துப்பாட்டு
4. இயற்கை அன்பு – ஈ) கம்பராமாயணம்
Answer:
1. இ
2. அ
3. ஈ
4. ஆ

குறுவினா

Question 1.
இன்றைய கல்வியின் நிலை பற்றித் திரு.வி.க கூறுவன யாவை?
Answer:

  • இன்றைய கல்வி குறிப்பிட்ட பாடங்களை நெட்டுற (மனப்பாடம்) செய்து தேர்வில் தேறி, பட்டம் பெற்று, ஒரு தொழிலில் நுழைவதற்கு ஒரு கருவியாகக் கொள்ளப்பட்டு வருகிறது.
  • நாளடைவில் அக்கல்விக்கும் வாழ்விற்கும் தொடர்பு இல்லாமல் போகிறது என்று திரு.வி.க. கூறுகிறார்.

Question 2.
தாய்நாடு என்னும் பெயர் எவ்வாறு பிறக்கிறது?
Answer:
தாய்நாடு என்னும் பெயர் தாய்மொழியைக் கொண்டே பிறக்கிறது.

Question 3.
திரு. வி. க., சங்கப் புலவர்களாகக் குறிப்பிடுபவர்களின் பெயர்களை எழுதுக.
Answer:

  • இளங்கோவடிகள்
  • சேக்கிழார்
  • திருத்தக்கத்தேவர்
  • கம்பர்
  • திருஞானசம்பந்தர்
  • பரஞ்சோதி
  • ஆண்டாள்

சிறு வினா

Question 1.
தமிழ்வழிக் கல்வி பற்றித் திரு. வி. க. கூறுவனவற்றை எழுதுக.
Answer:

  • கலப்பில் வளர்ச்சி உண்டு என்பது இயற்கை நுட்பம்.
  • தமிழை வளர்க்கும் முறையிலும் அளவிலும் கலப்பைக் கொள்வது சிறப்பு.
  • ஆகவே, தமிழ்மொழியில் அறிவுக்கலைகள் இல்லை என்னும் பழம் பாட்டை நிறுத்தி, அக்கலைகளைத் தமிழில் பெயர்த்து எழுதித் தாய்மொழிக்கு ஆக்கம் தேடுவோம் தமிழ்
  • கலைகள் யாவும் தாய்மொழி வழி மாணாக்கர்களுக்கு அறிவுறுத்தப்படும் காலமே தமிழ்த்தாய் மீண்டும் அரியாசனம் ஏறும் காலமாகும் என்று திரு.வி.க. கூறுகின்றார்.

Question 2.
அறிவியல் கல்வி பற்றித் திரு. வி. க. கூறுவன யாவை?
Answer:

  • உலக வாழ்விற்கு மிக இன்றியமையாதது அறிவியல்.
  • உடற்கூறு, உடலோம்பு முறை, பூதபௌதிகம், மின்சாரம், நம்மைச் சூழ்ந்துள்ள செடி, கொடி, பறவை, விலங்கு முதலியவற்றைப் பற்றிய அறிவும், கோள் இயக்கம், கணிதம், அகத்திணை முதலிய அறிவும் நமக்கு வேண்டும்.
  • இந்நாளில் அத்தகைய அறிவு தேவை. புற உலகு ஆராய்ச்சிக்கு அறிவியல் கொழுகொம்பு போன்றது.
  • நம் முன்னோர் கண்ட பல உண்மைகள் அறிவியல் அரணின்றி, இந்நாளில் உறுதி பெறலரிது.
  • இக்கால உலகத்தோடு உறவு கொள்வதற்கும் அறிவியல் தேவை.
  • ஆகவே, அறிவியல் என்னும் அறிவுக்கலை இளைஞர்கள் உலகில் பரவ வேண்டும் என்று திரு. வி. க. கூறுகின்றார்.

நெடுவினா

Question 1.
காப்பியக் கல்வி குறித்துத் திரு. வி. க. கூறும் செய்திகளைத் தொகுத்து எழுதுக.
Answer:
(i) வாழ்விற்கு உரிய இன்பத் துறைகளில் காவிய இன்பமும் ஒன்று. அதுவே முதன்மையானது என்றும் கூறலாம்.

(ii) நாம் தமிழர்கள், நாம் பாட்டு இன்பத்தை நுகர வேண்டும். அதற்காகத் தமிழ் இலக்கியங்களுக்கு இடையே செல்ல வேண்டும். தமிழில் இலக்கியங்கள் பலப்பல இருக்கின்றன.

(iii) இயற்கை ஓவியம் பத்துப்பாட்டு, இயற்கை இன்பக்கலம் கலித்தொகை, இயற்கை வாழ்வில்லம் திருக்குறள், இயற்கை இன்பவாழ்வு நிலையங்கள் சிலப்பதிகாரமும் மணிமேகலையும், இயற்கைத் தவம் சிந்தாமணி, இயற்கைப் பரிணாமம் கம்பராமாயணம், இயற்கை அன்பு பெரிய புராணம், இயற்கை இறையுறையுள் தேவார திருவாசக திருவாய் மொழிகள்.

(iv) இத்தமிழ்க் கருவூலங்களை உன்ன உன்ன உள்ளத்திலும் வரும் இன்ப அன்பைச் சொல்லால் சொல்ல இயலாது.

(v) இளைஞர்களே! தமிழ் இளைஞர்களே! பெறற்கரிய இன்ப நாட்டில் பிறக்கும் பேறு பெற்றிருக்கிறீர்கள். தமிழ் இன்பத்தில் சிறந்த இன்பம் இவ்வுலகில் உண்டோ ? தமிழ்க் காவியங்களைப் படியுங்கள். இன்பம் நுகருங்கள் என்று திரு. வி. க. காப்பியக் கல்வி பற்றிக் கூறுகிறார்.

சிந்தனை வினா

Question 1.
திரு. வி. க குறிப்பிடும் பல்துறைக் கல்வியில் நீங்கள் எதனைக் கற்க விரும்புகிறீர்கள்?
Answer:
(i) திரு. வி. க. குறிப்பிடும் பல்துறைக் கல்வியில் நான் அறிவியல் கல்வியைக் கற்க விரும்புகிறேன்.

(ii) காரணம் என்னவென்றால், தமிழ் மொழி அறிந்த எனக்கு அறிவியல் பற்றிய செய்திகளை மேலும் தெரிந்து கொள்ளவும், அறிவியலில் உள்ள பல புதுமையான செய்திகளைத் தமிழ்ப்படுத்தவும் அறிவியல் கல்வி கற்க விரும்புகிறேன்.

கூடுதல் வினாக்கள்

சரியான விடையைத் தேர்ந்தெடுத்து எழுதுக.

Question 1.
இளமையில் கல் என்பது ………………….
அ) முதுமொழி
இ) அறிவு மொழி
ஆ) புதுமொழி
ஈ) தமிழ்மொழி
Answer:
அ) முதுமொழி

Question 2.
இயற்கை ஓவியம் …………………..
அ) பத்துப்பாட்டு
இ) திருக்குறள்
ஆ) கலித்தொகை
ஈ) சிலப்பதிகாரம்
Answer:
அ) பத்துப்பாட்டு

Question 3.
இயற்கை இன்பக்கலம் ……………………….
அ) பத்துப்பாட்டு
இ) திருக்குறள்
ஆ) கலித்தொகை
ஈ) மணிமேகலை
Answer:
ஆ) கலித்தொகை

Question 4.
இயற்கை வாழ்வில்லம் ……………………
அ) பெரிய புராணம்
இ) திருக்குறள்
ஆ) சிந்தாமணி
ஈ) மணிமேகலை
Answer:
இ) திருக்குறள்

Question 5.
இயற்கைத் தவம் ……………….
அ) சீவகசிந்தாமணி
ஆ) பெரிய புராணம்
இ) கம்பராமாயணம்
ஈ) மணிமேகலை
Answer:
அ) சீவகசிந்தாமணி

Question 6.
இயற்கைப் பரிணாமம் …………….
அ) கம்பராமாயணம்
இ) திருவாசகம்
ஆ) பெரிய புராணம்
ஈ) திருக்குறள்
Answer:
அ) கம்பராமாயணம்

Question 7.
இயற்கை அன்பு ……………………
அ) கம்பராமாயணம்
இ) சீவகசிந்தாமணி
ஆ) பெரிய புராணம்
ஈ) பத்துப்பாட்டு
Answer:
ஈ) பெரிய புராணம்

நிரப்புக

1. அறியாமையை நீக்கி அறிவை விளக்குவது …………………….
2. ………………………. கல்வி முதலியனவும் கல்வியின் பாற்பட்டனவே.
3. கல்வி என்பது ……………….. தேடும் வழிமுறை அன்று.
4. …………….. வாயிலாகவே கல்வி பயிலுதல் வேண்டும்.
5. கலப்பில் வளர்ச்சி உண்டு என்பது ………………….. நுட்பம்.
6. இயற்கை இன்ப வாழ்வு நிலையங்கள் …………………….. மற்றும் ………………..
7. இயற்கை இறையுறையுள் ………….., …………………., …………………
8. உலக வாழ்விற்கு மிக மிக இன்றியமையாதது …………………… என்னும் அறிவுக்கலை.
Answer:
1. கல்வி
2. தொழில்
3. வருவாய்
4. தாய்மொழி
5. இயற்கை
6. சிலப்பதிகாரம், மணிமேகலை
7. தேவாரம், திருவாசகம், திருவாய்மொழி
8. அறிவியல்

குறுவினா

Question 1.
திரு. வி. க வின் படைப்புகள் யாவை?
Answer:

  • மனித வாழ்க்கையும்
  • தமிழ்த்தென்றல்.
  • காந்தியடிகளும்.
  • பொதுமை வேட்டல்.
  • பெண்ணின் பெருமை.
  • முருகன் அல்லது அழகு.

Question 2.
இயற்கை அன்னையின் எச்சரிக்கை என்று திரு. வி. க. கூறுவன யாவை?
Answer:
தொழில் நோக்குடன் கல்வி பயிலுதல் வேண்டாம் என்றும், அறிவுலகின் பொருட்டுக் கல்விபயிலுதல் வேண்டும் என்றும், இயற்கை அன்னை எச்சரிக்கை செய்தவண்ணமாய்
இருக்கிறாள் என்று திரு. வி. க. கூறுகிறார்.

Question 3.
இயற்கை முறையாகத் திரு. வி. க எடுத்துரைப்பது யாது?
Answer:

  • நாம் தமிழ் மக்கள்! நாம் நமது தாய்மொழி வாயிலாக கல்வி பெறுதலே சிறப்பு.
  • அதுவே, இயற்கை முறை என்று திரு. வி. க. கூறுகிறார்.

Question 4.
கல்வி குறித்து விஜயலட்சுமி பண்டிட் கூறும் கருத்துகள் யாவை?
Answer:
“கல்வி என்பது வருவாய் தேடும் வழிமுறை அன்று. அது மெய்ம்மையைத் தேடவும், அறநெறியைப் பயிலவும் மனித ஆன்மாவுக்குப் பயிற்சி அளிக்கும் ஒரு நெறிமுறை ஆகும்” என்று கல்வி குறித்து விஜயலட்சுமி பண்டிட் கூறுகிறார்.

Question 5.
எது தமிழுக்கு இழுக்காகாது என்று திரு. வி. க. கூறுகிறார்?
Answer:
குறியீடுகளுக்குப் பல மொழிகளில் இருந்து கடன் வாங்குவது தமிழுக்கு இழுக்காகாது என்று திரு. வி. க. கூறுகிறார்.

Question 6.
இளைஞர்களுக்குத் திரு. வி. க. விடுக்கும் வேண்டுகோள் யாது?
Answer:
(i) இளைஞர்களே! தமிழ் இளைஞர்களே! பெறற்கரிய இன்ப நாட்டில் பிறக்கும் பேறு பெற்று இருக்கிறீர்கள். தமிழ் இன்பத்தில் சிறந்த இன்பம் இவ்வுலகில் உண்டோ ?

(ii) தமிழ்க் காவியங்களைப் படியுங்கள், இன்பம் நுகருங்கள் என்று திரு. வி. க. இளைஞர்களுக்கு வேண்டுகோள் விடுக்கிறார்.

சிறுவினா

Question 1.
ஏட்டுக்கல்வி குறித்துத் திரு. வி. க. கூறும் கருத்துகள் யாவை?
Answer:

  • ஏட்டுக்கல்வியே கல்வி என்னும் ஒரு கொள்கை எங்கும் நிலவி வருகிறது.
  • ஏட்டுக்கல்வி மட்டும் கல்வி ஆகாது.
  • இந்நாளில் கல்வி என்பது பொருள் அற்றுக் கிடைக்கிறது. குறிப்பிட்ட பாடங்களை மனப்பாடம் செய்து தேர்வில் தேறி, பட்டம் பெற்று, ஒரு தொழிலில் நுழைவதற்குக் கல்வி ஒரு கருவியாகக் கொள்ளப்பட்டு வருகிறது.
  • நாளடைவில், அக்கல்விக்கும் வாழ்விற்கும் தொடர்பு இல்லாமல் போகிறது என்கிறார் திரு. வி. க.

Question 2.
திரு. வி. க. குறிப்பிடும் கல்வி குறித்த தலைப்புகளைப் பட்டியலிடுக.
Answer:

  • ஏட்டுக் கல்வி
  • இயற்கைக் கல்வி
  • தொழிற் கல்வி
  • இசைக் கல்வி
  • தாய்மொழிவழிக் கல்வி
  • நாடகக் கல்வி
  • தமிழ்வழிக் கல்வி
  • அறிவியல் கல்வி
  • காப்பியக் கல்வி

Question 3.
தாய்மொழிவழிக் கல்வி குறித்து திரு. வி. க. கூறுவன யாவை?
Answer:

  •  நாம் தமிழர், நம் தாய்மொழி வாயிலாகவே கல்வி பெறுவது சிறப்பு. அதுவே தான் இயற்கை முறை.
  • போதிய ஓய்வு நேரமும் வாய்ப்பும் இருப்பின் வேறு பல மொழிகளையும் பயிலலாம்.
  • ஆனால் தாய்மொழி வாயிலாகவே கல்வி பயிலுதல் வேண்டும்.
  • தாய்நாடு என்னும் பெயர் தாய்மொழியைக் கொண்டு பிறப்பது ஆகும்
    – என்று தாய்மொழிவழிக் கல்வி குறித்து திரு. வி. க. கூறுகின்றார்.

Samacheer Kalvi 10th Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Geometry Ex 4.4

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 10th Maths Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 10th Maths Solutions Chapter 4 Geometry Ex 4.4

10th Maths Exercise 4.4 Samacheer Kalvi Question 1.
The length of the tangent to a circle from a point P, which is 25 cm away from the centre is 24 cm. What is the radius of the circle?
Solution:
242 + r2 = 252
576 + r2 = 625
r2 = 625 – 576
= 49
10th Maths Exercise 4.4 Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 4 Geometry

Ex 4.4 Class 10 Samacheer Question 2.
∆LMN is a right angled triangle with ∠L = 90°. A circle is inscribed in it. The lengths of the sides containing the right angle are 6 cm and 8 cm. Find the radius of the circle.
Solution:
∆LMN,
By Pythagoras theorem,
Ex 4.4 Class 10 Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 4 Geometry

Exercise 4.4 Class 10 Samacheer Kalvi Question 3.
A circle is inscribed in ∆ABC having sides 8 cm, 10 cm and 12 cm as shown in figure, Find AD, BE and CF.
Exercise 4.4 Class 10 Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 4 Geometry
Solution:
We know that the tangents drawn from are external point to a circle are equal.
Therefore AD = AF = x say.
BD = BE = y say and
CE = CF = z say
Now, AB = 12 cm, BC = 8 cm, and CA= 10 cm.
x + y = 12, y + z = 8 and z + x = 10
(x + y) + (y + z) + (z + x) = 12 + 8 + 10
2(x + y + z) = 30
x + y + z = 15
Now, x + y = 12 and x + y + z = 15
12 + z = 15 ⇒ z = 3
y + z = 8 and x + y + z = 15
x + 8 = 15 ⇒ x = 7
and z + x = 10 and x + y + z = 15
10 + y = 15 ⇒ y = 5
Hence, AD = x = 7 cm, BE = y = 5 cm
and CF = z = 3 cm.

10th Maths Exercise 4.4 Question 4.
PQ is a tangent drawn from a point P to a circle with centre O and QOR is a diameter of the circle such that ∠POR = 120° . Find ∠OPQ.
Solution:
∠POR + ∠POQ = 180° (straight angle = 180°)
∴ 120 +∠POQ = 180°
∠POQ = 60°
∠OQP = 90° (∵ radius is ⊥r to the tangent at the point of contact)
10th Maths Exercise 4.4 Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 4 Geometry
∴ ∠POQ + ∠PQO + ∠OPQ = 180° (∵ sum of the 3 angles of a triangle is 180°)
∴ 60 + 90 + ∠OPQ = 80°
∠OPQ = 180° – 150° = 30°

10th Maths Geometry Question 5.
A tangent ST to a circle touches it at B. AB is a chord such that ∠ABT = 65°. Find ∠AOB , where “O” is the centre of the circle.
Solution:
In the figure,
∠OBT = 90° (∵OB-radius, BT – Tangent)
= 115°
∴ ∠OBA = 90° – 65°
∠OAB = 25° (OA = OB)
∴ ∠AOB = 180° – 50°
= 130°
10th Maths Geometry Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 4 Geometry

10th Maths Practical Geometry Guide Pdf Question 6.
In figure, O is the centre of the circle with radius 5 cm. T is a point such that OT = 13 cm and OT intersects the circle E, if AB is the tangent to the circle at E, find the length of AB.
10th Maths Practical Geometry Guide Pdf Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 4
Solution:
In ∆OPT, OP = r = 5 cm
OT = 13 cm
PT = 12 cm
In ∆OPA, OA2 = OP2 + AP2 ………….. (1)
In ∆OAE, OA2 = OE2 + AE2 …………. (2)
Equating (1) and (2),
OP2 + AP2 = OE2 + AE2 (∵ OP = OE = r)
∴ AP = AE
Parallel BQ = EB
In ∆AET, AT2 = AE2 + ET2
∴ ET2 = AT2 – AE2 = (AT + AE) (AT – AE)
∴ ET2 = (AT + AP) (AT – AE) (∵ AE = AP)
∴ 8 × 8 = 12 × (AT – AE)
10th Geometry Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 4 Ex 4.4

10th Geometry Question 7.
In two concentric circles, a chord of length 16 cm of larger circle becomes a tangent to the smaller circle whose radius is 6 cm. Find the radius of the larger circle.
Solution:
AB = 16 cm given
CA = CB(∵ OC ⊥r AB)
10th Geometry Exercise 4.4 Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 4
OB2 = OC2 + BC2
= 62 + 82
= 36 + 64 = 100
OB = Radius of the larger circle = \(\sqrt{100}\) = 10 cm.

10th Geometry Exercise 4.4 Question 8.
Two circles with centres O and O’ of radii 3 cm and 4 cm respectively intersect at two points P and Q, such that OP and O’P are tangents to the two circles. Find the length of the common chord PQ.
Solution:
Given: OP = OQ = 4
O’P = O’Q = 3
10th Maths Geometry Exercise 4.4 Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 4
OO’ is the perpendicular bisector of chord PQ.
Let R be the point of intersection of PQ and OO’.
Assume PR = QR = x and OR = y
In OPO’, OP2 + O’P2 = (OO’)2 ⇒ OO’
= \(\sqrt{4^{2}+3^{2}}\) = 5
OR = y ⇒ OR = 5 – y
In ∆OPR, PR2 + OR2 = OP2 ⇒ x2 + y = 42 ……….. (1)
In ∆O’PR, PR2 + O’R2 = O’P2 ⇒ x2 + (5 – y)2 = 9 ………….(2)
(1) – (2)=> y2 – (25 + y2 – 10y) = 16 – 9
⇒ y2 – 25 – y2 + 10y = 7 .
⇒ 10y = 25 + 7 ⇒ 10y =32
⇒ y =3.2
Substituting y = 3.2 in (1), we get x = \(\sqrt{4^{2}-3.2^{2}}\)
x = 2.4
PQ = 2x ⇒ PQ = 4.8 cm

10th Maths Geometry Exercise 4.4 Question 9.
Show that the angle bisectors of a triangle are concurrent.
Solution:
Samacheer Kalvi 10th Maths Practical Geometry Chapter 4 Ex 4.4
In ∆ABC, let AD, BE are two angle bisectors.
They meet at the point ‘O’
We have to prove that = \(\frac{A C}{C D}=\frac{A O}{O D}\)
Construct CO to meet the interesecting point O from C.
10th Maths Guide Geometry Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 4 Ex 4.4
Hence proved.

Samacheer Kalvi 10th Maths Practical Geometry Question 10.
In ∆ABC , with ∠B = 90° , BC = 6 cm and AB = 8 cm, D is a point on AC such that AD = 2 cm and E is the midpoint of AB. Join D to E and extend it to meet at F. Find BF.
In the figure ∆ABC, ∆EBF are similar triangles.
Solution:
Consider DABC, Then D, E, F are respective points on the sides CA, AB and BC. By constrution D, E, F are collinear.
 10th Maths Practical Geometry Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 4 Ex 4.4

10th Maths Guide Geometry Question 11.
An artist has created a triangular stained glass window and has one strip of small length left before completing the window. She needs to figure out the length of left out portion based on the lengths of the other sides as shown in the figure.
10th Maths Geometry Guide Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 4 Ex 4.4
Solution:
In the figure, let O be the concurrent point of the angle bisectors of the three angles.
10th Maths New Syllabus Exercise 4.4 Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 4 Geometry

10th Maths Practical Geometry Question 12.
Draw a tangent at any point R on the circle of radius 3.4 cm and centre at P ?
Solution:
Radius = 3.4 cm
Centre = P
Tangent at any point R.
10th Maths 4.4 Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 4 Geometry
Construction:
Steps:
(1) Draw a circle with centre P of radius 3.4 cm.
(2) Take a point R on the circle. Join PR.
(3) Draw ⊥r line TT1 to PR. Which passes through R.
(4) TT1 is the required tangent.

10th Maths Geometry Guide Question 13.
Draw a circle of radius 4.5 cm. Take a point on the circle. Draw the tangent at that point using the alternate segment theorem.
Solution:
Construction:
Steps:
(1) With O as the centre, draw a circle of radius 4.5 cm.
(2) Take a point R on the circle. Through R draw any chord PR.
(3) Take a point Q distinct from P and R on the circle, so that P, Q, R are in anti-clockwise direction. Join PQ and QR.
(4) Through R drawn a tangent TT1 such that ∠TRP = ∠PQR.
(5) TT1 is the required tangent.
10th Maths Book Geometry Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 4

Maths Geometry 10th Question 14.
Draw the two tangents from a point which is 10 cm away from the centre of a circle of radius 5 cm. Also, measure the lengths of the tangents.
Solution:
Radius = 5 cm
The distance between the point from the centre is 10 cm.
10th Maths Ex 4.4 Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 4 Geometry
Construction:
Steps:
(1) With O as centre, draw a circle of radius 5 cm.
(2) Draw a line OP =10 cm.
(3) Draw a perpendicular bisector of OP which cuts OP at M.
(4) With M as centre and MO as radius, draw a circle which cuts previous circle at A and B.
(5) Join AP and BP. AP and BP are the required tangents. Thus length of the tangents are PA and PB = 8.7 cm.
Verification:
In the right triangle ∠POA;
10th Practical Geometry Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 4 Ex 4.4

10th Maths New Syllabus Exercise 4.4 Question 15.
Take a point which is 11 cm away from the centre of a circle of radius 4 cm and draw the two tangents to the circle from that point.
Solution:
Radius = 4 cm
The distance of a point from the center =11 cm.
10th Standard Maths Geometry Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 4 Ex 4.4

Construction:
Steps:
(1) With centre O, draw a circle of radius 4 cm.
(2) Draw a line OP = 11 cm.
(3) Draw a ⊥r bisector of OP, which cuts atM.
(4) With M as centre and MO as radius, draw a circle which cuts previous circle at A and B.
(5) Join AP and BP. AP and BP are the required tangents. Thus length of the tangents are PA = PB = 10.2 cm.
Verification:
In the right triangle
Samacheer Kalvi 10th Maths Chapter 4 Geometry Ex 4.4 21

10th Maths 4.4 Question 16.
Draw the two tangents from a point which is 5 cm away from the centre of a circle of diameter 6 cm. Also, measure the lengths of the tangents.
Solution:
Diameter = 6 cm
Radius = \(\frac{6}{2}\) = 3 cm.
The distance between the centre and the point is 5 cm.
Samacheer Kalvi 10th Maths Chapter 4 Geometry Ex 4.4 22
Construction:
Steps:
(1) With centre O, draw a circle of radius , 3cm.
(2) Draw a line OP = 5 cm.
(3) Draw a bisector of OP, which cuts OP and M.
(4) With M as centre and MO as radius draw a circle which cuts previous circle at A and B.
(5) Join AP and BP. AP and BP are the required tangents. Thus length of the tangents are PA = PB = 4 cm
Verification:
In the right triangle ∆OPA,
Samacheer Kalvi 10th Maths Chapter 4 Geometry Ex 4.4 23

10th Maths Book Geometry Question 17.
Draw a tangent to the circle from the point P having radius 3.6 cm, and centre at O. Point P is at a distance 7.2 cm from the centre.
Radius 3.6 cm.
Solution:
Distance from the centre to the point is 7.2 cm.
Samacheer Kalvi 10th Maths Chapter 4 Geometry Ex 4.4 24
Construction:
Steps:
(1) Draw a circle of radius 3.6 cm with centre O.
(2) Draw a line OP = 7.2 cm.
(3) Draw a perpendicular bisector of OP, which cuts OP at M.
(4) With M as centre and MO as radius, draw a circle which cuts previous circle at A and B.
(5) Join AP and BP. AP and BP are the required tangents. Thus length of the tangents are PA = PB = 6.2 cm.
Verification:
In the right triangle.
Samacheer Kalvi 10th Maths Chapter 4 Geometry Ex 4.4 25

Samacheer Kalvi 10th Maths Solutions Chapter 3 Algebra Ex 3.16

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 10th Maths Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 10th Maths Solutions Chapter 3 Algebra Ex 3.16

10th Maths Exercise 3.16 Solution Question 1.
In the matrix A = \(\left[\begin{array}{cccc}{8} & {9} & {4} & {3} \\ {-1} & {\sqrt{7}} & {\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}} & {5} \\ {1} & {4} & {3} & {0} \\ {6} & {8} & {-11} & {1}\end{array}\right]\)
(i) The number of elements
(ii) The order of the matrix
(iii) Write the elements a22, a23, a24, a34, a43, a44
Solution:
(i) 16
(ii) 4 × 4
(iii) \(\sqrt{7}, \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\), 5, 0, -11, 1

10th Maths Exercise 3.16 Solutions Question 2.
If a matrix has 18 elements, what are the possible orders it can have? What if it has 6 elements?
Solution:
1 × 18, 2 × 9, 3 × 6, 6 × 3, 9 × 2, 18 × 1 and 1 × 6, 2 × 3, 3 × 2, 6 × 1

10th Maths Exercise 3.16 Answers Question 3.
Construct a 3 × 3 matrix whose elements are given by then find the transpose of A.
(i) aij = |i – 2j|
(ii) aij = \(\frac{(i+j)^{3}}{3}\)
Solution:
(i) aij = |i – 2j|
a11 = |1 – 2 × 1| = |1 – 2| = |-1| = 1
a12 = |1 – 2 × 2| = |1 – 4| = |-3| = 3
a13 = |1 – 2 × 3| = |1 – 6| = |-5| = 5
a21 = |2 – 2 × 1| = |2 – 2| = 0
a22 = |2 – 2 × 2| = |2 – 4| = |-2| = 2
a23 = |2 – 2 × 3| = |2 – 6| = |-4| = 4
a31 = |3 – 2 × 1| = |3 – 2| = |1| = 1
a32 = |3 – 2 × 2| = |3 – 4| = |-1| = 1
a33 = |3 – 2 × 3| = |3 – 6| = |-3| = 3
∴ \(\left[\begin{array}{lll}{1} & {3} & {5} \\ {0} & {2} & {4} \\ {1} & {1} & {3}\end{array}\right]\) is the required 3 × 3 matrix

10th Maths Exercise 3.16 Solution Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 3 Algebra
 10th Maths Exercise 3.16 Solutions Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 3 Algebra

Ex 3.16 Class 10 Samacheer Question 4.
10th Maths Exercise 3.16 Answers Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 3 Algebra
Solution:
10th Maths Exercise 3.16 Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 3 Algebra

10th Maths Exercise 3.16 Question 5.
Ex 3.16 Class 10 Samacheer Chapter 3 Algebra
Solution:
10th Maths 3.16 Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 3 Algebra

10th Maths 3.16 Question 6.
Exercise 3.16 Class 10 Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 3 Algebra
Solution:
10th Maths Exercise 3.16 Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 3 Algebra

Exercise 3.16 Class 10 Question 7.
Find the values of x,y and z from the following equations
Samacheer Kalvi 10th Maths Exercise 3.16 Chapter 3 Algebra
Solution:
10th Maths Graph 3.16 Answers Chapter 3 Algebra
10th Maths Exercise 3.16 Graph Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 3 Algebra

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1

11th Maths Exercise 7.1 Answers Question 1.
Construct an m × n matrix A = [aij], where aij is given by
11th Maths Exercise 7.1 Answers Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 7 Matrices And Determinants
Solution:
(i) aij = \(\frac{(i-2 j)^{2}}{2}\)
Here m = 2, n = 3
So we have to construct a matrix of order 2 × 3
11th Maths Exercise 7.1 Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 7 Matrices And Determinants

(ii) Here m = 3 and n = 4
So we have to construct a matrix order 3 × 4
The general form of a matrix of order 3 × 4 will be
11th Maths Matrices And Determinants Solutions Samacheer Kalvi
11th Maths 7.1 Exercise Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 7 Matrices And Determinants

11th Maths Exercise 7.1 Question 2.
Find the values of p, q, r and s if
11th Maths Volume 2 Exercise 7.1 Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 7 Matrices And Determinants
Solution:
When two matrices (of same order) are equal then their corresponding entries are equal.
11th Maths Matrix Solutions Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 7 Matrices And Determinants
⇒ p2 – 1 = 1
⇒ p2 = 1 + 1 = 2
p = ± \(\sqrt{2}\)
-31 – q3 = -4
-q3 = -4 + 31 = 27
q3 = -27 = (-3)3
⇒ q = -3
r + 1 = \(\frac{3}{2}\)
⇒ r = \(\frac{3}{2}\) – 1 = \(\frac{3-2}{2}\) = \(\frac{1}{2}\)
s – 1 = π
⇒ s = – π + 1 (i.e.,) s = 1 – π
So, p = ± \(\sqrt{2}\), q = -3, r = 1/2 and s = 1 – π

11th Maths Matrices And Determinants Solutions Question 3.
Determine the value of x + y if 11th Maths Exercise 7.1 Tamil Medium Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 7 Matrices And Determinants
Solution:
\(\left[\begin{array}{cc}{2 x+y} & {4 x} \\ {5 x-7} & {4 x}\end{array}\right]=\left[\begin{array}{cc}{7} & {7 y-13} \\ {y} & {x+6}\end{array}\right]\)
⇒ 2x + y = 7 ………….. (1)
4x = 7y – 13 ………….. (2)
5x – 7 = y …………… (3)
4x = x + 6 ……………. (4)
from (4) 4x – x = 6
3x = 6 ⇒ x = \(\frac{6}{3}\) = 2
Substituting x = 2 in (1), we get
2(2) + y = 7 ⇒ 4 + y = 7 ⇒ y = 7 – 4 = 3
So x = 2 and y = 3
∴ x + y = 2 + 3 = 5

11th Maths 7.1 Exercise Question 4.
Determine the matrices A and B if they satisfy
11th Maths Matrices And Determinants Pdf Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 7
Solution:
Exercise 7.1 Class 11 Maths State Board Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 7 Matrices And Determinants
11th Maths 7.1 Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 7 Matrices And Determinants
11th Maths Matrix And Determinants Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 7

11th Maths Volume 2 Exercise 7.1 Question 5.
If A = \(\left[\begin{array}{ll}{\mathbf{1}} & {\boldsymbol{a}} \\ {\mathbf{0}} & {\mathbf{1}}\end{array}\right]\), then compute A4
Solution:
11th Maths Exercise 7.1 In Tamil Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 7 Matrices And Determinants
11th Maths Volume 2 Exercise 7.1 Answers Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 7 Matrices And Determinants

11th Maths Matrix Solutions Question 6.
Consider the matrix Aα = \(\left[\begin{array}{cc}{\cos \alpha} & {-\sin \alpha} \\ {\sin \alpha} & {\cos \alpha}\end{array}\right]\)
(i) Show that AαAβ = Aα + β.
(ii) Find all possible real values of satisfying the condition Aα + ATα = 1.
Solution:
11 Maths Exercise 7.1 Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 7 Matrices And Determinants
General solution is α = 2nπ + \(\frac{\pi}{3}\), n ∈ Z

11th Maths Exercise 7.1 Tamil Medium Question 7.
If A = \(\left[\begin{array}{rr}{4} & {2} \\ {-1} & {x}\end{array}\right]\) such that (A – 2I) (A – 3I) = 0, find the value of x.
Solution:
11th Maths 7th Chapter Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 7 Matrices And Determinants

11th Maths Matrices And Determinants Pdf Question 8.
If A = \(\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{\mathbf{1}} & {\mathbf{0}} & {\mathbf{0}} \\ {\mathbf{0}} & {\mathbf{1}} & {\mathbf{0}} \\ {\boldsymbol{a}} & {\boldsymbol{b}} & {-\mathbf{1}}\end{array}\right]\), show that A2 is a unit matrix.
Solution:
Matrices And Determinants Class 11 State Board Solutions Samacheer Kalvi

Exercise 7.1 Class 11 Maths State Board Question 9.
If A = 11th Maths Determinants Solutions Samacheer Kalvi  Chapter 7 and A3 – 6A2 + 7A + KI = 0, find the value of k.
Solution:
Class 11th Maths Exercise 7.1 Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 7 Matrices And Determinants
Matrices And Determinants Class 11 Solutions Pdf Samacheer Kalvi

11th Maths 7.1 Question 10.
Give your own examples of matrices satisfying the following conditions in each case:
(i) A and B such that AB ≠ BA.
(ii) A and B such that AB = 0 = BA, A ≠ 0 and B ≠ 0.
(iii) A and B such that AB = 0 and BA ≠ 0.
Solution:
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions  Chapter 7 Matrices And Determinants
11th Maths 7th Lesson Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 7 Matrices And Determinants
Class 11 Maths Ex 7.1 Solutions Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 7 Matrices And Determinants

11th Maths Matrix And Determinants Question 11.
Show that f(x) f(y) = f(x + y), where f(x) = Class 11th Maths Chapter 7 Exercise 7.1 Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 7 Matrices And Determinants
Solution:
11th Maths Guide Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 7 Matrices And Determinants
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 25

11th Maths Exercise 7.1 In Tamil Question 12.
If A is a square matrix such that A2 = A, find the value of 7A – (I + A)3.
Solution:
Given A2 = A
So 7A – (I + A)3 = 7A – (I + 3A + 3A2 + A3]
= 7A – I – 3A – 3 A2 – A3
Given A2 = A
7A – I – 3A – 3A – A3 = -I + A – A3
= -I + A – (A2 × A)
= -I + A – (A × A) = -I + A – A2
= -I + A – A = -I
So the value of 7A – (I + A)3 = -I.

Question 13.
Verify the property A (B + C) = AB + AC, when the matrices A, B and C are given by
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 26
Solution:
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 27
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 28

11th Maths Volume 2 Exercise 7.1 Answers Question 14.
Find the matrix A which satisfies the matrix relation Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 29
Solution:
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 30
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 31

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1

11 Maths Exercise 7.1 Question 15.
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 32
(i) (A + B)T = AT + BT = BT + AT
(ii) (A – B)T = AT – BT
(iii) (BT)T = B.
Solution:
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 33
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 34
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 35
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 36

11th Maths 7th Chapter Question 16.
If A is a 3 × 4 matrix and B is a matrix such that both ATB and BAT are defined, what is the order of the matrix B?
Sol.
A is a matrix of order 3 × 4
So AT will be a matrix of order 4 × 3
AT B will be defined when B is a matrix of order 3 × n
BAT will be defirted when B is of order m × 4
from (1) and (2) we see that B should be a matrix of order 3 × 4

Question 17.
Express the following matrices as the sum of a symmetric matrix and a skew-symmetric matrix:
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 37
Solution:
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 38
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 39
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 40

Matrices And Determinants Class 11 State Board Solutions Question 18.
Find the matrix A such that Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 41
Solution:
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 42
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 43

11th Maths Determinants Solutions Question 19.
If A = Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 44 is a matrix such that AAT = 9I, find the values of x and y.
Solution:
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 45

Question 20.
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 46
Solution:
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 47
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 48

Class 11th Maths Exercise 7.1 Question 21.
Construct the matrix A = [aij]3×3, where aij = i- j. State whether A is symmetric or skew- symmetric.
Solution:
Given A is a matrix of order 3 × 3
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 49
Here AT = -A
⇒ A is skew symmetric

Matrices And Determinants Class 11 Solutions Pdf Question 22.
Let A and B be two symmetric matrices. Prove that AB = BA if and only if AB is a symmetric matrix.
Solution:
Let A and B be two symmetric matrices
⇒ AT = A and BT = B …………….. (1)
Given that AB = BA (2)
To prove AB is symmetric:
Now (AB)T = BTAT = BA
(from(1)) But (AB)T = AB by ………….. (2)
⇒ AB is symmetric.
Conversely let AB be a symmetric matrix.
⇒ (AB)T = AB
i.e. BTAT = AB
i.e. BA = AB (from (1))
⇒ AB is symmetric

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Question 23.
If A and B are symmetric matrices of same order, prove that
(i) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.
(li) AB – BA is a skew-symmetric matrix.
Solution:
Given A and B are symmetric matrices
⇒ – AT = A and BT = B
(i) To prove AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.
Proof: Now (AB + BA)T = (AB)T + (BA)T = BTAT + ATBT
= BA + AB = AB + BA
i.e. (AB + BA)T = AB + BA
⇒ (AB + BA) is a symmetric matrix.
(ii) To prove AB – BA is a skew symmetric matrix.
Proof: (AB – BA)T = (AB)T – (BA)T = BTAT – ATBT = BA – AB
i.e. (AB – BA)T = – (AB – BA)
⇒ AB – BA is a skew symmetric matrix.

11th Maths 7th Lesson Question 24.
A shopkeeper in a Nuts and Spices shop makes gift packs of cashew nuts, raisins and almonds.
Pack I contains 100 gm of cashew nuts, 100 gm of raisins and 50 gm of almonds. Pack-II contains 200 gm of cashew nuts, 100 gm of raisins and 100 gm of almonds. Pack-III contains 250 gm of cashew nuts, 250 gm of raisins and 150 gm of almonds. The cost of 50 gm of cashew nuts is ₹ 50, 50 gm of raisins is ₹ 10, and 50 gm of almonds is₹ 60. What is the cost of each gift pack?
Solution:
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 50
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 51

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 Additional Problems

Class 11 Maths Ex 7.1 Solutions Question 1.
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 52
Prove that (i) AB ≠ BA
(ii) A(BC) = (AB) C
(iii) A(B + C) = AB + AC
(iv) AI = IA = A
Solution:
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 53
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 54
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 55
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 56

Class 11th Maths Chapter 7 Exercise 7.1 Question 2.
If A = \(\left[\begin{array}{ll}{2} & {3} \\ {4} & {5}\end{array}\right]\) find A2 – 7A – 2I.
Solution:
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 57
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 58

11th Maths Guide Question 3.
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 59
Solution:
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 60

Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 61

11th Maths Guide Question 4.
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 62
Solution:
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 63
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 64
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 65

Question 5.
If A = \(\left[\begin{array}{rr}{3} & {-5} \\ {-4} & {2}\end{array}\right]\), show that A2 – 5A – 14I = 0 where I is the unit matrix of order 2.
Solution:
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 66

Question 6.
If A = \(\left[\begin{array}{rr}{3} & {-2} \\ {4} & {-2}\end{array}\right]\), find k so that A2 = kA – 2I
Solution:
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 67
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 68

Question 7.
If A = \(\left[\begin{array}{lll}{1} & {2} & {2} \\ {2} & {1} & {2} \\ {2} & {2} & {1}\end{array}\right]\), show that A2 – 4A – 5I = 0
Solution:
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 69
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 70

Question 8.
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 71
Solution:
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 72
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 73
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 74
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 75

Question 9.
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 76
Solution:
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 77
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 78

Question 10.
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 79
Solution:
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 80
Samacheer Kalvi 11th Maths Solutions Chapter 7 Matrices and Determinants Ex 7.1 81

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science Civics Solutions Chapter 1 Forms of Government and Democracy

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science Civics Solutions Chapter 1 Forms of Government and Democracy

Forms of Government and Democracy Textual Exercise

I. Choose the correct answer.

Forms Of Government And Democracy Class 9 Question 1.
A system of government in which one person reigns supreme, usually a king or queen, is called ……..
(a) autocracy
(b) monarchy
(c) democracy
(d) republic
Answer:
(b) monarchy

Mention The Forms Of Democracy Class 9 Question 2.
A system of government by one person with absolute power.
(a) Aristocracy
(b) Theocracy
(c) Democracy
(d) Autocracy
Answer:
(d) Autocracy

Forms Of Government And Democracy Book Back Answers Question 3.
When a country is governed by a few privileged, the form of government is called ……
(a) Aristocracy
(b) Parliamentary
(c) Democracy
(d) Republic
Answer:
(a) Aristocracy

9th Social Civics Guide Question 4.
Former Soviet Union is an example for ……
(a) aristocracy
(b) theocracy
(c) oligarchy
(d) republic
Answer:
(c) oligarchy

Forms Of Government Class 9 Question 5.
Select the odd one ……
(a) India
(b) USA
(c) France
(d) Vatican
Answer:
(d) Vatican

9th Social Guide Civics Question 6.
Abraham Lincoln was the President of the
(a) USA
(b) UK
(c) USSR
(d) India
Answer:
(a) USA

Forms Of Government And Democracy Question 7.
Kudavolai system was followed by ……….
(a) Gheras
(b) Pandyas
(c) Cholas
(d) Kalabhras
Answer:
(c) Cholas

Give Abraham Lincoln’s Definition For Democracy Question 8.
Direct Democracy in olden times existed ………
(a) In the republics of ancient India
(b) Among the USA
(c) In the city-state of ancient Athens
(d) Among the UK
Answer:
(c) In the city-state of ancient Athens

9th Social Solutions Samacheer Kalvi Question 9.
In which country has democracy originated? .
(a) India
(b) Switzerland
(c) USA
(d) Athens
Answer:
(d) Athens

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science Civics Book Solutions Question 10.
From which language was the term “Democracy” derived?
(a) Greek
(b) Latin
(c) Persian
(d) Arabic
Answer:
(a) Greek

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 9th Social Science Question 11.
In democracy the final authority rests with ………
(a) The Parliament
(b) The People
(c) The council of Ministers
(d) The President
Answer:
(b) The People

Question 12.
Which one of the country has Presidential form of government?
(a) India
(b) Britain
(c) Canada
(d) USA
Answer:
(d) USA

Question 13.
The largest democratic country in the world is ……..
(a) Canada
(b) India
(c) USA
(d) China
Answer:
(b) India

Question 14.
Assertion (A): Direct democracy is practised in Switzerland.
Reason (R): People directly participates in decision making.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) does not explain (A)
(c) (A) is correct and (R) is false
(d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer:
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)

Question 15.
Assertion (A): India has parliamentary form of democracy.
Reason (R): Indian parliament comprises two houses.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) does not explain (A)
(c) (A) is correct and (R) is false
(d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer:
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)

Question 16.
The meaning of Franchise is ………
(a) Right to elect
(b) Right to vote for the poor
(c) Right to vote
(d) Right to vote for the rich
Answer:
(c) Right to vote

Question 17.
The grant of universal franchise creates ………….
(a) Social equality
(b) Economic equality
(c) Political equality
(d) Legal equality
Answer:
(c) Political equality

Question 18.
Prime Minister of India is appointed by …….
(a) Lok Sabha
(b) Rajya Sabha
(c) Speaker
(d) President
Answer:
(d) President

Question 19.
The President of India can nominate ……….
(a) 12 members to Lok Sabha
(b) 2 members of Rajya Sabha
(c) 12 members to Rajya Sabha
(d) 14 members of Rajya Sabha
Answer:
(c) 12 members to Rajya Sabha

Question 20.
The First general elections after independence in India were held in …………
(a) 1948
(b) 1952
(c) 1957
(d) 1947
Answer:
(b) 1952

II. Fill in the blanks.

1. The Constitution of India was finally adopted on ………
2. The two types of democracy are …….. and ……….
3. An example for direct democracy is ………
4. India has a …….. form of democracy.
5. …….. was the first Prime Minister of independent India.
6. The first general elections were held in British India in the year …….
7. The Parliament House in India was designed by …… and ……….
Answers:
1. 26th November 1949
2. Direct and Indirect
3. Switzerland
4. Parliamentary
5. Jawaharlal Nehru
6. 1920
7. Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker

III. Match the following.

Forms Of Government And Democracy Class 9 Samacheer Kalvi Civics Solutions Chapter 1
Answers:
1. (d)
2. (a)
3. (b)
4. (c)

IV. Give short answers.

Question 1.
Give Abraham Lincoln’s definition for democracy.
Answer:
Abraham Lincoln defines democracy as a government of the people, by the people and for the people.

Question 2.
Mention the forms of democracy.
Answer:
Mention The Forms Of Democracy Class 9 Samacheer Kalvi Social Science Civics Solutions Chapter 1

Question 3.
Distinguish between direct and indirect democracy.
Answer:

Direct democracyIndirect democracy
When the people themselves directly express their will on public affairs, the type of government is called pure or direct democracy.
e.g., Ancient Greek city-states, Switzerland
When the people express their will on public affairs, through their elected representatives, the type of government is called indirect or representative democracy.
e.g., The prevailing system of democracy in India, USA and UK

V. Answer in detail.

Question 1.
What are the challenges to democracy? Explain.
Answer:
Democracy is the dominant form of government in the contemporary world. It has not faced a serious challenge or a rival so far. In the last hundred years, there has been an expansion of democracy all over the world. The various aspects of democracy and its challenges are:

  1. Illiteracy
  2. Poverty
  3. Gender discrimination
  4. Regionalism
  5. Casteism, communalism and religious fundamentalism
  6. Corruption
  7. Criminalisation of politics.
  8. Political violence

Question 2.
Explain the conditions necessary for the success of democracy in India.
Answer:

  1. Empowerment of the poor and illiterates to enjoy the goodness of democracy.
  2. Willingness among the elected people not to misuse their powerful position and public wealth.
  3. Eradication of social evils and dangers from which democracy suffers.
  4. An impartial and efficient press to form public opinion.
  5. Presence of strong public opinion.
  6. Feeling of tolerance and communal harmony among the people.
  7. Awareness among the people of the fundamental rights that they are entitled to enjoy.
  8. Conscious check and vigilance on the working of the elected representatives.
  9. Powerful and responsible opposition.

Question 3.
What is your opinion about democracy in India?
Answer:
India has a parliamentary form of democracy. The Indian Parliament comprises the elected representatives of people and makes the laws for the Country. The participation of people in the decision making and the consent of citizens are the two important elements of the parliamentary form of government in India.

India is the largest democratic country in the world. Democracy in India works on five basic principles. These are sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic.

Every person who is a citizen of India and who is not less than 18 years of age can exercise their right to vote in India, based on universal adult suffrage. There is no discrimination based on a person’s caste, creed, religion, region, gender and education when it comes to providing the right to vote.

VI. Project and Activity.

Question 1.
Discuss in the class what is universal adult franchise? Why is it important?
Answer:

  1. The teacher arranges a discussion session.
  2. The students will be divided into two groups to discuss on the above content.

Universal Adult Franchise: The Article 326 of the Indian Constitution grants universal adult suffrage, according to which every adult citizen is entitled to cast his/her vote in all state elections unless that citizen is convicted of certain criminal offences (or) deemed unsound of mind.

Why is it important?

  1. It has nothing to do with economic growth, or staying ahead, of the competition. Under this system a government is elected that is accountable to the people it governs.
  2. Because every vote counts, issues in a society receive their appropriate weight in terms of importance and urgency. ,

Question 2.
“Democracy is the power of majority which respects minority.” Discuss.
Answer:

  1. Democracy requires, minority rights equally as it does majority rule.
  2. Indeed, as democracy is understood today the minority’s rights must be protected no matter how alienated a minority is from the majority society. Otherwise the minority rights lose their meaning.

Question 3.
Conduct a mock election in your class.
Answer:
Election activities in the class room

  1. Campaigning
  2. Voting Booth
  3. Voter Registration form
  4. Campaign posters
  5. Cast your Ballot
  6. Reward your voters
  7. Tally up the votes
  8. Graph the votes.
  • Before beginning, think of issues, students enjoy voting on, make up copies of a short voter registration form for each student.
  • Have a ballot box.
  • After the election issue is chosen you will need to make up a ballot for each student.

Question 4.
A group discussion on the merits and demerits of democracy of India in the classroom.
Answer:
Merits and Demerits of Democracy:
Merits

  1. Responsible and accountable government.
  2. Equality and fraternity.
  3. Sense of responsibility among common people.
  4. Local self-government.
  5. Development and prosperity for all.
  6. Popular sovereignty.
  7. Sense of cooperation and fraternal feeling

Demerits

  1. Indirect or representative nature of democracy.
  2. Lack of interest in democratic process and hence lower turnout in elections.
  3. Instability in governance due to fractured mandate.
  4. Delay in decision – making process.

VII. HOTS

Question 1.
Will you have the right to equality under dictatorship? What would be the attitude regarding public opinion in such a country?
Answer:
No; well, a dictatorship is when a country is run by a minority of people and the citizens of that country don’t have a choice of who runs it. If one person has to make all the decisions for a country, they might use their power badly because they have too much responsibility.

Question 2.
How does democracy lead to a peaceful and a harmonious life among the citizens? Explain.
Answer:
Democracy safeguards the fundamental rights which are defined as basic human freedoms which every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality.

The students can refer and download from the Internet.

VIII. Life Skills

Select a group of countries, Research each country and tell what type of government it has: Aristoracy, Monarchy, Autocracy, Oligarchy, Theocracy, Democracy, Republic. Then, provide characteristics of this country that helped you determine the type of government.

Country nameType of GovernmentCharacterstics of the country’s government

The teacher can assign this as a Project & Group Activity for the students.

Forms of Government and Democracy Additional Questions

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
A system of government by one person with absolute power is ……
(a) Autocracy
(b) Aristocracy
(c) Monarchy
(d) Oligarchy
Answer:
(a) Autocracy

Question 2.
Democracy as a government of the people, by the people and for the people defined by ……..
(a) Mahatma Gandhi
(b) Jawaharlal Nehru
(c) Abraham Lincoln
(d) Herbert Baker
Answer:
(c) Abraham Lincoln

Question 3.
Democracy began ………. years ago.
(a) 2000
(b) 2500
(c) 3000
(d) 3200
Answer:
(b) 2500

Question 4.
Kudavolai system was a very notable and unique feature of the village administration of …….
(a) Cheras
(b) Cholas
(c) Pandyas
(d) Pallavas
Answer:
(b) Cholas

Question 5.
This is the dominant form of government in the contemporary world.
(a) Oligarchy
(b) Monarchy
(c) Theocracy
(d) Democracy
Answer:
(d) Democracy

Question 6.
Assertion (A): The term ‘democracy’ is derived from two Greek words demos meaning people and cratia meaning power.
Reason (R): Literally democracy means “the power of the people”.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true (A) explains (R)
(c) (A) is correct and (R) is false
(d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer:
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)

Question 7.
Assertion (A): India has a parliamentary form of democracy.
Reason (R): The Indian Parliament comprises the elected representatives of people.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true (A) explains (R)
(c) (A) is correct and (R) is false
(d) (A) is false and (R) is true
Answer:
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)

Question 8.
Indian citizen above years of age can exercise the right to vote in India.
(a) 16
(b) 17
(c) 18
(d) 19
Answer:
(c) 18

II. Fill in the blanks.

1. The modern world prefers ……….
2. The democratic institutions existed in India as early as the …….. period.
3. An example for Indirect Democracy is ……….
4. India has a …….. government with elected representatives at the federal, state and local
levels.
5. The two houses of our Parliament are ………. and ………
6. A group of people living in the same place of having particular characteristics in common is ………
Answers:
1. Democracy
2. Vedic
3. India
4. Democracy Quasi Federal
5. Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
6. Community

III. Match the following.

Forms Of Government And Democracy Book Back Answers Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science Civics Solutions Chapter 1
Answers:
1. (d)
2. (e)
3. (a)
4. (b)
5. (c)

IV. Give short answers.

Question 1.
What do you mean by “Republic”?
Answer:
A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives and which has an elected (or) nominated President rather than a Monarch. e.g., India, Australia.

Question 2.
What is Democracy?
Answer:

  1. Democracy is a form of government that allows people to choose their rulers.
  2. Only leaders elected by people should rule the country.
  3. People have freedom to express views, freedom to organise and freedom to protest.

Question 3.
Mention the salient features of Democracy.
Answer:

  1. Elected representatives of people and final decision-making power to the representatives.
  2. Free and fair elections.
  3. Universal adult franchise with each vote having equal value.
  4. Fundamental rights and protection of individual freedom.

V. Answer in detail.

Question 1.
Though democracy in India has been appreciated worldwide for its working there is still a lot of scope for improvement – Discuss.
Answer:
Though democracy in India has been appreciated worldwide for its working, there is still a lot of scope for improvement. The above-mentioned steps must be taken to ensure smooth functioning of democracy in the country.

Indian democracy can be successful and vibrant only when its citizens imbibe and reflect in their behavior the basic democratic values like equality, freedom, social justice, accountability and respect for all. Their mindset, thinking and behavior are expected to be in tune with the essential conditions of democracy. They have to appreciate the opportunities for their desired roles like participation, making the system accountable, fulfilling obligations, and playing proactive roles to actualize the goals of democracy.

Samacheer Kalvi 10th Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Numbers and Sequences Ex 2.1

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 10th Maths Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 10th Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Numbers and Sequences Ex 2.1

Exercise 2.1 Class 10 Maths Samacheer Question 1.
Find all positive integers which when divided by 3 leaves remainder 2.
Answer:
The positive integers when divided by 3 leaves remainder 2.
By Euclid’s division lemma a = bq + r, 0 ≤ r < b.
Here a = 3q + 2, where 0 ≤ q < 3, a leaves remainder 2 when divided by 3.
∴ 2, 5, 8, 11 ……………..

10th Maths Exercise 2.1 Samacheer Kalvi Question 2.
A man has 532 flower pots. He wants to arrange them in rows such that each row contains 21 flower pots. Find the number of completed rows and how many flower pots are left over?
Answer:
Here a = 532, b = 21
Using Euclid’s division algorithm
a = bq + r
532 = 21 × 25 + 7
Number of completed rows = 21
Number of flower pots left over = 7

Get Samacheer Kalvi 10th Maths Guide Pdf Download help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Ex 2.1 Class 10 Samacheer Question 3.
Prove that the product of two consecutive positive integers is divisible by 2.
Solution:
Let n – 1 and n be two consecutive positive integers. Then their product is (n – 1)n.
(n – 1)(n) = n2 – n.
We know that any positive integer is of the form 2q or 2q + 1 for some integer q. So, following cases arise.
Case I. When n = 2q.
In this case, we have
n2 – n = (2q)2 – 2q = 4q2 – 2q = 2q(2q – 1)
⇒ n2 – n = 2r, where r = q(2q – 1)
⇒ n2 – n is divisible by 2.

Case II. When n = 2q + 1
In this case, we have
n2 – n = (2q + 1)2 – (2q + 1)
= (2q + 1)(2q + 1 – 1) = 2q(2q + 1)
⇒ n2 – n = 2r, where r = q (2q + 1).
⇒ n2 – n is divisible by 2.
Hence, n2 – n is divisible by 2 for every positive integer n.
Hence it is Proved

10th Maths Exercise 2.1 Question 4.
When the positive integers a, b and c are divided by 13, the respective remainders are 9,7 and 10. Show that a + b + c is divisible by 13.
Answer:
Let the positive integer be a, b, and c
We know that by Euclid’s division lemma
a = bq + r
a = 13q + 9 ….(1)
b = 13q + 7 ….(2)
c = 13q + 10 ….(3)
Add (1) (2) and (3)
a + b + c = 13q + 9 + 13q + 7 + 13q + 10
= 39q + 26
a + b + c = 13 (3q + 2)
This expansion will be divisible by 13
∴ a + b + c is divisible by 13

10th Maths 2.1 Exercise Question 5.
Prove that square of any integer leaves the remainder either 0 or 1 when divided by 4.
Solution:
Let x be any integer.
The square of x is x2.
Let x be an even integer.
x = 2q + 0
then x2 = 4q2 + 0
When x be an odd integer
When x = 2k + 1 for some interger k.
x2 = (2k + 1 )2
= 4k2 + 4k + 1
= 4k (k + 1) + 1
= 4q + 1
where q = k(k + 1) is some integer.
Hence it is proved.

10th Maths Exercise 2.1 In Tamil Question 6.
Use Euclid’s Division Algorithm to find the Highest Common Factor (H.C.F) of
(i) 340 and 412
Answer:
To find the HCF of 340 and 412 using Euclid’s division algorithm. We get
412 = 340 × 1 + 72
The remainder 72 ≠ 0
Again applying Euclid’s division algorithm to the division of 340
340 = 72 × 4 + 52
The remainder 52 ≠ 0
Again applying Euclid’s division algorithm to the division 72 and remainder 52 we get
72 = 52 × 1 + 20
The remainder 20 ≠ 0
Again applying Euclid’s division algorithm
52 = 20 × 2 + 12
The remainder 12 ≠ 0
Again applying Euclid’s division algorithm
20 = 12 × 1 + 8
The remainder 8 ≠ 0
Again applying Euclid’s division algorithm
12 = 8 × 1 + 4
The remainder 4 ≠ 0
Again applying Euclid’s division algorithm
8 = 4 × 2 + 0
The remainder is zero
∴ HCF of 340 and 412 is 4

(ii) 867 and 255
Answer:
To find the HCF of 867 and 255 using
Euclid’s division algorithm. We get
867 = 255 × 3 + 102
The remainder 102 ≠ 0
Using Euclid’s division algorithm
255 = 102 × 2 + 51
The remainder 51 ≠ 0
Again using Euclid’s division algorithm
102 = 51 × 2 + 0
The remainder is zero
∴ HCF = 51
∴ HCF of 867 and 255 is 51

(iii) 10224 and 9648
Answer:
Find the HCF of 10224 and 9648 using Euclid’s division algorithm. We get
10224 = 9648 × 1 + 576
The remainder 576 ≠ 0
Again using Euclid’s division algorithm
9648 = 576 × 16 + 432
The remainder 432 ≠ 0
Using Euclid’s division algorithm
576 = 432 × 1 + 144
The remainder 144 ≠ 0
Again using Euclid’s division algorithm
432 = 144 × 3 + 0
The remainder is 0
∴ HCF = 144
The HCF of 10224 and 9648 is 144

(iv) 84,90 and 120
Answer:
Find the HCF of 84, 90 and 120 using Euclid’s division algorithm
90 = 84 × 1 + 6
The remainder 6 ≠ 0
Using Euclid’s division algorithm
4 = 14 × 6 + 0
The remainder is 0
∴ HCF = 6
The HCF of 84 and 90 is 6
Find the HCF of 6 and 120
120 = 6 × 20 + 0
The remainder is 0
∴ HCF of 120 and 6 is 6
∴ HCF of 84, 90 and 120 is 6

Numbers And Sequences 10th Class Question 7.
Find the largest number which divides 1230 and 1926 leaving remainder 12 in each case.
Solution:
The required number is the H.C.F. of the numbers.
1230 – 12 = 1218,
1926 – 12 = 1914
First we find the H.C.F. of 1218 & 1914 by Euclid’s division algorithm.
1914 = 1218 × 1 + 696
The remainder 696 ≠ 0.
Again using Euclid’s algorithm
1218 = 696 × 1 + 522
The remainder 522 ≠ 0.
Again using Euclid’s algorithm.
696 = 522 × 1 + 174
The remainder 174 ≠ 0.
Again by Euclid’s algorithm
522 = 174 × 3 + 0
The remainder is zero.
∴ The H.C.F. of 1218 and 1914 is 174.
∴ The required number is 174.

10th Maths Ex 2.1 Question 8.
If d is the Highest Common Factor of 32 and 60, find x and y satisfying d = 32x + 60y.
Answer:
Find the HCF of 32 and 60
60 = 32 × 1 + 28 ….(1)
The remainder 28 ≠ 0
By applying Euclid’s division lemma
32 = 28 × 1 + 4 ….(2)
The remainder 4 ≠ 0
Again by applying Euclid’s division lemma
28 = 4 × 7 + 0….(3)
The remainder is 0
HCF of 32 and 60 is 4
From (2) we get
32 = 28 × 1 + 4
4 = 32 – 28
= 32 – (60 – 32)
4 = 32 – 60 + 32
4 = 32 × 2 -60
4 = 32 x 2 + (-1) 60
When compare with d = 32x + 60 y
x = 2 and y = -1
The value of x = 2 and y = -1

10th Samacheer Maths Exercise 2.1 Question 9.
A positive integer when divided by 88 gives the remainder 61. What will be the remainder when the same number is divided by 11?
Solution:
Let a (+ve) integer be x.
x = 88 × y + 61
61 = 11 × 5 + 6 (∵ 88 is multiple of 11)
∴ 6 is the remainder. (When the number is divided by 88 giving the remainder 61 and when divided by 11 giving the remainder 6).

10th Maths 2.1 Question 10.
Prove that two consecutive positive integers are always coprime.
Answer:

  1. Let the consecutive positive integers be x and x + 1.
  2. The two number are co – prime both the numbers are divided by 1.
  3. If the two terms are x and x + 1 one is odd and the other one is even.
  4. HCF of two consecutive number is always 1.
  5. Two consecutive positive integer are always coprime.

Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
Every composite number can be written uniquely as the product of power of prime is called fundamental theorem of Arithmetic.

Samacheer Kalvi 7th Tamil Solutions Term 2 Chapter 1.5 இலக்கியவகைச் சொற்கள்

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Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 7th Tamil Solutions Term 2 Chapter 1.5 இலக்கியவகைச் சொற்கள்

மதிப்பீடு

சரியான விடையைத் தேர்ந்தெடுத்து எழுதுக.

Question 1.
எல்லார்க்கும் எளிதில் பொருள் விளங்கும் சொல் ……………..
அ) இயற்சொல்
ஆ) திரிசொல்
இ) திசைச்சொல்
ஈ) வடசொல்
Answer:
அ) இயற்சொல்

Question 2.
பலபொருள் தரும் ஒரு சொல் என்பது ……………………..
அ) இயற்சொல்
ஆ) திரிசொல்
இ) திசைச்சொல்
ஈ) வடசொல்
Answer:
ஆ) திரிசொல்

Question 3.
வடமொழி என்று அழைக்கப்படும் மொழி …………………………..
அ) மலையாளம்
ஆ) கன்ன டம்
இ) சமஸ்கிருதம்
ஈ) தெலுங்கு
Answer:
இ) சமஸ்கிருதம்

பொருத்துக

1. இயற்சொல் – பெற்றம்
2. திரிசொல் – இரத்தம்
3. திசைச்சொல் – அழுவம்
4. வடசொல் – சோறு
Answer:
1. இயற்சொல் – சோறு
2. திரிசொல் – அழுவம்
3. திசைச்சொல் – பெற்றம்
4. வடசொல் – இரத்தம்

குறுவினா

Question 1.
மண், பொன் என்பன எவ்வகைச் சொற்கள்?
Answer:

  • எளிதில் பொருள் விளங்கும் வகையில் அமைந்த சொற்கள் இயற்சொற்கள் எனப்படும்.
  • இயற்சொல் பெயர், வினை, இடை, உரி ஆகிய நான்கு வகையிலும் வரும்.
  • மண், பொன் – பெயர் இயற்சொல்

Question 2.
இயற்சொல்லின் நான்கு வகைகள் யாவை?
Answer:
இயற்சொல்லின் நான்கு வகைகள்.
இயற்சொல் பெயர், வினை, இடை, உரி ஆகியன நான்கு வகைகளாகும்.

எடுத்துக்காட்டு :
மண், பொன் – பெயர் இயற்சொல்
நடந்தான், வந்தான் – வினை இயற்சொல் அவனை,
அவனால் – இடை இயற்சொல்
மாநகர் – உரி இயற்சொல்

Question 3.
குங்குமம், கமலம் என்பன எவ்வகை வடசொற்கள்?
Answer:
கமலம், குங்குமம் என வடமொழியில் இருப்பது போன்றே தமிழில் எழுதுவதைத் தற்சமம் என்பர்.

சிறுவினா

Question 1.
இலக்கிய வகைச் சொற்கள் எத்தனை வகைப்படும்? அவை யாவை?
Answer:
இலக்கிய வகைச் சொற்கள் நான்கு வகைப்படும்

  1. இயற்சொல்,
  2. திரிசொல்,
  3. திசைச்சொல்,
  4. வடசொல்

(i) இயற்சொல் : எளிதில் பொருள் விளங்கும் வகையில் அமைந்த சொற்கள் இயற்சொற்கள் எனப்படும். எடுத்துக்காட்டு : கடல், கப்பல்

(ii) திரிசொல் : கற்றோருக்கு மட்டுமே விளங்குவதாகவும் இலக்கியங்களில் மட்டுமே பயின்று வருபவையாகவும் அமையும் சொற்கள் திரிசொற்கள் எனப்படும். எடுத்துக்காட்டு : வங்கூழ், அழுவம்.

(iii) திசைச்சொல் : வடமொழி தவிர, பிறமொழிகளில் இருந்து வந்து தமிழில் இடம்பெறும் சொற்கள் திசைச்சொற்கள் எனப்படும். எடுத்துக்காட்டு: சாவி, சன்னல்.

(iv) வடசொல் : வடமொழியிலிருந்து வந்து தமிழில் இடம் பெறும் சொற்கள் வடசொற்கள் எனப்படும். எடுத்துக்காட்டு: வருடம், மாதம்.

Question 2.
திரிசொல்லின் வகைகள் குறித்து விளக்குக.
Answer:
திரிசொல்லின் வகைகள் :
திரிசொற்களை ஒரு பொருள் குறித்த பல திரிசொற்கள் எனவும். பல பொருள் குறித்த ஒரு திரிசொல் எனவும் இருவகைப்படுத்தலாம்.

ஒரு பொருள் குறித்த பல திரிசொற்கள்
எடுத்துக்காட்டு :
வங்கம், அம்பி, நாவாய் – என்பன கப்பல் என்னும் ஒரே பொருளைத் தருவதால் ஒரு பொருள் குறித்த பல திரிசொற்கள் என்பர்.

பல பொருள் குறித்த ஒரு திரிசொல் :
எடுத்துக்காட்டு :
இதழ் என்னும் சொல் பூவின் இதழ், உதடு, கண்ணிமை, பனையேடு, நாளிதழ் ஆகிய பல பொருள்களைத் தருவதால் பலபொருள் குறித்த ஒரு திரிசொல் என்பர்.

Question 3.
பண்டிகை, கேணி என்பன எவ்வகைச் சொற்கள்? விளக்குக.
Answer:

  • பண்டிகை, கேணி என்பன திசைச் சொற்களாகும்.
  • வடமொழி தவிர, பிற மொழிகளில் இருந்து வந்து தமிழில் இடம்பெறும் சொற்கள் திசைச் சொற்கள் எனப்படும்.
  • முற்காலத்தில் பாண்டி நாட்டைத் தவிர, தமிழ்நாட்டின் பிற பகுதிகளில் வழங்கிய கேணி (கிணறு, பெற்றம் (பசு) போன்ற சொற்களையும் திசைச்சொற்கள் என்றே வழங்கினர்.

கற்பவை கற்றபின்

Question 1.
நாளிதழ் செய்தியொன்றை எடுத்துக் கொண்டு அதில் உள்ள நால்வகைச் சொற்களையும் வகைப்படுத்திப் பட்டியல் உருவாக்குக.
Answer:
(i) வீடுகளிலே நடைபெறும் விஷேசங்களின் போது, வெளியூர்கள் சென்று திரும்பும் போது, பரிசளிப்புகள் நடத்தும் போதும் புத்தகங்கள் வாங்குவது என்று ஒரு – பழக்கத்தைக் கொஞ்சம் வசதியுள்ள வீட்டார் சில காலத்துக்காவது ஏற்படுத்திக் கொண்டால் சுலபத்தில் ஒரு சில புத்தகசாலையை அமைத்து விடலாம்.
விசேஷம் – சிறப்பு
விசேஷம் – வடமொழி

(ii) சன்னல் வழியாக இராமு போவதை கோபு பார்த்துக் கொண்டிருந்தான்.
சன்னல் – சாளரம்
சன்னல் – திசைச் சொல்

(iii) நாவாய் கரையோரம் ஒதுங்கியது
நாவாய் – திரிசொல்
நாவாய் – கப்பல்

(iv) கபிலன் கதை எழுதினான்
எழுதினான் – வினை இயற்சொல்.

கூடுதல் வினாக்கள்

நிரப்புக.

Question 1.
ஓர் எழுத்து தனித்தும் ஒன்றிற்கும் மேற்பட்ட எழுத்துகள் தொடர்ந்தும் வந்து பொருள் தருவது ………………. எனப்ப டும்.
Answer:
சொல்

Question 2.
சொல் என்னும் பொருள் தரும் வேறு சொற்கள் ……….
Answer:
பதம், மொழி, கிளவி

Question 3.
இலக்கண முறைப்படி …………….. எனச் சொற்கள் நான்கு வகைப்படும்.
Answer:
பெயர்ச்சொல், வினைச்சொல், இடைச்சொல், உரிச்சொல்

Question 4.
இலக்கிய வகைச் சொற்களை …………….. என நான்கு வகையாகப் பிரிக்கலாம்.
Answer:
இயற்சொல், திரிசொல், திசைச்சொல், வடசொல்

Question 5.
எளிதில் பொருள் விளங்கும் வகையில் அமைந்த சொற்கள் …………… எனப்படும்.
Answer:
இயற்சொற்கள்

Question 6.
இயற்சொல் ……………………… ஆகிய நான்கு வகையிலும் வரும்.
Answer:
பெயர், வினை, இடை, உரி

Question 7.
கற்றோர்க்கு மட்டுமே விளங்கும் சொற்கள் …………… எனப்படும்.
Answer:
திரிசொற்கள்

Question 8.
லக்ஷ்மி என்பதை இலக்குமி என்றும், விஷம் என்பதை விடம் என்றும் தமிழ் எழுத்துகளால் மாற்றி எழுதுவதை ………….. என்பர்.
Answer:
தற்பவம்

Question 9.
வடசொற்களை ………………… என இருவகையாகப் பிரிப்பர்.
Answer:
தற்சமம், தற்பவம்

Question 10.
திரிசொல் …………………………………………………. ஆகிய நான்கு வகையிலும் வரும்.
Answer:
பெயர், வினை, இடை, உரி

மொழியை ஆள்வோம்

கேட்க

Question 1.
கடற்பயணம் தொடர்பான கதைகளைப் பெற்றோரிடம் கேட்டு மகிழ்க.
Answer:
சாகச கடல் பயணம்
மாலை வேளை வானம் மேகம் சூழ்ந்தது. நள்ளிரவைப் போல் வானம் இருண்டு காணப்பட்டது. ஆனால் இன்னும் சூரியன் மறையவில்லை. புயல் மழை கொட்டுவதற்கான அறிகுறிகள் தெரிந்தன. கடல் அலைகள் ஆர்ப்பாட்டம் இல்லாமல் ஒரு பனை மர அளவிற்கு ஏறி இறங்கின. அதில் பனை மலர்’ என்ற கப்பல் ராட்டினம் போல மேலே ஏறி கீழே இறங்கியது.

பனை மலர் கப்பல் தமிழ்நாட்டின் தரங்கம்பாடி துறைமுகத்திலிருந்து கிளம்பி ஒரு மாதத்துக்கும் மேலாகிறது. இங்கிருந்து கப்பல் நிறைய ஏலம், கிராம்பு, மிளகு, பட்டை, சோம்பு, ஜாதி, பத்திரி போன்ற உணவுக்கு நல்ல வாசனை தரும் ஏராளமான பொருட்கள், தூத்துக்குடி முத்துக்கள், பவளங்கள், மாணிக்கக் கற்கள், பட்டுச் சேலைகள், பருத்தி துணிகள், சிற்பங்கள், கைவினைப் பொருட்கள் போன்ற பலவகையான பொருட்களை ஏராளமாக ஏற்றிச் சென்றனர்.

கப்பலில் ஆறு மாதங்களுக்குத் தேவையான தண்ணீர், உப்பு, அரிசி, மிளகாய், எண்ணெய் போன்றவற்றை சேமித்துக் கொண்டு போயிருந்தனர். இப்போது, இலங்கையைத் தாண்டி 300 ஆவது கடல் மைல் தொலைவில் பெரும் புயல் ஒன்றை எதிர்கொண்டுள்ளனர். முதலில் சாதாரணமாக நினைத்தாலும், காற்று சுழற்றும், சுழற்றலில், கப்பல் உடைந்து தூள்தூளாகப் போகிறது எனப் பயந்தார்கள். ஆனால் கப்பல் மேலும் கீழும் குதித்தது. கிறுகிறுவென சுற்றிச் சுழன்றது.

கடல் நீர் அருவி கொட்டுவதைப் போல கப்பலுக்குள் புகுந்தது. சில நிமிடங்களில் புயல் நின்று விட்டது. ஊழியர்கள் நூறு பேரும் கப்பலில் புகுந்த தண்ணீரை வாரி வாரி இறைத்து கடலில் ஊற்றினர்.

இரவில் வானத்திலிருந்து சில சமயங்களில் சின்னச் சின்ன எரிகற்கள் விழும். கடலுக்கு மேலே வரும் திமிலங்கள் மிகப்பெரியவை. அவை மேலே வரும் போது அவற்றின் உடல் ஒரு பெரிய விளையாட்டு மைதானம் கடலில் இருப்பதைப் போல தெரியும். அதைப் பார்த்ததும் கப்பல் ஊழியர்கள் அதை நிலம் என நினைத்துக்கொண்டு கடலில் பாய பரபரப்பார்கள். ஆனால் மாலுமி அவர்களை அதட்டி நிறுத்துவார்.

கடலுக்குள் மின்னலைப் போல தெரியும் அபூர்வ உயிரினங்கள், கண்ணைப் பறிக்கும் வண்ணங்களில் படர்ந்திருக்கும் கடற்கொடிகள், வலையை வீசினால் இரண்டு கப்பல்கள் நிறையும் அளவுக்கு வரும் மீன் கூட்டங்கள் என்றெல்லாம் பார்த்தாலும் அவர்களுக்கு சலிப்பாய் இருந்தது. எப்போது நிலத்தைப் பார்ப்போம் என ஏங்கிப் போனார்கள்.

இப்படியாக பயணம் செய்து ஒரு வழியாக அவர்கள் ஏதென்ஸ் நகரத்தின் 9 துறைமுகத்துக்கு வந்து சேர்ந்தார்கள். கொண்டு வந்த பொருட்கள் எல்லாவற்றையும் கிடங்கில் இறக்கி வைத்தார்கள். அப்போதே நூற்றுக்கணக்கானவர்கள் அவர்களை .8 மொய்த்துக் கொண்டார்கள். ஒவ்வொரு பொருளையையும் பார்த்து வாயைத் திறந்து 3 ஆச்சரியத்தில் மூழ்கினர் அங்குள்ளோர்.

முறைப்படி மன்னரைச் சந்தித்த பின்தான் வியாபாரத்தைத் தொடங்க வேண்டும் என்பதில் மாலுமி உறுதியாக இருந்தார். ஏதென்சின் ராணி பாட்ரியா அவர்களை வரவேற்றார் மாலுமி: அவர்கள் கொண்டு வந்த பொருட்களில் பாதியை ராணி பாட்ரியா வாங்கிக் கொண்டார். அரண்மனையை ஏராளமான தமிழக கலைப் பொருட்களைக் கொண்டு தமிழ்நாட்டின் அரண்மனையைப் போன்று மாலுமி அலங்கரித்தார்.

ராணி மிகவும் மகிழ்ச்சி அடைந்து ஆப்பிரிக்க வைரங்கள் பதித்த பெரிய வைர் மாலையை மாலுமிக்கு பரிசளித்தார். மீண்டும் விரைவிலேயே அதிக பொருட்களோடு வர வேண்டும் எனக் கேட்டுக் கொண்டார்.

அதன் பிறகு மாலுமி மற்றும் கப்பல் ஊழியர்கள் துறைமுகத்திலேயே ஒரு மாதம் 3 தங்கியிருந்து மீதமிருந்த பொருட்களை விற்றனர். கப்பல் ஊழியர்கள் கலைநயத்துடன் 3 இருந்த ஏதென்ஸ் வீதிகளில் மகிழ்ச்சியுடன் தினமும் சுற்றி வந்தனர். கடற்கரையில் இ விளையாடி மகிழ்ந்தனர். ஒரு மாதம் கழித்து இந்தியாவுக்கு திரும்ப மாலுமி முடிவு செய்தார்.

ராணி மினு… மினு…. என சில முறை குரல் கொடுத்தார். மினு நான் வளர்க்கும் டால்பின் உங்களுடன் உங்கள் நாடு வரை துணைக்கு வரும் என்றார். டால்பின் இவர்களின் கடற்பயணத்திற்கு உறுதுணையாக இருந்தது.

பின்வரும் தலைப்பில் இரண்டு நிமிடம் பேசுக

கப்பல்களின் வகைகளும் பயன்களும்.
Answer:
வணக்கம்!
நீர்வழிப்பயணத்தை இரண்டு வகையாகப் பிரிக்கலாம்.

1. உள்நாட்டு நீர்வழிப் பயணம், 2. கடல்வழிப் பயணம்

கப்பல் பயணம் : காற்றின் துணை கொண்டு கப்பலைச் செலுத்திய நம் முன்னோரின் திறமையைச் சங்கப்பாடல்கள் மூலம் தெரிந்து கொள்ள முடிகிறது. கப்பல்கள் மூலம் பொருள்கள் பூம்புகார் துறைமுகத்தின் வாயிலாக ஏற்றுமதி இறக்குமதி செய்யப்பட்டன என்பதற்கு ஆதாரமாக பட்டினப்பாலை என்னும் நூலின் மூலம் தெரிந்து கொள்ளலாம். கப்பல் வகைகள் : ‘உலகு கிளர்ந்தன்ன உருகெழு வங்கம்’ என்று பெரிய கப்பலை அகநானூறு குறிப்பிடுகிறது. ‘அருங்கலம் தரீஇயர் நீர்மிசைநிவக்கும் பெருங்கலி வங்கம் என்று பதிற்றுப்பத்து குறிப்பிடுகிறது. சேந்தன் திவாகரம் என்னும் நிகண்டு நூலில் பலவகையான கப்பலின் பெயர்கள் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ளன.

சிறிய நீர் நிலைகளைக் கடக்க தோணி, ஓடம், படகு, புணை, மிதவை, தெப்பம் ஆகியவற்றை தமிழர்கள் பயன்படுத்தினர். கலம், வங்கம். நாவாய் முதலியவை அளவில் பெரியவை. இவற்றைக் கொண்டு தமிழர்கள் கடல்பயணம் மேற்கொண்டனர். கப்பலின் பயன்கள் : முற்காலத்தில் மக்கள் பயணம் செய்வதற்கும் மட்டும் அன்றிப் போர் புரியவும் கப்பல் பெரிதும் பயன்பட்டது. இக்காலத்தில் பெரும்பாலும் பொருள்களை ஏற்றிச் செல்லவே கப்பல்கள் பயன்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன. அவற்றைச் சரக்குக் கப்பல்கள் என்பர். போருக்குப் பயன்படும் பெரிய கப்பல்களும் இன்று உள்ளன.

சொல்லக் கேட்டு எழுதுக

  1. பெருந்திரளான மக்களையும் பொருள்களையும் கப்பல்கள் ஏற்றிச் செல்லும்.
  2. காற்றின் உதவியால் செலுத்தப்படுபவை பாய்மரக் கப்பல்கள்
  3. வானில் தோன்றும் விண்மீன்களின் நிலையை வைத்துத் திசையை அறிவர்.
  4. ஆழ்கடல் விந்தைகளைப் பற்றி ஆய்வுகள் செய்தார்.
  5. நார்வே நாட்டின் கடற்கரையில் கண்விழித்தோம்.

அறிந்து பயன்படுத்துவோம்

காலம் மூன்று வகைப்படும்.
அவை: 1. இறந்தகாலம், 2. நிகழ்காலம், 3. எதிர்காலம்.
இறந்தகாலம் : நடந்த செயலைக் குறிப்பது இறந்தகாலம்.
எடுத்துக்காட்டு: பார்த்தான். ஆடினாள், பறந்தது.

  • கபிலன் திரைப்படத்தைப் பார்த்தான்.
  • கோதை நடனம் ஆடினாள்
  • கிளி பறந்தது.

நிகழ்காலம் : நடக்கும் செயலைக் குறிப்பது நிகழ்காலம்.
எடுத்துக்காட்டு : பார்க்கிறான், ஆடுகின்றாள், பறக்கின்றது.

  • கலிவரதன் நாடகத்தைப் பார்க்கிறான்.
  • பூங்குழலி நாட்டியம் ஆடுகின்றாள்.
  • பறவை வானில் பறக்கின்றது.

எதிர்காலம் : நடக்கவிருக்கும் செயலைக் குறிப்பது எதிர்காலம்.
எடுத்துக்காட்டு : காண்பான், ஆடுவாள், பறக்கும்.

  • திருவண்ணாமலை தீபத்தை மணிமாறன் கண்களால் காண்பான்.
  • வண்டார்குழிலி ஆட்டம் ஆடுவாள்.
  • வண்டு பறக்கும்.

கட்டங்களை நிரப்புக
Samacheer Kalvi 7th Tamil Solutions Term 2 Chapter 1.5 இலக்கியவகைச் சொற்கள் - 6
Answer:
Samacheer Kalvi 7th Tamil Solutions Term 2 Chapter 1.5 இலக்கியவகைச் சொற்கள் - 1

பொருத்தமான காலம் அமையுமாறு திருத்தி எழுதுக

Question 1.
அமுதன் நேற்று வீட்டுக்கு வருவான்.
Answer:
அமுதன் நேற்று வீட்டுக்கு வந்தான்

Question 2.
கண்மணி நாளை பாடம் படித்தாள்.
Answer:
கண்மணி நாளை பாடம் படிப்பாள்

Question 3.
மாடுகள் இப்பொழுது புல் மேயும்
Answer:
மாடுகள் இப்பொழுது புல் மேய்கின்றன.

Question 4.
ஆசிரியர் நாளை சிறுதேர்வு நடத்தினார்.
Answer:
ஆசிரியர் நாளை சிறுதேர்வு நடத்துவார்.

Question 5.
நாங்கள் நேற்றுக் கடற்கரைக்குச் செல்கிறோம்.
Answer:
நாங்கள் நேற்றுக் கடற்கரைக்குச் சென்றோம்.

கொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ள குறிப்புகளைக் கொண்டு கட்டுரை எழுதுக

பயணங்கள் பலவகை

முன்னுரை – பயணத்தின் தேவை – தரைவழிப்பயணம் – கடல்வழிப்
பயணம் – வான்வழிப்
பயணம் – முடிவுரை

முன்னுரை:
பயணம் செய்வதில் இளஞ்சிறார்கள் முதல் முதியவர்கள் வரை பெருவிருப்பம் கொள்வார்கள். பயணம் தரைவழிப் பயணம், நீர்வழிப் பயணம், வான்வழிப் பயணம் என மூன்று வகையாகப் பிரிக்கலாம். இவற்றைப் பற்றி இங்கு ஆய்வு செய்வதே இக்கட்டுரையின் நோக்கமாகும்.

பயணத்தின் தேவை :
திரைகடல் ஓடியும் திரவியம் தேடு . இது ஔவை சொன்ன அமுதமொழி. சுற்றுப்பயணம் மேற்கொண்டால் பல நாடுகளைப் பார்க்கலாம். அங்குள்ள கலைநயம் மிக்க சிற்பங்கள், கோயில்கள், இயற்கைக் காட்சிகள், கவின்மிகு கலைப்பொருட்கள் இவற்றினைக் கண்டு ரசிக்கலாம்.

தொழில் நிமித்தமாக பயணம் மேற்கொள்வதும் அங்குள்ள மக்களின் பழக்க வழக்கங்களையும் கலாச்சாரங்களையும் பற்றியும் அறிவுப்பூர்வமாக தெரிந்து கொள்ளலாம்.

தரைவழிப் பயணம்:
ஓரிடத்திலிருந்து மற்றோர் இடத்திற்கு பயணிப்பது பயணம் ஆகும். பேருந்து, சிற்றுந்து, மகிழுந்து, இரு சக்கர வாகனம் இவற்றின் மூலம் பயணம் செய்வது தரைவழிப் பயணம் ஆகும். தரைவழிப் பயணம் ஏழை எளியவர், நடுத்தர வகுப்பினர், உயர் தர வகுப்பினர் யாவரும் பயன்படுத்தும் பயணம் ஆகும். போக்குவரத்து நெரிசல் அதிகம் ஏற்படுவதால் இப்பயணத்தில் நேரம் விரயமாகிறது. மன உளைச்சல்களுக்கு ஆளாக வேண்டிய சூழல் ஏற்படுகிறது.

கடல்வழிப் பயணம்:
வானூர்திகள் கண்டுபிடிக்கப்படாத காலத்தில் வெளிநாட்டுப் பயணத்திற்கு உதவியவை கப்பல்களே. கப்பல்கள் மூலம் பொருட்கள் துறைமுகத்திலிருந்து ஏற்றுமதி இறக்குமதி செய்யப்பட்டன. இதற்கான ஆதாரங்கள் பட்டினப்பாலையில் தரப்பட்டுள்ளன. தோணி, ஓடம், படகு, புணை, மிதவை, தெப்பம் போன்றவற்றை சிறிய நீர்நிலைகளைக் கடக்கப் பயன்படுத்தினர். கலம், வங்கம், நாவாய் முதலியவை அளவில் பெரியவை. இவற்றைக் கொண்டு தமிழர்கள் கடல்பயணம் மேற்கொண்டனர். கடலில் செல்லும் கப்பல்களுக்குத் துறைமுகம் இருக்கும் இடத்தைக் காட்டுவதற்காக அமைக்கப்படுவது கலங்கரை விளக்கம் ஆகும்.

வான்வழிப் பயணம்:
மிக துரிதமாக ஓரிடத்திலிருந்து மற்றோர் இடத்திற்குக் கொண்டு சேர்ப்பது வான்வழிப்பயணமே. வான்வழிப் பயணம் வந்த பிறகு கடல் வழிப்பயணம் குறைந்தது. கடல் வழிப் பயணத்தில் போக வேண்டிய இடத்திற்கு சில நாட்கள் ஆகும். வான்வழிப் பயணம் மூலமாக சில மணி நேரங்களில் போக வேண்டிய இடத்திற்கு போய் சேரலாம். மிக முக்கியமான அரசியல் பிரமுகர்கள், அரசுத் துறையில் இருப்பவர்கள், வியாபாரிகள்; தொழிலதிபர்கள் போன்றோர் வேலை நிமித்தமாக இந்த வான்வழிப் பயணத்தை மேற்கொள்கின்றனர்.

முடிவுரை:
பயணம் மனிதர்கள் வாழ்க்கையில் அன்றாடம் வந்து போகும் முக்கிய நிகழ்வு ஆகும். தரைவழிப் பயணத்தை யாவரும் பயன்படுத்துவர். கடல்வழிப்பயணத்தில் கனரகப் பொருள்களை ஏற்றிச் செல்ல கப்பல்கள் பயன்படுகின்றன. தொழில் ரீதியாக வான்வழிப் பயணத்தைச் சிலர் பயன்படுத்துகின்றனர்.

மொழியோடு விளையாடு

குறுக்கெழுத்துப் புதிர்.

பிறமொழிச் சொற்களுக்கு இணையான தமிழ்ச் சொற்களை அறிவோம்.
Samacheer Kalvi 7th Tamil Solutions Term 2 Chapter 1.5 இலக்கியவகைச் சொற்கள் - 2
Samacheer Kalvi 7th Tamil Solutions Term 2 Chapter 1.5 இலக்கியவகைச் சொற்கள் - 3

Answers:

இடமிருந்து வலம் 1. தந்தை , 2. அறிவியல், 4. தேர்வு, 19. குறிக்கோள்
மேலிருந்து கீழ் 1. தலைவர், 3. வியப்பு, 7. தொடக்கம், 12. நூறு
வலமிருந்து இடம் : 6. இடர், 8. உடல், 13. வரலாறு, 14. ஓசை
கீழிருந்து மேல் 5. முதல், 9. கட்டளை , 11. நாள், 15. மகிழ்ச்சி

கட்டங்களை நிரப்புக

குறிப்புகளை கொண்டு ‘மா’ என்னும் எழுத்தில் தொடங்கும் சொற்களைக் கண்டறிந்து கட்டங்களை நிரப்புக.
Samacheer Kalvi 7th Tamil Solutions Term 2 Chapter 1.5 இலக்கியவகைச் சொற்கள் - 7
Samacheer Kalvi 7th Tamil Solutions Term 2 Chapter 1.5 இலக்கியவகைச் சொற்கள் - 4

நிற்க அதற்குத் தக

என் பொறுப்புகள்

  1. கடல் மற்றும் கடற்கரையின் தூய்மை காப்பேன்.
  2. சுற்றுச்சூழலுக்குத் தீங்கு தராத பொருள்களையே பயன்டுத்துவேன்.

கலைச்சொல் அறிவோம்
Samacheer Kalvi 7th Tamil Solutions Term 2 Chapter 1.5 இலக்கியவகைச் சொற்கள் - 5

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science Geography Solutions Chapter 1 Lithosphere – I Endogenetic Processes

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science Geography Solutions Chapter 1 Lithosphere – I Endogenetic Processes

Lithosphere – I Endogenetic Processes Textual Exercise

I. Choose the correct answer.

Lithosphere 1 Endogenic Processes Question 1.
The ………….. is the rigid outer layer of the Earth.
(a) core
(b) mantle
(c) Crust
(d) inner core
Answer:
(c) Crust

Lithosphere Endogenic Process Question 2.
…………… layer is made up of liquid iron.
(a) Inner core
(b) Outer core
(c) Mantle
(d) Crust
Answer:
(b) Outer core

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Question 3.
Magma is found in the ……………
(a) crust
(b) mantle
(c) core
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) mantle

9th Social Guide Question 4.
Diastrophism is connected to ……………
(a) volcanism
(b) earthquakes
(c) tectonics
(d) fold/fault
Answer:
(c) tectonics

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Book Answers Question 5.
The movement of tectonic plates is induced by ………….. energy.
(a) hydel
(b) thermal
(c) wave
(d) tidal
Answer:
(b) thermal

Lithosphere 1 Endogenic Processes Answers Question 6.
In the ancient period, Gondwana land moved towards ………….. direction.
(a) north
(b) south
(c) east
(d) west
Answer:
(a) north

9th Social Science Guide Question 7.
Many million years ago, India was a part of the super continent ………….
(a) Gondwana
(b) Laurasia
(c) Panthalasa
(d) Pangea
Answer:
(a) Gondwana

Endogenetic Processes Match Question 8.
The movement of plates that creates stress and tension in the rocks causing them to stretch and cracks result in ………….
(a) fold
(b) fault
(c) mountain
(d) earthquake
Answer:
(b) fault

Social 9th Guide Question 9.
……………… refers to a bowl-shaped depression found at the top of the volcano.
(a) crater
(b) vent
(c) chamber
(d) volcanic cone
Answer:
(a) crater

9th Standard Social Guide Question 10.
The point of origin of an Earthquake is called the …………..
(a) epicentre
(b) focus
(c) seismic wave
(d) magnitude
Answer:
(a) epicentre

II. Match the following.

Lithosphere 1 Endogenic Processes Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science Geography Solutions Chapter 1
Answer:
Lithosphere Endogenic Process Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science Geography Solutions Chapter 1

III. Consider the given statements.

9 Social Guide Question 1.
(i) Mt. Fuji is a dormant Volcano.
(ii) Mt. Kilimanjaro is a dormant Volcano.
(iii) Mt. Tanzania is a dormant Volcano.
Which of the statement(s) is are true?
(a) (i) is true
(b) (ii) is true .
(c) (iii) is true
(d) (i) (ii) (iii) are true
Answer:
(a) (i) is true

9th Std Social Science Guide Pdf Question 2.
Statement: Magma gushes out when it finds vents.
Reason: Interior of the Earth contains compressed hot magma.
Which of the statement(s) is are true?
(a) Statement & reason are true
(b) Statement is true, reason is false
(c) Statement is false reason is true
(d) Statement & reason are false
Answer:
(a) is true

9std Social Guide Question 3.
Statement I: Mountain ranges are formed by the collision of tectonic plates.
Statement II: The movement of tectonic plates is due to the thermal energy from the mantle.
(a) Statement I is false II is true
(b) Statement I and II are false
(c) Statement I is true II is false
(d) Statement I and II are true
Answer:
(d) is true

IV. Answer the following in one or two sentences.

9th Standard Social Science Guide Pdf Question 1.
Write a brief note on the various spheres of the Earth.
Answer:
(i) The Earth is divided into Biotic and ABiotic Spheres.
Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Lithosphere - I Endogenetic Processes
(ii) Biotic sphere is the Biosphere
A Biotic sphere is further divided into Lithosphere, Atmosphere and Hydrosphere.

Social Guide For Class 9 Question 2.
Mention the layers of the interior of the Earth.
Answer:
The structure of the Earth’s interior is divided into three layers namely the crust, the mantle and the core.

Social Guide Question 3.
What is pedosphere?
Answer:
The ‘Pedosphere’ is part of the lithosphere made up of soil and dirt. It exists at the interface of lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.

9th Social Book Back Answers Question 4.
Define Plate tectonics.
Answer:

  1. The tectonic plates float independently.
  2. Collisions of the tectonic plates produce mountain ranges and other irregular surface features both on land and the ocean floor. This phenomenon is called ‘Plate tectonics.’

9th Std Social Guide Question 5.
Write a note on Fold and fault?
Answer:
Folding: Due to lateral compressional forces, the plates are forced to move upwards and downwards. This is called‘Folding’.
Faulting: The movement of plates also create stress and tension in the rocks, causing them to stretch and crack. This called ‘faulting’.

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 9th Social Science Question 6.
What is Tsunami?
Answer:

  • The word Tsunami is a Japanese term meaning harbour waves.
  • It is adopted to describe large seismically generated sea waves caused by Earthquakes Submarine explosions and landslides.

Social Science 9th Guide Question 7.
What is a Volcano? Mention its major components.
Answer:
A volcano is a vent or an opening on the surface of the Earth’s crust through which hot solid, liquid and gaseous materials (Magma) erupt out to the surface from the Earth’s interior.

9th Guide Social Question 8.
What is an Earthquake and how it occurs?
Answer:
Earthquakes are generally caused by the sudden vibrations in the Earth’s crust which spreads outward in all directions as waves from the source of disturbance.

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science Book Back Answers Question 9.
What are seismic waves and mention its types?
Answer:
Earthquakes generate seismic waves. The nature force and speed of these seismic waves depend on the nature of the medium through which it passes.
The major types are
(a) Primary (or) P waves
(b) Secondary (or) S waves
(c) Surface waves (or) L waves.

Question 10.
Write about the Pacific Ring of fire.
Answer:

  • The Pacific Ring of fire is an arc around the Pacific Ocean where many volcanoes are found.
  • The Pacific Ring of fire is the most seismically and volcanically active zone in the world.

V. Give Reasons for the following.

Question 1.
SIAL floats over SIMA.
Answer:

  1. SIAL consists of Silica and Aluminium.
  2. SIMA contains Silica and Magnesium.
  3. SIAL is lighter than SIMA.
    Therefore SIAL floats over SIMA.

Question 2.
Igneous rocks are also called Primary Rocks or Mother rocks.
Answer:
Igneous rocks are also called Primary Rocks (or) Mother rocks because all other rocks are directly or indirectly formed from them.

VI. Distinguish between.

Question 1.
Core and crust.
Answer:

S.No.CoreCrust
(i)The core is the innermost hottest layer of the earth and the true centre.The crust is the outer layer of the earth.
(ii)It is composed mainly of Nickel (Ni) and Iron (Fe). So it is termed as NIFE.It is composed of Silica and Aluminium. So it is termed as SIAL.
(iii)Denser materials exist within Earth’s core.Lighter materials exist on the surface.

Question 2.
Epicentre and Hypocentre.
Answer:

S.No.EpicentreHypocentre
(i)Epicentre is a point on the Earth’s surface that lies directly above the focus.It is a point within the earth where an earthquake rupture starts.
(ii)The impact of the Earthquake is felt, the most at the centre.It generates series of elastic waves.

Question 3.
Divergent and convergent boundaries.
Answer:

Divergent BoundaryConvergent Boundary
The plates pull away from each other as magma pushes up from the mantle.The plate moves towards each other and sometimes a plate sinks under another.

Question 4.
Primary waves and Secondary waves.
Answer:

S.No.Primary wavesSecondary waves
(i)These waves are the fastest of all the Earthquake waves and the first to reach the epicentre.Secondary waves travel less faster than the primary waves.
(ii)These waves pass through solids, liquids and gases.These waves travel only through solids.
(iii)The average velocity of these waves is -5.3 k.m/sec to 10.6 k.m/second.The average velocity of these waves is 1 k.m/sec to 8 k.m/second.

Question 5.
Shield Volcano and Volcanic Dome.
Answer:

S.No.Shield VolcanoVolcanic Dome
(i)Shield volcanoes are formed by intense viscous lava.A lava dome (or) Volcanic dome is roughly circular mound formed due to the slow ejection of viscous lava from a volcano.
(ii)As the lava is rich in silica with intense viscosity, it is prevented from flowing far from its vent, e.g., Paricutin, Mexico.These are shallow depositions with gently sloping sides. Hence the lava flows out in all directions to create a shield, e.g., Mauna Loa, Hawai.

VII. Write answers in a Paragraph.

Question 1.
Describe the structure of the Earth.
Answer:
The outer surface and inner core of the Earth are totally different in their nature and structure. The structure of the Earth’s interior is divided into three layers namely the crust, the mantle and the core.

Crust: Crust is the outer layer of the Earth, where we live. It is the skin of our Earth, which ranges between 5 to 30 km. It is the solid and rigid layer of the Earth. The thickness of the crust is greater below the continents than the ocean floor. The crust is classified as continental crust and oceanic crust. The major elements of crust are Silica (Si) and Aluminium (Al) and thus, it is termed as SIAL.

Mantle: The interior part beneath the crust is called mantle, which is about 2,900 km thick. The major elements of the mantle are Silica (Si) and Magnesium (Mg) and hence it is also termed as SIMA. In the upper part of the mantle, the rock remains solid, whereas in the lower part of the mantle, rocks are in molten form. This molten rock inside the Earth is called ‘magma’.

Core: The core is the innermost and hottest layer of the Earth which lies below the mantle.
It is composed mainly of Nickel (Ni) and Iron (Fe). Hence it is called NIFE. The core is divided into Solid inner core and Liquid outer core. The presence of large quantities of iron in the core is responsible for the Earth’s gravitational force. As the Earth rotates on its axis, the liquid outer core spins over the solid inner core and generates the Earth’s magnetic field.
This is responsible for the functioning of the magnetic compass. Due to high pressure, the materials in the inner core are unable to move and hence remain solid.

Question 2.
Write a note on the internal and external processes of Earth.
Answer:
The formation and deformation of landforms on the surface of the Earth is a continuous activity of two broad processes i.e. internal and external. These processes cause stress and deformation on Earth materials and finally bring changes on the surface of the Earth. These are referred as Geomorphic Processes.

The forces that act from the Earth’s interior towards the Earth’s surface are called Internal processes or Endogenetic processes. These forces build the landscape and create topographic relief.

The forces that act on the surface of the Earth due to natural agents like running water, glacier, wind, waves etc. are called External processes or Exogenetic processes. These external processes tear the landscape down into relatively low elevated plains.

Question 3.
How are volcanoes classified based on the periodicity of their eruptions?
Answer:
Based on the periodicity of eruptions, volcanoes are classified into
(i) Active volcano,
(ii) Dormant volcano
(iii) Extinct volcano.
(i) Active Volcano: Active volcanoes are those which constantly eject volcanic lava, gases and fragmented materials. (e.g.) Mount St. Helens in the United States.

(ii) Dormant Volcano: Volcanoes that do not show any sign of volcanic activity for a long period of time are known as dormant volcanoes. Sometimes there may be a sudden explosion. which may cause unimaginable loss to life and property (e.g. ) Mt. Fuji, Japan.

(iii) Extinct or Dead Volcano: When a volcano permanently stops its volcanic activity, then it is called as extinct or dead volcano (e.g.) Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.
Volcanoes can also be classified based on their structure and composition as composite volcano, shield volcano and dome volcano.

Question 4.
Explain the effects of Volcanoes.
Answer:
Constructive Effects: Volcanic materials enrich the soil fertility that promotes agricultural activities. The hot volcanic region helps in generating geothermal energy. Many dormant and active volcanoes are the most attractive tourist spots of the world. Most of the volcanic materials are used as building materials.

Destructive Effects: Volcanic eruption causes Earthquakes, fast floods, mud slide and rock fall. Lava can travel very far and bum, bury, or damage anything in its path. The large amount of dust and ash makes breathing hard and irritable. Volcanic emptions can alter the weather conditions and disrupt transport (Iceland volcanic eruption) in and around the volcanic region.

VIII. Map Skill.

On the given outline map of the world, mark the following:
(a) Pacific Ring of fire
(b) Earthquake-prone zones (any two)
(c) Locate any two active volcanoes of the world
(d) Himalayas and Alps ranges
(e) Rift valley of East Africa
Answer:
(a) Pacific Ring of fire: It is a major area and an arc in the basin of the Pacific ocean where many earthquakes and volcanic emptions occur.
9th Social Guide Lithosphere - I Endogenetic Processes Samacheer Kalvi

(b) Earthquake prone zones (any two): Turkey, Indonesia
Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Book Answers Lithosphere - I Endogenetic Processes

(c) Locate any two active volcanoes of the world: Hawaii, Mount Fujji
Lithosphere 1 Endogenic Processes Answers  Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science Geography Solutions Chapter 1

(d) Himalayas and Alps ranges
9th Social Science Guide Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 1 Lithosphere - I Endogenetic Processes

(e) Rift valley of East Africa
Endogenetic Processes Match Samacheer Kalvi 9th Social Science Geography Solutions Chapter 1 Lithosphere - I

IX. Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTs) Questions.

Question 1.
Consider the various sources of information related to the Earth’s Interior. Classify the above as DIRECT & INDIRECT sources of information. Give reasons.
Answer:
• Seismic activity
• Earth’s magnetism
• Volcanoes
• Mined rocks
• Gravitational force
• Meteors

  • Seismic Activity: Frequency and size of earthquake.
  • Earth’s magnetism: Due to the movement of molten material under the earth’s crust.
  • Volcanoes: A rupture in the crust of a planetary mass object such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash & gases to escape.
  • Mined Rocks: Excavating hard minerals:
  • Gravitational force: A natural phenomenon.
  • Meteors: A bright streak of light.

Question 2.
Scientists use GPS to measure the rate of Tectonic Plate movements. Discuss.
Answer:
GPS works by sending radio signals from satellites to ground stations. The distance between the satellites and station is recorded. Over time, these distances change slightly. Scientists can measure the rate of Tectonic Plate movements by recording the time it takes for ground stations to move a given distance.

In-text HOTs Question

Question 1.
Pacific Ring of Fire — Most seismically and volcanically active. Why?
Answer:
The Pacific Ring of fire is an arc around the Pacific Ocean. It is associated with a nearly continuous series of oceanic trenches, volcanic arcs, and volcanic belts and plate movements. It has 452 volcanoes (more than 75% of the world’s active and dormant volcanoes). The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics: the movement and collisions of lithospheric plates. That is why it is the most seismically and volcanically active zone in the world.

X. Life Skills

Imagine that you feel tremors or shocks in your locality. What will be your role in saving • lives from destruction? List out the Do’s and Don’ts.
Dos and don’ts during an earthquake
Do’s

  1. Be aware that some earthquakes are actually foreshocks and a larger earthquake might occur.
  2. If indoors, drop to the ground; cover your face and head with your arms and crouch in an inside comer of the building.
  3. Stay away from glass, windows, outside doors and walls, and anything that could fall, (such as lighting fixtures or furniture).
  4. Be aware that the electricity may go out or the sprinkler systems or fire alarms may turn on.
  5. If outdoors, avoid moving. However, move away from buildings, trees, streetlights, and utility wires.
  6. If you are in open space, stay there until the shaking stops.
  7. If in a moving vehicle, stop as quickly as safety permits and stay in the vehicle. Avoid stopping near or under buildings, trees, overpasses, and utility wires.
  8. If caught under debris, tap on a pipe or wall so rescuers can locate you. Shout if needed.

Don’ts

  1. Do not light a match.
  2. Do not move about or kick up dust.
  3. Cover your mouth with a handkerchief or clothing.
  4. Do not touch electrical switches.
  5. Do not operate electrical appliances.

Student Activities

Question 1.
Collect a few rock samples from your area and classify them on the basis of what you have learnt.
Answer:
You can do this activity under the guidance of your teacher.

Question 2.
Narrate the processes involved in the given rock cycle diagram in your own words.
Answer:
Social 9th Guide Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 1 Lithosphere - I Endogenetic Processes
Rocks are continually changing from one type to another and back again. Rock Cycle is the geologic process that describes the transition of rocks between the three rock types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The forces inside the earth bring the rocks closer to the surface. Here the rocks are weathered, eroded and compacted. Then the forces on the earth sink the rocks. Back down, the rocks are heated, pressed and melted. So the elements that create rocks are constantly being recycled.

Question 3.
Here is a list of a few mountains.
• Ural Mountains, Andes Mountains, Vindhya Range, Alps mountains
• Satpura range, Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada.
• Identify and Locate with help of atlas
Answer:
You can identify and locate the above mentioned mountains with the help of an atlas or Internet.

Question 4.
(a) Arrange a few books one above the other on a table. Just shake the table and observe what happens.
Answer:
You can do this activity under the guidance of your teacher.

(b) Ask two students to hold two ends of a rope. Instruct one of them to shake the rope, while the other holds it lightly and then firmly. What do you observe?
Answer:
You can do this activity under the guidance of your teacher.

Question 5.
Take a bottle filled with soda. Give it a few shakes. Now twist the cap open. What do you observe?
Answer:
A capped bottle is under a uniform pressure. The molecules of carbon dioxide gas and liquid are at an equilibrium (due to a uniform pressure). When we shake the bottle, the contents are pressurized. So when the cap is opened, the liquid comes out with a force and fizz.

Lithosphere – I Endogenetic Processes Additional Questions

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
This is the solid outer part of the Earth.
(a) Lithosphere
(b) Atmosphere
(c) Hydrosphere
(d) Biosphere
Answer:
(a) Lithosphere

Question 2.
The presence of large quantities of …………… in the core is responsible for the Earth’s Gravitational force.
(a) Aluminium
(b) Magnesium
(c) Iron
(d) Silica
Answer:
(c) Iron

Question 3.
This is the store house of rocks.
(a) crust
(b) core
(c) mantle
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) crust

Question 4.
The word ‘Igneous’ is derived from the …………… word.
(a) Arabic
(b) Roman
(c) Latin
(d) Sanskrit
Answer:
(c) Latin

Question 5.
The movement of tectonic plates is due to …………… energy from the mantle.
(a) Atomic energy
(b) Hydro energy
(c) Wind energy
(d) Thermal energy
Answer:
(d) Thermal energy

Question 6.
These waves are the fastest of all the Earthquake waves.
(a) P – waves
(b) S – waves
(c) L- waves
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) P – waves

Question 7.
The sixth deadliest natural disaster due to Tsunami caused in the year …………..
(a) 1996
(b) 1998
(c) 2000
(d) 2004
Answer:
(d) 2004

Question 8.
…………… is a vent (or) and opening on the surface of the Earth crust.
(a) Volcano
(b) Tsunami
(c) Earthquake
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) Volcano

Question 9.
This is a dead volcano.
(a) Mt. St. Helens
(b) Mt. Kilimanjaro
(c) Mt. Fuji
(d) Paricutin
Answer:
(b) Mt. Kilimanjaro

Question 10.
Composite volcanoes are commonly found in the ………….. ocean.
(a) Pacific
(b) Southern
(c) Indian
(d) Atlantic
Answer:
(a) Pacific

II. Match the following.
(a)
9th Standard Social Guide Samacheer Kalvi Chapter 1 Lithosphere - I Endogenetic Processes
Answer:
1. (b)
2. (c)
3. (a)
4. (e)
5. (d)

b.
9 Social Guide Samacheer Kalvi Science Geography Solutions Chapter 1 Lithosphere - I Endogenetic Processes
Answer:
1. (d)
2. (a)
3. (b)
4. (c)

III. Consider the given statements

Question 1.
(i) When magnia reaches this Earth’s surface, it is referred to as ‘Lava’. (True)
(ii) The interior of the earth contains very hot molten material called ‘Magma’. (True)
(iii) Sedimentary are also called Primary (or) Mother rocks. (False)
(a) (i) is true
(b) (i) & (ii) are true (iii) false
(c) (iii) is true
(d) (i), (ii), (iii) are true
Answer:
(b) (i) and (ii) are true (iii) false

Question 2.
(i) The plates move vertically in convergent Boundary. (False)
(ii) The plates pull away from each other in Transform boundary. (False)
(iii) The plates slide horizontally past each other in Transform Boundary. (True)
(a) (i) is false
(b) (i) and (ii) are false
(c) (ii) false (i) and (iii) are true
(d) (i) (ii) are false (iii) true
Answer:
(i) (ii) are false (iii) true

IV. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.

Question 1.
What is Hydrosphere?
Answer:
The Hydrosphere is the watery part of the Earth’s surface including oceans, rivers, lakes and water vapour.

Question 2.
What are fossils?
Answer:
The bodies of plants and animals that fall on the sedimentary rock deposits get embedded in the layers and form fossils.

Question 3.
What do you know about the Active Volcano?
Answer:
Active volcanoes are those which constantly eject volcanic lava, gases and fragmented materials, e g., Mount St. Helens in the United states.

Question 4.
What is Geology?
Answer:
The science that deals with the physical structure and substances of the earth their history and the processes which act on them.

Question 5.
What do the internal processes generate?
Answer:

  • The internal processes generate heat and eject materials from deep below the Earth’s crust.
  • Internal radio activity in the principal source of power for this process.

V. Give reasons for the following.

Question 1.
Why did Tsunami occur on 26th December 2004?
Answer:

  • It was the result of the Indo-Australian plate subducting below the Eurasian plate.
  • It was caused by an Earthquake measuring a magnitude of above 9 in the Richter scale.
    Hence the sea floor was uplifted, displacing the sea water above.

Question 2.
Why does the lava flow out in all directions in shield volcano?
Answer:

  • Shield volcanoes are formed by intense viscous, lava.
  • These are shallow depositions with gently sloping sides.
  • Hence the lava flows out in all directions to create a shield.

VI. Distinguish between:

Question 1.
Internal Processes and External processes.
Answer:

S.No.Internal ProcessesExternal processes
(i)The forces that act from the Earth’s interior toward the Earth’s surface are called Internal processes.The forces that act on the surface of the Earth due to natural agents like running water, glacier, wind, waves etc., are called External processes.
(ii)These forces build the landscape and create topographic relief.These external processes tear the landscape down into relatively low elevated plains.

Question 2.
Seismology and Geology.
Answer:

SeismologyGeology
The science that deals with Earthquakes is called‘Seismology’The science that deals with the physical structure and substance of the earth their history and the processes which act on them.

Question 3.
Atmosphere and Biosphere.
Answer:

Atmosphere

Biosphere

The atmosphere is a thin layer of gases that surround the Earth.The Biosphere is the layer of Earth where life exists.

VII. Write answers in a Paragraph.

Question 1.
Give an account of‘Tsunami’
Answer:
The word ‘Tsunami’ is a Japanese term, meaning harbour waves. It is adopted to describe large seismically generated sea waves caused by Earthquakes, submarine explosions and landslides. These waves travel at a great speed (more than 500 km per hour) and the length of the waves exceeds 600 km. These waves reach to a height of more than 15 m near the sea shore and are capable of causing destruction along the coastal area.

The 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake that caused tsunami is the sixth-deadliest natural disaster which travelled at a speed of 600 km per hour with an estimated death toll of 2,80,000. The Earthquake which occurred near Indonesia at 00.58 hours took nearly 7 hours to reach Chennai.