Laxmi

Students can Download English Lesson 1 On Monday Morning Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes Pdf, Activity, Samacheer Kalvi 7th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 7th English Solutions Term 1 Supplementary Chapter 1 On Monday Morning

A. Name the speaker.
Answer:

B. Write True or False against each statement.

1. Tom enjoyed Monday mornings as he had to go to school.
2. Toms first groan woke up Sid from his sound sleep.
3. Tom wanted to give his dog with one eye to the new girl who had come to town.
4. Aunt Polly sent Sid to fetch the dentist.

Answer:

1. False
2. False
3. False
4. False

C. Read the following passage and answer the questions.

Tom lay thinking. Presently it occurred to him that he wished he was sick; then he could stay home from school. He examined himself. He found no symptoms or sickness, and he investigated again. This time he felt he had a stomach ache, but it soon grew feeble, and presently died wholly away. He reflected further.

Question with Answers:

On Monday Morning Question 1.
Why did Tom wish that he were sick?
Answer:
Tom wished he was sick so that he could stay home from school.

Monday Morning Questions And Answers Question 2.
What was the result of Tom’s self-examination?
Answer:
Tom found no symptoms of sickness after he self-examined himself.

On Monday Morning Supplementary Summary Question 3.
What did he detect?
Answer:
Tom detected that he had a stomach ache.

D. Think and answer.

On Monday Morning Questions And Answers Question 1.
How did Sid show his affection towards Tom?
Answer:
Tom’s groans made Sid’s flesh to crawl. When he thought that Tom was dying, and flew to call Aunt Polly quickly.

On Monday Morning Supplementary Questions And Answers Question 2.
Did Aunt Polly believe Tom’s groaning? Why?
Answer:
No, Aunt Polly did not believe Tom’s groaning because his toe was not sore and he was not in a dying state.

On Monday Morning Question Answer Question 3.
What did Aunt Polly do to relieve Tom’s toothache?
Answer:
Aunt Polly pulled out his loose tooth to relieve his toothache.

E. Choose the correct answer.

On Monday Morning Book Back Answers Question 1.
Tom pretended his toe was dying in order to __________
(a) miss school
(b) scare Sid
(c) make Aunt Polly feel bad
Answer:
(a) miss school

On Monday Morning Supplementary Question 2.
Aunt Polly pulled Tom’s tooth out with __________
(a) her fingers
(b) a pair of pliers
(c) a piece of thread
Answer:
(c) a piece of thread

Monday Morning Questions And Answers Pdf Question 3.
Tom was miserable on Monday morning because __________
(a) he was sick
(b) he hated going to school
(c) Aunt Polly was sick
Answer:
(b) he hated going to school

Project

F. Give instructions to your friend to reach your house from school. Mention some landmarks that your friend should lookout for on his way. Draw a road map with landmarks based on the instructions given to your friend.
Answer:
Dear Kiran, Come to my home today after school.
As you step out of the school, turn right and walk till you reach the signal. Cross the road and walk further passing the Reliance Super Market in the corner. Turn the second right next to the Post office. The third house on the left, beside the park with door number 16 is my house.

Connecting To Self

G. Draw a family tree showing the members of your family and write a sentence about the activities that your whole family does together. How does it help others in a family and what do you learn from this?
Answer:

Step To Success

H. Give a relationship term for the clues given
Answer:

I. Arrange the words according to their degrees of meaning

1. eager, thrilled, excited
2. old, aged, senior
3. small, tiny, minute
4. worried, panicked, anxious

Answer:

1. excited, thrilled, eager
2. fruifar senior, old, aged
3. small, tiny, minute
4. anxious, worried, panicked

J. Think and Answer

Monday Morning Summary Question 1.
X and Y are parents to Z. But Z is not the son of X.
Then what is Z to X?
Answer:
Daughter

On Monday Morning Supplementary In Tamil Question 2.
Meera’s brother is the father of Aakash.
Then how is Aakash related to Meera?
Answer:
Aunt

On Monday Morning Additional Questions

I. Choose the Correct Answers (MCQ)

On Monday Morning 7th Standard Question 1.
It occurred to Tom that he was ______; then he could stay home from school
(a) sick
(b) dead
(c) happy
Answer:
(a) sick

Monday Morning Lesson Summary Question 2.
Tom groaned louder, and fancied that he began to feel pain in the ______
(a) tooth
(b) stomach
(c) toe
Answer:
(c) toe

7th Standard English On Monday Morning Question 3.
“Why, what’s the matter, Tom? I must call ______
(a) Mary
(b) auntie
(c) Sid
Answer:
(b) auntie

Question 4.
The old lady laughed a little, then ______ a little, then did both together.
(a) screamed
(b) cried
(c) clapped
Answer:
(b) cried

Question 5.
So all this row was because you thought you’d get to stay home from school and go ______ ?”
(a) fishing
(b) shopping
(c) playing
Answer:
(a) fishing

II. Identify the Character / Speaker.

1. “Tom, why didn’t you wake me sooner?”
2. “Tom, what a turn you did give me”.
3. “I forgive you for everything, Sid”.
4. “Mary get me a silk thread, and a chunk of fire out of the kitchen”.
5. “Oh, auntie, my sore toe’s dying!”

Answer:

1. Tom’s brother Sid
2. Aunt polly
3. Tom
4. Aunt pollyTom
5. Tom

III. Write True or False against each statement.

1. Monday morning found Tom Sawyer miserable.
2. “Sid, you give my window-sash and my dog with one eye to that new girl that’s come to town”.
3. “Open your mouth. Well. Your tooth is loose, but your’e not going to die from that.”
4. “Please don’t, auntie. I don’t want to stay home from school.”
5. “Tom, I love you so, and you try every way you can to break my old hand with your mischief?’

Answer:

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. False

IV. Very Short Questions with Answers.

Question 1.
What did Tom compared his school to?
Answer:
Tom compared his school to a prison.

Question 2.
Was Tom really sick?
Answer:
No, Tom was not actually sick

Question 3.
What did Sid tell Aunt about Tom?
Answer:
Sid told aunt that Tom was dying.

Question 4.
With whom did Aunt go upstairs to see Tom?
Answer:
Aunt went upstairs with Sid and Mary.

Question 5.
What were the dental instruments?
Answer:
A silk thread and a chunk of fire were the dental instruments.

Question 6.
What did Tom want to do by staying home from school?
Answer:
Tom wanted to stay home from school and go for fishing

V. Short Questions with Answers.

Question 1.
What were the three sickness Tom had planned to suffer from?
Answer:
Tom planned to suffer from stomach ache, sore toe and toothache.

Question 2.
How did Tom try to wake up Sid?
Answer:
Tom made successive loud groans, panted with exertions and snored. When this did not wake up Sid, he called Sid and shook him.

Question 3.
Why did Aunt Polly cried and laughed together?
Answer:
Aunt Polly cried with relief that nothing was wrong with Tom. She laughed thinking of the prank played by Tom once again.

VI. Paragraph Questions with Answers.

Question 1.
How did Aunt Polly extract Tom’s tooth?
Answer:
Aunt Polly fastened one end of the silk thread to Tom’s tooth with a loop and tied the other to the bedpost. Then she caught hold of the chunk of fire and suddenly pushed it almost into Tom’s face. The tooth now was hanging loosely by the bedpost.

Question 2.
Did Sid believe that Tom was sick? Justify.
Answer:
Yes, Sid believed that Tom was very sick. Anxious Sid, called Tom and shook him. He felt bad for not helping Tom who was suffering for hours. He assured Tom that he would not die and rushed to call Aunt Polly to save Tom from dying.

VII. Rearrange the Jumbled Sentences.

1.“What is the matter with you child?”.
2.Tom groaned and fancied to feel pain in the toe.
3.“You seem to try every way you can to break my old heart with your mischief’
4.The tooth was hanging loosely by the bedpost.
5.He wished he was sick to stay home from school.
6.Monday morning found Tom Sawyer miserable.
7.”Tom you aren’t dying, are you?”
8.“Oh, Aunt Polly, come! Tom’s dying!”
9.“One of them is loose, and it aches perfectly awful”
10.“I don’t want to stay home from school.”
Answer:
6.Monday morning found Tom Sawyer miserable.
5.He wished he was sick to stay home from school.
2.Tom groaned and fancied to feel pain in the toe.
7.”Tom you aren’t dying, are you?”
8.“Oh, Aunt Polly, come! Tom’s dying!”
1.“What is the matter with you child?”
9.“One of them is loose, and it aches perfectly awful”.
10.“I don’t want to stay home from school.”
3.“You seem to try every way you can to break my old heart with your mischief.”
4.The tooth was hanging loosely by the bedpost.

VIII. Read the passage and answer the questions.

A.
Monday morning found Tom Sawyer miserable. Monday morning always found him so because it began another week’s slow suffering in school. He generally began that day with wishing he had had no holiday in between, he made the going into prison again so much worse.

Question 1.
Why were Monday mornings miserable for Tom?
Answer:
Tom hated to go to school on Monday mornings. So he felt miserable.

Question 2.
How was Tom’s experience about going to school all the week?
Answer:
It was a week long slow suffering in school for Tom.

Question 3.
What was going to school compared to by Tom?
Answer:
Going to school was compared to going into a prison by Tom.

B.
The old lady made one end of the silk thread fast to Tom’s tooth with a loop and tied the other to the bedpost. Then she caught hold of the chunk of fire and suddenly pushed it almost into the boy’s face. The tooth was hanging loosely by the bedpost, now.

1 .The old lady tied one end of the silk thread to Tom’s tooth. Where did she tie the other?
Answer:
She tied the other end to the bedpost.

Question 2.
Did the old lady push the chunk of fire into Tom’s face?
Answer:
No. The old lady almost seem to do it but she did not actually push it.

Question 3.
How was the tooth pulled out?
Answer:
When the old lady went towards Tom with the hot chunk of fire, he feared it would hurt his face and tried to move away. When he moved, his tooth tied to the thread got pulled.

C.
“Tom, why didn’t you wake me sooner? Oh, Tom, DON’T! It makes my flesh crawl to hear you. What is the matter?”
“I forgive you for everything, Sid. (Groan.) Everything you’ve ever done to me. When I’m gone »
“Oh, Tom, you aren’t dying, are you?

Question 1.
Why did Sid feel that Tom should have woken him sooner?
Answer:
Sid felt that if Tom had woken him up earlier, he could had prevented Tom’s condition becoming bad.

Question 2.
Why did Tom ask forgiveness to Sid for everything he had done to him?
Answer:
Tom pretended to ask forgiveness as his death bed confession.

Question 3.
“When I’m gone”. What does Tom mean by these words?
Answer:
Tom’s words mean that he would be dead soon.

On Monday Morning Summary

Tom felt like going to prison on all Monday mornings. Tom wanted to stay home from school so he lay in bed and wished to be sick. First he wanted to complain of stomach ache and later of loose tooth, but he changed his mind as he was afraid that his aunt would pull his teeth and hurt him.

Tom had earlier known that an injured toe can keep one in bed for even three weeks. So he lifted his sore toe up and started to groan loudly in imaginary pain, to wake up Sid sleeping beside him. Finally Sid woke thinking Tom was really suffering for hours. Sid was upset with Toms condition, who started to confess his sins as if he was about to die.

Sid flew down to call Aunt Polly quickly to save Tom. Aunt Polly hurried upstairs trembling. Soon she understood Tom was pretending of‘dying sore toe’. So Tom now told it was awful aching of loose tooth.

When Aunt Polly got ready to pull his tooth with a silk thread and a chunk of fire, Tom panicked and confessed that it doesn’t hurt him anymore and he would go to school and not for fishing.

Old Aunt Polly loved mischievous Tom though he tries to break her heart often. She pulled his tooth in a crude way and relieved his toothache.

Students can Download English Lesson 5 The Status of Tamil as a Classical Language Questions and Answers, Summary, Activity, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 12th English Solutions Prose Chapter 5 The Status of Tamil as a Classical Language

Warm up

The Chair Prose Pdf Question (a)
Name a few languages spoken in India:
Answer:
Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada, Marathi

12th English The Chair Lesson Pdf Question (b)
Mention a few international languages:
Answer:
Spanish, French, Latin, Hebrew, Greek, English

The Chair Prose Questions And Answers Question (c)
The box below gives details of a few languages and their origin. Arrange them chronologically.

Chinese – 1250 BC (BCE)	Hebrew – 1000 BC (BCE)	Latin – 75 BC (BCE)	Arabic – 512 AD (CE)
Tamil – 300 BC (BCE)	Greek – 1500 BC (BCE)	Sanskrit – 2000 BC (BCE)

Answer:

Sanskrit – 2000 BC (BCE)	Greek – 1500 BC (BCE)	Chinese – 1250 BC (BCE)	Arabic – 512 AD (CE)
Hebrew-1000 BC (BCE)	Tamil – 300 BC (BCE)	Latin – 75 BC (BCE)

The Chair Prose Pdf Questions And Answers Question (d)
Following are some of the great works in Tamil. Find out their names by filling in the missing letters.

Answer:

Samacheer Kalvi 12th English The Status of Tamil as a Classical Language Textual Questions

1. Answer the following questions in one or two sentences based on your understanding of the letter.

12th English The Chair Lesson Pdf Download Question (а)
Which is considered the oldest work in Tamil? When was it written?
Answer:
Tholkappiyam is the oldest work in Tamil. It dates back to 200 BCE.

12th English Unit 5 Prose The Chair Question (b)
What is the evidence that supports the finding of the oldest Tamil work?
Answer:
Earliest Tamil inscriptions are the evidences which support the finding of the oldest Tamil work.

The Chair Prose Pdf Download Question (c)
Mention the Tamil works that date to the first two centuries of the current era.
Answer:
Sangam anthologies and Pattuppattu date to the first two centuries of the current era.

12th English The Chair Book Back Answers Question (d)
Name the great Tamil work that speaks volumes on ethics.
Answer:
“Tirukkural” is the great Tamil work which speaks volumes on ethics.

The Chair 12th English Question (e)
What are the other classical languages mentioned by the author?
Answer:
The other classical languages mentioned by the author are viz. Sanskrit, Greek, Latin, Chinese, Persian and Arabic.

The Chair Prose Paragraph Question (f)
Can you define and list the themes explored in Tamil Literature? Why?
Answer:
No, one can’t define the themes explored in Tamil literature. There is not a facet of human experience that is not explored and illuminated by Tamil literature.

12th English The Chair Lesson Paragraph Question (g)
What is unique about Tamil and its sources?
Answer:
Tamil is one of the primary independent sources of modem Indian culture and tradition.

The Chair Lesson Book Back Answers Question (h)
Modern Indian languages are productive on earth. Why does the author say so?
Answer:
Modem Indian languages are the most fecund and productive languages on the earth. Each has begotten a modem (often medieval) literature that can stand with any of the modem literatures of the world.

The Chair Prose Book Back Answers Question (i)
Which language is as old as Latin?
Answer:
Tamil is as old as Latin and older than Arabic.

The Chair Prose Answer Key Question (j)
Why is it said that Tamil has the most independent tradition?
Answer:
Tamil arose as an entirely independent tradition with almost no influence from Sanskrit and other languages. Its ancient literature is indescribably vast and rich.

The Chair Book Back Answers Question (k)
What is the role of Classical Tamil in Modern Tamil and Malayalam?
Answer:
Just as Sanskrit is the source of the modem Indo-Aryan languages, classical Tamil is the source language of modem Tamil and Malayalam.

Additional Questions

12th English 5th Prose The Chair Question (a)
Who is considered “Tamil Thatha” and why?
Answer:
Dr. U. Ve. Swaminatha Aiyar is considered Tamil Thatha because he had collected old palm leaf manuscripts of ancient Tamil books and catalogued them with the support of Damotharapillai.

The Chair Lesson Pdf Download Question (b)
What has Mr. George L Hart try to make?
Answer:
Mr. George L Hart has tried to make a comparative analysis of classical languages of the world.

12th English The Chair Question (c)
What was the specific task assigned to George Hart by Prof. Maraimalai?
Answer:
Professor Maraimalai has asked George Hart to write regarding the position of Tamil as a classical language.

12th English Unit 5 Prose The Chair Book Back Answers Question (d)
What does George L Hart state unequivocally?
Answer:
He unequivocally states that, by any criteria one may choose, Tamil is one of the greatest classical literatures and traditions of the world.

12th English Unit 5 Prose The Chair Pdf Question (e)
How antique is Tamil?
Answer:
Tamil is of considerable antiquity. It predates the literatures of modem Indian languages by more than thousand years.

2. Answer the following questions in three or four sentences each.

The Chair Prose Pdf Free Download Question (а)
Supreme works in Tamil elevate it to be treated as sacred as the Vedas. How?
Answer:
Tamil has its own works that are considered to be as sacred as the vedas that are recited alongside vedic mantras in the great Vaisnava temples of South India.

12th English Unit 5 Prose Question (b)
Tamil is a touchstone to understand the Dravidian’s nature and development. Elucidate.
Answer:
As Sanskrit is the most conservative and least changed of Indo-Aryan languages, Tamil is the most conservative of the Dravidian languages, the touchstone that linguists must consult to understand the nature and development of Dravidian culture.

The Chair Lesson Question (c)
How do you correlate the richness of Tamil language With Indian culture?
Answer:
Unlike other modem languages of India, Tamil meets the criteria laid down for a classical tradition. It meets each of the requirements. It is extremely old. It is as old as Latin and older than Arabic. It arose as an entirely independent tradition, with almost no influence from Sanskrit or other languages. And its ancient literature is indescribably vast and rich.

Additional Questions

The Chair Prose Summary Question (а)
How are Sangam anthologies and pattupattu important?
Answer:
The great work of ancient Tamil, the Sangam anthologies and the pattupattu, date to first two centuries of the era. They are the first great secular body of poetry written in India, predating Kalidasa’s works.

Question (b)
How does the author compliment the indigenous nature of Tamil?
Answer:
Tamil Constitutes only literary tradition indigenous to India that is not derived from Sanskrit. Indeed, its literature arose before the influence of Sanskrit become strong in the south. So it is qualitatively different from anything we have in Sanskrit or other Indian languages.

Question (c)
How does the author prove that Tamil has an extremely rich and vast intellectual tradition?
Answer:
Tamil has its own poetic theory, its own grammatical tradition and its own esthetics. A large body of its literature that is quite unique. It shows Indian sensibility that is entirely different from Sanskrit or other Indian languages. Then it contains rich and vast intellectual tradition.

3. Answer the following in a paragraph of 100-150 words each.

Question (a)
How does the author justify the statement that Tamil is a classical language?
Answer:
To qualify as a classical tradition, a language must fit several criteria. It should be ancient. It should be an independent tradition that arose mostly on its own, not an off-shoot of another tradition. It must have a large and extensively rich body of ancient literature. Unlike the other modem languages of India, Tamil meets each of these requirements. It is extremely old as Latin and older than Arabic. It arose as an entirely independent tradition with almost no influence from Sanskrit or other languages. Its ancient literature is indescribably vast and rich.

Tamil is of considerable antiquity. It predates the literatures of other modem Indian languages by more than a thousand years. Its oldest work Tholkappiyam, contains parts that, judging from the earliest Tamil inscriptions, dates back to about 200 BCE. The greatest works of ancient Tamil, the Sangam anthologies and Pattuppattu, date to the first two centuries of the current era. They are the first great secular body of poetry written in India, predating Kalidasa’s works by two hundred years.

Question (b)
Tirukkural is a fine example of an outstanding quality of classical Tamil Literature. Substantiate.
Answer:
Tirukkural is one of the greatest works on ethics. But this is merely one of a myriad of major and extremely varied works that comprise Tamil classical tradition. There is not a facet of human existence that is not explored and illuminated by this great literature. Tirukkural the sacred verses, is a classical text considered one of the greatest works ever written on ethics and morality, chiefly secular ethics. It is known for its universality and non-denominational nature. Traditionally it has been appreciated as “the universal veda” and “universal code of conduct”. The ‘Kural’ is often called the masterpiece of Tamil literature both in philosophical and literary calibre. Next to Bible, Tirukkural is translated into a large number of languages across the world. Its universality appeals to readers in Japan and Singapore as well.

Additional Questions

Question (a)
The credentials of Mr. George L Hart make him absolutely eligible to write regarding the position of Tamil among the classical languages of the world – Explain.
Answer:
George L Hart has been a professor of Tamil at the university of California, Berkeley since ’ 1975. He is currently the holder of Tamil chair at the institution. He received his degree in Sanskrit in 1970 from Harvard University. He was appointed at first as Sanskrit professor at the University of Wisconsin Madison, in 1969. Besides Tamil and Sanskrit, he knows languages of Greek and Latin. He has read extensively in Greek and Latin literatures in their original. He is also well acquainted with comparative linguistics and literatures of modem Europe. Thus, he is the most eligible person to write regarding the position of Tamil among classical languages of the world.

Question (b)
How does George L Hart prove beyond doubt that Tamil is one of the primary independent sources of modern Indian culture and tradition?
Answer:
Prof. George L Hart has extensively written on the influence of Tamil tradition on Sanskrit’s poetic tradition. But equally important, the great sacred Hindu devotional literature in Tamil beginning with Sangam anthologies have undergirded the development of modem Hinduism. Bhagavatpurana has widely borrowed from it. There are other texts in Telugu, Kannada and Sanskrit which have drawn heavily from Tamil literature. Tamil has its work which are considered as sacred as the Vedas that are recited alongside Vedamantras in the great Vaisnava temples of South India. Then, George L Hart proves Tamil is one of the primary independent sources of modem Indian culture and tradition.

Question (c)
How does the author endorse the greatness of modern Indian languages?
Answer:
The author is aware of the richness of modem Indian languages. They are among the most fecund and productive languages on the earth. Each has begotten a modem (and often medieval) literature that can stand with any of the major literatures of the world. Yet none of them is a classical language. Like English and the other modem languages of Europe with possible exception of Greek, they rose on preexisting traditions rather late and developed in the second millennium.

Vocabulary

(a) Analogy

Now complete each analogy with appropriate words from the list given below:

changeable	indifference
nuance	insignificant
refusal	long-established
drastic	hide

CLASSICAL : TRADITIONAL
ancient : ______

UNIQUE : COMMON
sensibility : ______

INDIGENOUS : NATIVE
extreme : ______

FACET : ASPECT
subtlety : ______

SACRED : IRREVERENT
conservative : ______

OBVIOUS : DOUBTFUL
vital : ______

INFLUENCE : IMPACT
denial : ______

ILLUMINATE : DARKEN
explore : ______

Answer:

1. long-established
2. indifference
3. drastic
4. nuance
5. changeable
6. insignificant
7. refusal
8. hide

(b) Suffixes
Match the -ics words with their appropriate meanings. You can make use of a dictionary.

S. No.	Words	Meanings
1.	Linguistics	the scientific study of a language
2.	Numismatics	the study of principles of beauty
3.	Electro Dynamics	the study of speech sounds
4.	Phonetics	the study of genes
5.	Aesthetics	the study of analysing information shown in numbers
6.	Genetics	the study of government and using power in public life
7.	Statistics	the study of building and flying air-craft
8.	Politics	the study of money and coins
9.	Aeronautics	the study of processing data for storage and retrieval
10.	Informatics	the study of the way that electric currents and magnetic fields affect each other

Answer:

1. the scientific study of a language
2. the study of money and coins
3. the study of the way that electric currents and magnetic fields affect each other
4. the study of speech sounds
5. the study of principles of beauty
6. the study of genes
7. the study of analysing information shown in numbers
8. the study of government and using power in public life
9. the study of building and flying air-craft
10. the study of processing data for storage and retrieval

(c) Homonyms, Homophones and Homograph Complete the following with appropriate words from the box given.

night/knight	scent/sent/ cent	stationary/ stationery	lead/lead	reign/rain/rein
band/banned	bows/boughs	sell/cell	pass/pause/paws	present/present

1. My mother brought an expensive watch as a birthday _______
2. Everybody accepted the fact that overeating could easily _______ to obesity.
3. In the middle ages, people were trained to become a _______ at a young age.
4. Akshitha’s brother plays the bugle in his school _______
5. The weather is fine and the air is filled with the _______ of lemons.
6. What a splendid _______ the emperor Alexander’s might have been!
7. Humans have foot, animals have _______
8. They know how to _______ their mobile phones online.
9. The teacher is so happy that all the students are
10. The cars were in the traffic jam.
11. It is not easy for him to tie in his shoe laces

Answer:

1. present
2. lead
3. knight
4. band
5. scent
6. reign
7. paws
8. sell
9. present
10. stationary
11. bows

(d) Collocation
Collocation: It is a pair or group of words that always appears in the same order. Here are some collocations picked from the lesson:

subtlety and profundity	greatness and richness
culture and tradition	vast and rich

Some of the commonly used collocations are:

read and write	pros and cons	sooner or later
dead or alive	null and void	black and white

(e) Descriptive Words
Go through the letter of Prof. George L Hart once again and enlist the words describing Tamil.

e.g. oldest	indegenous	unique	classical	secular
universal	independent	vast	rich	vital

Identify the words that mean the following.

Indigenous	myriad
conservative	indescribable
antiquity	aesthetics
universality	secular

1. This is something that is related to ancient time ______
2. The word that describes pleasing in appearance ______
3. Things that are not specifically religious ______
4. The word to mention a large number ______
5. This describes something which is produced or belongs to a particular region ______
6. The thing that cannot be described ______
7. This one is something which cannot come out of tradition
8. The quality of existing or involving everywhere

Answer:

1. antiquity
2. aesthetics
3. secular
4. myriad
5. indigenous
6. indescribable
7. conservative
8. universality

Listening Activity

The oath taken by Graduates of Medicine is given as Listening passage.

Hippocratic Oath:
I solemnly pledge myself to consecrate my life to the service of humanity;
I will give to my teachers the respect and gratitude which is their due;
I will practice my profession with conscience and dignity;
The health of my patient will be my first consideration;
I will respect the secrets which are confided in me;
I will maintain by all the means in my power, the honour and the noble tradition of the medical profession;

My colleagues will be my brothers; I will not permit considerations of religion, nationality, race, party politics or social standing to intervene between my duty and my patient;
I will maintain the utmost respect for human life, from the time of conception, even under threat. 1 will not use my medical knowledge contrary to the laws of humanity;
I make these promises solemnly, freely and upon my honour.

After listening to the pledge played on the tape recorder carefully, fill in the following . statements with the right options given:

Question (a)
The medical graduates take oath to dedicate their ______ to the service of humanity.
(a) money
(ii) talent
(iii) life
(iv) nation
Answer:
(iii) life

Question (b)
The ______ of the patient should be the doctor’s greatest concern.
(i) dignity
(ii) gratitude
(iii) health
(iv) honour
Answer:
(iii) health

Question (c)
The would-be graduates promise to practise their profession with ______
and dignity.
(i) conscience
(ii) knowledge
(iii) understanding
(iv) respect
Answer:
(ii) knowledge

Question (d)
They should respect the ______ of the patients.
(i) age
(ii) wealth
(iii) background
(iv) secrets
Answer:
(iv) secrets

Question (e)
The pledge is also to treat the patients without any ______
(i) fee
(ii) discrimination
(iii) interest
(iv) hatred
Answer:
(ii) discrimination

Speaking Activity

Debate
Important Rules

• The speakers must greet the chairperson, judges and the audience.
• The team supporting or opposing the motion must not change their point of view.
• If a speaker makes a statement, he or she must be able to provide evidence or reasons to support.
• The facts presented in a debate must be accurate.
• Speakers may not bring up new points in a rebuttal speech. Reinforce your points and conclude confidently.
• Points must be conveyed clearly and effectively without getting diverted from the main stream.

Task

(a) Now it’s your turn to speak against the motion “Wars create more problem than they solve.” Express your views with valid points.

Student A
Respected judge, dignitaries on the dias and off the dias. I have come before you to speak against the topic” wars create more problems than they solve.

Abraham Lincoln waged the civil war in America to put an end to slavery. Of course many people died on both sides and Lincoln himself was assassinated soon after the abolition of slavery in America. But today America is a dream destination for any one who wants to make a fortune trading his individual expertise in Science, technology and ICT because the democratic foundation in America is solid and pluralistic culture encourages people from multi-ethnic backgrounds to emigrate and settle there as Americans. Trump administration is now taking a tough stand against emigrants and immigrants.

Student B
Next point we would like to put forward is that when we say “war” do not always think about conventional war. We wage war against poverty, illiteracy, drug addiction, alcoholism, bribery and terrorism. Such wars may not be won over quickly but they are necessary. We can’t allow the government alone to fight such social evils, we need NGOs, students and civil societies and even-principled political parties to fight against them to build a healthy society.

Student C
I would like to add that Swachata Abhiyan itself is a war against ignorance of people about the consequences of keeping their surroundings unclean and polluted. The campaign against Malaria, Dengue fever is a war against ill-health which necessarily generates awareness among people to prevent mosquito-caused illness among the masses.

We can also wage a war against the most dangerous social evil (i.e.) educated unemployment. Instead of just using war of words trying to prove our oratorical skills, we had better focus on skilling of youth in our country so that they can become self-reliant entrepreneurs giving employment to others by utilising ‘Mudra loan’. In fact launching of Atal tinkering labs all over the country at the higher secondary level is the first step in the direction of skilling school students. It is time we realized that paper degrees will not guarantee jobs, we should arm ourselves with the skills demanded in the job market or for opening our own small-scale industries. On behalf of my team, I conclude wars against social evils can solve problems not create new ones.

(b) Conduct a debate for and against the motion.“Mobile phone – a big boon”

Debate – Mobile phone boon or bane
Student A:
Shakespeare has very wisely said: “There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.” Similarly, mobile phones in themselves are neither good nor bad; however, the way they are used makes them good or bad. Mobile phones have made our life so easy and full of comforts! Everything is available online now. Our mobile phones have become our e-wallets, e-books, e-payments, e-files, e-folders, etc. Our mobile phones are connected with our Adhar Card, Bank Account, Loans, etc. We do our buying and other transactions using our mobile phones. Life without mobile phones is almost impossible in the modem times. It is neither addiction nor creates distraction. Rather it is a basic necessity in the contemporary times.

I conclude that it is irrational and illogical to say anything negative about mobile phones. As said earlier, they should be used with discretion and precautions.

Mobile Phones – A bane
Student B:
My friend used a beautiful quote in my team’s favour, “There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.” Unfortunately , Mobiles have become a source of major distraction for the students. Young boys and girls seem to have become inordinately addicted to these sites. They are thoughtlessly and uselessly wasting their precious time on useless sites.

The overuse of mobile poses serious health issues. Radiation affects eyesight due to over exposure to mobile screen for hours. Besides, mobile phones are also responsible for difficulty in concentration, fatigue, headaches and sleep disorders that can further trigger health complications. Text-neck is a serious health issue faced by mobile phone users. Owing to late night use of mobile phones, the youngsters skip on sleep which further causes health complications. This makes them aggressive and irritated. If you withhold an android phone from a child addicted to games in the mobile phone, he/she starts throwing tantrum. It is a curse that majority of the parents give the android phones to pacify the young children who refuse food and refuse to do homework if phone is withheld for even five minutes. Many young children who gaze at the mobile phone for hours tend to develop eye problems too. Addiction to mobile technology is a dangerous problem facing young children and adults of this country. Child psychologists and social activists are really worried how on earth we are going to wean young children away from the obsessive compulsive disorder of using android mobile phones and how we are going to redeem the youth from the sure disillusionment in continuing virtual friends to the point of ignoring family ties.

The other major disadvantage of the increasing use of such networking sites is the spread of obscenity or addiction to viewing explicit content. It is worrying because even adolescents have easy access to such sites because of the cheap data provided by greedy telecom business men. This is having a very negative impact on the impressionable minds of our young children and leading them astray.

The parents, teachers and the government must look into the problems being caused by mobiles and these networking sites and must formulate a strategy either to curb or completely stop its fast growing negative influence on the minds of our youth. Our youth is the future of our nation. We cannot allow this youth to waste their precious time on mobiles, chatting on the facebook and whatsapp. The same time must be spent on studying, researching and developing leadership or other life-skills. I conclude that it is our moral duty as well as responsibility to lead children and youth on the right path and teach them to make best use of these wonderful gadgets to improve themselves only.

(c) Organize a class debate on the motion ‘The advantages of social websites’. (Use the expressions for arguments like – First, firstly, I mean, My point is, In my opinion, Let me consider, etc.)

The advantages of Social websites
At the outset, let us consider some irrefutable facts .We live in a time and age where information is just a button press away. We are swayed by information all around us. We millennials want to know, read, understand and then speak our minds about it. That is where social media comes into play. Social media is one of the biggest elements that we live with and cannot ignore it. Social media plays a big role in our lives today. We have the access to any kind of information at just a button push away. Anything that is so vastly expanded has both positives and negatives related to it. The power of social media is very high and has its effects on each individual. It is difficult to imagine our lives with social media today and we do pay a price for excessive use. There is a lot of debate about the effects of social media on the society as a whole. Some feel that it’s a boon whereas other feels that it is a curse.

Social media is a collection of websites, applications and other platforms that enable us to share or create content and also helps us to participate in social networking. Social media is not limited to blogging and sharing pictures, there are a lot of strong tools also that social media provides. That is because that the impact of social media is very high and far reaching, it can make or break images.

Of course, I agree that social media is a topic of controversy today, many feel it’s a boon but there is a majority who feels that it is a curse. It has become an inevitable evil. Mostly people feel that social media has destroyed human interaction with a rapid rate and has modified modem human relationships. But there are others who feel that it is a blessing that has connected us to every part of the world, we can meet our loved ones that are far, we can spread awareness through it, we can send security warnings etc. There is a lot that social media can do. But it is an unarguable fact the presence of social media has made our lives convenient, easier and much faster.

In my opinion, mobile phones have not lowered active social life. On the contrary, they have made our social life more active! You must be wondering I am kidding! No I am not. Let, me prove it. The IT revolution has made the internet network so fast and easily accessible. As a result we are using Whatsapp, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc. more often sharing our latest whereabouts regularly, daily, or hourly! We wish our friends, relatives good morning, good afternoon, good, evening, or good night almost daily using picture messages or videos. Was social life ever so active in the past? We send receive invitations, news, and one another’s views through these socializing applications! What will you call this exchange of information? Has it lowered active social life or heightened active social life?

Role of media in Jasmine revolution:
I would like to give some examples as to how social websites can overhaul even governments. In an article “The Emerging Role of Social Media in Political and Regime Change” by Rita Safranek, published in ProQuest, talks about social media as a major catalyst in bringing about the change in many countries that were going through a major period of political unrest. The author talks about the triggering point of the Jasmine Revolution, the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi was captured by passers-by and posted and re-posted on YouTube for everyone to see. Furthermore, the mass protests at his funeral also spread quickly all over. The author goes on to say that despite very strict censorship of the internet by Tunisia’s government, Tunisians were able to emerge as highly connected – 33% of the Tunisian population uses the internet, 16% uses Facebook and 18% uses Twitter.

Although the government did block YouTube during the crucial period of protests, it was unable to stop experienced bloggers and activists from finding alternate methods like by using private and proxy networks to post and re-post various contents and videos all over the cyber world. In fact, there was an eight percent increase in the number of Facebook users in Tunisia in the beginning of January 2011. The nature of the content being shared also changed with time – more content related to the current political situation and unrest was being shared. Although the author credits social media with helping organize the protest and connect activists, she also goes on to say that the social media will not be helpful with running the country which is the current concern in the country at present.

Social media and Jallikkattu Protests:
In my opinion, the success of Jallikkattu is a recent example. The youth of the entire state of Tamil Nadu clamoured for the right to conduct a traditional sport that half of them had only seen on television. How did the Jallikattu case that has been in court for years, suddenly capture the imagination of the masses, enough to make them skip school, college and work . and take to the streets? How they gathered in millions in the Marina beach and camped there for weeks to press their demands in the most incredible manner. The answer to this is buried ‘ beneath superior internet connectivity, hash tags, viral videos, disenchantment and the post-truth phenomenon. Tamil Nadu boasts of spectacular rural teledensity, well ahead of most other parts of the country.

Student B:
In my strong opinion, social media is the single most factor causing depression and anxiety in people. It is also a cause of poor mental growth in children. Increased use of social media ‘ can lead to poor sleeping patterns. There are many other negative effects like cyber bullying, hacking, etc. as well. There is an increased ‘Fear of Missing out’ (FOMO) at an all-time high i in youth because of social media. Such ill inclinations need to be prevented by educating boys, girls and vulnerable women against unguarded use of social websites.

Conclusion: One must carefully weigh the positives and the negatives before engaging excessively in social media. If used in the most judicious way, social media can be a boon for mankind.

Reading

(a) Read the following passage carefully and answer the following questions.

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the environment that causes harm to the ecosystem. The different kinds of pollution are air pollution, water pollution and land pollution. The release of various gases, finely divided solid particles, or liquid droplets that escape into the atmosphere to disperse and dilute in the environment is called air pollution. Modem society is also concerned about specific types of pollutants, such as noise pollution, light pollution, and plastic pollution.

Particulate matter (PM), also known as particle pollution, is a complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets that get into the air. These particles if inhaled can affect health. The impact of PM 2.5 is particularly high in South Asia. Outdoor pollution is caused by a variety of pollutants like public and private vehicles, waste burning in the open, power

production industries and construction and even cigarette smoking in public places. Presently, air pollution is a major and growing risk factor for ill health in India. Delhi is one of the most air polluted cities in India. The air in the city as well as areas surrounding it has worsened to extremely hazardous levels in the recent years. This year’s pollution level is the worst in foi r years. Several studies have shown that poor air quality is a cause for many health issues among people with lower respiratory disorders with symptoms like dry cough, breathlessness, wheezing, chest discomfort, serious lung infections and cardio vascular diseases. Some studies throw light on the fact that about 16 per cent of the deaths worldwide in 2015 were due to pollution.

Air Masks are an option to protect oneself outdoor. Air masks can be used while commuting or while one is exposed to a polluted area. Some of these masks also include a layer of Activated carbon to filter the air. They protect us from suspended air particles and particulate matter up to the size of 2.5 microns and above. Their usage is limited to some days and should be disposed off after their prescribed duration of usage. The price for air masks starts from Rs 100 and can go up to Rs 500 and more. We have to take active measures to control pollution and protect ourselves to lead a healthy and pollution free life.

Questions:

Question 1.
What is meant by pollution? Mention the different kinds of pollution.
Answer:
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the environment that can cause harm to the ecosystem. The different kinds of pollution are air pollution, water pollution and land pollution.

Question 2.
How does Particulate matter cause air pollution?
Answer:
Particulate matter (PM) also known as Particle pollution. It is a complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets that get into the air. These particles, if inhaled can affect health.

Question 3.
Identify three major causes of pollution in air.
Answer:
The release of various gases, finely divided solid particles, or liquid droplets that escape into the atmosphere to disperse and dilute in the environment are the major causes of air pollution.

Question 4.
Name the types of pollution we encounter now.
Answer:
We encounter air pollution, noise pollution, light pollution and plastic pollution.

Question 5.
What sort of health issues do people face due to air pollution?
Answer:
The quality of air in cities has reduced to hazardous levels. This causes lower respiratory disorders with symptoms like dry cough, breathlessness, wheezing, chest discomfort, serious lung infections and cardio-vascular diseases.

Question 6.
How can we protect ourselves outdoor from air pollution?
Answer:
Air masks can be used while commuting or while one is exposed to a polluted area. Some of these masks also include a layer of Activated Carbon to filter the air. They protect us from suspended air particles and particulate up to the size of 2.5 microns and above.

Question 7.
Suggest a suitable title to the passage.
Answer:
Rising levels of Pollution and ways to avoid health issues.

Question 8.
Identify the meaning of the word similar to the one used in the fourth para:
Answer:
(a) emerging
(b) filtering
(c) floating
(d) falling

(b) Read the following information given in the table below and answer the questions.

Question (a)
The number of stations between Chennai Central and Hazrat Nizamudin is ______
(i) five
(ii) ten
(iii) eight
(iv) eleven
Answer:
(iii) eight

Question (b)
The train is expected to reach around 8.45 PM
(i) Warangal
(ii) Vijayawada
(iii) Bhopal
(iv) Nagpur
Answer:
(iv) Nagpur

Question (c)
Between the train runs at it’s maximum speed.
(i) Bhopal and Gwalior
(ii) Bhopal and Jhansi
(iii) Bhopal and Hazarat Nizamudin
(iv) Bhopal and Agra
Answer:
(ii) Bhopal and Jhansi

Question (d)
Almost the train reaches Vijayawada.
(i) the day after
(ii) around early morning
(iii) late night
(iv) around noon
Answer:
(iv) around noon

Question (e)
People prefer the Rajadhani express to travel from Chennai to reach the capital because
(i) it reaches the destination on the same day
(ii) The charge is reasonable
(iii) the train halts at eight stations
(iv) it is the shortest route from Chennai to New Delhi
Answer:
(iii) the train halts at eight stations

Question (f)
The destination of Rajadhani express is
(i) Hazarat Nizamudin
(ii) New Delhi junction
(iii) Old Delhi
(iv) Rajkot
Answer:
(i) Hazarat Nizamudin

Grammar

Non-Finite Verbs
Task 1
Underline the gerunds in the following sentences.

1. Boys love playing cricket.
2. I love eating ice creams.
3. Jessie enjoys bothering others.
4. Painting is an interesting hobby.
5. Dancing gives me joy.

Task 2
Use the gerundial form of the verb in the brackets and fill in the blanks.

1. _________ (exercise) is good for health.
2. _________ (fly) a kite is fun.
3. _________ (shop) is my favourite hobby.
4. My friend waited for the _________ (meet).
5. Huckleberry Finn was responsible for _________ (signal).

Answers

1. Exercising
2. Flying
3. Shopping
4. meeting
5. signalling

Task 3
Fill in the blanks with the correct infinitives.

1. Deva forgot ______ the letter.
2. The doctor advised the patient ______ his medicines without fail.
3. Rajesh went to the airport ______ his friend.
4. The bear climbed up the tree ______ the honey.
5. The boys went to the forest ______ birds.
6. tried hard ______ both ends meet.
7. The archaeologists are trying ______ the ruins of Keelady.
8. Solar energy is used ______ electricity.
9. ______ concession, you have to apply well in advance.
10. We have plans ______ to London during summer vacation.

Answer:

1. to post
2. to take
3. to receive
4. to eat
5. to trap
6. to make
7. to rebuild
8. to produce
9. To get
10. to go

Task 4
Combine each of the following pairs of sentences using participles. The first one is done for you.
Example: 1 didn’t know what to do. I phoned the police.

Not knowing what to do, I phoned the police.

Question 1.
The baby cried. She was feeling sleepy.
Answer:
Feeling sleepy, the baby cried.

Question 2.
He lived alone. He had forgotten everybody.
Answer:
Living alone, he had forgotten everybody

Question 3.
She walked out. She was smiling.
Answer:
Smiling, she walked out.

Question 4.
The child says he needs attention. He shouts loudly.
Answer:
Shouting loudly, the child says that he needs attention.

Question 5.
threw the pen. It was broken.
Answer:
The pen being broken, I threw it away.

Question 6.
His coat is tattered. It needs mending.
Answer:
Being tattered, the coat needs mending.

Question 7.
heard the noise. I turned around.
Answer:
Hearing the noise, I turned around

Question 8.
He was dissatisfied. He quit his job.
Answer:
Being dissatisfied, he quit his job.

Question 9.
The politician entered the campus. He was accompanied by many comrades.
Answer:
Being accompanied by many comrades, the politician entered the campus.

Question 10.
The girl entered the room. She was singing a song.
Answer:
Singing a song, the girl entered the room.

Articles And Determiners

Articles
Task 1
Complete the following exercise using a/ an/ the/ ‘o’ (no article) in the underlined space where appropriate. Change capital letters to lower case letters at the beginning of a sentence if necessary.

According to (1) ______ National Weather Report, cyclones are winds circulating (2) ______ counter clockwise in (3) ______ Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in (4) ______ southern Hemisphere. Cyclones are usually accompanied by(5) ______ stormy weather. Tornadoes and hurricanes are types of cyclones.(6) ______ hurricane is (7) ______ cyclone that forms over (8) ______ tropical oceans and seas. (9) ______ hurricane rotates in (10) ______ shape of (11) ______ oval or a circle. (12) ______ Hurricane Andrew, which hit (13) ______ coasts of Louisiana and Southern Florida in August 1992, caused (14) ______ extreme devastation. It was one of (15) ______ most devastating hurricanes ever to hit (16) ______ U.S.. Fourteen people died of (17) ______ Andrew’s effect.
Answer:

1. the
2. ‘o’
3. the
4. the
5. a
6. the
7. The
8. a
9. the
10. The
11. the
12. an
13. The
14. the
15. ‘o’
16. the
17. the
18. the

Task 2
Complete the following sentences using appropriate determiners.

1. Only _____ people can afford to buy a flat in Chennai.
2. She earns so _____ that she could not make a decent living.
3. _____ information that she gave proved false.
4. How _____ sugar do you want?
5. I am very tired today, as I had _____ guests today.
6. _____ of my students have become doctors.
7. _____ do I know about his personal life.
8. How _____ pages did you read?
9. _____ fertilizer used these days spoils the soil.
10. During my student life I used to give _____ trouble to my teachers.

Answer:

1. a few
2. little
3. The
4. much
5. some
6. Some
7. Little
8. many
9. The
10. much

Degrees Of Comparison- Transformation
Task 1
Transform each of the following sentences using the comparative degree without changing the meaning.

Question 1.
Very few Indian languages are as ancient as Tamil.
Answer:
No other Indian language is more ancient than Tamil.

Question 2.
Hurricanes are as dangerous as tornadoes.
Answer:
Hurricanes are not more dangerous than tornadoes.

Question 3.
This is the most challenging task I have ever undertaken.
Answer:
This task is more challenging than any other task I have undertaken.

Question 4.
E-mail is the fastest means of communication.
Answer:
E-mail is faster than all other means of communication.

Question 5.
Compulsive gambling is the worst habit a man can develop.
Answer:
No other habit is more compulsive than gambling that a man can develop.

Task 2
Rewrite each of the following sentences using the superlative degree retaining the meaning.

Question 1.
Shakespeare is greater than many other dramatists of the world.
Answer:
Shakespeare is the greatest dramatist in the world.

Question 2.
Some people think that nothing is as important as money in life.
Answer:
Some people think that money is the most important thing in life.

Question 3.
The peacock is more colourfull than any other bird found in India.
Answer:
The peacock is the most colourfull bird in India.

Question 4.
Very few people in this town are as generous as Mr. Mohan.
Answer:
Mr. Mohan is the most generous person in this town.

Question 5.
No other planet in our solar system is as cold as Neptune.
Answer:
Neptune is the coldest planet in our solar system.

Question 6.
cannot do anything better for you than this.
Answer:
This is the best thing I can do for you.

Task 3
Replace the comparative adjectives in the following sentences with their positive forms.

Question 1.
Rural life is certainly more peaceful than urban life.
Answer:
Urban life is not so peaceful as rural life.

Question 2.
The pen is mightier than the sword.
Answer:
Sword is not so mighty as the pen.

Question 3.
Train journey is more comfortable than bus journey.
Answer:
Bus journey is not so comfortable as train journey.

Question 4.
My mother can speak more sweetly than anyone else.
Answer:
No one can speak so sweetly as my mom.

Question 5.
Gold is not more useful than iron.
Answer:
Gold is not so useful as iron.

Writing

Slogan Writing
Tips for writing an effective slogan

Highlight a key benefit. The point of a slogan is to differentiate a product or brand from that of its competitors, while also underscoring the company’s general mission.

1. Explain the company’s commitment.
2. Be consistent.
3. Keep it short and simple.
4. Give them a rhythm, rhyme and ring.
5. Stay honest.
6. Make it timeless.
7. Be unique and different.

While writing slogans to create awareness among the public

• Explain the need for the change.
• Make it sensible and easy to understand.
• Keep in mind the target audience and use catchy phrases to suit the audience.

Look at the pictures given below, and write slogans to advertise the products. Suggest your own

Sparkle Toothpaste – Removes bacteria and strengthens the gums.
Zoom Cam – Captures beautiful moments
Revos Water Purifier – Pure, natural, refreshing and healthful.
Mughal Gulab Jamun – Roly-poly syrupy sweet, melts in your mouth as soon as you eat.

Write slogans to create awareness of the following topics using the tips given above.

• Junk food – Fast food and fast death
• Labour Day – Labours are your many hands, keep them relaxed and happy.
• Save Water – Don’t let life slip down the drain.
• Yoga – Takes nothing but gives you health, fitness and peace.
• Blood Donation – Your blood can give life to someone.

Paragraph Writing

Write a paragraph of about 150 words, on the following topics.

Question (a)
The teacher I like the most
Answer:
I like my science miss Sangeetha very much. She always uses very lively demonstration to help us understand not only principles or formulaes in Science, but also human values. One day she taught us how plants also have the capacity to feel happiness and respond to the language of love. We thought it was a joke. The next day she brought two plants of the same size in two pots. She asked us to keep one in the next room window and one in our classroom near the window. Both plants were watered regularly. The plant in the classroom window was showered with love and we sang songs and spoke to her in an endearing language. The other plant was ignored. In three months time, the plant we doted on grew tall and started blooming. But the other plant was drooping and about to die. One girl in my class begged the teacher to give the same treatment to the other plant. Both the plants were kept together and the treatment continued. In the next few7 months both grew tall. It became difficult to tell them apart when we asked science miss how7 this happened she said, “With love everything grows.” So, I like Sangeetha teacher very much.

Question (b)
The value of discipline
Answer:
Discipline is of much value in every walk of our lives. We need to be disciplined in the school,home, office, institutions, factory, playground, battlefield or other places. It is necessaiy for leading a happy and peaceful life. It gives us lots of great opportunities, the right way to go ahead, to learn new things in life, to experiences more within less time, etc. and grow. Whereas, indiscipline gives no peace and progress in life, instead it creates lots of problems. Discipline is the act of keeping one’s body, mind and soul under control and doing all the works in the right manner in the right time. It is also following the orders of our parents, elders, superiors, teachers and officers who lead us towards success. We need to behave well in an orderly manner. We should value the importance of discipline in our daily lives. People, who are not disciplined in their lives; face lots of problems and ultimately feel disappointed with themselves.

Question (c)
Need for Moral Education in schools
Answer:
Education is said to be complete only when it leads to the all round development of an individual, which encompasses not only intellectual but also moral development. The social thinking of an individual is influenced by moral education which makes him/ her a person who can distinguish between what is right and what is wrong. In modem times, imparting moral education has become a basic need, where one is fast witnessing a degeneration of moral values. Students are the future of our country. The future of our country depends on the moral values imparted to them. Moral lessons should be properly taught among students in homes, schools and colleges. Moral education is concerned with moral virtues, such as respect for others, honesty and responsibility. It is important as it gives an understanding of diversity, tolerance, mutual respect and pluralistic values. Since young students readily and unconsciously learn whatever is taught to them, whether good or bad, if they do not have proper guidance, they may get misled. Therefore, it is crucial that the students be given moral education which will make them acquire sound religious and moral principles, that will lead to the development of appropriate attitudes and values that will help them take good decisions in their adulthood.

Question (d)
The importance of Good Health
Answer:
We are familiar with the saying, “Health is wealth”. Health is a state of complete physical, social and mental well being and not merely the absence of a disease which is more important than any amounts of wealth. When there is health and peace of mind, a person can achieve more than even he/she can imagine. It is a resource of everyday life. Mahatma Gandhi has said, “It is health which is real wealth, and not pieces of gold and silver”. There is nothing more blessed than to be healthy all through life without being dependent on anyone. People who don’t have a healthy lifestyle, suffer a range of health disorders like obesity, high blood pressure, heart diseases, diabetes, high cholesterol, kidney problems, liver disorders, etc. An unhealthy person will always be worried and cannot be cheerful. Being healthy takes lots of efforts, although, it is rewarding. Being in good health alone allows a person to perform well in their daily lives and be successful.

Question (e)
The importance of Reading
Answer:
Descartes says, “The reading of all good books is like a conversation with the finest people of the past centuries.” It is rightly said that Books are your best friend as reading helps build up your confidence and uplifts your mood. Reading can help one grow and give a new perspective in life. The more one reads, the more one falls in love w’ith reading. Reading develops language skills and vocabulary. Reading books is also a way to relax and reduce stress. Reading increases creativity and enhances one’s understanding of life.

Reading also inspires one to develop writing skill as well. If one wants to adopt some good habits in life then reading should definitely be on the top of one’s list. It plays a vital role in the positive mental attitude and development of a person. Reading leads to self-improvement. The pleasure of reading cannot be expressed in words. One needs to read to experience the joy of reading. There are many advantages of good reading habits which keeps one’s mind active, strong and healthy. Reading is essential for one’s overall personality growth and development. Besides, one will never feel bored or lonely if one develops good reading habits.

Observe the following pictures and write a paragraph in about 150 words about each one of them.

Question (a)

Answer:
Now, in India, we have the technology to predict the time and location of a cyclone at least 6 to 10 hours prior to its occurrence. This picture reminds one of the devastation caused by Gaja cyclone in the recent past.

Tamil Nadu government was much appreciated for the timely warning given to the people. Many farmers in Nagapattinam, Thiruvarur and Pudukkottai districts who had coconut farming were disheartened because it would take a minimum of 15 to 20 years to raise them again. On such disasters, instead of just waiting for the state or centre to give doles of mercy, youth across the state, ‘ who are volunteers in NSS, NCC, JRC, Scouts and Guides can swing into action and help rebuild the victims’ homes by raising funds and by offering labour.

Volunteers can generate awareness among people to go for mixed crops and not depend on only one type of crop for their sustenance. Students can dig wells in such cyclone prone districts because water becomes scarce as all electricity gets disrupted for many weeks. If students pitch in and join in rescue and rehabilitation work, they would be recognised as responsible citizens of the country.

Question (b)

Answer:
Animals in captivity always long for freedom even if they are fed regularly. But, they don’t like it. Animals love to hunt and eat their prey alive. Cats roam freely and chase the rats and eat them. Even if domesticated they don’t want to be kept in a cage like an object showcased for an audience. They want to roam inside the house and even share the pillow of the mistress of the house. The canary’ bird we find in the picture is a singing bird. It is sure that if the cat were out, it would try to make a meal of him. Yet, the bird feels sorry for the caged cat. It tries to appeal to the mistress of the house to let the cat free.

The Status of Tamil as a Classical Language About The Author

George Luzerne Hart is a professor of Tamil language at the University of California, Berkeley. His work focuses on classical Tamil literature and on identifying the relationships between Tamil and Sanskrit literature. In 2015, the Government of India awarded him the title of Padma Shri, the third highest civilian honour. He studied Latin, Greek, Sanskrit and several modem and European languages.

The Status of Tamil as a Classical Language Summary in English

Introduction
Mr. George L. Hart, a linguistic anthropologist, has made an attempt to make a comparative analysis of classical languages of the world. In response to Prof. Maraimalai’s request, the author, after a meticulous analysis of world’s classical languages writes about the position of Tamil, which is the best among the equals.

Eligibility of the scholar
Prof. George L. Hart is heading the Department of Tamil in the University of Carolina, Berkeley, since 1975. Currently he holds the Tamil chair there. He has done his degree in Sanskrit in Harward. Initially, he was appointed as Professor of Sanskrit in the University of Wisconsin, Madison, in 1969. Besides Tamil and Sanskrit, the author is well-versed in Greek and Latin. He has read extensively in their literature in the original. He has a strong grounding in the comparative linguistics and literatures of modem Europe. In recognition of his deep knowledge of Indian classical languages, he was conferred Padma Shri award, the third highest civilian honour

Tamil – A classical language with classical tradition and literature

Three most important things according to the author make Tamil indisputably the best classical language in the world in comparison with Greek, Latin, Arabic and Sanskrit. The first is its antiquity. Sangam literature and the Pattuppattu date to first two centuries of the current era. Secondly, Tamil possesses indigenous literary tradition independent of Sanskrit or any other Indian languages. | In fact, Tamil has influenced Sanskrit and Malayalam to a great extent. Thirdly, it is fit to stand beside the great literatures of Sanskrit, Greek, Persian and Arabic. The subtlety and profundity of Tamil works, their varied scope and universality qualify Tamil to be rated as one of the greater classical tradition of the world. Thirukkural is one of the world’s greatest work on ethics. It covers every facet of human life.

Meeting all criterion of a classical language

Tamil is extremely old (i.e.) as old as Latin and older than Arabic. It arose as an entirely independent tradition with almost no influence from Sanskrit or any other Indian Languages. There’s god’s plenty in Tamil literature.

Conclusion
It is established beyond doubt that Tamil is one of the greatest classical languages of the world. It has become a vital and central part of the greatness and richness of Indian culture.

The Status of Tamil as a Classical Language Summary in Tamil

முன்னுரை
திரு. ஜியார்ஜ் எல். ஹார்ட் எனும் மொழி விற்பன்னர் உலகத்தின் சிறந்த மொழிகளை ஒப்பிடும் முயற்சியில் ஈடுபட்டார். பேராசிரியர் மறைமலை அவர்களது வேண்டுகோளுக்கு இணங்க, ஆசிரியர் உலகத்தில் உள்ள தொன்மையான மொழிகளைப் பகுப்பாய்வு செய்து செம்மொழிகளுள் தமிழ் தலைசிறந்தது என்ற தமிழின் நிலையைப் பற்றி எழுதுகிறார்.

பண்டிதனின் தகுதி:
பெர்க்லேயில் உள்ள பேராசிரியர் ஜியார்ஜ் எல். ஹார்ட், கலிபோர்னியா பல்கழைக்கழகத்தில் தமிழ் துறையில் தலைமை பொறுப்பாளராகப் பொறுப்பேற்று 1975 முதலே பணியாற்றி வருகிறார். தற்போது தமிழ்த்துறையின்

பொறுப்பாளராகப்பணியாற்றுகிறார். சமஸ்கிருத மொழியில் பட்டப்படிப்பை ஹர்வேட் பல்கலைக்கழகத்தில் முடித்தார். அவர் முதன் முதலாக மடின்சனில் உள்ள விஸ்கான்சின் பல்கலைக்கழகத்தின் சமஸ்கிருத மொழியின் பேராசிரியராக நியமிக்கப்பட்டார். தமிழ், சமஸ்கிருதத்தைத் தவிர கதாசிரியர் கிரேக்க மற்றும் லத்தீன் மொழிகளிலும் புலமை பெற்றிருந்தார். அந்த இலக்கிய நூல்களின் மூலப்பிரதிகளை பரவலாகப் படித்துள்ளார். மொழிகளை ஒப்பிடுவதிலும் ஐரோப்பிய இலக்கிய நூல்களிலும் பலமான அடிப்படை நுணுக்கங்களைப் பெற்றிருந்தார். இந்திய பாரம்பரிய மொழிகளின்பால் அவருக்கிருந்த ஆழ்ந்த’ புலமையை அங்கிகரிக்கும் வகையில் அவருக்கு மூன்றாம் நிலை உயர்ந்த குடிமகன் விருதான ‘பத்மஸ்ரீ’ வழங்கப்பட்டது.

தமிழ் – பாரம்பரியமும் மற்றும் இலக்கியமும் கொண்ட சிறந்த மொழி:

லத்தீன், அரேபிய மற்றும் சமஸ்கிருத மொழிகளுக்கு நிகராக சர்ச்சைக்கு இடமே இல்லாத வகையில் தமிழ் மொழியை ஆசிரியர் கணிக்க மூன்று காரணங்கள் உள்ளன. முதலாவதாக தமிழ் பண்டைய காலத்திய மொழியாகும். சங்க இலக்கியமும் மற்றும் பத்துப்பாட்டும் இந்த நூற்றாண்டில் முதல் 200 ஆண்டுகளைத் தழுவியது. இரண்டாவதாக தமிழ் மொழியானது சமஸ்கிருத மொழியையோ அல்லது வேறு இந்திய மொழியையோ தழுவாத தேசிய இலக்கிய பாரம்பரியத்தைப் பெற்றது. இரண்டாவதாக, தமிழ்மொழி தேசிய இலக்கிய பாரம்பரியத்தைப் பெற்றிருப்பதோடு, சமஸ்கிருத மொழியிலிருந்தும் இதர இந்திய மொழிகளிலிருந்தும் தனித்துவம் பெற்று இருந்தது. சொல்லப் போனால், தமிழ் மொழி சமஸ்கிருத மற்றும் மலையாள மொழிக்கு ஊன்றுகோலாக அமைந்தது. மூன்றாவதாக சமஸ்கிருத, கிரேக்க, பெர்சிய மற்றும் அரேபிய இலக்கியங்களுக்கு நிகராக நிற்கும் தகுதியையும் அது பெற்றிருந்தது. தமிழ் மொழியின் நுணுக்கம், ஆழ்ந்த தன்மை, அதன் விசாலம் மற்றும் எங்கும் பரவியிருக்கும் தன்மைகள் தமிழை உலகிலேயே உன்னத பாரம்பரிய தத்துவங்களைத் தழுவியது என உறுதி செய்கிறது. திருக்குறள் உலகிலேயே உன்னதமான நீதிநெறி நூலாகும். அது மனித வாழ்க்கையின் எல்லாக் கோணங்களையும் படம் பிடித்துக் காட்டுகிறது.

பாரம்பரிய மொழிக்கான எல்லா தகுதியையும் உடையது:

தமிழ் மிகப் பழமையான மொழியாகும். லத்தீன் மொழியை ஒத்ததும், அரேபிய மொழிக்கும் அப்பாற்பட்டதாகும். தமிழ் தனி பாரம்பரிய மொழியாக எந்த மொழியின் தொடர்பும் இன்றி சுயம்பு போலத் தோன்றியது. கடவுளின் அருள் நிறைந்தது தமிழ் மொழி.

முடிவுரை:
சந்தேகத்திற்கு இடமில்லாமல் தமிழ் உலகிலேயே மிகச் சிறந்த பாரம்பரிய மொழி என நிலைநாட்டப்பட்டுள்ளது. அது தமிழ் கலாச்சாரத்தின் முக்கிய மற்றும் மையமான புகழையும் மற்றும் சிறப்பையும் கொண்டதாக விளங்குகிறது.

The Status of Tamil as a Classical Language Glossary

Textual:

Additional:

The Status of Tamil as a Classical Language Synonyms

Find out the synonym of the underlined word in each of the following sentences.

Question 1.
Tamil is unequivocally one of the greatest classical literature.
(a) unruly
(b) unbiasedly
(c) unambiguously
(d) uncontrollably
Answer:
(c) unambiguously

Question 2.
I am well acquainted with comparative linguistics.
(a) familiar
(b) similar
(c) polar
(d) scholar
Answer:
(a) familiar

Question 3.
Tamil is of considerable antiquity.
(a) modernness
(b) staleness
(c) ancientness
(d) sophistication
Answer:
(c) ancientness

Question 4.
They are the first great secular body of poetry.
(a) religious
(b) devotional
(c) pious
(d) non – religious
Answer:
(d) non – religious

Question 5.
Tamil constitutes the only literary tradition indigenous to India.
(a) foreign
(b) alien
(c) native
(d) unique
Answer:
(c) native

Question 6.
It has its own aesthetics.
(a) fairness
(b) justice
(c) sense of humour
(d) sense of beauty
Answer:
(d) sense of beauty

Question 7.
It shows a sort of Indian sensibility.
(a) senility
(b) serenity
(c) serendipity
(d) sensibility
Answer:
(d) sensibility

Question 8.
The subtlety and profundity of its works amaze us.
(a) politeness
(b) nuance
(c) rudeness
(d) sanity
Answer:
(b) nuance

Question 9.
Tamil is the only pre-modem Indian literature to treat the subaltern extensively.
(a) narrowly
(b) wildly
(c) mildly
(d) broadly
Answer:
(d) broadly

Question 10.
Every facet of human existence is explored.
(a) face
(b) stage
(c) phase
(d) feature
Answer:
(d) feature

Question 11.
The sacred works of Tamil literature have undergirded the development of modem Hinduism,
(a) superficially supported
(b) ornamentally supported
(c) provided fundamental support
(d) gave fake support
Answer:
(c) provided fundamental support

Question 12.
Tirukkural has illuminated all facets of human life.
(a) made clear
(b) made ambiguous
(c) made vague
(d) made a clutter
Answer:
(a) made clear

Question 13.
Sanskrit is the most conservative language.
(a) modem
(b) radical
(c) traditional
(d) innovative
Answer:
(c) traditional

Question 14.
Tamil is the touchstone that linguists must consult to understand the nature of development of Dravidian.
(a) base
(b) foundation
(c) criterion
(d) cradle
(c) criterion

Question 15.
Modem Indian languages are the most fecund and productive ones.
(a) infertile
(b) arid
(c) fertile
(d) poor
Answers:
(c) fertile

The Status of Tamil as a Classical Language Antonyms

Find out the antonym of the underlined word in each of the

Question 1.
I am well acquainted with comparative linguistics.
(a) well-versed
(b) familiar
(c) conversant
(d) unfamiliar
Answer:
(d) unfamiliar

Question 2.
Tamil is one of the greatest classical literatures.
(a) ancient
(b) time-tested
(c) medieval
(d) modern
Answer:
(d) modern

Question 3.
They are the first great secular body of poetry written in India.
(a) irreligious
(b) religious
(c) irrevered
(d) irascible
Answer:
(b) religious

Question 4.
Tamil is indigenous to India.
(a) native
(b) foreign
(c) local
(d) fecund
Answer:
(b) foreign

Question 5.
They are the most fecund and productive languages.
(a) fertile
(b) rich
(c) barren
(d) nutrients
Answer:
(c) barren

Question 6.
Tamil is unequivocally a classical language.
(a) clearly
(b) candidly
(c) slyly
(d) vaguely
Answer:
(d) vaguely

Question 7.
The great sacred works are equally important.
(a) holy
(b) unholy
(c) corrupt
(d) saintly
Answer:
(b) unholy

Question 8.
Sanskrit is the most conservative language in India.
(a) traditional
(b) orthodoxical
(c) ritualistic
(d) modern
Answer:
(d) modern

Question 9.
it is quite unique.
(a) normal
(b) distinctive
(c) common
(d) drab
Answer:
(c) common

Question 10.
Tamil has treated the subaltern extensively.
(a) inferior
(b) superior
(c) ugly
(d) wise
Answer:
(b) superior

Question 11.
Tirukkural illuminated every facet or human life.
(a) exposed
(b) explored
(c) exploited
(d) concealed
Answer:
(d) concealed

Question 12.
Their universality makes Tamil stand as one of the greatest.
(a) prevalence
(b) acceptance
(c) popularity
(d) denial
Answer:
(d) denial

Question 13.
It is patently obvious to anyone who knows the subject.
(a) clearly
(b) ambiguously
(c) candidly
(d) obviously
Answer:
(b) ambiguously

Question 14.
Tirukkural is merely one of the myriad of major works.
(a) plenty
(b) several
(c) a few
(d) bountiful
Answer:
(c) a few

Question 15.
Tamil is of considerable antiquity.
(a) ancientness
(b) modernness
(c) fun
(d) seriousness
Answer:
(b) modernness

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 7th Social Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 7th Social Science History Solutions Term 2 Chapter 1 Vijayanagar and Bahmani Kingdoms

Samacheer Kalvi 7th Social Science Vijayanagar and Bahmani Kingdoms Textual Evaluation

I. Choose the correct answer:

Vijayanagar And Bahmani Kingdom Question And Answer Question 1.
Who was the greatest ruler of Sangama Dynasty? .
(a) Bukka
(b) Devaraya II
(c) Harihara II
(d) Krishna’Devaraya
Answer:
(b) Devaraya II

Vijayanagar And Bahmani Kingdom Question And Answer Pdf Question 2.
Which was the most common animal depicted on the pillars of Vijayanagara style?
(a) Elephant
(b) Horse
(c) Cow
(d) Deer
Answer:
(b) Horse

Vijayanagar And Bahmani Kingdoms Question And Answer Question 3.
Who was the last ruler of the Sangama Dynasty?
(a) Rama Raya
(b) Tirumaladeva Raya
(c) Devaraya II
(d) Virupaksha Raya II
Answer:
(d) Virupaksha Raya II

Vijayanagar And Bahmani Kingdom Question And Answer Pdf In Tamil Question 4.
Who ended the Sultanate in Madurai?
(a) SaluvaNarasimha
(b) Devarayall
(c) Kumara Kampana
(d) Tirumaladeva Raya
Answer:
(c) Kumara Kampana

The Structure Of Governance In Vijayanagara Kingdom Question 5.
Name the Bahmani King who was a linguist and a poet.
(a) Ala-ud-din Hasan Shah
(b) Muhammad I
(c) Sultan Firoz
(d) Mujahid
Answer:
(c) Sultan Firoz

II. Fill in the Blanks

1. ___________ was the capital of Aravidu dynasty.
2. Vijayanagar emperors issued a large number of gold coins called ___________
3. Mahmud Gawan used ___________chemists to teach the preparation and use of gunpowder.
4. In Vijayanagara administration ___________ looked after the affairs of villages.

Answers:

1. Penukonda
2. Varahas
3. Persian
4. Gaudal

III. Match the Following

Vijayanagar And Bahmani Kingdom Class 7 Question 1.

1. Vijayanagara – Ruler of Odisha
2. Prataparudra – Astadiggajas
3. Krishna Devaraya – Pandurangamahatyam
4. Abdur Razzaq – City of victory
5. Tenali Ramakrishna – Persian emissary

Answer:

1. Vijayanagara – City of victory
2. Prataparudra – Ruler of Odisha
3. Krishna Devaraya – Astadiggajas
4. Abdur Razzaq – Persian emissary
5. Tenali Ramakrishna – Pandurangamahatyam

IV.

Vijayanagara Match The Following Question 1.
Assertion (A): The Vijayanagar army was considered one of the feared armies in India.
Reason (R): Vijayanagar armies used both firearm and cavalry.
(a) R is not the correct explanation of A
(b) R is correct explanation of A
(c) A is correct and R is wrong
(d) (A) and (R) are Correct
Answer:
(b) R is correct explanation of A

In Vijayanagar Administration Looked After The Affairs Of Village Question 2.
Find’out the wrong pair
(a) Silk – China
(b) Spices – Arabia
(c) Precious stone – Burma
(d) Madurai Vijayam – Gangadevi
Answer:
(b) Spices – Arabia

Question 3.
Find the odd one out
Harihara II, Muhammad I, Krishnadeva Raya, Devaraya I
Answer:
Muhammad I

Question 4.
Consider the following statements and find out which is/are correct
I. Turquoise throne is one of the bejewelled royal seats of Persian kings described in Firdausi’s Shah Nama.
II. The fertile regions between the rivers Krishna and Tungabhadra and Krishna-Godavari delta were the zones of conflict among the rulers of Vijayanagar, and Bahmani.
III. Muhammad I was educated at Multan.
IV. Mahmud Gawan served with great distinction as the Prime Minister under Muhammad III.
(a) I, II, are correct
(b) I, II, III are correct
(c) II, III, IV are correct
(d) III, IV, are correct
(e) I, II & IV are correct
Answer:
(e) I, II & IV are correct

V. True or False

1. Harihara and Bukka were the founder of Bahmani kingdom.
2. Krishnadeva Raya, who reigned for 20 years, was the most illustrious rulers of Sangama dynasty.
3. Alasani Peddana was the greatest of all Astadiggajas.
4. Kingship of Vijayanagar administration was hereditary, based on the principle of primo geniture.
5. There were 18 monarchs of the Bahmani dynasty.

Answers:

1. False
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. True

VI. Answer in one or two sentences

Question 1.
The four dynasties of Vijayanagara kingdom with reference to prominent rulers of each dynasty.
Answer:
Four dynasties, namely

1. Sangama (1336-1485)
2. Saluva (1485-1505)
3. Tuluva (1505-1570)
4. Aravidu (1570-1646) ruled this kingdom.

Question 2.
Battle of Talikota.
Answer:
The sultans of Deccan kingdoms formed a league to fight the Vijayanagar Empire. The combined forces of the enemies met at Sadasiva Raya Talikota in 1565. In the ensuing battle, known as Rakasa Tangadi (Battle of Talikota), Vijayanagar was defeated.

Question 3.
The structure of governance in Vijayanagar kingdom.
Answer:

1. The empire was divided into different mandalams (provinces), nadus (districts), sthalas (taluks) and finally into gramas (villages).
2. Each province was administered by a governor called Mandalesvara.
3. The lowest unit was the village. Each village had a grama sabha. Gauda, village headman, looked after the affairs of the village.
4. The army consisted of the infantry, cavalry and elephant corps.

Question 4.
five independent kingdoms of Deccan Sultanate.
Answer:
Bidar, Bijapur, Ahmednagar, Berar and Golconda.

Question 5.
The educational reforms of Ala-ud-din Hasan Shah
Answer:
Alaud-din Hasan Shah on his accession, took special care in founding a school to educate his sons and opened institutions for the purpose of educating the children of noble families in the art of soldiery.

VII. Answer in detail

Question 1.
Discuss the career and achievements of Krishna Devaraya.
Answer:
(i) Krishnadevaraya who reigned for 20 years was the most illustrious rulers of the Tuluva dynasty.

(ii) He brought under control the independent chieftains in the Tungabhadra river basin.

(iii) The Bahmani sultan, Mahmud Shah, had been overthrown and kept in imprisonment by his minister. Krishnadevaraya freed the sultan and restored him to the throne. Prataparudra negotiated for peace and offered to marry off his daughter to him.

(iv) Accepting the offer, Krishnadevaraya returned the territory he had conquered from Prataparudra.

(v) Krishnadevaraya, with the assistance of the Portuguese gunners, could easily defeat the Sultan of Golconda and subsequently take over Raichur from the ruler of Bijapur.

A Great Builder:

(i) Krishnadevaraya built huge irrigation tanks and reservoirs for harvesting rainwater.

(ii) He built the famous temples of.Krishnaswamy, Hazara Ramaswamy and Vithalaswamy in the capital city of Hampi.

(iii) He distributed the wealth he gained in wars to all major temples of South India for the purpose of constructing temple gateways (gopura), called ‘Rayagopuram,’ in his honour.

(iv) He had good friendly relationship with the Portuguese and Arabian traders, which increased the Empire’s income through customs.

Patron of Literature, Art and Architecture:
Krishnadevaraya patronised art and literature. Eight eminent luminaries in literature known as astadiggajas adorned his court.

VIII. HOTs

Question 1.
Discuss the causes for the decline of Vijayanagar rule. To what extent the Bahmani sultans contributed to it?
Answer:
The main causes of the decline of the Vijayanagar empire were
(i) The military ambitions of the Vijayanagar rulers and Deccan sultan resulted in shifting alignment.

(ii) In the battle of Talikota, the Vijayanagar empire was completely defeated. Both the Vijaya nagar and Bahamani kingdoms claimed Raichur doab lying between Krishna and Tungabadhra because of its fertile rich land. Both wanted to conquer Golconda because of its gold mines. Both the powers descried to extend their. Kingdom and had religious jealousy. Each considered the other as a danger to its existence.

IX. Map

Question 1.
Highlight the boundaries of Vijayanagar Empire and Bahmani kingdom.
Answer:

X. Answer Grid

Question 1.
Name the kingdom ruled by 18 monarchs which lasted for nearly 180 years.
Answer:
Bahmani

Question 2.
Name the Bahmani Sultan who was restored to the throne by Krishna Devaraya
Answer:
Mahmud Shah

Question 3.
Name the book written by Krishnadevaraya in Sanskrit.
Answer:
Jambavati Kalyanam

Question 4.
Where did Hasan Bahman Shah shift his capital.
Answer:
Gulbarga

XI. Student Activity

Question 1.
Collect information about temples in Tamil Nadu with the influence of Vijayanagara style of art and architecture. Also read the stories of Tenali Ramakrishna in the classroom.
Answer:
Temple architecture received a new impetus and reached to new heights under the patronage of the Vijayanagar rulers. About the architecture of the period. Prof. S.K. Saraswati has observed, “The most frequent design is one in which the shaft becomes either a central core or background for a group of statuary, of substantial proportion and carved practically on the ground. Important features of Vijayanagar style of temple and architecture were: monolithic pillars, ornate brackets, decoration on exterior side of the walls, etc.

A large number of temples were built during this period. Krishnadevaraya built a temple dedicated to Lord Krishna. He renovated several temples. The most important was the temple of Hazara Rama. The royal family worshipped there. Its most interesting features were the four finely polished black stone pillars which support the ‘Mandapa’.

They have beautiful sculptures carved on them. The deities on the pillars represent Vishnu, Lakshminarayana, Krishna, Brahma and others. Scenes from the lipics are depicted on the outer walls of the shrine.

A number of temples were built during the medieval period in the South cities of Vellore, Kumbhakonam, Kalahsti. Srirangam, Conjeevam and Virinchipuram were dotted with magnificent temples.

The temples of Vithala and Pattabhirama also deserve mention. The most important features of the temple of Vithala are the ‘Mahamandappa’ and the ‘garbhagriha’. The Mahamandappa has 56 pillars. The ceilings above these pillars are highly ornamented. Likewise ‘garbhagriha’ is highly ornate:

A ‘rath’ in stone with finely carved wheels adds beauty to Vitthalaswami temple.

‘Gopurams’ – the entrances to the courts of the temples are a unique feature of the south Indian temples, particularly built during the medieval period. These colossal gateways which lend glamour and prestige to the temples were covered by lofty pyramidal tower rising up in storeys and ultimately crowned by a lofty vault. The ‘gopuram’ in the temple of Ekambaranath having ten storeys rising to the height of 188 feet is the most remarkable one.

Samacheer Kalvi 7th Social Science Vijayanagar and Bahmani Kingdoms Additional Questions

I. Choose the correct

Question 1.
The _______ kingdom spread all over the Maharashtra region and partly over karnataka.
(a) Bahmani
(b) Chola
(c) Chera
(d) Vijayanagar
Answer:
(a) Bahmani

Question 2.
Harihara and Bukka belonged to the _______ dynasty.
(a) Saluva
(b) Sangama
(c) Aravidu
(d) Tuglaq
Answer:
(b) Sangama

Question 3.
After _______, the Vijayanagar empire went through a crisis.
(a) Harihara II
(b) Virupaksha Raja II
(c) Devaraya II
(d) Gajapathi
Answer:
(c) Devaraya II

Question 4.
_______ was the Gajapathi ruler of Odisha.
(a) Saluva Narasimha
(b) Bukka
(c) Naras Nayaka
(d) Prataparudra
Answer:
(d) Prataparudra

Question 5.
_______ was the minor who ascended the throne of Vijayanagar.
(a) Achtyuda Raya
(b) Sadasiva Raya
(c) Venkata I
(d) Rama Raya
Answer:
(b) Sadasiva Raya

Question 6.
The site of the city of Vijayanagar on the bank of the river _______.
(a) Krishna
(b) Narmada
(c) Godavari
(d) Tungabhadra
Answer:
(d) Tungabhadra

Question 7.
_______ of the Aravidu dynasty moved to Chandragiri carrying all the treasures and wealth.
(a) Rama Raya
(b) Sadasiva Raya
(c) Tirumaladeva Raya
(d) Achtyda Deva Raya
Answer:
(c) Tirumaladeva Raya

Question 8.
Vijayanagar’s agricultural production was supplemented by humerous _______ industries.
(a) cottage-scale
(b) large-scale
(c) medium-scale
(d) small-scale
Answer:
(a) cottage-scale

Question 9.
_______ succeeded Bahman shah.
(a) Ala-ud-din Hasan
(b) Muhammad bin Tughluq
(c) Muhammad Shah I
(d) Mujahid
Answer:
(c) Muhammad Shah I

Question 10.
_______ was the noteworthy ruler of the Bahmini kingdom who ruled for 19 years.
(a) Muhammad III
(b) Muhammad II
(c) Maljahid
(d) Muhammad shah
Answer:
(a) Muhammad III

II. Fill in the blanks:

1. In 1565, the battle of _________, finally the Deccan kingdoms could crush the Vijayanagar empire.
2. _________, was the head of the Saivitc Sringeri mutt.
3. _________ was the able commander of the Vijayanagar army.
4. Battle of Talikota was also known as _________.
5. Hampi is in ruins and the _________ has declared it a heritage stat
6. In Vijayanagar administration, each province was administrated by a governor called _________.
7. Krishna deva Raya wrote _________ an epic in Telugu
8. _________ was the daughter of Periazhvar.
9. Ala-ud-din Hasan was also known as _________.
10. _________ is a semi-precious stone sky blue in colour.
11. Muhammad shah built two mosques at _________.
12. In his war against the Vijayanagar kings in _________, Gawan used gunpowder.
13. The _________ nobles grew jealous of Gawan’s success and considered him as an obstacle to their rise.
14. _________, son of Alaud-din-Hasan Shah was a patron of learning.
15. Mahmud Gawan’s world famous madrasa was in _________.

Answer:

1. Talikota
2. Vidyaranya
3. Saluva Naraslmha
4. Rakasa Tangadi
5. UNESCO
6. Mandalesvara
7. Amuktamalyada
8. Goda devi (Andal)
9. Hasan Gangu
10. Turquoisel
11. Gulbarga
12. Belgaum
13. Deccan
14. Muhammad I
15. Bidar

III. Match the following

Answer:

1. – e
2. – c
3. – b
4. – a
5. – d

IV.

Question 1.
Assertion (A): The already existing rivalry among nobles such as Deccanis and Pradesis further intensified.
Reason (R): Mahmud Gawan curtailed the powers of the Provincial chief who were mostly Deccanis,
(a) R is not the correct explanation of A
(b) A is correct and R is wrong
(c) R is correct explanation of A
(d) A and R are Correct
Answer:
(c) R is correct explanation of A

Question 2.
Find out the wrong pair
(a) Firdausi – Shah Nama
(b) Bala Hissar – Golconda Fort
(c) Daud – Uncle of Muhammad
(d) Zabar khan – Mahmud Gawan
Answer:
(d) Zabar khan – Mahmud Gawan

Question 3.
Find the odd one out
Mandalams, Peshwa, Sthalas, Gramas.
Answer:
Peshwa

Question 4.
Consider the following statements and find out which is/are correct
I. The repressive measures of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq led to the rise of many independent states.
II. Vijayanagara was called Vidyanagara initially.
III. Saluva Narasimha replaced the Saluva dynasty with Aravidu dynasty.
IV. Muhammad Shah I’s attack on Warangal earned him a large property and wealth,
(a) I, II and III are correct
(b) II and IV ai#€orrect
(c) I, II and IV are correct
(d) II, III and IV are correct
Answer:
(c) I, II and IV are correct

V. True or False

1. Muhammad II’s reign was peaceful.
2. Mahmud Gawan was well versed in Islamic theory.
3. The contribution of Bahmani kings to architecture is evident in Hampi.
4. The Golconda fort is located in eastern Karnataka.
5. Shihab-ud-din Mahmud reigned as the sultan until his death.

Answers:

1. True
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. True

VI. Answer In one or two sentences

Question 1.
Name the Five sultanates into which the Bahmani kingdom split in the sixteenth century.
Answer:
Bijapur, Ahmednagar, Golconda, Bidar and Berar.

Question 2.
What led to the final collapse or the empire about 1646.
Answer:
Internal dissensions and the intrigues of the sultans of Bijapur and Golconda, however, led to the final collapse of the empire about 1646.

Question 3.
Write a short note on the economic condition of Vijayanagar kingdom.
Answer:

1. The Vijayanagar Empire was one of the richest states then known to the world.
2. Several foreign travellers, who visited the empire left behind glowing accounts of its splendour and wealth.
3. The emperors issued a large number of gold coins called Varahas.

Question 4.
Give an account of the irrigation polices of Vijayanagar empire.
Answer:
Ahuge tank was built with the help of Portuguese masons. Channels were constructed to supply water from the tank to different parts of the city. The city was well stocked with a variety of agricultural goods.

Question 5.
Name the cottage scale industries of the Vijayanagar kingdom.
Answer:
Textile, Mining and Metallurgy.

Question 6.
Describe the growth of trade in the Vijayanagar empire.
Answer:
(i) During the Vijayanagar Empire, inland, coastal and overseas trade flourished in goods such as silks from China, spices from the Malabar region and precious stones from Burma (Myanmar).
(ii) Vijayanagar traded with Persia, South Africa, Portugal, Arabia, China, Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka.

Question 7.
What led to frequent wars during Ala-ud-din Hasan’s rule?
Answer:
Ala-ud-din Hasan’s attempt to exact an annual tribute from the state of Warangal, the Reddi kingdoms of Rajahmundry and Kondavidu, led to frequent wars.

Question 8.
Write a short note on the Golconda Fort.
Answer:
The Golconda Fort is located about 11 kilometres from Hyderabad on a hill 120 meters height. The fort is popular for its acoustic architecture. The highest point of the fort is Bala Hissar. It is believed that there is a secret underground tunnel, which leads from the Turbar Hall to one of the palaces at the foot of the hills.

Question 9.
Why did Mahmud Gawan divide the Bahmani sultanate into eight provinces.
Answer:
Gawan divided the existing four provinces of the Bahmani Sultanate into eight provinces so as to limit the area under the rule of each governor and to make the provincial administration more manageable.

Question 10.
Name the places in which schools were founded by the successors of Sultan Firoz.
Answer:
Gulbarga, Bidar, Daulatabad and Kandahar

Question 11.
Mention the salient features of Mahamed Gawan’s madrasa in Bidar.
Answer:
Mahmud Gawan’s world famous madrasa in Bidar, with a large library, containing a collection of3000 manuscripts, is illustrative of the importance given to scholarship and education by Gawan.

VII. Answer in Detail :

Question 1.
Describe the contribution of Vijayanagar rulers to Architecture.
Answer:
(i) The temple building activity of the Vijayanagar rulers produced a new style called the Vijayanagara style.

(ii) Prominence of pillars and piers, in large numbers, and the manner in which they were sculptured are hallmarks of the Vijayanagara style.

(iii) Horse was the most common animal to be depicted on the pillars. The structures have a mandapam (open pavilion) with a raised platform, generally meant for seating the deity on special occasions.

(iv) These temples also have a marriage hall with elaborately carved pillars.

Question 2.
Give an account of the eight ministers of the Bahmani state.
Answer:

1.	Vakil-us-saltana or lieutenant	–	Immediate subordinate authority of the sovereign.
2.	Peshwa	–	Associated with the lieutenant of the kingdom.
3.	Waziri-kull	–	Supervised the work of all other ministers.
4.	Amir-i-jumla	–	Minister of finance.
5.	Nazir	–	Assistant minister for finance.
6.	Wasir-i-ashraf	–	Minister of foreign affairs.
7.	Kotwal	–	Chief of police and city magistrate in the capital.
8.	Sadr-i-jahan	–	Chief justice and minister of religious affairs and endowments.

VIII. HOTS:

Question 1.
Arrange the names of the following rulers in the chronological order.
(1) Mujahid
(2) Muhammad Shah I
(3) Shinab-ud-din Mahmud
(4) Muhammad III
Answer:
(2) Muhammad Shah I
(1) Mujahid
(4) Muhammad III
(3) Shinab-ud-din Mahmud

Students can Download English Poem 1 Making Life Worth While Questions and Answers, Summary, Activity, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 8th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 8th English Solutions Term 2 Poem Chapter 1 Making Life Worth While

Making Life Worthwhile Poem Questions And Answers

Making Life Worthwhile Poem Lines and Explanation

Line Nos.	Poem Lines	Explanation
1-3	Every soul that touches yours – Be it the slightest contact – Get there from some good;	We should learn the good from every soul that touches our heart. It may also be the slightest contact.
4-5	Some little grace; one kindly thought; One aspiration yet unfelt;	Some little charm, one kind thought, a hope or an ambition of achieving a desire or a wish.
6-7	One bit of courage For the darkening sky;	We need a bit of bravery to step into the darkening world.
8-9	One gleam of faith To brave the thickening ilk of life;	A faith that shines brightly to face the evils and obstacles of life.
10-12	One glimpse of brighter skies – To make this life, worthwhile And heaven a surer heritage.	A quick look at the brighter side of our life will make our life valuable and then surely heaven would be our inherited property.

Making Life Worthwhile Poem Mind Map Read and Understand

1. Comprehension questions.

Making Life Worthwhile Poem Question 1.
What should we learn from every soul?
Answer:
We should learn the good from every soul.

Making Life Worthwhile Poem Questions And Answers Question 2.
What qualities will help us to brave the thickening ills of life?
Answer:
A little grace, a kind thought, an unfelt aspiration, a bit of courage and a gleam of faith are the qualities that help us to brave the thickening ills of life.

Making Life Worthwhile Question 3.
Why should we make this life worthwhile?
Answer:
We should make this life worthwhile to have a glimpse of the brighter skies.

Making Life Worthwhile Poem Summary Question 4.
What does the poet assure if we make our life worthwhile?
Answer:
Heaven is sure to be our property that may be inherited by us, if we make our life worthwhile.

Making Life Worthwhile Poem Summary In English Question 5.
Pick out any two lines of repetition from the poem.
Answer:
‘One’ is repeated in the poem like in the lines “one aspiration yet unfelt”; “one bit of courage”.

2. Fill in the blanks.

1. We should have an ______ in life.
2. A ______ is needed for the darkening sky.
3. One must have a ______ of brighter skies to make the life worthwhile.

Answers:

1. aspiration
2. bit of courage
3. glimpse

3. Figure of speech.

Repetition:

Repetition is a literary device that repeats the same words of phrases a few times to make an idea clearer and more memorable. It is used to emphasize a feeling or idea, create rhythm, and bring attention to an idea.

“The woods are lovely, dark, and deep,
But I have promises to keep
And miles to go before I sleep,
and miles to go before I sleep.” – Robert Frost

Making Life Worthwhile Poem Lesson Additional Questions

I. Poem Comprehension – Additional

1. Some little grace; one kindly thought;
One aspiration yet unfelt;
One bit of courage
For the darkening sky;

8th English Poem Making Life Worthwhile Question a.
What qualities are mentioned here?
Answer:
Some Grace, a kind thought, hope and courage.

Making Life Worth While Question b.
What do you mean by the word ‘grace’?
Answer:
‘Grace’ means elegance or charm.

2. One gleam of faith
To brave the thickening ills of life;

Making Life Worthwhile Poem Explanation Question a.
How can we brave the thickening ills of life?
Answer:
We can brave them by a gleam of faith.

Worthwhile Poem Explanation Question b.
Why does the poet say thickening ills of life?
Answer:
The evils and obstacles in life are increasing.

II Poetic Devices

1. “Get there some good”.
What is the poetic device used here?
Answer:
Alliteration is used here. The words get – good are alliterated.

2. “And heaven a surer heritage”
Pick out the alliterated words.
Answer:
heaven – heritage are alliterated.

3. One aspiration yet unfelt;
One bit of courage
What is the literary device used here?
Answer:
Repetition. The word one’ is repeated in these two lines.

III. Making Life Worthwhile Poem Short Questions and Answers.

Making Life Worthwhile Poem Lines Question 1.
What does every soul touch?
Answer:
Every soul touches our heart.

8th Poem Making Life Worthwhile Question 2.
How do we look at the brighter skies?
Answer:
We look at one glimpse at the brighter skies.

Worthwhile Poem Summary Question 3.
What do you mean by ‘heritage’?
Answer:
Heritage means ‘inheritance’. The property inherited from our ancestors.

III. Making Life Worthwhile Poem Paragraph Paragraph Question with Answer.

Making Life Worthwhile Question Answer Question 1.
How can we make our life Worthwhile?
Answer:
We should learn the good from every soul that touches our heart. Some little grace, a kind thought, a hope or an ambition of achieving a desire or wish and a bit of courage is needed to step into the darkening world. We need faith that shines brightly to face the evils and obstacles of life. A quick look at the brighter side of our life will make our life valuable. Only then, heaven would surely be our inherited property.

Making Life Worthwhile Poem Summary In English

The poet talks about how to make our life worthwhile. We should learn the good from every soul that touches our heart. It may be the slightest contact with them. But still, we have to get some, good from them. We need a little grace, one kind thought, a hope or an ambition of achieving our desire or wish. We also need a bit of courage to step into our darkening world. We need a shine of faith to face the evils and obstacles in our life. A quick look at the brighter side of life will make our life valuable and surely, heaven would be our inherited property.

You can Download The Comet Questions and Answers, Summary, Activity, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf Poem Chapter 6 help you to revise complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Solutions Poem Chapter 6 The Comet

The Comet Poem Line By Line Explanation

The Comet Warm Up:

Fill in the crossword puzzle using the clues given below.

Across:
2. Earth’s only natural satellite
3. Morning star
6. Titan is the largest moon of
9. Smaller bodies in orbit around the Sun
10. The star at the centre of solar system
11. The Blue planet
12. Largest planet in the solar system

Down:
1. Smallest planet in the Solar system
2. Our Galaxy
4. Seventh planet from the sun
5. Distance travelled by light in a vacuum in one tropical year
7. Farthest planet in the Solar system
8. The Red planet

Answers:

The Comet And The Moon Poem Questions And Answers

A. Memories the first three stanzas of the poem.
B. Read the following lines from the poem and answer the questions in a sentence or two.

1. “Rampaging through the heavens Never stopping day or night, ”

The Comet Poem Summary Question (a).
How does the comet travel?
Answer:
The comet travels through the sky, making a lot of noise and causing damage.

The Comet Poem Stanza Wise Explanation Question (b).
Which word could you replace ‘rampaging’ with?
a. charging b. rolling c. speeding d. flying
Answer:
Rampaging can be replaced with charging.

2. “Faster than a cheetah With a tail that’s miles long.”

The Comet Poem Question (a)
Why is the comet compared to a cheetah?
Answer:
Comet is compared with the cheetah due to its speed.

The Comet Poem Questions And Answers Question (b).
Whose tail is compared here?
Answer:
Comet’s tail is compared here.

3. “With shockwave reaching to the ground Causing the land to quake”

Comet Poem 9th Class Question (a).
What is reaching to the ground?
Answer:
The shockwave produced by the comet reaches the ground.

The Comet Poem Line By Line Explanation Question (b).
What is causing the land to quake?
Answer:
The shockwave causes the earth to quake.

4. “In the dust they leave behind,
Could have started life on the earth Which resulted in mankind”

Comet Poem Summary Question (a).
What does the word ‘they’ refer to?
Answer:
They refers to the comet.

The Comet Poem 9th Standard Question (b).
According to scientists, how did life start on earth?
Answer:
According to scientists, life started on earth by the dust left behind by these comets.

5. “But I know no better spectacle Than a comet in full flight”

The Comet Poem Explanation Question (a).
Who does ‘I’ refer to?
Answer:
‘I’ refers to the poet, Norman Little ford.

The Comet Poem Figures Of Speech Question (b).
What is the best spectacle mentioned in the above lines?
Answer:
The best spectacle is the comet in full flight.

The Comet And The Moon Poem Questions And Answers Additional Questions

1. “A spectacle of a lifetime A comet in full flight.”

9th English The Comet Poem Question (a).
Why is it considered a ‘spectacle of a life time’?
Answer:
The word spectacle indicates an unusual event that attracts attention. Hence it is considered a spectacle of a life time.

The Comet Poem Lines Question (b).
Describe a comet?
Answer:
Comets are small, fragile, irregularly shaped bodies composed of a mixture of frozen gases.

2. “The outer ice is melting Causing vapor from the force, ”

The Comet Poem Stanza Wise Summary Question (a).
Why is the outer ice melting?
Answer:
The outer ice is found around the comet and it is melting because it speeds past the sun.

The Comet Poem Summary In English Question (b).
Why is the vapor spelt without an ‘u’?
Answer:
‘Vapor’ is spelt without an ‘u’ since the poet Norman Littleford is an American.

3. “Rampaging through the heavens Never stopping day or night,
A spectacle of a lifetime A comet in full flight. ”

Comet Poem Question (a).
Pick out the rhyming words in the above lines.
Answer:
The rhyming words are night and flight.

9th Std English Poem The Comet Question (b).
Give the rhyme scheme of the above stanza.
Answer:
‘abcb’ is the rhyme scheme of the above stanza.

The Comet Poem Question Answers Question (c).
Mention the poetic device employed in the last line.
Answer:
The poetic device employed in the last line is Alliteration.

4. “If one should come too close to earth
The atmosphere will shake,
With shockwave reaching to the ground .
Causing the land to quake.”

The Comet Poem Figure Of Speech Question (a).
What does ‘one’ refer to?
Answer:
‘One’ refers to the comet in full flight.

The Comet Poem Rhyme Scheme Question (b).
Why shouldn’t a comet come too close to earth?
Answer:
A comet shouldn’t come too close to the earth since it will shake the atmosphere.

The Comet Poem By Norman Littleford Question (c).
Pick out the rhyming words.
Answer:
‘shake’ and ‘quake’ are the rhyming words.

5. “Scientists say the chemicals In the dust they leave behind,
Could have started life on the earth Which resulted in mankind.”

The Comet By Norman Littleford Summary Question (a).
What do the scientist feel?
Answer:
The scientists feel that the mankind started to emerge in this earth only from the chemicals left behind in the dust caused by the comets, when they fell on the earth.

9th English Poem The Comet Question (b)
Give the rhyme scheme of the above stanza.
Answer:
‘abcb’ is the rhyme scheme of the above stanza.

Question (c).
Give the rhyming word for behind.
Answer:
The rhyming word for behind is mankind.

C. Complete the summary by filling in the given spaces with suitable words/phrases given below.

The poet describes a moving comet which speeds through the heavens and never takes a break
by (1) ……………………When a comet is in full flight, it gives a (2) ………………….. which can never be compared to anything else for a lifetime. The comet is compared to (3) …………………….. for its speed and a mountain as it is (4) ………………. The (5) ………………… melts which causes a vapour from the force and leaves behind (6) ………………… as it travels on its way. If it comes very close to the atmosphere, it causes a shake which in turn produces a (7) ………………… that reach the Earth’s surface. According to the (8) ………………. the comets leave behind chemicals in the form of dust which resulted in the (9) ……………….. on earth and mankind came into existence. But the poet is not sure whether this principle is true. or not but he knows for sure that whatever the truth may be, the sight of the comet in full flight is the (10) …………………….. .
Answers

1. day or night
2. spectacular scene
3. a cheetah
4. powerful and strong
5. outer ice
6. a trail
7. shockwave
8. scientists
9. emerging of life
10. best spectacular

D. Poem appreciation

If one should come too close to earth
The atmosphere will shake,
With shock wave reaching to the ground
Causing the land to quake.

Question 1.

Pick out the rhyming words.
Answer:
Shake and quake are the rhyming words.

Question 2.
Mention the rhyme scheme of the stanza.
Answer:
‘abcb’ is the rhyme scheme of the above stanza.

Question 3.
When you read the poem aloud, you can feel/hear a rhythm. What according to you gives rhythm to the poem- the rhymes or the words in a line. Support your answer with examples from the poem.
Answer:
When I read the poem aloud, I feel a musical rhythm and feel a regular pattern of sound. This is due to the number of syllables in lines 1 and 3 which is similar to the number of syllables in lines 2 and 4.

Additional:

Question 4.
What will happen when a comet will fall on the earth?
Answer:
If the comet were to hit the Earth, it would cause a huge explosion.

E. Answer the following questions in about 80-100 words.

Question 1.
Narrate how the poet describes the comet.
Answer:
According to the poet, Norman Little ford, the comet is a remarkable scene for the generation to see when it is in full speed. It speeds past through the blue skies day and night without stopping. The poet says that the cheetah is not as fast as the comet. He instills the fact that the comet has a long tail which is more than a mile. The poet speaks about the strength of the comet and says that it is like a mountain, strong and powerful. The outer covering of ice melts when the comet goes near the sun.

Question 2.
Give a detailed account of the various effects caused by the comet to the earth.
Answer:
As the comet speeds past, the poet says the outer ice covering melts, causing steam from the energy. It leaves a trail behind it as it travels on its course. If a comet comes close to the earth, the atmosphere will vibrate, sending shockwave to the ground. It will also cause the land on earth to tremor. Scientists feel that the comets leave behind chemicals in the dust. This could have been the reason for life on the earth resulting in mankind.

Listening Activity:

F. Listen to the passage on ‘Comet’ and fill in the blanks by choosing the correct answer.

(For listening to the passage refer to our website www.fullcircleeducation. in) Comets, meteors and asteroids have several things in common. First, they are believed to be remnants of the materials that created the Sun and the planets. Basically, they’re leftovers. Comets, meteors and asteroids are too small to be planets. Some are only a few feet in size, while others are a mile or more long.
Comets are mostly made of ice. They are very old. As comets travel close to the Sun, some of the ice melts off and becomes a gas. This melting process causes bits of dust and debris to trail behind the comet. This tail can be seen in the night sky as a bright, quickly-moving light. Comets orbit at the very edge of the galaxy, past Pluto.

1. Comets are believed to be remnants of the materials created by the ………………….. .
(a) Moon
(b) Sun
(c) Star
(d) Asteroids
Answer:
(b) Sun

2. Comets are mostly made of ………………….. .
(a) dust
(b) ice
(c) sand
(d) snow
Answer:
(b) ice

3. The ………………. can be seen in the night sky as a bright, quickly-moving light.
(a) head
(b) star
(c) tail
(d) wings
Answer:
(c) tail

4. Comets orbit at the very edge of the galaxy, past the …………………… .
(a) Earth
(b) Neptune
(c) Pluto
(d) Saturn
Answer:
(c) Pluto

5. State whether the statement is true or false
The melting process causes bits of dust and debris to trail behind the comet.
Answer:
True

Speaking:

G. Imagine you are interviewing an astronaut about his/her experiences in space. Select a partner to be an astronaut and present the interview as a role-play in front of the class.

Interviewer: How does it feel to be the first Indian to have accomplished this feat?
Astronaut: I feel unfortunate for the scientific community. I feel that my flight was before its time since our country’s space programme was not mature enough at that point to launch a space shuttle.
Interviewer: What was the reaction of your parents at this news?
Astronaut: It is indeed a moment of pride to represent the country, however they too knew the dangers behind it. Hence it was mixed verifications.
Interviewer: Is it different to travel in a space shuttle and an aeroplane?
Astronaut: There is immense difference. The environment of space cannot be duplicated on the earth. Hence training isn’t practical when it comes to the gravitational force. It’s tough to manage but you know you have no other go and your focus is on the achievement.
Interviewer: What are the qualities that you would credit your success to?
Astronaut: When you are in Rome be a Roman is the most important quality you need. Be bold, be optimistic and realize that you are the chosen one to create opportunities and make history.
Interviewer: How did your parents influence your personality and your choice of career?
Astronaut: They never forced me into a career of their choice. They allowed me to go after my passion and stood by my side to explore the unknown world.
Interviewer: Thank you so much for taking time off your busy schedule.

Writing:

H. Imagine that you and your friend get a chance to visit another planet. There you befriend an alien who takes you around the planet. After reaching the earth, write a letter thanking him for all the help he did.

02-01-2019
Earth

Dear Alien,
‘I am glad that Jack and myself met you at Mars. I am sure we would have been lost without you. You were such a great moral and physical strength. Thanks for being a constant support to us. We are so glad to have found a friend in you. You made our journey memorable. We reached Earth safely last week and we felt we should thank you for all that you did for us when we were in Mars. Hope you too miss us just as we keep talking about you often and miss you so much. Do visit us in our planet Earth. Mother Earth is filled with greenery because of the water resources which is more than the land here.
Thank you for taking us around in Mars. It was great learning about the red planet, the fourth planet from the sun. I am surprised that there are high mountains and the deep, long valleys in the solar system.
I hope to come again though it’s impossible. I seem to be dreaming of dwelling there and I keep imagining myself to be in conversation with you. Jack sends his wishes to you and feels the same for your friendship. Hoping to see you soon and take care.

Yours lovingly,
Chandran

The Comet by Norman Littleford About The Poet:

Norman Littleford (18 May 1889 – 20 May 1947) was an American poet, born in Maryland, USA. Most of his works focused on life and nature. His poems are simple but deep in thought and provoke the readers to absorb the ideas beyond the usual.

The Comet Poem Summary In English By Norman Littleford

The poet here speaks about the spectacular sight of a comet in full speed. The poet observes how the comet rampages through heavens continuously day and night. It moves faster than a cheetah with a tail that is miles long. It is as powerful and strong like a mountain. The outer ice melts, whose vapour leaves a long trail on its course. In case a comet approaches the Earth, it will shake the atmosphere and the shockwave will lead to an earthquake. Scientists believe that the chemicals left behind by the comet have given rise to life on Earth. The poet is not sure if that is true. However, he is well aware of the fact, that the passage of a comet is the best spectacular sight ever seen in his life.

The Comet Glossary:

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Solutions Term 1 Chapter 2 Forces and Pressure

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Forces and Pressure Text Book Exercises

I. Choose the best answer

Define One Atmosphere Class 8 Question 1.
If we apply a force against the direction of motion of a body, then the body will –
(a) Stop moving
(b) Move with an increased speed
(c) Move with a decreased speed
(d) Move in a different direction
Answer:
(a) stop moving

Force And Pressure Class 8 Book Back Answers Question 2.
Pressure exerted by a liquid is increased by –
(a) The density of the liquid
(b) The height of the liquid column
(c) Both (a) & (b)
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(c) Both (a) & (b)

Force And Pressure Class 8 Samacheer Question 3.
Unit of pressure is –
(a) Pascal
(b) N m^-2
(c) Poise
(d) Both (a) & (b)
Answer:
(d) Both (a) & (b)]

Force And Pressure Class 8 Samacheer Kalvi Question 4.
The value of the atmospheric pressure at sea level is –
(a) 76 cm of mercury column
(b) 760 cm of mercury column
(c) 176 cm of mercury column
(d) 7.6 cm of mercury column
Answer:
(a) 76 cm of mercury column

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 8th Science Question 5.
Pascal’s law is used in –
(a) Hydraulic lift
(b) Brake system
(c) Pressing heavy bundles
(d) All the above
Answer:
(d) All the above

Define One Atmosphere Answer Question 6.
Which of the following liquids has more viscosity?
(a) Grease
(b) Water
(c) Coconut oil
(d) Ghee
Answer:
(a) Grease

8th Standard Science Force And Pressure Question 7.
The unit of viscosity is –
(a) N m²
(b) Poise
(c) kg m s^-1
(d) No unit
Answer:
(b) poise

II. Fill in the blanks

1. The pressure of a liquid column …………….. with the depth of the column.
2. Hydraulic lift works under the principle of ………………
3. The property of …………… of a liquid surface enables the water droplets to move upward in plants. [Ans. surface tension]
4. A simple barometer was first constructed by ……………..

Answer:

1. Increases
2. Pascal’s Law
3. Surface tension
4. Torricelli

III. State whether the following statements are true or false

Samacheer Kalvi Question 1.
Force acting on a given area is called pressure.
Answer:
True

Define Force Class 8 Question 2.
A moving body comes to rest due to friction alone.
Answer:
True

Force And Pressure For Class 8 Question 3.
A body will sink if the weight of the body is greater than the buoyant force.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
One atmosphere is equivalent to 1,00,000 newton force acting on one square metre.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Rolling friction is slightly greater than the sliding friction.
Answer:
False
Correct statement:
Rolling friction is slightly lesser than the sliding friction.

Question 6.
Friction is the only reason for the loss of energy.
Answer:
True

Question 7.
Liquid pressure decreases with the decrease of depth.
Answer:
True

Question 8.
Using barometers, one can measure the height of a building.
Answer:
False
Correct statement:
Using barometers, one can measure the atmospheric pressure.

Question 9.
Surface tension causes the spherical nature of a water drop.
Answer:
True

Question 10.
Viscosity depends on the pressure of a liquid.
Answer:
True

IV. Arrange the following in the increasing order

Question 1.
Rolling friction, static friction, sliding friction
Answer:
Static friction, Rolling friction, Sliding friction.

Question 2.
Let a marble roll on the following surfaces. Arrange the choice of the material such that a marble moving over it covers a greater distance.
Cotton cloth, glass plate, paper, card board, silver plate
Answer:
Glass plate, silver plate, paper, cotton cloth, card board.

V. Match the following

Question 1.

Answer:

i. e
ii. c
iii. b
iv. a
v. d

Question 2.

Answer:

i. b
ii. d
iii. e
iv. a
v. c

VI. Analogy

Question 1.
Knot in a thread : ______ friction :: ball bearing : friction ______
Answer:
Rolling, Static.

Question 2.
Downward force : weight :: Upward force offered by liquid : ______
Answer:
Buoyant force.

VII. Problems

Question 1.
A stone weighs 500 N. Calculate the pressure exerted by it if it makes a contact with a surface of area 25 cm2.
Answer:
Given : Weight of a stone F = 500 No
Area A = 25 cm² = 25 x 10^-4 m²
To find : Pressure P = ?
Formula :

Solution:
Pressure P = 20 x 10⁴N/m² (or) 20 x 10⁴ Pa

Question 2.
In a hydraulic lift, the surface area of the input piston is 10 cm². The surface area of the output piston is 3000 cm². A 100 N force applied to the input piston raises the output piston. Calculate the force required to raise the output piston.
Answer:
Solution:
Pressure input on piston,

According to Pascal’s law
P =\(\frac { F }{ A}\)
P = \(\frac { F}{ A }\)
10⁵ = \(\frac { F }{ 3000 x 10^-4}\) = \(\frac { F x 10^-4}{ 3000 }\)
l0^-4 x F = 10⁵ x 30OO
F = 3000×10¹
= 3 x 10⁴ N

VIII. Assertion & Reason

Mark the correct choice as :
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) If the assertion is true, but the reason is false.
(d) If the assertion is false, but the reason is true.

Question 1.
Assertion : Sharp knives are used to cut the vegetables.
Reason : Sharp edges exert more pressure.
Answer:
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion

Question 2.
Assertion : Broad straps are used in bags.
Reason : Broad straps last for long life.
Answer:
(b) Both assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion
Correct explanation:
The weight of the bags falls on larger area of shoulder. So lesser pressure is produced.

Question 3.
Assertion : Water strider slides easily on the surface of water.
Reason : Water strider experiences less buoyant force.
Answer:
(b) If both assertion and reason are true, but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion
Correct explanation :
It is due to the surface tension of water.

IX. Answer the following in one or two sentences (LOT)

Question 1.
Give two examples to verify that a force changes the shape of a body.
Answer:
Force can change the static condition of a body.

1. If you squeeze a sponge, its shape changes.
2. If you pull a rubber band, it becomes longer.

Question 2.
Give two examples to verify that a force tends to change the static condition of a body.
Answer:
Force can change the static condition of a body.

1. A rest rubber ball begins to move, when a force applied on it.
2. Player applies a force on the stationary football while taking a penalty kick is football match. The force applied by player makes the football move towards the goal.

Question 3.
Taking out paste from a tooth paste tube is an example to highlight which physical property?
Answer:
Pascal’s law.

Question 4.
What do you feel when you touch a nail immediately after it is hammered into a wooden plank? Why?
Answer:
The nail becomes hot due to friction. Friction changes kinetic energy to heat.

Question 5.
How does the friction arise between the surfaces of two bodies in relative motion?
Answer:
The force of friction is arised by the interlocking of the irregularities of the two surfaces.

Question 6.
Name two instruments, which help to measure the pressure of a fluid.
Answer:

1. Manometer
2. Pressure gauge.

Question 7.
Define one atmosphere.
Answer:
The pressure exerted by this mercury column is considered as the pressure of magnitude ‘one atmosphere’ (1 atm).

Question 8.
Why are heavy bags provided with broad straps?
Answer:
Broader straps are provided on a back – pack for giving less pressure on the shoulders by providing a larger area of contact with the shoulder.

Question 9.
How does surface tension help a plant?
Answer:
Water molecules rise up due to surface tension. Xylem tissues are very narrow vessels present in plants. Water molecules are absorbed by the roots and these vessels help the water to rise upward due to “capillarity action” which is caused by the surface tension of water.

Question 10.
Which has greater viscosity, oil or honey? Why?
Answer:
Honey has greater viscosity.
Reason : Thicker liquids are more viscous than thinner liquids. As honey has greater viscosity, more frictional force will be acting on it.

X. Answer the following questions with a few sentences (MOT)

Question 1.
Define friction. Give two examples of the utility of friction in day to day life.
Answer:
Friction : Friction is a force that shows down moving objects or prevents stationary objects from moving.
Examples of the utility of friction in day to day life.

• Cars and buses are able to move safely on the road because of friction between the treaded tyres and the surface of the road.
• We are able to write on paper only with the help of friction between the pencil or pen and paper.

Question 2.
Write down three ways of minimising friction.
Answer:
1. By using lubricants:
These are applied to surfaces to reduce the friction between the surfaces. Example Oil, wax, grease and castor oil.

2. With the help of polishing the surface:
We sprinkle fine powder on the carrom board and then we polish its surface to make smooth so that the striker slides easily on the surface.

3. By using ball bearing:
We use leadshots in bearing of a cycle hub because rolling friction is smaller than sliding friction.

Question 3.
How do sailors protect their ship during a heavy storm?
Answer:
During a heavy storm, sailors pour soap powder or oil into the sea near their ship to decrease the surface tension of sea water. This process reduces the impact of the violent water current against the wall of ship.

Question 4.
Write down three applications of Pascal’s law.
Answer:

1. In an automobile service station, the vehicles are lifted upward using the hydraulic lift, which works as per Pascal’s law.
2. The automobile brake system works according to Pascal’s law.
3. The hydraulic press is used to make the compressed bundles of cotton or cloth so as to occupy less space.

Question 5.
Why is a ball bearing used in a cycle hub?
Answer:
The rolling friction is smaller than sliding friction, sliding is replaced by rolling with the usage of ball bearings. So lead shots are used in the bearing of a cycle hub.

XI. Answer the following questions in detail

Question 1.
“Friction is a necessary evil”- explain.
Answer:
Friction is a necessity in most of our day to day activities. It is desirable in most situations of our daily life.

1. We can hold any object in our hand due to friction.
2. We can walk on the road because of friction. The footwear and the ground help us to walk without slipping.
3. Writing easily with a pen on paper is due to friction.
4. Automobiles can move safely due to friction between the tyres and the road. Brakes can be applied due to frictional resistance on brake shoes.
5. We are able to light a matchstick, sew clothes, tie a knot or fix a nail in the wall because of friction.

Though it is giving a negative effect, in most of our day to day life friction helps us to make our life easy. So, it is called as “necessary evil”.

Disadvantages of friction:

1. Friction wears out the surfaces rubbing with each other, like screws and gears in machines or soles of shoes.
2. To overcome the friction an excess amount of effort has to be given to operate a machine. This leads to wastage of energy.

Question 2.
Give the different types of friction and explain each with an example.
Answer:
Friction can be classified into two basic types:

1. Static friction
2. Kinetic friction.

1. Static friction : The friction experienced by the bodies, which are at rest is called static friction. (E.g : All the objects rigidly placed to be at rest on the Earth, a knot in a thread.

2. Kinetic friction : Friction existing during the motion of bodies is called kinetic friction.

Further, kinetic friction can be classified into two:

• Sliding friction
• Rolling friction.

1. Sliding friction : When a body slides over the surface of another body, the friction acting between the surfaces in contact is called sliding friction.

2. Rolling friction : When a body rolls over another surface, the friction acting between the surfaces in contact is called rolling friction. Rolling friction is less than sliding friction. That is why wheels are provided in vehicles, trolleys, suitcases etc.

Question 3.
Describe an experiment to prove that friction depends on the nature of a surface.
Answer:
To understand about the frictional force between the layers of liquid in motion.
Materials required : Different kinds of liquid (coconut oil, honey, water, ghee), glass plates – 4 nos.
Procedure :

• Take a small quantity of different kinds of liquid like coconut oil, honey, water and ghee etc., in a cup.
• Place one drop of each liquid on a separate glass plate.
• Next, gently raise one end of the glass plate, one by one, so as to allow the liquid to slide down the smooth surface of the plate.
• Observe the speed of each liquid.

Observation:
Each liquid moves with a different speed. Water flows faster than other liquids. Coconut oil flows with a moderate speed. Ghee flows very slowly.

Inference:
Between the layers of each liquid, in motion, there is a frictional force parallel to the layers of the liquid. This frictional force opposes the motion of the liquid layers while they are in motion.

Question 4.
Explain how friction can be minimised.
Answer:
1. Using lubricants:

• A substance, which reduces the frictional force, is called a lubricant. Example: Grease, coconut oil, graphite, castor oil, etc.
• The lubricants fill up the gaps in the irregular surfaces between the bodies in contact. This provides a smooth layer thus preventing a direct contact between their rough surfaces.

2. Using ball bearing:
Since, the rolling friction is smaller than sliding friction, sliding is replaced by rolling with the usage of ball bearings. We can see lead shots in the bearing of a cycle hub.

Question 5.
Describe an experiment to prove that the pressure in a liquid increases with depth.
Answer:
Take a plastic bottle. Punch three holes on its side in the same direction, but at different heights. Now pour some water into it and let it flow through the holes. Observe the flow of water.

Inference:
The water comes out from all the holes with a different force and falls on the table at points that are at variable distances from the bottle. Water from the lowest hole comes out with the greatest force and falls at a point that is at the maximum distance from the bottle. Water from the topmost hole comes out with the least force and falls at the point that is at the minimum distance from the bottle.

Reason:
This activity confirms that the pressure in a liquid varies with the depth of the point of observation in it.

XII. Hot Corner

Question 1.
Why is it not advisable to take a fountain pen while travelling in an aeroplane?
Answer:
Fountain pens are built in such a way that the pressure inside them balances the atmospheric pressure at sea level. Since atmospheric pressure decreases with an increase in height above sea level, the pressure inside the pen turns out to be much greater than the air pressure in an aeroplane and the pen starts leaking.

Question 2.
Is there any possibility of making a special device to measure the magnitude of friction directly?
Answer:
Yes. Tribometer is a special device to measure the magnitude of friction directly.

Question 3.
Vidhya posts a question: Mercury is costly. So, instead of mercury can we use water as a barometric liquid? Answer to Vidhya and explain, the difficulty of constructing a water barometer.
Answer:

1. Mercury is commonly used in barometers because of its high density means the height of the column can be a reasonable size to measure atmospheric pressure.
2. A barometer using water, for instance, would need to be 13.6 times taller than a mercury barometer to obtain the same pressure difference.
3. This is because mercury is 13.6 times more dense than water.

Question 4.
A bubble rises from the bottom of a pond to its surface by increasing its radius by 3 times its value when it was at the bottom. Calculate the depth of the pond. (Hint: Pressure depends on the depth of the pond. Volume is inversely related to pressure.)[Science Olympiad]
Answer:
Solution:
From Boyle’s law P x \(\frac { 1 }{ v}\) (Pressure is inversely proportional to volume)
Initial pressure P₁ = Atmospheric pressure + Pressure of liquid column
∴ p₁ = hpg + Hpg
h = depth of the pond
H = 10 m of water
V₁ \(\frac { 4 }{ 3}\) πr³
P₂ = Hpg
V₂ = \(\frac { 4 }{ 3}\) π(3r)³ = \(\frac { 4 }{ 3}\) x 27 r³ x π
Hence by substituting these values,
P₁ V₁ = P₂ V₂

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Science Solutions Forces and Pressure Additional Questions

I. Choose the correct answer

Question 1.
The SI unit of pressure is ……………..
(a) \(\frac { kg }{ { m }^{ 3 } } \)
(b) \(\frac { kg }{ { m }^{ 2 } } \)
(c) Pascal
(d) Newton
Answer:
(c) Pascal

Question 2.
The wear and tear in the machine part is due to …………….
(a) Electrostatic force
(b) Frictional force
(c) Muscular force
(d) Gravitational force
Answer:
(b) frictional force

Question 3.
Which of the following increases friction?
(a) Lubricant
(b) Treads on a tyre
(c) Streamlining
(d) Polishing
Answer:
(b) Treads on a tyre

Question 4.
The total force exerted by a body normal to the surface is called …………….
(a) Pressure
(b) Thrust
(c) force of gravity
(d) None of these
Answer:
(b) Thrust

Question 5.
The atmospheric pressure on the surface of the earth is about ………………
(a) 10<sup-5 Nm^-2
(b) 10⁴Nm^-2
(c) 10⁵ Nm^-2
(d) 10³Nm^-2
Answer:
(c) 10⁵ Nm^-2

Question 6.
The SI unit of force is ……………
(a) Dyne
(b) Newton
(c) Pascal
(d) Newton second
Answer:
(b) Newton

II. Fill in the Blanks

1. If the same force is made to act on a larger area, the pressure …………….
2. At the given depth, a liquid exerts 1 pressure in all directions.
3. The pressure exerted by the air around us is called …………… pressure.
4. At higher altitudes, atmospheric pressure is …………….
5. Friction depends on the ……………… of two surfaces in contact.

Answer:

1. Decreases
2. Equal
3. Atmospheric
4. Less
5. Nature

III. True or False – if false give the correct statement:

Question 1.
A push or pull on an object is called force.
Answer:
True.

Question 2.
Pressure can be increased by decreasing the force.
Answer:
False
Correct statement:
Pressure can be increased by increasing the force.

Question 3.
All flowing substances such as liquids or gases are called fluids.
Answer:
True

Question 4.
The pressure exerted by air is called atmospheric pressure.
Answer:
True

Question 5.
Pressure is directly proportional to the area of contact.
Answer:
False
Correct statement:
Pressure is inversely proportional to the area of contact.

Question 6.
The pressure in a liquid is the same at all depths.
Answer:
False
Correct statement:
The pressure in a liquid increases with depth.

IV. Match the following

Question 1.

Answer:

i. b,
ii. c
iii. e
iv. a
v. d

Question 2.

Answer:

i. c
ii. a
iii. e
iv. b
v. d

V. Analogy

Question 1.
Liquid pressure : ______ :: Atmospheric Pressure :______.
Answer:
Manometer, Barometer.

Question 2.
Broader straps : ______ :: Thin needles : ______.
Answer:
Lowers pressure, High pressure.

Question 3.
Pascal’s law : ______:: Surface tensin : ______.
Answer:
Hydraulic brake, Capillary action.

Question 4.
Viscous force : ______ :: Buoyant force : ______.
Answer:
Viscosity, Buoyancy.

Question 5.
Objects placed at rest on earth : ______ :: Bodies slide over the surface on other body : ______.
Answer:
Static friction, Sliding friction.

VI. Assertion and Reason

Mark the correct choice as :
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) If the assertion is true, but the reason is false.
(d) If the assertion is false, but the reason is true.

Question 1.
Assertion : Force is defined as a push or pull acting on a body.
Reason : CGS unit of force is newton.
Answer:
(c) The assertion is true, but the reason is false

Question 2.
Assertion : Friction always opposes the motion.
Reason : Whenever one surface moves or tries to move over another surface, the force of friction starts acting on the surfaces.
Answer:
(d) The assertion is false, but the reason is true

Question 3.
Assertion : The pressure at the bottom of the sea is lesser than that near the surface.
Reason : The pressure exerted by a liquid depends upon the depth of the liquid and density of the liquid.
Answer:
(d) The assertion is false, but the reason is true

Question 4.
Assertion : We can live very happily if friction is not present in nature.
Reason : Aeroplane shape is streamlined to reduce the effort of frictional force.
Answer:
(d) The assertion is false, but the reason is true

Question 5.
Assertion : There is danger of a vehicle skidding on a wet road.
Reason : The tyres of the vehicle lose their grip on the road due to increase in friction due to presence of water on the road.
Answer:
(c) The assertion is true, but the reason is false

VII. Very short Answers

Question 1.
Write the SI unit of force.
Answer:
Newton (N).

Question 2.
Write the SI unit of pressure.
Answer:
Pascal (Pa).

Question 3.
Mention the factors that the effect of a force depend.
Answer:

1. Magnitude of the force
2. The area over which it acts.

Question 4.
Name the material which is used to reduce friction.
Answer:
Lubricant.

Question 5.
What is lateral pressure?
Answer:
Liquid exerts pressure on the walls of the container also. This is called lateral pressure.

Question 6.
What is thrust?
Answer:
The force acting normally on a surface is called thrust.

Question 7.
Name an instrument used to measure the difference in the liquid pressure.
Answer:
Barometer.

Question 8.
Mention the two types of forces.
Answer:

1. Contact force
2. Non – contact force.

Question 9.
State whether the liquids and gases also exerts pressure.
Answer:
Yes, both the liquids and gases also exerts pressure.

Question 10.
In ‘tug of war’ when two teams pull equally hard, then what happens?
Answer:
In ‘tug of war’ when two teams pull equally hard, then the rope does not move in any direction.

VIII. Short Answer

Question 1.
Define force. Mention its SI unit.
Answer:
Force is that which changes or tends to change:

1. The state of rest or
2. The state of uniform motion of a body or
3. The direction of a moving body or
4. The shape of a body.

Question 2.
Does the palm apply any force on the ball, when we place our palm in front of a moving ball?
Answer:
Yes, when we place our palm in front of a moving ball, then the palm apply a force on the moving ball and stop it.

Question 3.
Briefly explain how do we experience force in our daily life.
Answer:
Since, there are many actions which give us the feeling of force like we hit or catch many objects in our regular routine. Most of the times, we see that the moving ball stops after sometime and it changes the direction of motion when it is hit by a bat also, when we compress a spring, its shape and size changes.

Question 4.
Can you lift or push a book lying on a table without touching it?
Answer:
No, we cannot lift or push a book lying on a table without touching it, because it is a type of contact forces.

Question 5.
Explain the effect on the pressure when area on which it is applied, decreases.
Answer:
As, we know that pressure is defined as the force acting on a unit area of a surface, then,
Force
Pressure = \(\frac { Force }{ Area}\)
P = \(\frac { F }{ A}\)
p ∝ \(\frac { 1 }{ A}\)
So, pressure is inversely proportional to the area on which force is applied. Therefore with the decrease in area the pressure increases.

Question 6.
Explain the variation of the pressure exerted by liquid with respect to following factors.

1. Amount of liquid
2. Depth
3. Shape and size of container

Answer:
The variation of pressure exerted by liquid with respect to the above factors can be given by,

1. Pressure in a liquid increases with the amount of liquid.
2. Pressure in a liquid increases with depth.
3. Pressure of liquid is independent of shape and size of container.

Question 7.
Give two examples to reduce friction.
Answer:

1. Drops of oil are poured on the hinges of a door to move the door smoothly,
2. Fine powder are sprinkled on the carrom board to reduce friction.

Question 8.
Explain why the cutting instruments are sharpened.
Answer:
Cutting instruments have very small area of cross – section, which lead to the increase in pressure. So they can easily penetrate the surface (pressure is inversely proportional to area). That’s why cutting instruments are usually very much sharpened.

Question 9.
Cooking in a place located at a higher attitude is difficult. Why?
Answer:
At a higher altitude, due to the lack of atmospheric pressure the boiling point of a substance reduces. So, the water boils even at 80° C. At this temperature, the thermal energy that is produced is not sufficient enough for baking or cooking. So, cooking is difficult at higher altitude.

Question 10.
Write about buoyant force.
Answer:

1. An upward force is exerted by water on a floating or a partly submerged body. This upward force is called buoyant force. The phenomenon is known as “buoyancy”.
2. This force is not only exerted by liquids, but also by gases. Liquids and gases together are called fluids.
3. This upward force decides whether an object will sink or float. If the weight of the object is less than the upward force, then the object will float. If not, it will sink.

IX. Long Answer

Question 1.
Explain the advantages and disadvantages of friction.
Answer:
Advantages of friction : Friction is a necessity in most of our day to day activities. It is desirable in most situations of our daily life.

1. We can hold any object in our hand due to friction.
2. We can walk on the road because of friction. The footwear and the ground help us to walk without slipping.
3. Writing easily with a pen on paper is due to friction.
4. Automobiles can move safely due to friction between the tyres and the road. Brakes can be applied due to frictional resistance on brake shoes.
5. We are able to light a matchstick, sew clothes, tie a knot or fix a nail in the wall because of friction. Though it is giving a negative effect, in most of our day to day life friction helps us to make our life easy. So, it is called as “necessary evil”.

Disadvantages of friction:

1. Friction wears out the surfaces rubbing with each other, like screws and gears in machines or soles of shoes.
2. To overcome the friction an excess amount of effort has to be given to operate a machine. This leads to wastage of energy.
3. Friction produces heat, which causes physical damage to the machines.

Question 2.
Define Pascal’s law. Explain the applications of Pascal’s law in our daily life.
Answer:
Pascal’s law : The pressure applied at any point of a liquid at rest, in a closed system, will be distributed equally through all regions of the liquid.
Application of Pascal’s law : Some of the following examples highlight their working according to Pascal’s law.

1. In an automobile service station, the vehicles are lifted upward using the hydraulic lift, which works as per Pascal’s law.
2. The automobile brake system works according to Pascal’s law.
3. The hydraulic press is used to make the compressed bundles of cotton or cloth so as to occupy less space.

Question 3.
What is surface tension? Explain the applications of surface tension.
Answer:
Surface tension is the property of a liquid. The molecules of a liquid experience a force, which contracts the extent of their surface area as much as possible, so as to have the minimum value. Thus, the amount of force acting per unit length, on the surface of a liquid is called surface tension.

Application of surface tension:

1. Water molecules rise up due to surface tension. Xylem tissues are very narrow vessels present in plants. Water molecules are absorbed by the roots and these vessels help the water to rise upward due to “capillarity action” which is caused by the surface tension of water.

2. For a given volume, the surface area of a sphere is the minimum. This is the reason for the liquid drops to acquire a spherical shape.

3. Water strider insect slides on the water surface easily due to the surface tension of water.

4. During a heavy storm, sailors pour soap powder or oil into the sea near their ship to decrease the surface tension of sea water. This process reduces the impact of the violent water current against the all of ship.

Question 4.
Briefly explain the concept of variation of atmospheric pressure.
Answer:

1. Atmospheric pressure vary from place to place and from time to time due to variation in temperature. Even, the density of air decreases with the increase in temperature.
2. So, as a result, the atmospheric pressure also decreases. The atmospheric pressure at a place is because of the weight of air above it.
3. So, if we go higher above the earth surface, the atmospheric pressure decreases, thus at mountain top the pressure is less. The atmospheric pressure at sea level is considered as standard pressure.

X. Thinking Comer : HOTS

Question 1.
Why dams are made stronger and thicker at the bottom that at the top?
Answer:
This is because the pressure of the water is much greater deeper down and the damneeds to be thick at the bottom so that is strong enough to withstand this larger pressure.

Question 2.
Why do scuba divers wear a special suit while they go into deep sea levels?
Answer:
Pressure deep under the sea is so high that if the divers don’t wear specially designed suits, the water pressure will crush their body.

Question 3.
Why are rain drop spherical in nature?
Answer:

1. Surface tension is responsible for the shape of liquid droplets. Although easily deformed, droplets of water tend to be pulled into a spherical shape by the cohesive force of the surface layer.
2. In the absence of other force including gravity drops of virtually all liquids would be approximately spherical.

Question 4.
A liquid flowing out of a very small opening of a tube or tap comes out in the form of fine drops and not as a continuous stream. Why?
Answer:
For a given volume, the surface area of a sphere is the minimum. This is the reason for the liquid drops to acquire a spherical shape.

Question 5.
Trees are greenish. They are greenish at the tip too. How does the water rise upward in a tree or plant against the force of gravity?
Answer:

1. Water can travel to great heights inside plants. Water moves up the xylem through a process called capillary action.
2. During transpiration, water evaporates from holes in the surface of leaves into the air. As water molecules evaporate from plant leaves, they attract the water molecules still in the plant, helping to pull water up through the stems from the roots.

XI. Problems for practice

Question 1.
Determine the pressure when a force of 200 N acts on area

1. 20 m²
2. 8 m²

Answer:
1. Pressure P = \(\frac { F }{ A}\)
F = 200 N, A = 20 m²
P = \(\frac { 200}{ 20}\)= 10N/m²or 10 Pa

2. A = 8 m²
P = \(\frac { 200}{ 8}\) = 25 N/m² or 25 Pa

Question 2.
A force of 20 N acts over an area of 4 cm² Find the value of pressure? (in Nm^-2)
Answer:
Given:
Pressure = \(\frac { F }{ A}\)
F = 20 N
A = 4 cm² = 4 x 10^-2m
Solution:
P = \(\frac { F }{ A}\) = \(\frac { 20 }{ 4 x 10^-2 }\)
= 5 x 10²
= 500 Nm^-2 (or) 500 pack

Question 3.
What will be the force required to exert a pressure of 20,000 Pa on an area of 1 cm².
Answer:
Given:
P = 20,000 Pa
A = 1 cm² = 1 x 10^-4 m²
Formula:
p = \(\frac { F }{ A}\)
F =P x A
Solution:
= 20,000 x 10^-4
= 2 x 10^-4 x 10^-4
= 2 N.

Question 4.
Calculate the area of a 1500 N object that exerts a pressure of 500 Pa.
Answer:
Given:
P = 500 Pa
F = 1500N
Formula:
p = \(\frac { F }{ A}\)
A = \(\frac { F }{ P}\)
Solution:
= \(\frac { 1500}{ 500}\)
= 3m²

XII. Cross word puzzle

Across:
1. The mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth or some other celestial body.
3. A force acting normal to a surface.
5. The pressure exerted by air.
7. Something that causes a body to move, change its speed or direction, or distorts its shape.
9. The upward force that fluids exert on all matter.

Down:
2. A unit used to measure pressure.
4. A unit used to measure force.
6. Amount of force applied per unit area.
8. An instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure.
10. The pressure exerted at any point on a enclosed liquid is transmitted equally and undiminished in all directions.

Answer:

1. Atmosphere
3. Thrust
5. Atmospheric Pressure
7. Force
9. Upthrust

Down:
2. Pascal
4. Newton
6. Pressure
8. Barometer
10. Pascals Law

Students can Download English Lesson 1 Journey by Train Questions and Answers, Summary, Notes Pdf, Activity, Samacheer Kalvi 7th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 7th English Solutions Term 3 Prose Chapter 1 Journey by Train

Read And Understand

A. Fill in the table
Answer:

Problems Faced By Mr. Fogg  And His Team	Solution
The train stopped in the middle of the forest.	The passengers must provide themselves a means of transport from Kholby to Allahabad.
They couldn’t hire the elephant.	Mr. Fogg purchased it for 2000 pounds.
They were in need Of an elephant driver.	A young man offered his service as a guide.

B. Answer the questions briefly

Journey By Train 7th Standard Question 1.
Who inhabited the jungles that the train passed through?
Answer:
Snakes, tigers and elephants inhabited the jungles that the train passed through.

Journey By Train Summary Question 2.
What was the reaction of the inhabitants?
Answer:
Snakes and tigers fled at the noise Of the train. The elephants stood gazing with sad eyes at the train, as it passed.

Journey By Train Question Answer Question 3.
What did Mr. Fogg mean by, ‘it was foreseen’?
Answer:
Mr. Fogg meant that some difficulty or the other would sooner or later arise on his route.

Journey By Train 7th Standard Summary Question 4.
Describe the elephant driver in your own words.
Answer:
The elephant driver was intelligent and a skilled young man. He covered the elephant’s back with saddle-cloth. He attached seats on each of its side. He sat on the neck of the elephant and set out from the village with the three passengers.

C. Think and Answer.

Journey By Train Book Back Answer Question 1.
What qualities of Mr. Phileas Fogg are highlighted in this extract? Support your answer with suitable examples.
Answer:
Mr. Phileas Fogg was a rich, English man. He was a member of the Reform Club of London. He orders his life precisely by the clock and makes a bet with fellow club members that he can travel around the world in 80 days. He travels with his French servant Passepartout. He is a precise and intelligent man. He is perfect in his manners and is very punctual as well as particular about what he wants. This is evident in this extract, when he is determined to travel to Allahabad as planned. He even goes to the extent of purchasing an elephant for 2000 pounds to continue his travel to Allahabad. These qualities of Mr: Fogg are highlighted in his extract.

Vocabulary

D. Fill in the blanks with correct travel words.

(schedule,reach,book,railway,pack,board)
Answer:
To make travel convenient, we must book tickets well in advance. Then we have to Pack our things and schedule our trip. We have to reach the railway station in time and board the train in order to reach our destination.

E. Match the phrasal verbs with their meanings

Answer:

1. b
2. f
3. a
4. e
5. c
6. d

F. Dictionary Task

Refer to a dictionary. Find the meaning of the following words and write them down.
Answer:

1. journey – The act of travelling from one place to another.
2. picnic – a trip or excursion to the country, seaside etc, on which people bring food to be eaten in the open air
3. pilgrimaga – a religious journey.
4. tour – a journey for pleasure in which several places are visited
5. vacation – holiday.
6. excursion – a short journey or trip.

Listening

G. Listen to the teacher reading the Weather forecast and complete the report.
Answer:
Name of the Cyclone is Gaja it may affect the places North Tamil Nadu and Puducherry Heavy rains are expected on November 14th and 15th It is 880 km away from Nagapatinam.

Speaking

H. Your family has decided to go on a tour during the vacation. You are calling a travel agency and seeking information regarding package, places of visit, cost etc. Work in pairs and role play as a receptionist and a customer.
Answer:
Receptionist: Good morning. This is Sai Dwaraka Mai Travel Agency. How can I help you?
Customer: We would like to go to a tour to Shirdi temple. Can you give us the information regarding the package, places of visit and the cost for it.
Receptionist: Yes, Madam. We offer flight packages from Chennai to Shirdi at affordable prices.
Customer: Okay Sir, what are the places of visit over there?
Receptionist: We take you to places like Dwarkamai, Chavadi, Gurusthan, Sai Museum, Maruthi temple and Nandadeep.
Customer: Okay fine. We would like to book tickets for the tour, as we would like to go any day between 23rd November and 27th November. What is the cost for four people?
Receptionist: It costs Rs. 9,9991- per person. So the total amount for four people would be Rs. 39,996/-
Customer: Thank you Sir, I will get back to you immediately, after discussing with my family members.
Receptionist: Thank you for calling, Madam. Have a nice day.

Grammar

I. Rewrite the story in the past tense.
Answer:

The boy chased a cat. The cat climbed up the tree and purred from the branch of the tree. The cat jumped to another tree. The boy who was chasing the cat noticed a snake under the tree. He left his attempt to catch the cat and he ran home screaming for help

J. Look at the picture and complete the following

Answer:
Nila told Miruthula that that hotel was famous for masala idli Miruthula said that the idly was soft and spongy Nila said that it was delicious too. She also said that they had added Kashmiri chilli. Miruthula said very much.

Writing

K. Your friend is coming to your city / town to spend a week with you. He /she wants to visit some tourist places, and enjoy the special food items of the place. Prepare a two day itinerary for the visit.
Answer:

Creative Writing

L. You are waiting to board a train in a railway station. The train is delayed by an hour. Write a paragraph about the crowded scene in the railway station based on your observation.

Answer:
I was waiting to board a train at a railway station. The train was delayed by an hour. A lot of families were waiting eagerly for the announcement of the arrival of the train. Some of the porters were carrying the luggage of the passengers. Piles of luggage were seen all over. There were fruit vendors, tea vendors and other shops selling water, milk and snacks. By the ticket counter, there was a queue, waiting to buy tickets. The scroll board was displaying the necessary information for the passengers. The porters were also using trolleys to carry the luggage.

Journey by Train Additional Questions

I. Choose the correct Synonyms from the options below.

7th Standard 3rd Term Journey By Train Question 1.
proceeded
(a) stopped
(b) halted
(c) moved
(d) passed
Answer:
(c) moved

7th Std English Journey By Train Question 2.
fertile
(a) vast
(b) productive
(c) barren
(d) incapable
Answer:
(b) productive

Journey By Train 7th Standard In Tamil Question 3.
territory
(a) barrier
(b) border
(c) Limit
(d) region
Answer:
(d) region

The Train Would Come At Answer Question 4.
gazing
(a) look steadily
(b) looking away
(c) scanning
(d) blinking
Answer:
(a) look steadily

7th Standard 3rd Term English Journey By Train Question 5.
hasty
(a) slow
(b) wise
(c) quickly
(d) lazy
Answer:
(c) quick

7th English Journey By Train Question 6.
curled
(a) straightened
(b) erected
(c) evened
(d) twined
Answer:
(d) twined

Journey By Train 7th Std Lesson Question 7.
obstacle
(a) assist
(b) aid
(c) support
(d) difficulty
Answer:
(d) difficulty

Journey By Train 7th English Question 8.
halt
(a) start
(b) stop
(c) go
(d) continue
Answer:
(b) stop

Question 9.
foreseen
(a) predicted
(b) neglected
(c) disregarded
(d) failed
Answer:
(a) predicted

Question 10.
rapidly
(a) slowly
(b) suddenly
(c) quickly
(d) easily
Answer:
(c) quickly

II. Choose the correct Antonyms from the options below.

Question 1.
different
(a) same
(b) unlike
(c) dissimilar
(d) contrast
Answer:
(a) same

Question 2.
punctually
(a) promptly
(b) timely
(c) regularly
(d) early
Answer:
(d) early

Question 3.
straggling
(a) few
(b) rare
(c) abundant
(d) irregular
Answer:
(c) abundant

Question 4.
waking
(a) sleeping
(b) arousing
(c) raising
(d) getting up
Answer:
(a) sleeping

Question 5.
abandoned
(a) deserted
(b) forsakened
(c) casted
(d) inhabited
Answer:
(d) inhabited

Question 6.
skilled
(a) trained
(b) qualified
(c) inexperienced
(d) practised
Answer:
(c) inexperienced

Question 7.
announced
(a) reported
(b) declared
(c) notified
(d) suppressed
Answer:
(d) suppressed

Question 8.
snapped
(a) became happy
(b) broke
(c) crackled
(d) fractured
Answer:
(a) became happy

Question 9.
disadvantage
(a) effectiveness
(b) unfavourable
(c) drawback
(d) advantage
Answer:
(d) advantage

Question 10.
hesitation
(a) fluctuation
(b) unwillingness
(c) willingness
(d) stutter
Answer:
(c) willingness

III. Choose the Correct Answer (MCQ).

Question 1.
The train had started _________
(a) delayedly
(b) punctually
(c) late
(d) after an hour
Answer:
(b) punctually

Question 2.
An hour after leaving _________ the train had passed the bridges and the island of salcette.
(a) Allahabad
(b) Calcutta
(c) Lucknow
(d) Bombay
Answer:
(d) Bombay

Question 3.
At half-past _________ the train stopped at Burhampoor.
(a) ten
(b) twelve
(c) six (d) eight
Answer:
(b) twelve

Question 4.
The _________ at once stepped out.
(a) General
(b) attendant
(c) club member
(d) driver
Answer:
(a) General

Question 5.
Sir Francis was _________
(a) happy
(b) furious
(c) cool
(d) cheerful
Answer:
(b) furious

Question 6.
A steamer leaves Calcutta for _________ at noon on the 25th.
(a) Hongkong
(b) Persia
(c) Norway
(d) Burhampoor
Answer:
(a) Hongkong

Question 7.
‘Good Heavens’, what a price for an _________
(a) eagle
(b) ox
(c) elephant
(d) ostrich
Answer:
(c) elephant

Question 8.
The driver _________ himself on the elephant’s neck.
(a) lost
(b) perched
(c) unsettled
(d) lowered
Answer:
(b) perched

Question 9.
A young man, with an _________ face, offered his services as a guide.
(a) averse
(b) ugly
(c) intelligent
(d) inapt
Answer:
(c) intelligent

Question 10.
The travellers made a hasty _________
(a) lunch
(b) dinner
(c) moment
(d) breakfast
Answer:
(d) breakfast

7th Standard Journey By Train  Short Questions with Answers.

Question 1.
Who is the author of this novel’Around the world in Eighty Days’?
Answer:
The author of this novel is Jules Verna.

Question 2.
Who were there among the passengers?
Answer:
There were a number of officers, Government officials and merchants.

Question 3.
Who occupied a seat opposite to Mr. Fogg?
Answer:
Sir Francis Cromarty occupied a seat opposite to him.

Question 4.
Who was Sir Francis?
Answer:
Sir Francis was one of the friends of Mr. Fogg.

Question 5.
Where did he meet him?
Answer:
He met him on the ship Mongolia that brought him to Bombay.

Question 6.
When will the steamer leave Calcutta for Hong Kong?
Answer:
The steamer would leave Calcutta for Hong Kong at noon on the 25th.

Question 7.
What was Mr. Fogg resolved to hire?
Answer:
He was resolved to hire an Indian elephant for his journey to Allahabad.

Question 8.
How much did Mr. Fogg offer to hire the Elephant at first?
Answer:
He offered ten pounds per hour to hire the elephant.

Question 9.
Where did the train stop at half-past twelve?
Answer:
It stopped at Burhampoor at half-past twelve.

Question 10.
Which mountains separated the Khandesh from Bundelcund?
Answer:
The Sutpour mountains separated the Khandesh from Bundelcund.

V. Paragraph Questions with Answers.

Question 1.
What did Passepartout see, when he was crossing India in a railway train?
Answer:
Passepartout on waking looked out. He could not believe that he was actually crossing India. The locomotive, guided by an English engineer and fed with coal, threw out its smoke upon cotton, coffee, nutmeg, clove and pepper plantations. The steam curled in spirals around groups of palm-trees. In the midst of these trees were attractive bungalows, viharas and marvellous temples, decorated by the rich work of Indian architecture. There were vast areas extending to the horizon with jungles and forests. There he saw snakes, tigers and elephants.

Question 2.
Who served as a guide to Mr. Fogg and others? How did he manage to take all the three to Allahabad?
Answer:
A young intelligent man offered his services as a guide. The elephant was led out and equipped. The skilled driver covered the elephant’s back with a sort of saddle-cloth and attached to each of its side some uncomfortable howdahs. While Sir Francis and Mr. Fogg took the howdahs on either side, Passepartout got on to the saddle-cloth between them. The driver positioned himself on the elephant’s neck and they set out from the village at nine o’clock by short cuts through the dense forests of palms.

Journey by Train Grammar Additional

Reported Speech

The actual words spoken by a person is Direct speech. They are enclosed within quotation marks.
When we later report this, making changes to the words the speaker originally said, it is Reported Speech. (Indirect Speech)

Sentence	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
I want an ice cream	Ram said to Rakesh, “I want i an ice cream ”	Ram told Rakesh that he wanted an ice cream.
I am coming to Chennai tomorrow.	My uncle said to me, “I am coming to Chennai tomorrow.”	My uncle told me that he was coming to Chennai the next day
I want to become a doctor.	Monica said, “I want to i become a doctor.”	Monica said that she wanted to become a doctor.
The comic books are kept on the second shelf.	The librarian said, “The comic books are kept on the second shelf”	The librarian said that the comic books were kept on the second shelf.
The monument is beautiful.	Sidharthan said, “The monument is beautiful.”	Sidharthan said that the monument was beautiful.

I. Change into Indirect Speech.

Question 1.
He said, “I live in the city centre”.
Answer:
He said that he lived in the city centre.

Question 2.
Radha said, “I am going out”.
Answer:
Radha said that she was going out.

Question 3.
Ravi said, “I can swim”
Answer:
Ravi said that he could swim.

Question 4.
He said, “I arrived before you”.
Answer:
He said that he had arrived before him.

Question 5.
My father said, “I will be in Pairs on Monday”.
Answer:
My father said that he would be in Paris on Monday.

Warm Up

Work in pairs. Choose six items which are essential for a camp. Rank their priority and justify your answer.

Answer:

1. Torch Light
2. Tent
3. Cell Phone
4. Rope
5. Hammer
6. Stove

These things are essential for a camp because without these things, we cannot enjoy our camp. Camping is an amazing experience. So we should prepare ourselves properly with the essential items taken along with us. This will avoid frustration and stress.

Journey by Train Summary

Section – I

This story tells us of an amazing journey by an Englishman Mr. Phileas Fogg. He is a ruthless perfectionist who cares more about the bet than
the native places, he sees on his travels. He will do anything, even lie and cheat, to get what he wants.
Mr. Phileas Fogg along with his French attendant, Passepartout, attempts to go round the world in eighty days by taking a bet for $ 20,000. They travel through some parts of India. That was the time, when the railways were being built in the country. The train started at the scheduled time from Bombay. There were a number of passengers like officers, government officials and merchants in the train. Sir Francis Cromarty, one of Mr. Fogg’s friends, occupied a seat opposite to them. The train passed the bridges, the Island of Salcette, mountains, jungles, forests and the fertile territory of Khandesh.
Passepartout couldn’t believe that he was actually crossing India in a railway train. Tigers and snakes fled at the noise of the train. Elephants stood gazing at the train with sad eyes. At half-past twelve, the train stopped at Burhampoor. The travellers had a hasty breakfast. The train entered the valleys of Sutpour Mountains at three in the morning.

Question 1.
Give a picturesque view through which the train travels.
Answer:

Section – II

The train stopped at 8 o’clock some fifteen miles beyond Rothal. Phileas Fogg and others were annoyed. They were wondering why there was a halt of the train in the midst of the forest. When they enquired, the conductor informed them that the railroad lines ends at Kholby, 50 miles short of Allahabad. The line begins again from there in Allahabad. Sir Francis got angry because they sold the tickets from Bombay to Calcutta, without confirming about the railroad lines.

The passengers had to provide means of transportation for themselves from Kholby to Allahabad. So, Mr. Fogg, his attendant and Sir. Francis planned to reach Allahabad in time by some means of transport, as a steamer was ready to leave Calcutta for Hongkong on the 25th. They had two days left to reach Calcutta.

Discuss and answer – Intext Questions.

Question 1.
Why did the train stop in the middle of the forest?
Answer:
The train stopped in the middle of the forest as there were no railroad lines beyond that place.

Question 2.
Why was Sir Francis angry?
Answer:
There were no railroad lines from Kholby to Allahabad. But the tickets were sold from Bombay to Calcutta. So Sir Francis was angry.

Section – III

After searching the village from end to end, Mr. Fogg and Sir. Francis came back without finding any means of transport. But Passepartout suggested that they can travel on an Indian elephant. As it could travel rapidly for a long time, Mr. Fogg determined to hire it. Even though Mr. Fogg offered excessive amount to hire the elephant, the elephant’s owner refused to hire it. So Mr. Fogg finally purchased the elephant for two thousand pounds. A young man offered his services as a guide to them.

While Mr. Fogg and Sir Francis took the howdahs on either side, Passepartout got on to the saddle-cloth between them. The driver sat on the elephant’s neck and at 9 o’clock set out from the village to Allahabad.

Discuss and answer.

Question 1.
Which mode of transport did Fogg choose?
Answer:
At first, Fogg chose to go on foot to Allahabad. Then he purchased an elephant to take them to Allahabad.

Question 2.
Did he hire Kiouni? Why?
Answer:
No, he did not hire Kiouni, but purchased it for 2000 pounds, because the owner of the elephant intended to make a big bargain and so refused to hire him.

Question 3.
Why was the elephant owner happy with the deal?
Answer:
The elephant owner was happy with the deal because Mr. Fogg offered him 2000 pounds to purchase the elephant.

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His first flight Warm up:

1. Marco Polo. Christopher Columbus, Ibis Battuta, Amerigo Vespucci, Xuanzang. Ferdinand Magellan. Bartolomeu Dias, Herodotus. Captain James Cook. Vasco DeGama What is common among these individuals? Browse Internet or refer books and share some information about them.
Answer:
Marco Polo was an Italian merchant, explorer, and writer, bom in the Republic of Venice. Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer, navigator and colonist, who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain. Ibn Battuta was a Muslim Moroccan scholar and explorer, who widely travelled the medieval world.

Amerigo Vespucci was a Florentine merchant and navigator, who made at least two transatlantic trips to the New World, voyages that inspired cartographer Martin Wardseemiiller to label the new continent “America” in 1507. Xuanzang was a Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveller and translator, who travelled to India in the seventh century and described the interaction between Chinese Buddhism and Indian Buddhism during the early Tang Dynasty.

Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan set out from Spain in 1519 to discover a western sea route to the Spice Islands. En route he discovered what is now known as the Strait of Magellan and became the first European to cross the Pacific Ocean. Bartolomeu Dias was a Portugese navigator whose 1487-88 Atlantic voyage around the southern tip of Africa opened sea routes between Europe and Asia.

Herodotus is the ancient writer and reporter called “The Father of History.” He was a colorful writer and commentator; his most famous work, The Histories, remains a widely-read account of ancient facts and legends of the Persian invasion of ancient Greece.

Captain James Cook was an English naval explorer whose expeditions in the 1770s charted much of the lands of the Pacific, including New Zealand, Australia and Hawaii. Naval commander Vasco da Gama’s 1497 expedition from Lisbon opened a route to India and led to Portugese dominance of the Eastern spice trade.

2. Discuss, why it was considered as an adventurous and dangerous thing to travel in those days?
Answer:
Those days it was considered as an adventurous and dangerous thing to travel because there wasn’t any means of instantaneous communication while travelling

3. Mahatma Gandhi. Che Guevera. Guru Nanak and Gauthama Buddha are some of the famous personalities and thinkers who made extensive journeYs to understand life. Do you think journeys can be life changing?
Answer:
Yes, Journeys can be life changing since you gain a lot of experience while travelling and meeting different people who follow different traditions, religious practices, food habits and culture.

4. Share a memorable trip from your life.
Answer:
One of my memorable trip is to Matheran near Navi Mumbai. It is a pollution-free hillstation and you travel up the mountain top either by walk or on horses and ponies. No vehicles are allowed and even your daily needs are brought by wheelbarrows. It is this part that really pains your heart to see men pulling and pushing wheelbarrows. It is a rare sight to see the sunset and the sunrise at different points. The mountain train is also a treat to our eyes apart from the scenic beauty we experience every moment.

5. Have you ever been on an adventurous journey? 1f yes. Share your experience
Answer:
My adventurous journey is to Darjeeling when the sun plays truant most of the time and you are at the mercy of nature. Many a times, the tour plan turned topsy-turvy and we had to pitch tent in the thick forest and pray to stay safe.

6. That’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind Neil Armstrong – Discuss
Answer:
Armstrong personally meant that for being just one man, all that was required was “one small step” from the lowest stair of his spaceship’s ladder, and suddenly he was standing on the Moon. But for humanity as a whole, Armstrong served as a representative: when he stepped onto the Moon, at the same time it was humanity touching the Moon. It was a total advancement for human technology, ambition, and wonder.

7. Have you ever seen a bird making it’s first ever attempt to fly?
Answer:
No, I have not seen it but I surely can imagine the number of failed attempts before it succeeds.

His First Flight InText Questions

10th English His First Flight Question Answer Question (a).
Why did the seagull fail to fly?
Answer:
The young seagull hesitated and feared to fly. He thought that his wings would not support him. Hence the sea gull failed to fly.

10th English Guide Question (b).
What did the parents do, when the young seagull failed to fly?
Answer:
The young sea gull’s parents regularly taunted him for his cowardice and threatened to leave him alone starving at the ledge unless he flew away.

10th English Unit 1 Prose Question Answer Question (c).
What was the first catch of the young seagull’s older brother?
Answer:
The first catch of the young seagull’s older brother was herring, a type of fish.

His First Flight Book Back Answers Question (d).
What did the young seagull manage to find in his search for food on the ledge?
Answer:
The young seagull managed to find a dried piece of mackerel’s tail at the far end of his ledge.

His First Flight Book Back Question And Answer Question (e).
What did the young bird do to seek the attention of his parents?
Answer:
The young bird stepped slowly out to the brink of the ledge and standing on one leg with the other leg hidden under his wing, he closed one eye, then the other, and pretended to be falling asleep. He would trot back and forth from one end of the ledge to the other, his long gray legs stepping daintily to seek the attention of his parents.

His First Flight Samacheer Kalvi Question (f).
What made the young seagull go mad?
Answer:
The young sea gull’s mother tore at a piece of fish that lay at her feet, and then scraped each side of her beak on the rock. The sight of the food on the mother’s beak maddened the young seagull.

His First Flight Questions Answers For Class 10 Samacheer Question (g).
Why did the young bird utter a joyful scream?
Answer:
The seagull was quite hungry and yearned for food. When he saw a piece of fish in the beak of his mother, the sight was quite tempting and suddenly dived at the fish forgetting that he didn’t know how to fly and uttered a joyful scream falling outwards and downwards into space.

10th English Guide Pdf Question (h).
Did the mother bird offer any food to the young bird?
Answer:
Yes, the mother bird offered a piece of fish to the young bird.

10th English His First Flight Paragraph Question (i).
How did the bird feel when it started flying for the first time?
Answer:
The bird was seized with fear for a moment and could feel the tips of his wings cut through the air. The next moment he was fearless, though felt a bit dizzy, flapped his wings to soar up and down with a joyous scream.

10th English 1st Lesson Question (j).
What did the young bird’s family do when he started flying?
Answer:
The family saw the young seagull making his first flight and floating on the ocean. They flew and landed on the water just ahead of him. They were beckoning to him with a shrill voice. They were praising and rewarding him by offering scraps of fish to him.

His First Flight Textual Questions

A. Answer the following questions in a sentence or two.

His First Flight Paragraph Answers Question 1.
How was the young seagull’s first attempt to fly?
Answer:
The young seagull was very hungry. So he dived at the fish that was in his mother’s beak. But he fell into space and became terribly afraid. His heart stood still. He could hear nothing for just a minute. The next moment he felt his wings spread outwards and began to fly up and down fearless into the sky.

English Guide For Class 10 Question 2.
How did the parents support and encourage the young seagull’s brothers and sister?
Answer:
The young seagull’s parents flew about with his brothers and sister perfecting them in the art of flight. They taught them how to skim the waves and how to dive for fish. When his older brother caught his first herring and devoured it, his parents circled around raising a proud cackle.

10th English Book Back Answers Question 3.
Give an instance that shows the pathetic condition of the young bird.
Answer:
The young bird, starving for a day, finds a dried piece of mackerel’s tail at the far end of his ledge. He searches in vain the area where he was hatched and gnaws at the dried pieces of eggshell. He is in a pathetic state calling plaintively when he isn’t unable to reach his mother tearing at a piece of fish.

10th English His First Flight Question 4.
How did the bird try to reach its parents without having to fly?
Answer:
The young bird trotted back and forth from one end of the ledge to the other with his long grey legs stepping daintily, trying to find some means of reaching his parents without having to fly.

10th English Guide Pdf Download Question 5.
Do you think that the young seagull’s parents were harsh to him? Why?
Answer:
No, the young seagull’s parents weren’t harsh to him. They were just teaching him a lifetime learning experience which is vital for his survival.

Samacheer Kalvi 10th English Book Answers Question 6.
What prompted the young seagull to fly finally?
Answer:
The young seagull was extremely hungry and felt the heat because of starvation. His mother was standing on a little high hump on the plateau on the other side and tore at a piece of fish that lay at her feet, and then scraped each side of her beak on the rock and even flew across to him with it. He leaned out eagerly, tapping the rock with his feet, trying to get nearer to her as she flew across. The mother was very near to him with the fish in her beak. Maddened by hunger, he dived at the fish and managed to fly up and down into space with a loud scream.

10th Standard English Guide Question 7.
What happened to the young seagull when it landed on the green sea?
Answer:
When the young seagull landed on the green sea, he completely forgot that he had not always been able to fly and shrieked shrilly, turning his beak sideways and crowed amusedly. He screamed with fright when he dropped his legs to stand on the green sea and sank into it.

Additional Questions

10 Std English Guide Question 1.
Why was the young seagull afraid to fly?
Answer:
The young seagull hesitated and feared to fly. He thought that his wings would not support him.

Question 2.
Do you think all young birds are afraid to make their first flight, or are some birds more timid than others? Do you think a human baby also finds it a challenge to take its first steps?
Answer:
Yes, all young birds are afraid to make their first flight. It is quite possible that some of them may be more timid than the others. A human baby also finds it a challenge to take the first step. Only after trials and errors of many months, the baby learns to take its first step.

Question 3.
“The sight of the food maddened him…” What does this suggest? What compelled the young seagull to finally fly?
Answer:
The seagull was quite hungry and yearned for food. When he saw a piece of fish in the beak of his mother, the sight was quite tempting for him. He was maddened at the sight of the food and suddenly dived at the fish forgetting that he didn’t know how to fly. It compelled the young seagull to finally fly into space.

Question 4.
“They were beckoning to him, calling shrilly.” Why did the seagull’s father and mother threaten him and cajole him to fly?
Answer:
His parents, two brothers and his sister regularly taunted him for his cowardice. The seagull’s father and mother threatened that they would leave him alone starving at the ledge unless he flew away. In this way, they tried to cajole him to fly.

Question 5.
Have you ever had a similar experience, where your parents encouraged you to do something that you were too scared to try? Discuss this in pairs or groups.
Answer:
Everyone has such experience at some time. I too had such an experience when my parents encouraged me when I was learning cycling. I hesitated and feared. I thought that I would not be able to hold and balance it properly. One day, my father made me sit on the bicycle and gave a push from behind. I cried but soon handled it properly and completed a circle without falling down. I learnt how to ride a bicycle on that very day.

Question 6.
In the case of a bird flying, it seems a natural act, and a foregone conclusion that it should succeed. In the examples you have given as answer to the previous question, was your success guaranteed or was it important for you to try, regardless of a possibility of failure?
Answer:
In the case of a bird flying, it seems a natural act. Actually, it is not so. Every young bird has to learn how to fly. After constant efforts, he becomes perfect in flying. Even in my case, success was not a foregone conclusion. Constant encouragement by my parents and my own practice made me a perfect cyclist.

Question 7.
Where did the young seagull sit alone? What did he watch from there?
Answer:
The young seagull was alone on his ledge. In the whole family, he was the only one who didn’t know how to fly. Only the day before, his two brothers and his sister had flown away with their parents. When he tried to flap his wings, he was seized with fear. Hence, he sat alone on the ledge watching his family flying over the sea.

Question 8.
Why didn’t the young seagull take the plunge? What stopped him from doing so?
Answer:
The young seagull was the only one in the family who couldn’t fly in the air. His brothers and sister had far shorter wings than his wings but they had already learnt the art of flying. He felt certain that his wings would never support him. So he was hesitant and afraid of flapping his wings and go deep in the air.

Question 9.
Did upbraiding and threatening of his parents help him in flying?
Answer:
The parents of the young seagull did try to teach his young one the art of flying. He wouldn’t simply move from his ledge. They would fly around him encouraging and challenging him to follow them. When he wouldn’t budge, his parents would fly around calling to him shrilly. They would upbraid and threaten to let him starve unless he flew away.

Question 10.
How were his two brothers and sister different from the young seagull?
Answer:
His two brothers and. his sister had far shorter wings than he had. But still they had flown away only the day before. He would watch his parents perfecting them in the art of flying. They were taught how to skim the waves and dive for the fish. The young seagull had seen his older brother catch his first herring and devour it.

Question 11.
How did the hungry seagull try to pretend to attract his mother’s attraction?
Answer:
The whole family had flown away. Only the young seagull sat alone on the ledge. He had not eaten anything since the previous nightfall. He stepped slowly out to the brink of the ledge. He stood on one leg. He closed his eyes pretending to be falling asleep. But all his tactics failed. Only his mother took notice of him. All others ignored him.

Question 12.
What was the mother doing standing on a little high hump on the plateau?
Answer:
All others ignored the hungry young seagull. Only his mother was looking at him. She was standing on a little high hump. Now and again, she tore a piece of fish. The fish lay at her feet. Then she scrapped each side of her beak on the rock. She loved to tear the food that way.

Question 13.
Why did the young seagull cry “Ga, ga, ga”? Did her mother oblige him?
Answer:
When he saw his mother holding a piece of a fish in her beak, the young seagull became almost mad with hunger. He cried “Ga, ga, ga”. He begged her mother to bring him some food. When he saw his mother flying across to him with a piece of fish, he uttered a joyful scream. He started tapping the rock with his feet impatiently. He was almost within the reach of the fish but failed to get at it.

Question 14.
What did the young seagull do when he was maddened by hunger? Did hunger motivate him to dive at the fish in the air?
Answer:
The young seagull saw his mother flying around him with a piece of fish in her beak. Maddened by hunger, he dived at the fish. With a loud scream, he fell outwards and downwards into space. Then he was seized with fear and his heart stood still. But the fear lasted only for a minute. The very next moment he felt his wings spread outwards. Truly, hunger motivated him to dive at the fish and flap his wings into the space.

Question 15.
How did the young seagull overcome his fear and soared gradually towards the sea during his first flight?
Answer:
The young seagull had taken the final plunge. Maddened by hunger, he dived at the fish which his mother was carrying in her beak. With a loud scream he fell outwards and downwards. He was seized with fear and his heart stood still. But the fear lasted only for a minute. He overcame it. The next moment he felt his wings spread outwards. Now he was soaring downwards over the blue sea.

Question 16.
Describe the seagull’s first flight.
Answer:
The young seagull was very hungry. So he dived at the fish that was in his mother’s beak. But he fell into space and became terribly afraid. His heart stood still. He could hear nothing. But it only lasted for a minute. The next moment he felt his wings spread outwards. He began to fly and was no longer afraid.

Question 17.
How did his parents, two brothers and sister celebrate the first flight of the young seagull?
Answer:
The family saw the young seagull making his first flight. When they saw him floating on the ocean, they flew and landed on the water just ahead of him. They were beckoning to him calling shrilly. They were praising and rewarding him by offering scraps of fish to him.

Question 18.
What is the message that Liam O’ Flaherty wants to give to the readers through the lesson, ‘His first Flight’?
Answer:
Success can’t be taken for granted. One has to struggle to see success. The story of the young seagull is the story of overcoming hesitations, doubts and fears that stand between us and our success. Hunger makes him take the final plunge. This leads him to make his first flight and soar into the space.

B. Answer each of the following questions in a paragraph of about 100 – 150 words.

Question 1.
Describe the struggles underwent by the young seagull to overcome its fear of flying.
Answer:
The Young Seagull was afraid to fly and was alone on his ledge. He was more frightened than his siblings. His attempts failed. He had taken a little run forward and tried to flap his wings. But that was all he could do. He felt that his wings would not support him. He failed to muster up the courage and fly. His parents taunted, scolded and threatened him to leave him starving at the ledge unless he flew away.

But nothing could make him fly. The seagull helplessly watched his parents flying with his brothers and sisters. The whole family went on taunting him for his cowardice. Only his mother was looking at him. She had picked a piece of fish and was flying across to him with it. He leaned out eagerly. The mother was very near to him with the fish in her beak. Maddened by hunger, he dived at the fish. With a loud scream, he fell outwards and downwards into space. A terror seized him.

His heart stood still. His mother swooped past him. He answered her with another scream. He saw his two brothers and sister flying around him. The seagull completely forgot that he was not able to fly. He let himself free to dive, soar and curve at will. He was shrieking shrilly. He saw a green sea beneath him.

He was tired and weak with hunger. His feet sank into the green sea and his belly touched it. He sank no farther. Now, his family was praising him and their beaks were offering him scraps of fish. He had made his first flight.
“Flying is learning how to throw yourself to the ground and miss.”

Question 2.
Your parents sometimes behave like the young bird’s parents. They may seem cruel and unrelenting. Does it mean that they do not care for you? Explain your views about it with reference from the story.
Answer:
There is no doubt that sometimes parents do behave the same way like the young bird’s parents. ‘However all parental acts are for the betterment of the children though they may seem cruel and unrelenting. It doesn’t mean they do not care for us. It is the ardent wish of every parent that they may teach all skills to their young ones so that they may succeed in life. If the young ones don’t act then they also indulge in scolding, taunting and humiliating them to shed off their hesitations and fears.

This is exactly what the parents of the young seagull did when he failed to fly. They were successful in teaching the art of flying to his two brothers and sister. They also tried their best to embolden him to take the plunge. Particularly, the mother-seagull went on flying around him with a piece of fish in her beak. It was her attempt to tempt her starving son to dive at the fish and succeeded in her aim.
“At the end of the day, the most overwhelming key to a child’s success is the positive involvement of parents.”

Additional Questions

Question 1.
Yes the young seagull same at the beginning and at the end of the lesson? Compare and contrast the two kinds of the same seagull in the lesson.
Answer:
No, the young seagull was not the same bird at the beginning and at the end of the lesson. In the beginning, the young seagull used to be all alone on his ledge. His two brothers and his sister had flown away the day before. He had been afraid of flying with them. Whenever he tried to flap his wings, he was seized with fear. He felt certain that his wings would never support him. His father and mother flew around calling to him shrilly. They were constantly scolding and taunting him.

They were threatening to let him starve on his ledge unless he flew away. However, the young seagull was more confident and sure of his success in the end. Maddened by hunger, he dived at the fish. After trials and errors, his wings spread outwards. He was soaring gradually downwards forgetting all his hesitations and fears. He could float on the ocean now. His success was welcomed by his family. They were praising him now and their beaks were offering him their scraps of dog-fish.
“Positivity, confidence and persistence are key in life – so never give up in life.”

Question 2.
‘All parental acts are for the betterment of the children.’ It is true. However, one has to make efforts through trials and errors shedding off one’s early hesitations and fears to succeed in any enterprise. Justify this statement by taking points from the lesson, ‘His First Flight’.
Answer:
There is no doubt about it. All parental acts are for the betterment of the children. It is the ardent wish of every parent that they may teach all skills to their young ones so that they may succeed in life. First of all, they can learn all things which their parents have taught in life. If the young ones don’t act then they also indulge in scolding, taunting and humiliating them to shed off their hesitations and fears. This is exactly what the parents of the young seagull did.

They were successful in teaching the art of flying to his two brothers and sister. They also tried their best to embolden him to take the plunge. Particularly, the mother- seagull went on flying around him with a piece of fish in her beak. It was her attempt – to tempt her starving son to dive at the fish. And she succeeded in her aim. The young seagull did dive at the fish and it led to his success in the end.
“Parenting is not about meeting the needs of the offspring – but preparing them to stand on their own legs”

Question 3.
‘Maddened by hunger, he dived at the fish,’ says the narrator about the young seagull. Do you feel hunger was the main motivating force that made the young seagull take the plunge that taught him how to fly in the air?
Answer:
Food is the most essential ingredient that sustains all life – of humans, animals as well as birds. Hunger motivates many of their actions. The young seagull used to sit all alone on his ledge. Whenever he tried to flap his wings to fly, he was seized with fear. He felt certain that his wings would never support him. He had seen his older brother catch his first herring and devour it. It compounded his helplessness even more. He uttered a joyful scream when he saw his mother holding a piece of fish in her beak and flying quite near him.

He wondered why she didn’t come to him and offer that piece of fish to him. Maddened by hunger, he dived at the fish. With a loud scream he fell outwards and downwards into space. Then a monstrous terror seized him but only for a minute. The next moment he felt his wings spread outwards. He began to soar downwards towards the sea. The fear left him. He began to float on the sea. admiring family offered him pieces of fish flying around him.
“ Your hunger must be absolutely compelling in order to overcome the obstacles that will invariably come your way.”

Question 4.
Describe the humiliation and taunting that the young seagull faced from his family when he used to sit alone on his ledge without mustering his courage to fly in the air.
Answer:
The young seagull used to sit on ledge all alone. He used to see his two brothers and sister flying around him. They had learnt flying only the day before. Not that he didn’t try before. He had come to the edge of the ledge and tried to flap his wings. But he became afraid soon. He felt certain that his wings would never support him. So he bent his head and ran away to the little hole under the ledge. His brothers and sister had far shorter wings than his own. But they succeeded flapping their wings and flew away.

He failed to muster his courage to take the plunge. His father and mother flew around him scolding and taunting him. They also threatened to let him starve on his ledge unless he flew away. The thing that compounded his agony was that his elder brother had caught his first herring and devoured it. His parents circled around his brother raising a proud cackle. On the other hand, the family had walked down the opposite cliff taunting him with his cowardice.
“There is no humiliation more abusive than hunger.”

Question 5.
Hesitations and fears play necessary parts in human life but we get success in any enterprise only when we overcome our doubts, hesitations and fears. Justify this statement in the light of the young seagull’s efforts to muster courage to fly in the air.
Answer:
Nothing in life can be taken for granted. Skills have to be learnt in life with our own efforts. Parents can only help in teaching and encouraging us to learn things. But we have to learn them through our own efforts of trials and errors. Who doesn’t suffer from hesitations and fears in the beginning? It takes time to take the final plunge. So it happened with the young seagull. In spite of constant encouragements and motivations, he couldn’t muster the courage to fly.

He was certain that his wings would not support him. He faced regular taunting and humiliations of his family. They even threatened to let him starve at the ledge unless he flew away. But they say that necessity is the mother of invention. Maddened by hunger, he dived at the fish which his mother was carrying in her beak. He felt his wings spreading outwards. Finally, he soared to come down over the sea. When he floated on the sea, his family celebrated his success by offering pieces of fish to him.
“Life is a balance of fear and overcoming it.”

Vocabulary:

C. Change the parts of speech of the given words in the chart.

Answer:

D. Read the following sentences and change the form of the underlined words as directed.

1. His family was screaming and offering him food, (to adjective)
The screaming family offered him food.

2. ‘The young seagull gave out a loud call, (to adverb)
The young sea gull called out loudly.

3. The bird cackled amusedly while flying, (to noun)
The bird cackled with amusement while flying.

4. The depth of the sea from the ledge scared the seagull, (to adjective)
The deep sea scared the seagull on the ledge.

5. The successful flight of the bird was a proud moment for the seagull’s family, (to verb)
It was a proud moment for the seagull’s family when the bird flew successfully.

E. Use the following words to construct meaningful sentences on your own.

1. coward – I hate to be a coward for I have always been a bold person.
2. gradual – There is a gradual increase in the water level at Mettur dam.
3. praise – Sylvia is worthy of all the praise and honour.
4. courageous – I hope to be courageous at all circumstances.
5. starvation – People in Somalia die of starvation almost every day.

Listening Activity:

F. Here is a travelogue by the students of Government Girls Higher Secondary School, Pattukkottai after their trip to Darjeeling. Listen to the travelogue and answer the following questions.

A Trip to Remember Forever:
Our trip to this wonderful city, Darjeeling started with a breath-taking view. We parted the curtains of our hotel room and there it was, Kanchenjunga, the third highest mountain in the world! The entire range was in front of us in lull view, snow-capped and dazzling in the sun. Our trip started early in the morning the next day. We woke up at 4 a.m. and reached Tiger hill at 5 a.m. to view the sunrise as the place has earned international fame for the best sunrise view.

Tiger hill is situated at an altitude of 2590 meters and is 13 kilometers away from the city. Although Kanchenjunga was visible from the window of our hotel room, viewing it from tiger hill was a different experience altogether. It was not a very cloudy day so we were lucky enough to get a glimpse of the Mount Everest. After Tiger hill, we visited Senchal Lake which is another picnic spot nearby. We were told that the lake supplies drinking water to the city.

The next spot on our list was Batasia Loop, a spiral railway near Ghum. The loop is situated 5 kilometer from the city and is a gigantic railway loop where the toy train runs and takes a 360 degree turn. It is a beautiful place with manicured garden, streams and waterfalls. While travelling on the toy train, one gets a breath-taking view of Darjeeling’s scenic beauty.

We would suggest the toy train only for people with lot of patience as the train travels at a speed of 15 kilometers per hour and covers 14 kilometers in three hours which might be an utter disappointment for some. Altogether we had a memorable and enjoyable school trip with our friends and it will linger in our thoughts forever.

(i) Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. The students visited …………… city.
2. …………. is the third highest mountain in the world.
3. ………….. hill is 13 km away from Darjeeling.
4. The drinking water is supplied by …………… lake to the city.
5. After Senchal lake, they visited …………… .
Answers:

1. Darjeeling
2. Kanchenjunga
3. Tiger
4. Senchal
5. Batasia Loop

(ii) Do you think they had a memorable and enjoyable school trip?
Yes, I am sure they had a memorable and enjoyable school trip.

(iii) Name a few places that you wish to visit with your classmates as a school trip.
I wish to visit Andaman islands, Kashmir and Kathmandu with my classmates as a school trip.

(iv) State whether the following statements are True or False.

1. As the sky was cloudy, they could get the glimpse of the Mount Everest.
   False
2. The toy train covers 14 km in three hours.
   True
3. Tiger hill has earned international fame for the best sunset view.
   True

Speaking Activity:

G. Here is a dialogue between a father and his daughter. Continue the dialogue with at least five utterances and use all the clues given above.

Father: Hi Mary, it has been a very long time since we went on a trip. Let’s plan one.
Mary : Yes, dad. I am also longing to go. Why don’t we plan one for this weekend?
Father: Sure. Tell me, where shall we go?
Mary : Some place nearby but for at least two days.
Father: Hmm… I think we should go to the reserved forest nearby.
Mary : Yeah. I’ve never been to a forest. I have seen a forest only on the TV and movies. The forest is a good choice!
Father : OK. If we are going to the forest, we must list out what we should carry with us for two days.
Mary : I think we should carry suitable clothes like (1) ………………………………………………….. .
Father: What about the food? Do you have any idea, Mary?
Mary : Yeah. For food, I suggest (2) ……………………………………………………… .
Father: (3) ……………………………………………………………………….. .
Mary : (4) ……………………………………………………………………. .
Answers:

1. moisture wicking garments covering our hands and legs, hand gloves, gaiters, and head wear.
2. we take dehydrated foods. A packet of instant coffee packets and tea bags, energy bars, chocolates, nuts, sandwich making materials, kaakaras (dry chappathi), cheese and cup noodles will be of great help.
3. I think we need to wear proper trekking shoes and take our sleeping bags too. Do you think we need to take anything else?
4. Yes dad, a torch light and mosquito repellent is a must. I think we are all set to go on our journey.

Reading:

H. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.

Bungee – Jumping
Bungee jumping is an activity that involves jumping from a tall structure while connected to a long elastic cord. The tall structure is usually a fixed object, such as a building, bridge or crane; but it is also possible to jump from a movable object, such as a hot-air-balloon or helicopter, that has the ability to hover above the ground. The thrill comes from the free- falling and the rebound. When the person jumps, the cord stretches and the jumper flies upwards again as the cord recoils, and continues to oscillate up and down until all the kinetic energy is dissipated.

Jumping Heights, located in Mohan Chatti village, in Rishikesh has been rated as one of the most preferred bungee jumping destinations in India at a height of 83 meters. It is the only place in India where bungee jumping can be done from a fixed platform. This is also India’s only fixed platform Bungee- performed from a professional cantilever, to separate it from entertainment parks, and create instead, an extreme adventure zone. The Bungee has been designed by David Allardice of New Zealand.

The Cantilever platform is built over a rocky cliff over-looking the river Hall, a tributary of River Ganges. Bungee-ing amidst the vastness of nature lends the experience an absolutely breathtaking quality. Jumping heights is well known for its safety measures and experienced staff. It costs around Rs 2500 per jump, a bit expensive, but totally worth the experience. The Bungee jumping experience has been set amidst the astoundingly stunning landscape of Rishikesh. To Bungee jump, one must be at least 12 years and should weigh between 40-110 kg.

Question 1.
What is Bungee Jumping?
Answer:
Bungee jumping is an activity that involves jumping from a tall structure while connected to a long elastic cord.

Question 2.
Can Bungee be performed from a movable object? How?
Answer:
Bungee can be performed from a movable object, such as a hot-air-balloon or helicopter, that has the ability to hover above the ground.

Question 3.
When do you think Bungee becomes thrilling?
Answer:
When the person jumps, the cord stretches and the jumper flies upwards again as the cord recoils, and continues to oscillate up and down until all the kinetic energy is dissipated. Now, Bungee becomes thrilling from the free-falling and the rebound.

Question 4.
What is the experience when one falls off the platform?
Answer:
It is extremely astounding, adventurous, stunning and thrilling.

Question 5.
Where is the Bungee jumping point located in India?
Answer:
Bungee jumping point is located in Mohan Chatti village, in Rishikesh, India at a height of 83 meters.

Question 6.
What is the minimum age to Bungee jump?
Answer:
The minimum age to Bungee jump is 12 years.

Writing:

I. Prepare attractive advertisements using the hints given below.

1. Home appliances – Aadi Sale – 20-50% – Special Combo Offers – Muthusamy & Co., Raja Street, Gingee.

2. Mobile Galaxy – Smart phones – accessories – SIM cards – Recharge – Free Power banks on Mobile purchase – No.l, Toll gate, Trichy

J. Write a report of the following events in about 100-120 words.

1. ‘Educational Development Day’ was organized in your school on 15th July. The District Collector was the Chief Guest of the event. As part of the event, many competitions were Jield and the prizes were distributed to the winners and participants. It was a grand and successful event. Now, as the member of the organizing committee, write a report on the event in about 120 words.
Answer:
Jawahar Higher Secondary School, Karuvalipat, celebrated the Educational Development Day on the 15th of July, 2019 in the school premises. As part of the event, many competitions were held from the morning for students. Primary School children actively participated in the Drawing Competition depicting Education Development Day. Oratorical contest on the topic, ‘The importance of education’ was held for students of Std VI to VIII.

A Debate on the topic, ‘Development is vivid only with an educated society’ was conducted for Std IX to XII Students. At 2 p.m., The District Collector, Ms. Yasmin Begum presided over the Valedictory function and addressed the students on the importance of being a literate. She encouraged students to pursue higher education and reach great heights. The Chief Guest distributed the trophies to the winners and all the participants were given certificates. It was a grand and successful event and a day to be remembered for ever.
Member Of The Organising Committee
Shanmathy Velayudham

Question 2.
You are the School Pupil Leader. You have been asked to write a report on the Inaugural Ceremony of English Literary Association of your school which was held recently. Write a report on the same in not more than 120 words.
Answer:
Inauguration Of English Literary Association
English Literary Association was inaugurated in the Fathima Hall of St. Joseph’s convent on 19th June, 2019. Mrs. Thomas, the Choir Mistress led the choir to sing a prayer song. Sister Joan, Principal lighted the traditional lamp along with the Head of the English Department Mrs. Judy Enoch, the School Pupil Leader Beverley Shunker and the Secretary of the English Literary Association Vinnie Varghese. The Secretary welcomed the gathering and highlighted the aims and objectives of the association.

Sr.Joan advised the students to improve their communicative skills in English and motivated the students to refrain from using vernacular language in the school campus. The Special Guest for the inaugural ceremony was Mrs. Swamamala, a noted journalist. She was felicitated with a shawl and memento by the Vice Principal Mrs.Shyla Augustine. The keynote address by the special guest insisted in learning English as the universal and official language for communication in any country. The vote of thanks was given by Shanthini, a student of Std X. The event was compeered by Parvathi, a student of Std XL

School Pupil Leader
Beverley Shunker

Question 3.
You are the Coordinator of the Science Forum of your school. An event had been organized on account of National Science Day for the members of the forum. Now, write a report on the observation of “National Science Day” at your school.
Answer:
National Science Day
National Science Day was observed by the students of Violet Matriculation Higher Secondary School on 28th February, 2019 to mark the discovery of the Raman effect in 1928 by Indian physicist Sir C. V. Raman. The Director of the District Science Museum, Mr.Shanthakumar presided over the function. This event, organized on account of National Science Day for the members of the forum was led by Mrs.Leema, Physics teacher of our school.

The celebration included public speeches, watching the night sky, live projects, debates and many more activities. Every year, NSD is celebrated to widely spread a message about the Importance of science used in the daily life of the people. It is also celebrated to discuss all the issues and implement new technologies for the development in the field of science. The theme of the year 2019, “Science for the People, and the People for Science” was extensively discussed.
Coordinator Of The Science Forum
Rajalakshmi Venkataraman

Grammar Modals:

A. Complete these sentences using appropriate modals. The clues in the brackets will help you.

1. When I was a child, I climb trees easily but now I can’t, (ability in the past)
2. I …………….. win this singing contest, (determination)
3. You ……………. buy this book. It is worth buying, (advice or suggestion)
4. Poongothai ………………. speak several languages, (ability in the present)
5. I swear I ……………. tell lies again, (promise)
6. My father …………….. play badminton in the evenings when he was at college, (past habit)
7. You ……………. do as I say! (command)
8. ……………….. I have another glass of water? (request)
9. Sibi has not practised hard but he ……………… win the race, (possibility)
10. We ………….. preserve our natural resources, (duty)

Answers:

1. used to/could
2. will
3. shall
4. can
5. shall
6. used to
7. shall/ought to
8. Could
9. can/will
10. should

B. Rewrite the following sentences by rectifying the errors in the use of modals.

1. Would I have your autograph?
Could I have your autograph?

2. I can be fifteen next April.
I will be fifteen next April.

3. Take an umbrella. It should rain later.
Take an umbrella. It may rain later.

4. The magistrate ordered that he might pay the fine.
The magistrate ordered that he must pay the fine.

5. Make me a cup of tea, shall you?
Make me a cup of tea, will you?

6. You may speak politely to the elders.
You must speak politely to the elders.

7. You will get your teeth cleaned at least once a year.
You should get your teeth cleaned at least once a year.

8. We could grow vegetables in our kitchen garden but we don’t do it now.
We used to grow vegetables in our kitchen garden but we don’t do it now.

9. Must I get your jacket? The weather is cold.
Should I get your jacket? The weather is cold.

10. Could the train be on time?
Will the train be on time?

C. Read the dialogue and fill in the blanks with suitable modals.

Dad : ……………. (1) …………. we go out for dinner tonight?
Charan : Yes, Dad. We ……………. (2) ……………….. go to a restaurant where I …………… (3) …………… have some ice cream.
Dad : OK. Then, I (4) be home by 7 p.m. Mom and you …………… (5) ………………… be ready by then.
Charan : Sure. We …………… (6) …………… My friend told me that there is a magic show nearby. …………….. (7) …………….. you please take us there?
Dad : We ……………….. (8) …………….. not have time to go for the magic show, I suppose. If we have enough time left, we ………….. (9) ………….. plan.
Charan : By the way …………….(10) ………….. we inform our gate keeper about our outing?
Dad : Yes, we ……………… (11) …………… so that he …………….. (12) ……………… be aware we aren’t at home.
Charan : ………….. (13) …………… I call up Mom and tell her about our plan today?
Dad : You ………….. (14) ………………. to. Otherwise, we might be in trouble when she returns home.
Charan : Hmm… by the time you come home in the evening, we ……………… (15) …………….. be waiting for you. Hope you ……………. (16) ……………… be late. Bye.
Answers:

1. Shall
2. should
3. can
4. will
5. should
6. will
7. Could
8. may
9. can
10. should
11.  should
12. will
13.  Shall
14. ught
15. will
16. won’t

D. Read the following dialogues and supply appropriate modals.

Student : Can we leave our bags in the class during the break?
Teacher : Yes, you ………….. (1) ……………. but arrange them neatly.
Passenger : My child is 6 years old. Do I have to buy him a ticket?
Conductor : Yes, you ……………… (2) …………… It costs half of the price of an adult ticket.
Vani : Can we go for coffee after the meeting?
Yoga : No, I ……………… (3) ……………… I have to go home.
Salesman : When ……………. (4) ………….. I receive my order?
Customer : I ……………. (5) …………… assure you sir, the order …………….. (6) …………….. be delivered tomorrow.
Neela : Do you think I should write about my education background in the resume?
Preethi : Yes, you ……………… (7) …………….. You ………….. (8) …………….. get a better job.
Answers:

1. can
2. should
3. can’t
4. can
5. can
6. will
7. should
8. will/may

Imagine you have been to Thanjavur recently. Based on your experience and the data given below about Thanjavur, suggest and guide your friend who wishes to visit Thanjavur and places nearby, using modals in your sentences.

E. Here are a few sentences already done for you. The clues given would be helpful to \make more sentences on your own.

1. I would suggest that you take the Uzhavan Express to Thanjavur from Chennai.
2. You will be more comfortable if you could book 3 tier A/C.
3. You could enjoy …………………………………………………. .
4. You should visit …………………………………………………. .
5. You mustn’t miss ………………………………………………. .
6. You can buy ……………………………………………………….. .
7. …………………………………………………………………………….. .
8. …………………………………………………………………………….. .
9. …………………………………………………………………………….. .
10. …………………………………………………………………………… .
Answers:
3. the Kallanai Dam near Thanjavur
4. the Big Temple
5. the Museum in Thanjavur
6. Art Plates and Dancing dolls
7. Saraswathi Mahal, a library is a must to visit in Thanjavur.
8. You may take the Madurai Express to go to Thanjavur.
9. You should visit the church at Poondi near Thanjavur.
10. Don’t miss Thiruvaiyaru. You ought to experience its grandeur.

Active And Passive:

F. Change the following sentences to the other voice.

1. The manager appointed many office assistants.
Many office assistants were appointed by the manager.

2. You are making a cake now.
Now, a cake is being made by you.

3. That portrait was painted by my grandmother.
My grandmother painted that portrait.

4. Malini had bought a colourful hat for her daughter.
A colourful hat had been bought by Malini for her daughter.

5. They have asked me to pay the fine.
I have been asked to pay the fine by them.

6. The militants were being taken to prison by the police.
The police were taking the militants to prison.

7. His behaviour vexes me.
I am vexed by his behaviour.

8. Rosy will solve the problem.
The problem will be solved by Rosy, v

9. Our army has defeated the enemy.
The enemy has been defeated by our army.

10. The salesman answered all the questions patiently.
All the questions were answered patiently by the salesman.

G. Change the following into Passive voice.

1. Please call him at once.
Request him to be called at once.

2. How did you cross the river?
How was the river crossed by you?

3. No one is borrowing the novels from the library.
The novels from the library are not being borrowed by any one.

4. Will you help me?
Will I be helped by you?

5. Go for a jog early in the morning.
You are advised to go for a jog early in the morning.

6. Why have you left your brother at home?
Why has your brother been left at home by you?

7. Nobody should violate the rules.
Let the rules not be violated by anyone.

8. Someone has to initiate it immediately.
It has to be initiated by someone immediately.

9. Have you invited Raman to the party?
Has Raman been invited by you to the party?

10. Please do not walk on the grass.
You are requested not to walk on the grass.

11. Cross the busy roads carefully.
You are instructed to cross the busy roads carefully.
Let the busy roads be crossed by you carefully.

12. When will you book the tickets to Bengaluru?
When will the tickets to Bengaluru be booked by you?

H. In the following sentences the verbs have two objects namely Direct and Indirect objects. Change each of the following sentences into two passives using direct object as the subject in one and indirect in the other.

1. John gave a bar of chocolate to Jill.
(a): Jill was given ……………………………………………………………………………….. .
(b): A bar of chocolate was given ………………………………………………………. .

2. Pragathi lent a pencil to Keerthana.
(a): ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. .
(b): ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. .

3. Sudha told the truth to her friend.
(a): ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. .
(b): ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. .

4. They offered the job to Venkat.
(a): ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .
(b): ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .

5. The boss showed the new computer to Kaviya.
(a): …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. .
(b): …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. .
Answers:
1. (a) a bar of chocolate by John
(b) by John to Jill

2. (a) Keerthana was lent a pencil by Pragathi
(b) A pencil was lent by Pragathi to Keerthana

3. (a) Sudha’s friend was told the truth by Sudha
(b) The truth was told by Sudha to her friend

4. (a) Venkat was offered the job by them
(b) The job was offered by them to Venkat

5. (a) Kaviya was shown the new computer by the boss
(b) The new computer was shown by the boss to Kaviya

I. Rewrite the following passage in Passive Voice.

A few days ago, someone stole Ambrose’s motorbike. Ambrose had left it outside his house. He reported the theft to the police. The police told him that they would try to find his motorbike. This morning, they found his motorbike. The police called Ambrose to the police station. The thieves had painted it and then sold it to someone else. The new owner had parked the motorbike outside a mall when the police found it. After an enquiry, the police arrested the thieves.

Ambrose’s motorbike was stolen by someone a few days ago. It had been left outside his house by Ambrose. The theft was reported to the police by him. He was told by the police that they would try to find his motorbike. This morning, his motorbike was found. Ambrose was called to the police station by the police. It had been painted by the thieves and then it was sold to someone else. The motorbike had been parked by the new owner outside a mall when it was found by the police. After an enquiry, the thieves were arrested by the police.

J. Write a recipe of your favorite dish in passive voice. Remember to list out the ingredients . of the dish you have chosen and their quantity. Use Simple Present tense to write your recipe.

Ingredients: A bottle of Mixed Fruit jam, A packet of Cheese slices, A loaf of Sandwich bread A box of sweetened Butter, A nonstick pan
Recipe

1. A pan with one teaspoon of sweetened butter is taken.
2. Two slices of sandwich bread is taken and roasted slightly on both sides.
3. A tablespoon each of Mixed Fruit Jam is spread evenly on one side of the sandwich bread.
4. A slice of cheese is placed in between the two slices of bread.
5. The comers of the bread slices are sliced and the bread slice is slit diagonally into two.
6. The sandwich is ready to be served.

K. Write a report of an event held at your school using Passive voice. Use Simple Past Tense to’narrate the event.

The Annual day was celebrated by Glenmark Global School, on July 17, 2019 at the school premises with pomp and grandeur. The school was decorated elegantly by the staff and students. A stage was set up with a beautiful backdrop depicting the theme of the year. The welcome address was given by the School Pupil Leader.

The Chief Guest Mrs. Indira Janardhanan, CEO was introduced and felicitated by the Principal Mrs. Jeyanthi Radhakrishnan. Many cultural programs viz western dance, traditional dance, English Play, Tamil Pattimandram were all a treat to the eyes of the audience.

The Annual report was presented by the Principal. Prizes were given away to the toppers and many students who had brought laurels to the school in various competitions and contests. The Vote of Thanks was delivered by the Assistant School Pupil Leader.

His First Flight by Liam O’Flaherty About the Author: 

Liam O’Flaherty, born on August 28, 1896, at Aran Islands, Ireland died on September 7, 1984 at Dublin. He is an Irish novelist and short-story writer. He became a popular literary figure with his best-selling novel, The Informer. The next novel Return of the Brute was also a great success. O’ Flaherty will be remembered as a major voice in the Irish literary renaissance and a founding member of the Communist Party of Ireland. He spent most of his time in travelling and lived comfortably and quietly outside the spotlight.

His First Flight Summary:

Introduction:
‘His First Flight’ is a story of hesitation, trial and error and ultimately succeeding the task. It is an interesting story of a hesitant and timid seagull learning the art of flying. While his two brothers and sistej master the art of flying, his fear and hesitation prevent him from doing so. His diving at the fish due to hunger, proves a blessing in disguise. After a shaky start, he spreads out his wings and starts flying upwards and downwards. That’s his first flight. Thus the message is conveyed by O’Flaherty that no one attains success instantly. Perseverance and continuous striving help one to succeed.

Fear to fly
The young seagull was alone on his ledge. His two brothers and his sister had already learnt the art of flying just a day before. He tried in vain because of his fear. He had taken a little run forward and tried to flap his wings but that was all he could do. He feared that his wings would not support him. So he bent his head and ran back to the little hole where he slept the previous night.

Threatened by Parents His brothers and his sister had wings far shorter than his own wings. But he failed to muster up courage and fly. His parents criticized, admonished and threatened him to leave him starving at the ledge. However, nothing could make him fly.

Parents perfected siblings The seagull helplessly watched his parents flying with his brothers and sister. They were perfecting them in the art of flying. They were teaching them how to skim the waves and how to dive for fish. The whole family went on taunting him for his cowardice.

Mother’s trick works His mother was looking at him. She had picked a piece of fish. She was flying across tp him with it. He leaned out eagerly. The mother was very near to him with the fish in her beak. Maddened by hunger, he dived at the fish. With a loud scream he fell outwards and downwards into the space. A terror seized him. His heart stood still. His mother plunged past him. He answered her with another scream. He saw his two brothers and sister flying around him.

Seagull flies!
The seagull completely forgot that he was not able to fly. He let himself free to dive, soar and curve at will. He was squealing shrilly. He saw a green sea beneath him. His parents, his brothers and sister were signaling to him with a shrill voice. He was tired and weak with hunger. His feet sank into the green sea and his belly touched it. He sank no farther. His family were praising him and their beaks were offering him scraps of fish. He had at last made it and it was his first flight.

Conclusion:
The story arrives at a conclusion that nothing is impossible. Fear is the impediment to success. Shed the fears and succeed in whatsoever you desire.

His First Flight Glossary:
Textual:

Additional:

Synonyms:

Choose the most appropriate synonym of the underlined word.

1. The young seagull was alone on his ledge.
(a) sill
(b) window
(c) nest
(d) lift
Answer:
(a) sill

2. The great expanse of sea stretched a long way down.
(a) express
(b) expense
(c) stretch
(d) vision
Answer:
(c) stretch

3. He felt certain that his wings would never support him.
(a) curtain
(b) screen
(c) sure
(d) unsure
Answer:
(c) sure

4. His brothers and his little sister ran to the brink.
(a) bark
(b) sea
(c) water
(d) edge
Answer:
(d) edge

5. He failed to muster up courage to take that plunge.
(a) dust
(b) gather
(c) strength
(d) marvel
Answer:
(b) gather

6. He saw his brothers and sister perfecting in the art of flight.
(a) achieving
(b) trying
(c) finishing
(d) balancing
Answer:
(a) achieving

7. He saw his older brother devour his first catch.
(a) consume
(b) devein
(c) divide
(d) smell
Answer:
(a) consume

8. His parents circled around raising a proud cackle.
(d) cough
(b) screech
(c) walk
(d) tackle
Answer:
(b) screech

9. The whole family walked about on the big plateau.
(a) highland
(b) pinnacle
(c) lake
(d) valley
Answer:
(a) highland

10. All his siblings laughed at his cowardice.
(a) weakness
(b) craze
(c) cooperation
(d) awkwardness
Answer:
(a) weakness

11. He even gnawed at the dried pieces of eggshell.
(a) gasped
(b) annoyed
(c) chewed
(d) devoured
Answer:
(c) chewed

12. He then trotted back and forth from one end of the ledge to the other.
(a) trailed
(b) scurried
(c) jolted
(d) rolled
Answer:
(b) scurried

13. His long gray legs stepped daintily to reach his parents.
(a) elegantly
(b) drearily
(c) dancing
(d) lethargically
Answer:
(a) elegantly

14. The ledge ended in a sheer fall of precipice with the sea beneath.
(a) steep
(b) gentle
(c) clean
(d) distant
Answer:
(a) steep

15. The precipice was sheer.
(a) cliff
(b) precipitation
(c) effervescence
(d) recap
Answer:
(a) cliff

16. His father was preening the feathers on his white back.
(a) picking
(b) cleaning
(c) screening
(d) wilting
Answer:
(b) cleaning

17. She was standing on a little high hump on the plateau.
(a) mound
(b) dip
(c) hollow
(d) table
Answer:
(a) mound

18. Her white breast thrust forward.
(a) shove
(b) burst
(c) backward
(d) thirsted
Answer:
(a) shove

19. The sight of the food maddened him.
(a) light
(b) bring
(c) blight
(d) view
Answer:
(d) view

20. He scraped his beak now and again to whet it!
(a) rubbed
(b) screened
(c) wet
(d) sharpened
Answer:
(a) rubbed

21. He uttered a low cackle.
(a) expressed
(b) screamed
(c) mocked
(d) udder
Answer:
(a) expressed

22. She screamed back mockingly.
(a) admiringly
(b) scornfully
(e) meekly
(d) brightly
Answer:
(b) scornfully

23. He kept calling plaintively.
(a) plainly
(b) blatantly
(c) sadly
(d) palpably
Answer:
(c) sadly

24. She was just opposite to him, abreast of the ledge.
(a) well-informed
(b) tuned
(c) approved
(d) disapproved
Answer:
(a) well-informed

25. His mother had swooped upwards.
(a) swung
(b) leapt
(c) fell
(d) danced
Answer:
(b) leapt

Antonyms

Choose the most appropriate antonym of the underlined word.

1. The sun was now ascending the sky.
(a) soaring
(b) rising
(c) mounting
(d) downhill
Answer:
(d) downhill

2. He ran a little forward to the brink of the ledge.
(a) centre
(b) brim
(c) threshold
(d) bridge
Answer:
(a) centre

3. He waited a moment in surprise.
(a) weighted
(b) sat
(c) began
(d) astonished
Answer:
(c) began

4. He felt the heat because he had not eaten since the previous nightfall.
(a) warmness
(b) coldness
(c) seat
(d) hearth
Answer:
(b) coldness

5. He searched among the rough, dirt-caked straw nest.
(a) coarse
(b) smooth
(c) bumpy
(d) blunt
Answer:
(b) smooth

6. He failed to muster up courage to take that plunge.
(a) dive
(b) climb
(c) fall
(d) plume
Answer:
(b) climb

7. Between them, there was a deep, wide crack.
(a) cavernous
(b) dip
(c) narrow
(d) shallow
Answer:
(d) shallow

8. Maddened by hunger, he dived at the fish.
(a) surfeit
(b) famine
(c) appetite
(d) heat
Answer:
(a) surfeit

9. He even gnawed at the dried pieces of eggshell.
(a) parched
(b) dehydrated
(c) fresh
(d) new other.
Answer:
(c) fresh

10. He then trotted back and forth from one end of the ledge to the
(a) scurried
(b) sauntered
(c) tracked
(d) rolled
Answer:
(b) sauntered

11. As he passed beneath her, he heard the swish of her wings.
(a) underneath
(b) below
(c) above
(d) finite
Answer:
(c) above

12. The next moment, he felt his wings spread outwards.
(a) centrifugally
(b) inwards
(c) beautifully
(d) aloft
Answer:
(b) inwards

13. He flapped his wings and soared upwards.
(a) downwards
(b) inwards
(c) outwards
(d) lethargically
Answer:
(a) downwards

14. The precipice was sheer.
(a) steep
(b) gentle
(c) effervescence
(d) recap
Answer:
(b) gentle

15. The wind rushed against his breast feathers.
(a) gushed
(b) relaxed
(c) flushed
(d) plumes
Answer:
(b) relaxed

16. He completely forgot his inability to fly.
(a) overlooked
(b) remembered
(c) ignored
(d) disregarded
Answer:
(b) remembered

17. His parents had landed in front of him.
(a) visible
(b) detectable
(c) behind
(d) anterior
Answer:
(c) behind

18. They were beckoning to him, calling shrilly.
(a) summoning
(b) signaling
(c) dismissing
(d) requesting
Answer:
(c) dismissing

19. He was tired and weak with hunger.
(a) scrawny
(b) puny
(c) week
(d) view
Answer:
(d) view

20. Hqwas floating on it.
(a) flowing
(b) fluctuating
(c) flinging
(d) strong
Answer:
(d) strong

21. His family was screaming and praising him.
(a) diluting
(b) adulation
(c) exaltation
(d) fixed
Answer:
(d) fixed

22. She was standing on a little high hump on the plateau.
(a) mountain
(b) dip
(c) hollow
(d) highland
Answer:
(c) hollow

23. He scraped his beak now and again to whet it!
(a) rubbed
(b) blunt
(c) wet
(d) sharpened
Answer:
(b) blunt

24. The great expanse of sea stretched down a long way down.
(a) short
(b) lengthy
(c) straight
(d) vision
Answer:
(a) short

25. He felt certain that his wings would never support him.
(a) nearer
(b) forever
(c) surely
(d) always
Answer:
(d) always

We hope the data given here will benefit you to the fullest extent at the time of preparation. For better understanding of English subject this Samacheer Kalvi 10th English Solutions for Class 10th English Prose Chapter 1 His First Flight PDF is the best resource. Download & ace up your preparation. Keep in touch with us and get the latest information on Tamilnadu State board Textbook Solutions PDF.

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Solutions Chapter 19 Plant Physiology

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Plant Physiology Textbook Exercises

I. Choose the correct answer.

Plant Physiology Class 9 Question 1.
A big tree falls in a forest but its roots are still in contact with the soil. The branches of this
fallen tree straight up. This happens in response to ……………………
(a) water and light
(b) water and minerals
(c) gravity and water
(d) light and gravity
Answer:
(d) light and gravity

Chapter 19 Plant Physiology Question 2.
The tropic movement that helps the climbing vines to find suitable support is ……………………..
(a) phototropism
(b) geotropism
(c) thigmotropism
(d) chemotropism
Answer:
(c) thigmotropism

9th Science Plant Physiology Question 3.
The chemical reaction occurs during photosynthesis is ……………………….
(a) CO₂ is reduced and water is oxidized
(b) water is reduced and CO₂ is oxidized
(c) both CO₂ and water are oxidized
(d) both CO₂ and water are produced
Answer:
(a) CO₂ is reduced and water is oxidized

9th Plant Physiology Book Back Answers Question 4.
The bending of root of a plant in response to water is called ……………………….
(a) Thigmonasty
(b) Phototropism
(c) Hydrotropism
(d) Photonasty
Answer:
(c) Hydrotropism

Plant Physiology Class 9 Book Back Answers Question 5.
A growing seedling is kept in the dark room. A burning candle is placed near it for a few days. The tip part of the seedling bends towards the burning candle. This is an example of ……………….
(a) chemotropism
(b) thigmotropism
(c) phototropism
(d) geotropism
Answer:
(c) phototropism

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Practical Question 6.
The root of the plant is …………….
(i) positively phototropic but negatively geotropic
(ii) positively geotropic but negatively phototropic
(iii) negatively phototropic but positively hydrotropic
(iv) negatively hydrotropic but positively phototropic
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i) and (iv)
Answer:
(b) (ii) and (iii)

Phototropism Diagram Question 7.
The non-directional movement of a plant part in response to temperature is called ………………
(a) thermotropism
(b) term nasty
(c) chemotropism
(d) thigmonasty
Answer:
(b) term nasty

Samacheer Kalvi Guru 9th Science Question 8.
Chlorophyllin a leaf is required for ……………………..
(a) photosynthesis
(b) transpiration
(c) tropic movement
(d) nastic movement
Answer:
(a) photosynthesis

Question 9.
A plant is kept in a dark room for about 24 hours before conducting any experiment on photosynthesis in order to ……………….
(a) remove chlorophyll from the leaf
(b) remove starch from the leaves
(c) ensure that photosynthesis occurred
(d) to prove transpiration
Answer:
(b) remove starch from the leaves

Question 10.
Transpiration takes place through …………….
(a) fruit
(b) seed
(c) flower
(d) stomata
Answer:
(d) stomata

II. State whether the following statements are true or false. If false, write the correct statement.

1. The response of a plant part to the chemical stimulus is called phototropism – False.
   Correct Statement: The response of a plant part to the chemical stimulus is called chemotropism.
2. Shoot is positively phototropic and negatively geotropic – True
3. When the weather is hot water evaporates lesser which is due to opening of stomata – False.
   Correct Statement: When the weather is hot, water evaporates faster which is due to opening of stomata.
4. Photosynthesis produces glucose and carbon dioxide – False.
   Correct Statement: Photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen.
5. Photosynthesis is important in releasing oxygen to keep the atmosphere in balance – True
6. Plants lose water when the stomata on leaves are closed – False.
   Correct Statement: Plants lose water, when the stomata on leaves are opened.

III. Fill in the blanks.

1. The shoot system grows upward in response to ……………..
2. …………….. is positively hydrotropic as well as positively geotropic.
3. The green pigment present in the plant is ………………
4. The solar tracking of sunflower in accordance with the path of sun is due to …………………
5. The response of a plant part towards gravity is ………………..
6. Plants take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis but need ……………. for their living.

Answer:

1. negative geotropism.
2. Root
3. chlorophyll
4. tropism
5. geotropism
6. oxygen

IV. (a) Match column A with column B

	Column A	Column B
1.	Roots growing downwards into soil	(a) Positive phototropism
2.	Shoots growing towards the light	(b) Negative geotropism
3.	Shoots growing upward	(c) Negative phototropism
4.	Roots growing downwards away from light	(id) Positive geotropism

Answer:

1. (d) Positive geotropism
2. (a) Positive phototropism
3. (b) Negative geotropism
4. (c) Negative phototropism

(b)

S.No.	Column A	Column B	Column C
1.	Photonasty	Response to temperature	Tulipa sp
2.	Thigmonasty	Response to light	Mimosa pudica
3.	Thermonasty	Response to touch	Moon flower

Answer:

S.No.	Column A	Column B	Column C
1.	Photonasty	Response to light	Moon flower
2.	Thigmonasty	Response to touch	Mimosa pudica
3.	Thermonasty	Response to temperature	Tulipa sp

V. Answer the following in one or two sentences.

Question 1.
What is nastic movement?
Answer:
Non-directional response to the stimulus is called Nastic movements.

Question 2.
Name the plant part

1. Which bends in the direction of gravity but away from the light.
2. Which bends towards light but away from the force of gravity.

Answer:

1. Roots
2. Stem.

Question 3.
Differentiate phototropism from photo nasty.
Answer:

Phototropism	Photonasty
The unidirectional movement of a plant part to light stimulus is called phototropism. It is slow and irreversible.	The non-directional movement of a plant part in response to light is called photo nasty. It is immediate, temporary and reversible.

Question 4.
Photosynthesis converts energy X into energy Y.
(a) What are X and Y?
Answer:
X is light energy. Y is chemical energy. During photosynthesis, the light energy is converted into chemical energy.

(b) Green plants are autotrophic in their mode of nutrition. Why?
Answer:
Green plants are autotrophic in their mode of nutrition because they prepare their food, through a process called photosynthesis by using water, carbon dioxide, chlorophyll and sunlight.

Question 5.
Define transpiration.
Answer:
The loss of water in the form of water vapour from the aerial parts of the plant body is called Transpiration.

Question 6.
Name the cell that surrounds the stoma.
Answer:
Each stomata is surrounded by guard cells.

VI. Short answer questions.

Question 1.
Give the technical terms for the following:
Answer:
(a) Growth dependent movement in plants.
Trophic movements
(b) Growth independent movement in plants.
Nastic Movements.

Question 2.
Explain the movement seen in Pneumatophores of Avicennia.
Answer:
Negatively Geotropic movement.

Question 3.
Fill in the blanks:
Answer:

Question 4.
What is chlorophyll?
Answer:
Green pigments present in leaves.

Question 5.
Name the part of plant which shows positive geotropism. Why?
Answer:
Root shows positive geotropism because of the unidirectional movement in response to gravity.

Question 6.
What is the difference between movement of flower in sunflower plant and closing of the leaves in the Mimosa pudical?
Answer:
The stem of sunflower follows the path of sun from dawn to dusk (from east to west) due to light stimulus. But at night, it moves from west to east. The leaves of mimosa pudica closes on touching stimulus.

Question 7.
Suppose you have a rose plant growing in a pot, how will you demonstrate transpiration in it?
Answer:
Tie a plastic bag over leaves of rose plant and place in sunlight. After a few hours, we see water condensing inside the plastic bag. This is due to loss of water in the form of water vapour, which condenses into water. This is due to transpiration.

Question 8.
In the given photosynthetic experiment, what will happen to the leaf closed with black paper in starch test? Why?
Answer:

The part of leaf closed with black paper does not turn blue – black, when it is tested with iodine solution for the presence of starch. The leaf closed with black paper did not receive the sunlight and was unable to manufacture starch.

Question 9.
Mention the differences between stomatal and lenticular transpiration.
Answer:

	Stomatal Transpiration	Lenticular Transpiration
1.	Loss of water in the form of water vapour through minute pore called stomata.	Loss of water in the form of water vapour through lenticels.
2.	Stomata are confined to epidermis of green shoot and leaves.	Lenticels are confined in woody stem and fruits.
3.	It amounts for 90% to 95% of the water transpired from leaves.	It amounts for 1% to 5% of the total water loss by the plants.

Question 10.
To which directional stimuli do (a) roots respond (b) shoots respond?
Answer:

1. Roots respond positively geostrophic and negatively phototrophic.
2. Shoots respond negatively geostrophic and positively phototrophic.

VII. Long answer questions:

Question 1.
Differentiate between tropic and nastic movements
Answer:

Trophic Movements	Nastic Movements
Unidirectional response to the stimulus	Non-directional response to the stimulus
Growth dependent movements	Growth independent movements
More or less permanent and irreversible	Temporary and reversible
Found in all plants	Found only in a few specialized plants
Slow action	Immediate action

Question 2.
How will you differentiate the different types of transpiration?
Answer:
There are three types of transpiration:
Stomatal transpiration: Loss of water from plants through stomata. It accounts for 90- 95% of the water transpired from leaves.
Cuticular transpiration: Loss of water in plants through the cuticle.
Lenticular transpiration: Loss of water from plants as vapour through the lenticels. The lenticels are tiny openings that protrude from the barks in woody stems and twigs as well as in other plant organs.
But transpiration is necessary for the following reasons.

1. It creates a pull in leaf and stem.
2. It creates an absorption force in roots.
3. It is necessary for continuous supply of minerals.
4. It regulates the temperature of the plant.

Activity

Question 1.
A glass trough is taken and is filled with sand. A flower pot containing water, plugged at the bottom is kept at the centre of the glass trough. Soaked pea or bean seeds are placed around the pot in the sand. What do you observe aft er 6 or 7 days? Record your observation.
Answer:
Experiment to demonstrate Hydrotropism:

Take a glass trough and fill it with sand. Keep a Pea seedling at the centre. A porous pot with water is kept at the Trough, as shown in the diagram. Keep it for six or seven days. The Radicle has grown towards the porous pot and moisture, instead of growing vertically downward. It proves that primary root is positively Hydrotrophic and that hydrotropism is stronger than Geotropism.

Question 2.
Take pea seeds soaked in water overnight. Wait for the pea seeds to germinate. Once the seedling has grown put it in a box with an opening for light on one side. After few hours, you can clearly see how the stem has bent and grown towards the light.
Answer:
Take pea seeds soaked in water.overnight. Wait for the pea seeds to germinate. Once the seedling has grown put it in a box with an opening for light on one side. After a few days, we can clearly see that the stem has bent and grown towards the light. This experiment demonstrates Phototropism.

Question 3.
Variegated leaf is plucked from Coleus plant kept in sunlight. It is de-starched by keeping in dark room for 24 hours. The picture of this leaf is draw n and the patches of cholorphyll on the leaf are marked. After immersing the leaf in boiling water follow ed by alcohol it is tested for starch using iodine solution. Record your observation.

Answer:
Experiment to show that Chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis:
Aim: To show that chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis.
We need Coleus (croton) plant with variegated leaves, boiling water, alcohol and iodine solution.

Take coleus (croton) plant with variegated leaves. Destarch the leaves of the plant, by keeping the plant in dark room for 24 hours. Then keep the plant in the sunlight for four to six hours for photosynthesis. Pluck a leaf and draw the picture of the leaf. Mark the patches of chlorophyll on the leaf. After immersing the leaf in boiling water and then in alcohol, it is tested for starch with iodine solution. The patches of the leaf with chlorophyll turn blue – black. The other portions remain colourless. This experiment shows that chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis.

Question 4.
A potted plant is placed in a dark room for about 2 days to de-starch its leaves. One of its leaves is covered with the thin strip of black paper as shown in the picture, make sure that the leaf is covered on both sides.

The potted plant is kept in bright sunlight for 4 to 6 hours. The selected covered leaf is plucked and the black paper is removed.
The leaf is immersed in boiling water for a few minutes and then in alcohol to remove chlorophyll. The leaf is now tested with iodine solution for the presence of starch. The covered part of the leaf does not turn blue-black whereas the uncovered part of the leaf turns blue-black colour.
Why are the changes in colour noted in the covered and uncovered part of the leaf?
Answer:
Experiment to that sunlight is essential for photosynthesis:
Aim: To show that sunlight is necessary’ for photosynthesis.
Material required: potted plant, black paper, boiling water, alcohol and iodine solution.
Procedure:
A potted plant is placed in a darkroom for about 2 days to de-starch its leaves. One of its leaves is covered with the thin strip of black paper as shown in the picture, make sure that the leaf is covered on both sides.

The potted plant is kept in bright sunlight for 4 to 6 hours. The selected covered leaf is plucked and the black paper is removed. The leaf is immersed in boiling water for a few minutes and then in alcohol to remove chlorophyll. The leaf is now tested with iodine solution for the presence of starch. The covered part of the leaf does not turn blue-black whereas the uncovered part of the leaf turns blue-black colour. The covered part of the leaf which did not receive the sunlight was unable to synthesize starch. Hence it does not turn blue-black colour. But the uncovered part of the leaf which received sunlight was able to synthesise starch and so it turns blue-black in colour.

Question 5.
If you tie a plastic bag over a leaf and place the plant in light, you will be able to see water condensing inside the plastic bag. The water is let out by the leaves. Why does this occur?

Answer:
Experiment:
If you tie a plastic bag over a leaf and place the plant in light, you will be able to see water condensing inside the plastic bag. The water is let out by the leaves.

The leaves have tiny, microscopic holes called stomata. Water evaporates through these stomata. Each stomata is surrounded by guard cells. These guard cells help in regulating the rate of transpiration by opening and closing of stomata.

Typically, only 0.1 percent of water taken up by the plant is used by the plant for producing carbohydrates. That is, if a plant absorbs one litre of water, only one millilitre will be used to produce carbohydrate. The remaining 999 millilitres evaporates from the leaf.
You will be able to see how much water a plant releases in the air.

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Plant Physiology Additional Questions

I. Choose the Correct Answer.

Question 1.
In response to light, the Auxin the cells of a stem. So that the plant bends towards
the light.
(a) condenses
(b) solidifies
(c) moves
(d) elongates
Answer:
(d) elongates

Question 2.
The end products of Photosynthesis is ………….. , which will be converted into …………….
(a) Nitrogen, Amino acids
(b) Glucose, Starch
(c) Vitamins, Minerals
(d) Fats, Fatty acids
Answer:
(b) Glucose, Starch

Question 3.
The green leaves, in the presence of light, which manufacture Starch, after removing the
chlorophyll, if Iodine is added, the leaves turn into
(a) Blue-black
(b) Blue orange
(c) Black White
(d) Blue-violet
Answer:
(a) Blue-black

Question 4.
During respiration plants inhale …………. and exhale ……………
(a) Nitrogen and Oxygen
(b) Oxygen and Hydrogen
(c) Oxygen and Carbon dioxide
(d) Carbon dioxide and Oxygen
Answer:
(c) Oxygen and Carbon dioxide

II. Fill in the blanks.

1. The plants respond to gravity and are termed as ……………..
2. One of the plant hormones is ………………
3. ………….. is evolved during photosynthesis.
4. The dead plants and animals are decomposed by ………………..
5. The first leaf of monocot plants is called ……………….
6. The plumule is covered by a protective sheath called …………………
7. The other name for Geotropism is …………………
8. The other name for Thigmonasty is …………………
9. The process of ………….. will not take place in green plants at night.
10. During fertilization, pollen tube grows down the Style, in response to the sugars, in the style is
    an example of …………………

Answer:

1. geotropism
2. Auxin
3. Oxygen
4. microorganisms
5. Cotyledon
6. Coleoptile
7. Gravitropism
8. Seismonasty
9. Photosynthesis
10. Chemotropism

III. Match the column “A” with the Column “B”.

Column A	Column B
1. Embryonic shoot	(a) Micronutrients
2. Minerals needed in substantial quantities	(b) Plants
3. Tiny holes in leaves	(c) Plumule
4. Primary producers	(d) Macronutrients
5. Minerals needed in minute	(e) Stomata quantities.

Answer:

1. (c) Plumule
2. (d) Macronutrients
3. (e) Stomata
4. (b) Plants
5. (a) Micronutrients

IV. Answer the following.

Question 1.
Name the four important things needed by plants for photosynthesis.
Answer:

1. Chlorophyll
2. Water
3. Carbon dioxide
4. Sunlight

Question 2.
Why is transpiration a necessary evil?
Answer:

1. Creates a pull in leaf.
2. Creates a pull in stem.
3. Creates an absorption force in roots to take more water.
   So the minerals are supplied continuously.
4. Regulates the temperature of the plant.

Question 3.
What is a food chain?
Answer:
The link in the cycle of relationship between plants, animals and micro organisms are called Food chain.

Question 4.
How are Photosynthesis by plants and gas exchange by animals interrelated?
Answer:
The oxygen released by the plants is inhaled by the animals. Animals exhale Carbon dioxide, which is taken up by the green plants for photosynthesis. Thus the photosynthesis by plants and the gas exchanges by animals are interrelated.

Question 5.
What are Nastic movements?
Answer:
When the movements are not directed towards stimuli it is called Nastic movements.

Question 6.
Match the following with the types of Nastic movements in plants

Answer:

1. (c) Touch
2. (d) Darkness
3. (a) Temperature
4. (b) Change in light intensity

Question 7.
What is Tropism?
Answer:
Tropism is a growth movement and the direction of which is determined by the direction of the
stimulus.

Question 8.
Match the following with the types of Tropisms in plants.
Answer:

Answer:

1. (d) Phototropism
2. (e) Geotropism
3. (a) Hydrotropism
4. (b) Thigmotropism
5. (c) Chemotropism

Question 9.
What are the differences between Trophic and Nastic movements?
Answer:

Trophic Movements	Nastic Movements
Unidirectional response to the stimulus	Non-directional response to the stimulus
Growth dependent movements	Growth independent movements
More or less permanent and irreversible	Temporary and reversible
Found in all plants	Found only in a few specialized plants
Slow action	Immediate action

Students can Download English Lesson 1 The Three Questions Questions and Answers, Summary, Activity, Notes, Samacheer Kalvi 8th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 8th English Solutions Term 2 Supplementary Chapter 1 The Three Questions

Section – I

Read and Understand

A. Choose the correct answer from the options given below.

The Three Questions Book Back Answers Question 1.
The king wanted to know the answers for _______ questions.
(a) three
(b) five
(c) nine
Answer:
(a) three

The Three Questions Answers Question 2.
The hermit lived in a _______
(a) cottage
(b) palace
(c) wood
Answer:
(c) wood

The Three Questions 8th Standard Question 3.
_______ was widely renowned for his wisdom.
(a) hermit
(b) messengers
(c) warriors
Answer:
(a) hermit

B. Fill in the blanks.

1. The answer for the first question was to have a _______ to fix the proper time for everything.
2. _______ were referred to know the right time for every action.
3. The king decided to consult a _______

Answers:

1. counsel of wise men
2. Magicians
3. hermit

C. Who said these words?

1. “They all answered his questions differently”.
2. How can I learn to do the right thing at the right time?
3. “Now rest awhile – and let me work a bit”?

Answers:

1. Leo Tolstoy They → learned men; his → The King’s
2. The king
3. The hermit

D. Give short answers for the following in 50 words.

The Three Questions Samacheer Kalvi Question 1.
What were the king’s questions?
Answer:
The king’s questions were :
What was the right time for every action?
Who were the most necessary people?
How to know what was the most important thing to do?

8th English The Three Questions Question 2.
Was the king satisfied with the answers? Why?
Answer:
No, the king was not satisfied with the answers. Because all the answers were different and the king could not agree with none of them.

The Three Questions Question And Answer Question 3.
Why was the king advised to go to the magicians?
Answer:
The king was advised to go to the magicians in order to know the right time for every action.

The Three Questions Question 4.
Whose advice did the people say would be imp’ortant to the king in answer to the second question?
Answer:
In answer to the second question, the advice of the councilors, priests, doctors and warriors would be important to the king.

The Three Questions Additional Questions

I. Fill in the blanks :

1. Only _______ know beforehand what was going to happen.
2. The king decided to consult a hermit renowned for his. _______
3. The hermit received none but only _______
4. When the king came to meet, the hermit was _______ the ground

Answers:

1. magicians
2. wisdom
3. common folk
4. digging

II. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below

In reply to the first question, some said that to know the right time for every action, one must draw up in advance a table of days, months, and years, and must live strictly according to it. Only thus, they said, could everything be done at its proper time. Others declared that it was impossible to decide beforehand the right time for every action, but that, not letting oneself be absorbed in idle pastimes, one should always attend to all that was going on, and then do what was most needful.

Three Questions Questions And Answers Pdf Question 1.
To know the right time, what must one draw up in advance?
Answer:
One must draw up in advance a table of days, months and years.

The Three Questions Questions And Answers Question 2.
Since it was impossible to decide the right time, what should we not Jo?
Answer:
We should not be absorbed in idle pastimes.

Question 3.
Why should we attend to all that is going on?
Answer:
We should attend to all that is going on so that we can choose and do what is most needed.

Question 4.
What was the first question?
Answer:
The first question was, “what is the right time for every action?”.

III. Answer the following in one or two words ;

Question 1.
When was ‘The three questions’ written by the Tolstoy .and in what iang<; age:
Answer:
Leo Tolstoy wrote ‘The three questions’ in 1885 in the Russian language.

Question 2.
Why was a council of wise men recommended to find the proper time for every th. in rJ
Answer:
A council of wise men was recommended because it was impossible for one man to decide correctly the proper time.

Question 3.
How did the king go to the woods?
Answer:
The king went to the woods in simple clothes, with his bodyguard on his horse.

Question 4.
Why did the king take the spade to work for the hermit?
Answer:
The king took the spade to work for the hfermit because the hermit was tired.

Question 5.
Until when did the king dig with the spade?
Answer:
The king dig with the spade until the sun began to sink behind the trees.

IV, Identify the character / speaker:

1. “To know the right time for every action, one must draw in advance the table of days, months and years”.
2. “Let me take the spade and work awhile for you”.
3. “Let us see who it is”.

Answers:

1. learned men
2. king
3. The hermit

V. Write True or False against each statement:

1. All the answers being different, the king agreed with none of them.
2. The king should have a council of unwise men who would help him.
3. The hermit lived in a wood which he often quitted.
4. The hermit listened to the king’s questions but answered nothing.
5. Each time the hermit stuck his spade into the ground, he turned a lot of earth.

Answers:

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. False

VI. Give Very Short Answers :

Question 1.
According to the answers received, who were the people the king most needed?
Answer:
Councilors, priests, doctors and warriors.

Question 2.
What do you know about the hermit from this lesson?
Answer:
The wise hermit lived in the wood which he never quitted. He met only common folks there. He was frail, weak, tired in a hut and worked hard.

VII. Answer in Detail:

Question 1.
Explain the various answers given by the learned men for the first question of the king.
Answer:
To know the right time for each action, the learned men said,
(a) to draw in advance a table of days, months and years and live according to it.
(b) it is impossible to find the answer for the right time for each action.
(c) not to be absorbed in idle pastimes, but to attend to all that was going on and do what was most-needful.
(d) it was impossible for one man to decide the right time correctly.
(e) the king must have a council of wise men to help him fix the proper time for everything.

Question 2.
What happened between the king and the hermit in the woods?
Answer:
The hermit saw the king and greeted him. Then he continued to dig the ground in front of his hut with great difficulty.

The king told the hermit that he had come to him to ask him the answers for his three questions and narrated the three questions. The hermit did not answer the questions but continued digging. The king offered to help the tired hermit in digging. The hermit accepted his help and sat down. When the king stopped digging and repeated his questions, the hermit again did not answer, he asked for the spade from the king. The king did not give the spade, he continued digging for hours till sunset. At last, the king told the hermit that if he could not answer his questions, he would go back home. At that time, someone came running.

VIII. Rearrange the jumbled sentences :

A.
1. King decided to consult a hermit known for his wisdom.
2. The learned men answered the king’s questions differently.
3. The king put on simple clothes and went alone to the hermit’s cell.
4. The king proclaimed throughout his kingdom to give rewaijd for the correct answers to his questions.
5. The king agreed with none of the learned men and gave the reward to none.
Answers:
4. The king proclaimed throughout his kingdom to give reward for the correct answers to his questions.
2. The learned men answered the kings questions differently.
5. The king agreed with none of the learned men and gave the reward to none.
1. King decided to consult a hermit known for his wisdom.
3. The king put on simple clothes and went alone to the hermit’s cell.

B.
1. The hermit listened to the king, but answered nothing.
2. The king dismounted his horse and went along, leaving his bodyguard behind.
3. The king said, “You are tired, let me take the spade and work for you”.
4. The king said, “Wise hermit, I ask you to answer my three questions”.
5. The hermit greeted the king on seeing him.
Answers:
2. The king dismounted his horse and went along, leaving his bodyguard behind.
5. The hermit greeted the king on seeing him.
4. The king said, “Wise hermit, I ask you to answer my three questions”.
1. The hermit listened to the king, but answered nothing.
3. The king said, “You are tired, let me take the spade and work for you”.

Section – II

Read and Understand

A. Write ‘True or False’ for the following statement.

1. The bearded man was an enemy of the king.
2. The king and the hermit refused to help the wounded man.
3. The wounded man asked for the king’s forgiveness.
4. The king promised to restore the property of the bearded man.

Answers:

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. True

B. Match the words in column ‘A’ with their meanings in column ‘B’.

Answers:

1. (c)
2. (a)
3. (d)
4. (b)

C. Give short answers for the following.

Question 1.
Who came running out of the wood? What happened to-him?
Answer:
A bearded man came running out of the wood. Blood was flowing from the wound in his stomach. The king’s bodyguard attacked him.

Question 2.
How did the king and the hermit restore the life of a wounded man?
Answer:
The king and the hermit unfastened the man’s clothing. The king washed the wound in his stomach and bandaged it with his handkerchief and with a towel the hermit had. When the blood stopped flowing, the king gave fresh water for him to drink. Then the king, with the hermit’s help, carried the wounded man into the hut and laid him on the bed.

Question 3.
Why did the king sleep through the night?
Answer:
The king was so tired from his walk, from the digging work with the spade and from putting all his effort to save the bearded man. So he slept soundly through the night.

Question 4.
What were the changes in the behaviour of the Wounded man at the end?
Answer:
The wounded man was the enemy of the kMg. He wanted to kill the king but the king saved his life. The wounded man asked the kings forgiveness and wanted to serve the king as a very faithful slave.

D. Answer the following in 100 words.

Question 1.
What were the answers to the three questions? What is the message of the hermit?
Answer:
For the first question of the king, “What was the right time for every action?”, the answer was, “The most important time was when the king was digging the beds”.

The answer for the second question, “Who were the most necessary people?” was the hermit was the most important man.

The final question was, “What was the most important thing to do?” The answer was to do good for the hermit was the most important business of the king.

Question 2.
Why did the heart man ask he king’s forgiveness? What did the king do to show his forgiveness?
Answer:
The bearded man actually came to kill the king. But when he was badly wounded and bled to death, the king saved his life by treating his wound. The man whom he wanted to kill, saved his life. This act of the king made the bearded man feel guilty of his sin.

So the bearded man asked for the kings forgiveness. The king was happy to make peace with his enemy and make his friend. He not only forgave him but also sent his servants and his own physician to attend on him. The king promised to restore his property too.

Vocabulary

Commonly Confused Words

Complete the following sentences using appropriate copfusable words.

1. The sugar had a negative ________ on the science experiment, (effect/affect)
2. l am going to ________ down for an hour, (lie/lay)
3. The gas prices continue to ________ (raise/rise).
4. She always gives me good ________ (advice/advise).
5. The war had no ________ on oil prices, (affect / effect)

Answers:

1. effect
2. lie
3. rise
4. advice
5. effect

Anagram

Example:

Exercise:

Antigram

Example:

Exercise:

Step to Succes

Read the English folk tale given below and fill up the blank spaces with si le words.
that, and, and, on, after, where
Answer:
There were once three tortoises – a father, a mother and a baby. On one fine morning during spring, they decided that they would like to go for a picnic. They picked the place where they would go, a nice wood at some distance, and they began to put their things together. They got tins of cheese, vegetable, meat and fruits. They were ready for the picnic. They set out carrying their baskets. After eighteen months they sat down for rest. They enjoyed the picnic very much.

The Three Questions Additional Questions

I. Choose the Right answer:

Question 1.
The bearded man came running out of the _______
(a) wood
(b) beach
(c) hut
(d) Porch
Answer:
(a) wood

Question 2.
The king was tired so he crouched on the _______ and fell asleep.
(a) porch
(b) bed
(c) threshold
(d) field

Question 3.
The king was glad to have made _______ with his enemy.
(a) money
(b) business
(c) peace
(d) healing
Answer:
(c) peace

Question 4.
The hermit was on his knees, outside his hut _______ seeds in the beds dug.
(a) planting
(b) sowing
(c) digging
(d) keeping
Answer:
(b) sowing

Question 5.
The only purpose man was sent into this life was to do _______ for others.
(a) harm
(b) abuse
(c) revenge
(d) good
Answer:
(d) good

II. Fill in the blanks :

1. The king and the hermit _______the bearded man’s clothes.
2. The king bandaged the wound with his _______ and the hermit s towel.
3. The bearded said to the king, “I will serve you as your most faithful _______”
4. The king said he would send his servants and his own _______ to attend the bearded man.

Answers:

1. unfastened
2. handkerchief
3. slave
4. Physician

III. Identify the character and speaker:

1. “Forgive me”.
2. “I do not know you and have nothing to forgive you for”.
3. “I resolved to kill you on your way back”.
4. “You have already been answered”.
5. “For the last time, I pray you to answer my questions”.

Answers:

1. Bearded man
2. The king
3. Bearded man
4. Hermit
5. The king

IV. Write True or False against each statement:

1. The bearded man fell fainting on the ground, moaning loudly.
2. The bearded man was lying on the bed, gazing intently at the king with shining eyes.
3. “Your bodyguard recognized me and wounded me”.
4. Before going away the king wished not to beg an answer to the questions he had put.
5. There is only one time that is important – then!

Answers:

1. False
2. True
3. True
4. False
5. False

V. Match the following :

Answer:

1. (b)
2. (a)
3. (d)
4. (c)

VI. Give Very Short Answers :

Question 1.
Where was the wound for the bearded man?
Answer:
The bearded man was wounded in his stomach.

Question 2.
What did the king give the bearded man to drink?
Answer:
The king gave fresh water for the bearded man to drink.

Question 3.
Where did the king and the he make the bearded man to lie?
Answer:
The king and the hermit made the bearded man to lie on the bed in the hermits hut.

Question 4.
Who property had the king seized?
Answer:
The king had seized the property of the bearded man’s brother.

Question 5.
Why did the bodyguard w< the bearded
Answer:
The bodyguard knew that the bearded man had come to kill the king. So he wounded to protect the king.

Question 6.
What would have happened if the king had not dressed the wound of the bearded man?
Answer:
If the king had not dressed the wound of the bearded man, he would have heavily bled and died.

Question 7.
Why die he king want to mi the hermit before he left the wood?
Answer:
The king wanted to meet the hermit for the last time before he left, to beg an answer to the questions he had put.

Question 8.
The only time important is “now”. Justify.
Answer:
“Now” is the only time when we have any power to act. So it is important than the past and future.

VII. Write Short Answers :

Question 1.
Describe the bearded man when he met the king.
Answer:
The bearded man came running from the wood. His hands were pressing his stomach, from which blood was flowing. He reached the king and fell fainted on the ground, moaning feebly.

Question 2.
How did the king and the hermit treat the wounded man?
Answer:
The king washed the Targe wound on the stomach and bandaged it with his handkerchief and the hermit’s towel. The king rebandaged the wound repeatedly until the blood stopped. He gave fresh water to the wounded man to drink. The king and the hermit carried the wounded man and laid him on the bed in the hut

Question 3.
The bearded man lying on the bed, gazed at the king with shining eyes. Why?
Answer:
The bearded man cried so his eyes were shining. He gazed at the king as he was recollecting how he came the previous day to kill the king. He felt guilty as the king whom he wanted to kill, had saved his life.

VIII. Answer in Detail:

Question 1.
Explain the three instances by which the hermit answered the king’s questions.
Answer:
Instance I : The most important time was when the king was digging the beds. The most important person was the hermit. To do good for the hermit was the most important action.

Instance IT: The most important time was the time the king attended on the bearded ’ man. The bearded wounded man was the most important person. The help the king did to the wounded man was the most important action.

To conclude, the most important time is “now” because it is the only time over which we have any power. The most important person is the person with whom we are. And the most important action is to do good to that person, because only for that reason man was sent to live this life.

Question 2.
What would have happened if the king did not help the hermit?
Answer:
When the king saw the frail weak hermit digging the ground, he pitied him and dug the beds for him but if he had not pitied the hermit and gone on his way, then the bearded man would have attacked and killed the king. The king would have also repented for not staying with the hermit.

Question 3.
How did the bearded man become the most important person for the king?
Answer:
According to the second question of the king, “who was the most necessary person?”, it was the bearded man. Because when the bearded man ran up to the king, if the king had not attended to him, he would have died. Since the king attended to the man, bandaged his wound and saved him, the king was able to make peace with his enemy and gained him for a friend. God wants us to do good for people and for that purpose alone man was sent into this life.

IX. Rearrange the jumbled sentences:

A.
1. The king washed and bandaged the wound.
2. A bearded man came running out of the wood.
3. The king and the hermit carried the wounded man into the hut and laid him on the bed.
4. He fell fainting on the ground, moaning feebly.
5. The king brought fresh water and gave it to him.
Answers:
2. A bearded man came running out of the wood.
4. He fell fainting on the ground, moaning feebly.
1. The king washed and bandaged the wound.
5. The king brought fresh water and gave it to him.
3. The king and the hermit carried the wounded man into the hut and laid him on the bed.

B.
1. “Forgive me”, said the bearded man in a weak voice.
2. The king was glad to have made peace with his enemy.
3. “I am the enemy of yours who swore to revenge on you”.
4. When the king woke in the morning, the bearded man was gazing at him with shining eyes.
5. “I do not know you”, said the king.
Answer:
4. When the king woke in the morning, the bearded man was gazing at him with shining eyes.
1. “Forgive me”, said the bearded man in a weak voice.
5. “I do not know you”, said the king.
3. “I am the enemy of yours who swore to revenge on you”.
2. The king was glad to have made peace with his enemy.

X. Read the passage and answer the questions :

“You do not know me, but I know you. I am that enemy of yours who swore to revenge on you, because you executed my brother and seized his property. I know you had gone alone to see the hprmit, and I resolved to kill you on your way back”.

Question 1.
Who speaks these words and to whom?
Answer:
The bearded man spoke these words to the king.

Question 2.
Who was the bearded man?
Answer:
The bearded man was the king’s enemy.

Question 3.
What did the bearded man plan to do?
Answer:
The bearded man planned to kill the king.

Question 4.
Why did the bearded man want to kill the king?
Answer:
The bearded man wanted to kill the king as a revenge. Because the king had executed his brother and seized his property.

Vocabulary – Additional

Confused Words

Complete the following sentences using appropriate confusable words.

1. Can you _______ (here / hear) me?
2. Last _______ (weak / week) I did not attend the school.
3. It is a very beautiful _______ (seen / scene)
4. He tried to _______ (steel / steal) the gold chain.
5. The hunting dogs tried to _______ (haul / hall) the wolf.

Answers:

1. hear
2. week
3. scene
4. steal
5. haul

Anagram

Form another word.

1. Elbow
2. State
3. Cat
4. Arc
5. Sale
6. School master

Answers:

1. Below
2. Taste
3. Act
4. car
5. seal
6. The classroom

Antigram

Create Antigram from the following Anagram.

1. Indeed
2. Inferno
3. Tip
4. Silent
5. forty five

Answers:

1. Denied
2. Non-fire
3. Pit
4. Listen
5. Over fifty

The Three Questions Summary

Section – I

Once a king was anxious to find the answers to these questions: What was the right time to begin everything? Who was the right person to listen to? and what was the most important thing to do?

The king announced throughout his kingdom that anyone who gave the correct answer for his questions would be rewarded.

To know the right time they said one should have a time plan. Another person said it was impossible to decide the correct time, so one should avoid idle pastime and attend only to the needful. Next, it was told that the king should have a council of wise men to fix the correct time for everything. Finally, it was recommended to consult magicians.

Various answers were given to the second question such as councilors, priests, doctors, warriors being the most needed people.

For the third question on the important action to do, the answers got were science, skill in warfare, religious worship and so on.

The king was not satisfied with any of the answers and he went to the woods to consult a hermit known for his wisdom. The hermit was digging the ground with difficulty when the king met him and asked him the answers for his questions. The hermit did not answer but continued to dig. Seeing the tired hermit, the king offered to dig for him and again asked the same questions. The hermit again did not answer but asked the spade back’to dig. The king did not give the spade but continued to dig till the evening. At that time, someone came running. The king and the hermit went to see who it was.

Section – II

When the king was with the hermit near his hut, a bleeding bearded man fell fainted as he reached the king. The king washed and bandaged the wound in his stomach till bleeding stopped. The king gave water to the thirsty man. The tired king and the bearded man slept in the hermits hut that night.

In the morning, the bearded man asked for the king’s forgiveness. But the king did not know him. The bearded man was the king’s enemy who had come to kill him. The bodyguard found him and attacked. The bearded man escaped being saved by his enemy, the ‘king’. The bearded man promised to serve the king as a faithful slave along with his family.

The happy king forgave and made peace with his enemy. He sent his servants and physician to attend the wounded man and also promised to restore his property.

The king asked the hermit for the answers to his questions before he left him. The hermit told that it had been already answered. Firstly, the most important time was when the king was digging the beds. Secondly, the important man was the hermit. Thirdly, to do good for the hermit was the king’s important business.

Next, the most important three was when the king attended his enemy. The important man was the ‘enemy’ who the king made peace with. The important business was what the king did for the bearded man.