Laxmi

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Vocabulary Idioms

An idiom is an expression in English with a special meaning of its own. Idioms do not give the literal meaning of the individual words used in them.

Here are a few sentences with idioms (meanings are given in brackets):

• Business is going from bad to worse, (deteriorate further)
• They always do things in a big way, (on a large scale)
• The government has taken a very hard line (not giving in) against illegal quarrying.
• Orders for the new product are coming in thick and fast, (in large numbers)
• How can any one make ends meet (manage with the money) with just ? 2000/- a month?
• Your son’s behavior is a matter of concern, (something to worry about)
• The name sounds familiar but I can’t call her face to mind, (recall something from memory; recognise)
• My uncle loves to tell us how to play cricket. He is an armchair expert.
  (one who gives advice in an area in which he was not actively involved)
• Ravi is our sincere employee. He has had a clean slate (a past record without discredit) for over twenty years.
• The policeman went near the damaged car to have a look at close quarters, (very near)
• Dr. Jacob is at the helm (in charge) of affairs in this hospital.
• No one can make a break even (make no profit or loss) in the first year of business.
• Because of the steep rice in prices, people living on pension feel the pinch, (feeling unpleasant change in one’s standard of living)
• Let us settle the bill for the damage fair and square, (in a fair way)
• I can hear you over phone loud and clear, (very clearly)
• By and by (as time goes by) he will realise that my going to Delhi was the right decision.

Idioms from the Textual Exercises
Idiom – Meaning
1. alarm bells ringing – a sign of something going wrong
2. back to the wall – in serious difficulty
3. below the belt – unfair or unsporting behavior
4. by the skin of one’s teeth – a narrow escape.
5. drive one up the wall – to annoy or irritate someone
6. asp / clutch at straws – try any method to overcome a crisis
7. hang out to dry – abandoning one who is in difficulty
8. have cold feet – feel nervousness and anxiety
9. hit the road – to begin one’s journey
10. in a nice pickle – in a troublesome or difficult situation
11. in our corner – on your side in an argument or dispute
12. in panic mode – in a frightening state
13. on the ropes – state of near collapse or defeat
14. right up to one’s alley – ideally suited to one’s interest
15. saved by the bell – help at the last moment rescuing one from a difficult situation
16. shot his bolt – to exhaust one’s effort
17. square off – prepare for a conflict
18. take (one) for a ride – to deceive someone
19. throw in the towel – to give up
20. tight corners – difficult situations

Some more idioms and meanings :

1	a bolt from the blue	unexpected event; complete surprise (usually unwelcome)
2	a drop in the ocean	a very small amount compared with what is needed or expected
3	a great deal	plenty of
4	a penny for your thoughts	a way of asking what someone is thinking.
5	a stone’s throw	a very short distance
6	a storm in a teacup	a big fuss about a small problem
7	a wild goose chase	a worthless hunt or chase
8	a yellow streak	cowardice in one’s character
9	above board	honest, not a secret
10	add insult to injury	to worsen an unfavorable situation
11	armchair expert	one who gives advice in an area in which he was not actively involved
12	at close quarters	very near
13	at hand	very near
14	at loggerheads	to disagree strongly
15	at snail’s pace	very slowly
16	at the drop of the hat	without any hesitation
17	at the eleventh hour	at the last moment
18	at the end of one’s tether	to have no power, patience or endurance left
19	at the helm	in charge
20	at the mercy of	under the control of
21	barking up the wrong tree	accusing the wrong person
22	be armed with	be equipped with
23	be fit for	suitable
24	be part of	belong to
25	beat around the bush	avoiding the main topic
26	bed of roses	comfortable position
27	best of both worlds	all the advantages
28	big way	on a large scale
29	bite the bullet	to get something over with because it is inevitable
30	blessing in disguise	something good that isn’t recognized at first.
31	bolt from the blue	something that happened without warning
32	break even	make no profit or loss
33	break the ice	make people feel more comfortable
34	break through	penetrate
35	bring forth	produce
36	burst into	enter suddenly
37	by and by	as time goes by
38	by nature	because of natural habits
39	call it a day	stop working on something
40	can’t judge a book by its cover	cannot judge something primarily on appearance.
41	clean slate	a past record without discredit
42	comparing apples to oranges	comparing two things that cannot be compared
43	costs an arm and a leg	very expensive
44	curiosity killed the cat	being inquisitive can lead you into an unpleasant situation.
45	devil’s advocate	to present a counter argument
46	draw a blank	unable to get information
47	every cloud has a silver lining	good-things come after bad things
48	eyesore	ugly sight
49	eyewash	something to deceive
50	fair and square	in a fair way
51	fall a prey to	become a victim
52	far cry from	very different from
53	far from	distant
54	feel the pinch	feeling unpleasant change in one’s standard of living
55	fit as a fiddle	in good health
56	fortune favours the bold	take risks
57	give (someone) a piece of one’s mind	to tell someone frankly what one thinks especially when one disapproves of the other’s behaviour
58	give someone the cold shoulder	ignore someone
59	go down in flames	fail spectacularly
60	go on a wild goose chase	to do something pointless
61	going from bad to worse	deteriorate further
62	good-for-nothing	worthless
63	hang around	someone strongly to loiter
64	hang in there	don’t give up
65	hard to come by	difficult to find
66	have a hand	to get involved
67	have no hand in	does not take part in an activity
68	head back	return
69	herculean task	difficult task
70	hit the nail on the head	do or say something exactly right
71	hit the sack	go to sleep
72	holds good	valid at the time of discussion
73 ,	honour bound (to do something)	required to do something as a moral duty but not by law
74	in a nutshell	briefly
75	in all walks of life	all social groups
76	in deep waters	in trouble
77	in hot pursuit	following closely
78	in short supply	Not enough / scarce
79	in the hands of	in the care of
80	in the service of	available for
81	it is a piece of cake	it is easy
82	it’s Taining cats and dogs	it’s raining hard
83	keep pace with	to move with same speed
84	keep something at bay	keep something away
85	kicked the bucket	passed away
86	leave no stone unturned	look everywhere
87	let the cat out of the bag	give away a secret
88	lion’s share	major share
89	look down upon	treat with contempt                        .
90	loud and clear	very clearly
91	make both ends meet	live within means
92	make fun of	ridicule
93	make up one’s mind	decide, determine
94	matter of concern	something to worry about
95	miss the boat	it’s too late
96	muffle up	to cover
97	not playing with a full deck	someone who lacks intelligence
98	note of hand	promissory note
99	null and void	invalid
100	on cloud nine	to be extremely happy
101	once and for all	completely and finally
102	once in a blue moon	vary rarely
103	one thing leads to another	series of events in which each event was caused by the previous one.
104	out of place	unsuitable
105	pink of health	extremely healthy, in perfect condition
106	play an important role	to have a significant position
107	pull yourself together	calm down
108	put on airs	behave in an unnatural way to impress others
109	shadow of one’s self	not having the strength, former self influence, etc., that one once had
110	side by side	along with
111	speak volumes	to express something very clearly and completely
112	spill the beans	give away a secret
113	take to one’s heels	to run away
114	taken a very hard line	not giving in
115	the ball is in your court	it’s your decision
116	the burning question	a crucial issue
117	the whys and wherefores	the reasons for something
118	thick and fast	in large numbers
119	tit for tat	revenge
120	told him flat	expressed opinion directly
121	tread on	walk with difficulty
122	trial and error	to try many times to succeed
123	tricks of the trade	the expertise of doing business
124	well-balanced	well adjusted
125	whole nine yards	everything, all of it
126	wouldn’t be caught dead	would never like to do something
127	with a bang	in a very exciting way

Exercises
(i) Choose the correct option to complete the given idioms.
1. A bolt from _________.
(a) the white (b) the sky (c) the green (d) the blue
Answer:
(d) the blue

2. A storm _________.
(a) at sea (b) in the ocean (c) in a coffee cup (d) in a tea cup
Answer:
(d) in a tea cup

3. Can’t judge a book, _________.
(a) by the colour (b) by its cover (c) by its pages (d) by its author
Answer:
(db) by its cover

4. Every cloud _________.
(a) is dark (b) hides the sun (c) has a silver lining (d) brings rain
Answer:
(c) has a silver lining

5. Casts an arm _________.
(a) and a face (b) and a finger (c) and a leg (d) and some money
Answer:
(c) and a leg

6. Add insult to _________.
(a) friend (b) enemy (c) neighbor (d) injury
Answer:
(d) injury

7. A penny for _________.
(a) a picture (b) honesty (c) hard work (d) your thoughts
Answer:
(d) your thoughts

8. Fortune favors
(a) the hardworking (b) the poor (c) the rich (d) the bold
Answer:
(d) the bold

9. Hit the nail _________.
(a) on the wall (b) on the door (c) in the bench (d) on the head
Answer:
(d) on the head

10. Once in a _________.
(a) blue moon (b) in a tea cup (c) new moon (d) full moon
Answer:
(a) blue moon

(ii) Give a suitable idiom for the given meanings.

1. Say something exactly right.
Answer:
To hit the nail on the head.

2. All social groups.
Answer:
All walks of life.

3. It’s raining hard.
Answer:
Its raining cats and dogs.

4. Passed away.
Answer:
Kicked the bucket.

5. Live within means.
Answer:
To make both ends meet.

6. Invalid.
Answer:
Null and void.

7. Extremely healthy.
Answer:
Pink of health.

8. Give away a secret.
Answer:
To let the cat out of the bag.

9. Revenge.
Answer:
Tit for that.

10. In trouble.
Answer:
In deep waters.

Students can Download Maths Chapter 2 Algebra Ex 2.4 Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 8th Maths Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Samacheer Kalvi 8th Maths Solutions Term 2 Chapter 2 Algebra Ex 2.4

Question 1.
Fill in the blanks:

Question (i)
y = px where p ∈ Z always passes through the ………
Answer:
Origin (0, 0)
Hint:
[When we substitute x = 0 in equation, y also becomes zero. (0,0) is a solution]

Question (ii)
The intersecting point of the line x = 4 and y = – 4 is ………
Answer:
4, -4
Hint:
x = 4 is a line parallel to the y – axis and
y = – 4 is a line parallel to the x – axis. The point of intersection is a point that lies on both lines & which should satisfy both the equations. Therefore, that point is (4, -4)

Question (iii)
Scale for the given graph, on the x – axis 1 cm = ……… units y – axis 1 cm = ………. units

Answer:
3 units, 25 units
Hint:
With reference to given graph,
On the x – axis, 1cm = 3 units
y axis, 1cm = 25 units

Question 2.
Say True or False:

Question (i)
The points (1, 1) (2, 2) (3, 3) lie on a straight line.
Answer:
True
Hint:
The points (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3) all satisfy the equation y = x
which is straight line. Hence, it is true

Question (ii)
y = – 9x not passes through the origin.
Answer:
False
Hint:
y = – 9x substituting forx as zero, we get y = – 9 x 0 = 0
∴ for x = 0, y = 0. Which means line passes through (0, 0), hence statement is false.

Question 3.
Will a line pass through (2, 2) if it intersects the axes at (2, 0) and (0, 2).
Solution:
Given a line intersects the axis at (2, 0) & (0, 2)
Let line intercept form be expressed as
ax + by = 1 Where a & b are the x & y intercept respectively.
Since the intercept points are (2, 0) & (0, 2)
a = 2, b = 2
∴ 2x + 2y = 1
When the point (2, 2) is considered & substituted in the equation
2x + 2y = 1 we get
2 x 2 + 2 x 2 = 4 ≠ 1
∴ The point (2, 2) does not satisfy the equation. Therefore the line does not pass through (2, 2)
Alternatively graphical method:
as we can see the line doesn’t pass through (2, 2)

Question 4.
A line passing through (4, – 2) and intersects the Y – axis at (0, 2). Find a point on the line in the second quadrant.
Solution:

Line passes through (4, – 2)
y – axis intercept point – (0, 2)
using 2 point formula,
\(\frac { y-y_{ 1 } }{ x-x_{ 1 } } \) = \(\frac { { y }_{ 2 }-{ y }_{ 1 } }{ { x }_{ 2 }-{ x }_{ 1 } } \)
\(\frac{y-2}{x-0}\) = \(\frac{1-2-2}{4-0}\)
∴ \(\frac{y-2}{x}\) = \(\frac{-4}{4}\) = – 1
y – 2 = – 1 × x

∴ x + y = 2 is the equation of the line.
Any point in II quadrant will have x as negative & y as positive.
So let us take x value as – 2
∴ – 2 + y = 2
y = 2 + 2 = 4
∴ Point in II Quadrant is (-2, 4)

Question 5.
If the points P (5, 3) Q(- 3, 3) R (- 3, – 4) and S form a rectangle then find the coordinate of S.
Solution:
Plotting the points on a graph (approximately)

Steps:

1. Plot P, Q, R approximately on a graph.
2. As it is a rectangle, RS should be parallel to PQ & QR should be parallel to PS
3. S should lie on the straight line from R parallel to x – axis & straight line from P parallel to y – axis
4. Therefore, we get S to be (5, -4)

[Note: We don’t need graph sheet for approximate plotting. This is just for graphical understanding]

Question 6.
A line passes through (6, 0) and (0, 6) and an another line passes through (- 3, 0) and (0, – 3). What are the points to be joined to get a trapezium?
Solution:
In a trapezium, there are 2 opposite sides that are parallel. The other opposite sides are non-parallel.
Now, let us approximately plot the points for our understanding [no need of graph sheet]

1. Plot the points (0, 6), (6, 0), (-3, 0) & (0, – 3)
2. Join (0, 6) & (6, 0)
3. Join (-3, 0) & (0, -3)
4. We find that the lines formed by joining the points are parallel lines.
5. So, for forming a trapezium, we should join (0, 6), (-3, 0) & (0, -3), (6, 0)

Question 7.
Find the point of intersection of the line joining points (- 3, 7) (2, – 4) and (4, 6) (- 5, 7). Also find the point of intersection of these lines and also their intersection with the axis.
Solution:

Equation of line joining 2 points by 2 point formula is given by
\(\frac { y-y_{ 1 } }{ x-x_{ 1 } } \) = \(\frac { { y }_{ 2 }-{ y }_{ 1 } }{ { x }_{ 2 }-{ x }_{ 1 } } \)
∴ \(\frac{y-7}{x-(-3)}\) = \(\frac{-4-7}{2-(-3)}\)
\(\frac{y-7}{x+3}\) = \(\frac{-11}{2+3}\)
∴ \(\frac{y-7}{x+3}\) = \(\frac{-11}{5}\)
Cross multiplying, we get

Transposing the variables, we get
11x + 5y = 35 – 33 = 2
11x + 5y = 2 – Line 1
Similarly, we should find out equation of second line

∴ 9y – 54 = 13x – 52
9y – 13x = 2 – Line 2
For finding point of intersection, we need to solve the 2 line equation to find a point that will satisfy both the line equations.
∴ Solving for x & y from line 1 & line 2 as below
11x + 5y = 2 ⇒ multiply both sides by 13,
11 x 13x + 5 x 13y = 26
Line 2:
9y – 13x = 2 ⇒ multiply both sides by 11
9 x 11y – 13 x 11x = 22

Substituting this value of y in line 1 we get
11x + 5y = 2
11x + 5 x \(\frac{12}{41}\) = 2
11x = 2 – \(\frac{60}{41}\) = \(\frac{82-60}{41}\) = \(\frac{22}{41}\)
x = \(\frac{2}{41}\)
∴ Point of intersection is (\(\frac{2}{41}\) \(\frac{12}{41}\))
To find point of intersection of the lines with the axis, we should substitute values & check
Line 1:
11x + 5y = 2
Point of intersection of line with x – axis, i.e y coordinate is ‘0’
∴ put y = 0 in above equation
∴ 11x – 5 x 0 = 2
11x + 0 = 2
x = \(\frac{2}{11}\)
∴ Point is (\(\frac{2}{11}\), 0)
Similarly, point of intersection of line with y – axis is when x – coordinate becomes ‘0’
∴ put x = 0 in above equation
∴ 11 x 0 + 5y = 2
∴ 0 + 5y = 2
y = \(\frac{2}{5}\)
∴ Point is (0, \(\frac{2}{5}\))
Similarly for line 2,
9y – 13x = 2
For finding x intercept, i.e point where line meets x axis, we know thaty coordinate becomes ‘0’
∴ Substituting y – 0 in above eqn. we get
9 x 0 – 13x = 2
∴ 0 – 13x = 2
x = \(\frac{-2}{13}\)
∴ Point is (\(\frac{-2}{13}\), 0)
Similarly for y – intercept, x – coordinate becomes ‘0’,
∴ Substituting for x = 0 in above equation, we get
9y – 13 x 0 = 2
9y – 0 = 2
9y = 2
y = \(\frac{2}{9}\)
Point is (0, \(\frac{2}{9}\))

Question 8.
Draw the graph of the following equations:

1. x = – 7
2. y = 6

Solution:

Question 9.
Draw the graph of

1. y = – 3x
2. y = x – 4

Solution:
To draw graph, we need to find out some points.
1. for y = – 3x, let us first substituting values & check
put x = 0
y = – 3 x 0 = 0 ∴ (0,0) is a point
put x = 1
y = – 3 x 1 = – 3 ∴ (1, – 3) is a point
If join these 2 points, we will get the line

2. for y = x – 4
put x = 0
y = 0 – 4 = -4 ∴ (0, – 4) is a point
x = 4
y = 4 – 4 = 0 ∴ (4, 0) is a point
Now let us plot the points & join them on graph

Question 10.
Find the values

Solution:
Let y = x + 3
(i) if x = 0
y = 0 + 3 = 3
∴ y = 3

(ii) y = 0
0 = x + 3
∴ x = – 3

(iii) x = – 2
y = – 2 + 3
∴ y = 1

(iv) y = -3
-3 = x + 3
∴ x = -6

Let 2x + 7 – 6 = 0
(i) x = 0
2 x 0 + y – 6 = 0
∴ 7 = 6

(ii) y = 0
2x + 0 – 6 = 0
2x = 6
x = 3

(iii) x = – 2
2 x (- 2) + y – 6 = 0
y – 10 = 0
y = 10

(iv) y = -3
2x – 3 – 6 = 0
2x = 9
x = \(\frac{9}{2}\)

Question 11.
The following is a table of , values connecting the radii of a few circles and their circumferences (Taking π = \(\frac{22}{7}\)) Illustrate the relation with a graph and find

1. The radius when the circumference is 242 units.
2. The circumference when the radius is 24.5 units.

Solution:

r = 24.5 Circumference?

Steps :

1. Draw the axis, x – axis = radius & y – axis = circumference
2. Mark the points by choosing scale of 1 cm = 7 units for x axis & 1 cm = 44 units for y – axis
3. Join the points to form a line.
4. Now for r value = 24.5 (mid value between 21 & 28), draw vertical line to touch the main line & from there drop line parallel to x axis and note where it meets y axis.

It meets between 132 & 176. Taking the mid value
i.e \(\frac{132+176}{2}\) = 154, we get circumference of 154 when r = 24.5.
Similarly, for circumference of 242, we get r value to be 38.5

Question 12.
An over-head tank is full with water. Water leaks out from it, at a constant rate of 10 litres per hour. Draw a “time-wastage” graph for this situation and find

1. The water wasted in 150 minutes
2. The time at which 75 litres of water is wasted.

Solution:
From over head tank, water leaks out at 10 l/hr.
∴ Let us see how much leakage happens with time
Time     Leakage
1 hr        10 ltrs.
2 hrs       20 ltrs.
3 hrs       30 ltrs.
4 hrs       40 ltrs.. and so on
150 min = 120 min + 30 min
= 2 hr 30 min = 2 \(\frac{1}{2}\) hrs
Now let us plot a graph between time & water leakage

Water wasted in 150 min (2\(\frac{1}{2}\) hrs) = 25 litres
Time at which 75 litre of water is wasted = 7\(\frac{1}{2}\) hrs = 450 minutes.

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Grammar Phrasal Verbs

A phrasal verb is a verb that is made up of a main verb together with an adverb or a preposition or both, to create a completely new meaning.

Exercises

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Grammar Auxiliaries Verbs

A phrasal verb is a verb that is made up of a main verb together with an adverb or a preposition or both, to create a completely new meaning.

• Modals are special verbs which behave irregularly in English.
• These verbs perform several important functions in the formation of sentences.
• They have multiple uses that need to be understood for efficient use of the English language both for written and spoken purposes.

Modals Are Used In/To

• Indicate Tenses
• Frame Questions
• Short answers
• Question Tag
• Active & Passive Voice
• Direct & Indirect speech Negatives

Here Are Some Characteristics Of Modal Verbs :

• They never change their form. You can’t add “s”, “ed”, “ing”…
• They are always followed by an infinitive without “to” (i.e. the bare infinitive.)
• They are used to indicate modality allow speakers to express certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity, ability etc.,

Examples Of Modal Verbs
Here Is A List Of Modals With Examples:

Exercise
(i) Fill in the blanks with appropriate modal auxiliary verbs.
1. My grandmother is eighty-five, but she _________ still read and write without glasses
Answer:
can

2. _________ I come with you?
Answer:
Shall

3. _________ you help me with the housework, please?
Answer:
Could

4. There was a time when I _________ stay up very late.
Answer:
used to

5. you _________ lose any more weight. You are already slim.
Answer:
need not

6. we _________ not make the first move.
Answer:
must

7. It is snowing outside so I _________ stay at home.
Answer:
should

8. I _________ get you a shawl from Kashmir.
Answer:
shall

9. _________ you mind if I borrowed your car?
Answer:
Would

10. _________ you take care of my dog for a day?
Answer:
Can I Could

11. Our country _________ become a super power by 2025.
Answer:
may

12. She _________ sell her home because she needs money.
Answer:
might

13. _________ we visit Ajanta and Ellora?
Answer:
Shall

14. _________ you come with us?
Answer:
Will

15. The Captain said, ‘Players _________ assemble at the ground at 4 P.M.’
Answer:
must

16. I _________ not be unfair to him.
Answer:
should

17. We _________ do all the work for the common good.
Answer:
ought to

18. You _________ tell the truth.
Answer:
should

19. Excuse me _________ you tell me where the bus station is?
Answer:
can

20. She _________ play the flute and the guitar.
Answer:
can

21. When we were younger, we _________ watch movies all afternoon!
Answer:
used to

22. If you want to camp in the park, you _________ to pay for a permit first.
Answer:
need

23. He _________ go inside, or he will get a terrible sunburn!
Answer:
should

24. He _________ stop drinking so much coffee, or he will make himself sick!
Answer:
must

25. He _________ bring the food very soon.
Answer:
will

26. We _________ definitely win the championship game.
Answer:
must

27. I _________ rather have a cup of tea.
Answer:
would

28. You _________ stop eating pizzas because it is bad for you.
Answer:
should

29. _________ I sit down now?
Answer:
Mav

30. I _________ go now
Answer:
must

31. I _________ tell the truth to the teacher.
Answer:
ought to

32. _________ you pass me the ketchup?
Answer:
Could

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Grammar Non-finite verbs (Gerund, Infinitives, Participles)

A non-finite verb (also known as a verbal) is the term used to describe a verb that does not indicate tense. The non-finite verbs are called gerunds, infinitives, and participles.

• Finite verb : A verb that indicates tense and changes according to the subject
• Non-Finite verb : A verb that does not indicate tense and does not change according to the subject

Finite verb
Finite verbs change tense and number according to the subject.

• Arun invited Suresh to his daughter’s birthday.
• Her friends presented the girl with a toy.
• His friend presented a watch.

Non-finite verbs
Non-finite verbs have no subject and do not change according to the tense or number.

Non-finite verbs are broadly classified as follows:
i. Gerunds 1. Viking Is a healthy habit (Present participle used as a noun)
ii. Infinitive 2. I like to walk early in the morning. (lo infinitive)
iii. Present participle 3. These are my walking shoes. (Present participle used as an adjective)
iv. Past participle 4. Having walked a long distance I felt tired

Infinitives and Gerunds
The infinitive is often called as ‘to verb’. It functions as a subject or object.
SUBJECT : (e.g.) To swim is a good exercise. – Subject
OBJECT : (e.g.) I like to swim – Object

Infinitives may be used without to and we call such infinitives plain infinitives or bare infinitives.
(e.g.) She made me do my project.
We use plain/bare infinitives with these models.

shall will do did would make need
may might could must let dare see

The infinitive may function as a subject, direct object, subject complement, adjective, or adverb in a sentence. Although an infinitive is easy to locate because of the to+verb form, deciding what function it has in a sentence depends on the meaning.

(e.g.) To wait seemed foolish when decisive action was required, (subject)
(e.g.) Everyone wanted to go (direct object)
(e.g.) His ambition is to fly, (subject complement)
(e.g.) He lacked the strength to resist, (adjective)
(e.g.) We must study to learn, (adverb)

Gerunds

A gerund is an action word that ends in – ing but functions as a noun

Exercises
(i) Identify the finite and non-finite verbs in the following sentences.
1. I like (finite) to play (non-finite) with my puppy.
2. She works (finite) hard to pass (non-finite) the test.
3. Smoking (non-finite) is prohibited (finite) in the kitchen.
4. He went (finite) to the city to find (non-finite) work.
5. The boy saved (finite) the cat from the dogs.
6. The teacher asked (finite) the students to submit (non-finite) their assignments before they go (finite) home.

(ii) Identify the finite and non-finite verbs in the following sentences and state whether they are infinitives, participles or gerunds.
1. Singing (non-finite – gerund) is (finite verb) his pastime.
2. I like (finite verb) to read (non-finite).
3. It is (finite verb) easy to find (non-finite – infinitive) faults with others.
4. He went (finite verb) to work (non-finite – infinitive) in London.
5. She doesn’t like (finite verb) to do (non-finite – infinitive) anything.
6. I enjoy (finite verb) reading.

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Grammar Prepositional Phrases

A prepositional phrase is a modifying phrase consisting of a preposition and its object. Example prepositions: across, in, under, around, beneath, over, up, without etc.

A Prepositional phrase is a group of words that begin with a preposition and help to explain the relationship between two things.

• on the boat
• over the tree
• in the school

Example :
The present inside the big box is mine.

Exercises
Underline the prepositional phrase in each sentence below.

1. We walked op the stairs.
2. My mom took a walk around the block.
3. I looked under my bed.
4. The girl looked behind the door for her friend who was hiding.
5. Don’t leave without your coat.

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Grammar Clauses and Phrases

A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate (or a verb). There are two types of clauses. They are independent clauses and dependent clauses.

Examples
1. Kalpana wants to buy a phone, but she does not have enough money.
(Independent Clause) (Independent Clause)

2. If you don’t study well, you won’t pass the exam.
(Dependent Clause) (Independent Clause)

3. Kavin bought a car which was too expensive.
(Independent Clause) (Dependent Clause)

4. San Jai is a talented player though he is out of form.
(Independent Clause) (Dependent Clause)

Independent Clauses also known as main clauses, are complete sentences. They can stand alone and express a complete thought.

Examples :

• I need a book.
• Mary prefers coffee.
• Ram is a good volleyball player.

Dependent Clauses also known as subordinate clauses contain a subject and a predicate, but they do not express a complete thought.

Examples:

• When it is raining
• Because you were late
• After you go to school

There are three main types of dependent clauses: adjective, adverb, and noun.

An adjective clause describes or gives more information about a noun—tells us which one, what kind, or how many.
Example :
The book that I left on the bus belongs to Mr. Baskar.

An adverb clause describes or gives more information about the verb—tells us when, where, how, to what extent, or under what condition something is happening.

Example :
She was happy because her father gave her a watch.
A noun clause takes the place of a noun in the sentence.

Example :
This is the best route that I know.

Phrases
A phrase is a group of words that forms a meaningful unit, but it is not a complete sentence. In other words, it does not have a subject or a verb.

• the black hat
• blown away
• in the wind

Example :
The red umbrella was blown away in the wind.

There are several kinds of phrases in the English language. Some of the common phrases are described below.

NOUN PHRASES
A Noun Phrase is a group of words made up of a noun and its modifiers.

• the white car
• my English teacher
• the book shop

Example :
The pink house is for sale.

VERB PHRASES
A Verb phrase is a group of words made up of a verb, helping verbs, and modifiers.

• ran quickly to catch
• filled with horror
• dedicated to

Example :
You have woken up everyone in the house.

Exercises
(i) Choose either phrase or clause from the group of words.
1. He works hard every day. (Clause / Phrase)
Answer:
Clause

2. After a good day. (Clause / Phrase)
Answer:
Phrase

3. If I need to call you. (Clause / Phrase)
Answer:
Clause

4. In a dark and dangerous hallway. (Clause / Phrase)
Answer:
Phrase

5. Before the next light. (Clause / Phrase)
Answer:
Phrase

6. Because it’s the right thing to do. (Clause / Phrase)
Answer:
Clause

7. As quickly as possible. (Clause / Phrase)
Answer:
Phrase

8. This car’s not working. (Clause / Phrase)
Answer:
Clause

9. Working for himself. (Clause / Phrase)
Answer:
Phrase

10. Whenever it gets cold. (Clause / Phrase)
Answer:
Clause

Choose either Dependent or Independent for the group of words.
1. Because it’s the best solution. (Independent / Dependent)
Answer:
Dependent

2. Working at this job is a lot of fun. (Independent / Dependent)
Answer:
Independent

3. It doesn’t really interest me. (Independent / Dependent)
Answer:
Independent

4. I should have given her a ride. (Independent / Dependent)
Answer:
Independent

5. After the movie is over. (Independent / Dependent)
Answer:
Dependent

6. If he ever calls. (Independent / Dependent)
Answer:
Dependent

7. Whenever I have the time. (Independent / Dependent)
Answer:
Dependent

8. There could be a problem. (Independent / Dependent)
Answer:
Independent

9. Since the last time they visited. (Independent / Dependent)
Answer:
Dependent

10. Whenever it gets cold (Independent / Dependent)
Answer:
Dependent

Students can Download Maths Chapter 2 Algebra Ex 2.5 Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, Samacheer Kalvi 8th Maths Book Solutions Guide Pdf helps you to revise the complete Tamilnadu State Board New Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 8th Maths Solutions Term 2 Chapter 2 Algebra Ex 2.5

Miscellaneous Practice Problems

Question 1.
The sum of three numbers is 58. The second numberis three times of two-fifth of the first number and the third number is 6 less than the first number. Find the three numbers.
Solution:
Here what we know
a + b + c = 58 (sum of three numbers is 58)
Let the first number be ‘x’
b = a + 3 (the second number is three times of \(\frac{1}{2}\) of the first number)
b = 3 x \(\frac{2}{5}\)x = \(\frac{6}{5}\)x
Third number = x – 6
Sum of the numbers is given as 58.
∴ x + \(\frac{6}{5}\)x + (x – 6) = 58
Multiplying by 5 throughout, we get
5 × x + 6x + 5 × (x – 6) = 58 x 5
5x + 6x + 5x – 30 = 290
∴ 16x = 290 + 30
∴ 16x = 320
∴ x = \(\frac{320}{16}\)x = 20
Answer:
1st number =20
2nd number = 3 x \(\frac{2}{5}\) x 20 = 24
3rd number = 24 – 6 = 14

Question 2.
In triangle ABC, the measure of ∠B is two third the measure of ∠A. The measure of ∠C is 20° more than the measure of ∠A. Find the measures of the three angles.
Solution:
Let angle ∠A be a°
Given that ∠B = \(\frac{2}{3}\) x ∠A = \(\frac{2}{3}\)a
& given ∠C = ∠A + 20 = a + 20
Since A, B & C are angles of a triangle, they add up to 180° (∆ property)
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
a + \(\frac{2}{3}\) a + a + 20 = 180°
\(\frac{3a+2a+3a}{3}\) + 20 = 180°
\(\frac{8a}{3}\) = 180 – 20 = 160°

∠C = 80°

Question 3.
Two equal sides of an isosceles triangle are 5y – 2 and 4y + 9 units. The third side is 2y + 5 units. Find y and the perimeter of the triangle.
Solution:
Given that 5y – 2 & 4y + 9 are the equal sides of an isosceles triangle.
The 2 sides are equal

∴ 5y – 4y = 9 + 2 (by transposing)
∴ y = 11
∴ 1st side = 5y – 2 = 5 x 11-2 = 55 – 2 = 53
2nd side = 53
3rd side = 2y + 5 = 2 x 11 + 5 = 22 + 5 = 27
Perimeter is the sum of all 3 sides
∴ P = 53 + 53 + 27 = 133 units

Question 4.
In the given figure, angle XOZ and angle ZOY form a linear pair. Find the value of x.

Solution:
Since ∠XOZ & ∠ZOY form a linear pair,
by property, we have their sum to be 180°
∴ ∠XOZ + ∠ZOY = 180°
3x – 2 + 5x + 6 = 180°
8x + 4 = 180 = 8x = 180 – 4
∴ 8x = 176 ⇒ x = \(\frac{176}{8}\) ⇒ x = 22°
XOZ = 3x – 2 = 3 x 22 – 2 = 66 – 2 = 64°
YOZ = 5x + 6 = 5 x 22 + 6
= 110 + 6 = 116

Question 5.
Draw a graph for the following data:

Does the graph represent a linear relation?
Solution:
Graph between side of square & area

When we plot the graph, we observe that it is not a linear relation.

Challenging Problems

Question 6.
Three consecutive integers, when taken in increasing order and multiplied by 2, 3 and 4 respectively, total up to 74. Find the three numbers.
Solution:
Let the 3 consecutive integers be ‘x’, ’x + 1 & ‘x + 2’
Given that when multiplied by 2, 3 & 4 respectively & added up, we get 74

Simplifying the equation, we get
2x + 3x + 3 + 4x + 8 = 74
9x + 11 = 74
9x = 63 ⇒ x = \(\frac{63}{9}\) = 7
First number = 7
Second numbers = x + 1
Third numbers = x + 2
∴ The numbers are 7, 8 & 9

Question 7.
331 students went on a field trip. Six buses were filled to capacity and 7 students had to travel in a van. How many students were there in each bus?
Solution:
Let the number of students in each bus be ‘x’
number of students in 6 buses = 6 × x = 6x
Apart from 6 buses, 7 students went in van
A total number of students is 331
∴ 6x + 7 = 331
∴ 6x = 331 – 7 = 324
∴ x = \(\frac{324}{6}\) = 54
∴ There are 54 students in each bus.

Question 8.
A mobile vendor has 22 items, some which are pencils and others are ball pens. On a particular day, he is able to sell the pencils and ball pens. Pencils are sold for ₹ 15 each and ball pens are sold at ₹ 20 each. If the total sale amount with the vendor is ₹ 380, how many pencils did he sell?
Solution:
Let vendor have ‘p’ number of pencils & ‘b’ number of ball pens
Given that total number of items is 22
∴ p + b = 22
Pencils are sold for ₹ 15 each & ball pens for ₹ 20 each
total sale amount = 15 x p + 20 x b
= 15p + 20b which is given to be 380.
∴ 15p + 20b = 380
Dividing by 5 throughout,
\(\frac{15p}{5}\) + \(\frac{20b}{5}\) = \(\frac{380}{5}\)
⇒ 3p + 4b = 76
Multiplying equation (1) by 3 we get
3 x 7 + 3 x b = 22 x 3
⇒ 3p + 3b = 66
Equation (2) – (3) gives

∴ b = 10
∴ p = 12
He sold 12 pencils

Question 9.
Draw the graph of the lines y = x, y = 2x, y = 3x and y = 5x on the same graph sheet. Is there anything special that you find in these graphs?
Solution:

1. y = x
2. y = 2x
3. y = 3x
4. y = 5x

1. y = x
When x = 1, y = 1
x = 2, y = 2
x = 3, y = 2

2. y = 2x
When x = 1, y = 2
X = 2, y = 4
X = 3, y = 6

3. y = 3x
when x = 1, y = 3
x = 2, y = 6
x = 3, y = 9

4. y = 5x
When x = 1, y = 5
x = 2, y = 10
x = 3, y = 15

When we plot the alijpve points & join the points to form line, we notice that the lines become progressively steeper. In other words, the slope keeps increasing.

Question 10.
Consider the number of angles of a convex polygon and the number of sides of that polygon. Tabulate as follows:

Use this draw a graph illustrating the relations hip between the number of angles and the number of sides of a polygon.
Solution:
Angles:

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Grammar Prepositional Verbs

Some verbs are usually followed by prepositions before the object of the verb.

Examples:
i. The kids the hilarious antics of the clown.
Answer:
laughed at

ii. Fathima stay at a hotel, when she visited Mumbai.
Answer:
planned to

iii. I have pressing matters to in Kolkata.
Answer:
attend to

iv. I the healing power of a mother’s touch.
Answer:
believe in

v. She was so happy in life that she could not more.
Answer:
ask for

vi. The elderly couple their pets as they do for their children.
Answer:
care for

vii. I everything you’ve said.
Answer:
agree with

Exercises
(i) Frame sentences using the prepositional verbs given in the box.

1. Parents ________ their children whole-heartedly.
Answer:
care for

2. He ________ his father’s forgiveness.
Answer:
asked for

3. I don’t ________ you.
Answer:
agree with

4. Don’t ________ him.
Answer:
laugh at

5. I ________ God.
Answer:
believe in

Choose the correct phrase to complete the sentence.
1. ________ Pongal, we have long holidays.
(a) In spite of (b) Even though (c) On account of

2. My father knows Hindi ________ English.
(a) in addition to (b) on account of (c) in case of

3. ________ her poor health, she did not attend the meeting.
(a) Because of (b) In spite of (c) In the event of

4. ________ walking fast, he missed the train.
(a) In the event of (b) On account of (c) In spite of

5. ________ his riches, he is not happy.
(a) Because of (b) In spite of (c) Owing to

6. ________ the book, I returned it to the library.
(a) Having read (b) Having been reading (c) Having reading

7. ________ his hard work, Mani will pass.
(a) On account of (b) In spite of (c) In the event of

8. ________ it rained, the teams continued to play the match.
(a) In the event of (b) On account of (c) Even though
Answer:
(c) Even though

9. The flights were delayed ________ thick fog.
(a) despite (b) even though (c) due to
Answer:
(c) due to

10. The Kabadi match continued ________ heavy rains.
(a) in the event of (b) in spite of (c) because of

(iii) Given below is a picture of a carnival. Complete filling in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.

Fairs and festivals form an integral part of the culture of Tamil Nadu. They are an excellent platform to promote and preserve the vibrant art and culture of the Tamils.

A thiruvizha is a source of excitement and thrill for villagers. The village thoroughfare wears a festival look, as the open spaces are cleaned, spruced up and decorated (a) ________ colorful streamers.

People throng the premises (b) ________ catch a glimpse (c) ________ their village deity (d) ________ a magnificently decorated chariot, and pay their respects. There is a big crowd (e) ________the food stalls that serve free piping hot sakkarai pongal (sweet pongal), lemon rice and curd rice.

People (f) ________ nearby villages and towns display their wares attractively, and call out loudly (g) ________ the people (h) ________ buy their wares. Cotton candy, cut raw mangoes smothered (i) ________ salt and chilly powder, boiled groundnuts, murukku, sweets, buttermilk, etc are sold. Men, women, grandmas, grandpas, and little children, dressed (j) ________ their best clothes, enjoy the Thiruvizha greatly.

You can hear the shrieks (k) ________ happy children enjoying the rides on Ferris wheels and carousels, elders looking (l) ________ each other with smiles on their faces.

The entire day is spent (m) ________ fun and gaiety. All the village people irrespective of their age, look forward (n) ________ the thiruvizha every year.
Answers:
(a) with (b) to (c) of (d) on (e) in (f) from (g) to (h) to (i) with (j) in (k) of (l) at (m) in (n) to

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Grammar Preposition

Prepositions are short words (on, in, to) that usually stand in front of nouns (sometimes also in front of gerund verbs).

There are hardly any rules as to when to use which preposition. The only way to learn prepositions is looking them up in a dictionary, reading a lot in English and learning useful phrases by heart.

The following table contains rules for some of the most frequently used prepositions in English:

Prepositions – Place Position And Direction

Other Important Prepositions

List Of Prepositions
While there are only about 150 prepositions in the English language, these words are among the most important. Without them, the sentences we speak, read, and write would be difficult to understand. The following list of prepositions is not a complete one, however, it is among the most comprehensive lists of prepositions available anywhere.

Exercises
(i) Fill the gap with the correct prepositions.
1. We live Chennai.
Answer:
in

2. Would you like to go the library?
Answer:
to

3. No, thanks. I was the library yesterday.
Answer:
at

4. We are going a holiday next week.
Answer:
on

5. There is a bridge the river.
Answer:
across

6. The train Chennai Madurai is the station.
Answer:
from, to, in

7. my wall, there are many picture postcards.
Answer:
on

8. Who is the person in this picture?
Answer:
in

9. Come the hall, we shall watch TV.
Answer:
into

10. Elgin lies 530 meters sea level.
Answer:
above

11. The bone was the dog.
Answer:
for

12. We are going on vacation August.
Answer:
on, in

13. Please put the vase the table.
Answer:
on

14. received a present Janaki.
Answer:
from

15. School begins Monday.
Answer:
on

(ii) Complete the exercise with appropriate prepositions.
1. Compare your answers your partner.
Answer:
with

2. This key holder is very special me.
Answer:
for

3. Apples and oranges are the same box.
Answer:
in

4. Write me soon.
Answer:
to

5. Have you got a piece paper?
Answer:
of

6. What’s the calculator for? It is my exam.
Answer:
for

7. I’m tall black hair and brown eyes.
Answer:
with

8. We have a house a big backyard.

9. I come a big family.
Answer:
with

10. Match the pictures the names.
Answer:
from

11. Is your house the country?
Answer:
with

12. Guess what I have my hand?
Answer:
in

13. I have to color pens. what you?
Answer:
about

(iii) Fill in the prepositions.
1. The cat hid the door.
(a) behind (b) under (c) on
Answer:
(a) behind

2. Mv uncle will visit me May.
(a) at (b) in (c) on
Answer:
(b) in

3. Wait there I come.
(a) behind (b) until (c) near
Answer:
(b) until

4. Hang the charts the wall.
(a) in (b) on (c) by
Answer:
(b) on

5. I have been practicing morning.
(a) by (b) for (c) since
Answer:
(c) since

6. The baby has been sleeping for a long time.
(a) for (b) since (c) at
Answer:
(a) for

7. The work will be over this evening.
(a) on (b) by (c) in
Answer:
(b) by

8. We could not get help anyone.
(a) from (b) till (c) in
Answer:
(a) from

9. The ladder is placed the wall.
(a) on (b) upon (c) against
Answer:
(c) against

10. The people stood the road to watch the procession go by.
(a) across (b) along (c) on
Answer:
(b) along