Category: Class 9

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Grammar Connectors

Connectors

❖ We could go to the library or the park.
❖ He neither finished his homework nor studied for the test.
❖ I did not go out because the weather was hot.

In each of the above sentences, two different ideas are expressed in one sentence. To connect the ideas, some words like or, neither…nor, because are used. These words and phrases are called Connectors.

A connector may be used to indicate the relationship between the ideas expressed in a clause or a sentence.
The following connectors can be used for different purposes.

Look at the following sentences, how connectors are used.

• The man has much money. However, he isn’t happy at all.
• I like playing football. On the other hand, my brother likes playing basketball.
• His family made a lot of effort to make their son’s lessons better, conversely, he never made any effort.
• She spent four years studying for her law degree. Meanwhile, she continued to work at the bank.
• You are not allowed to use your phone here. Simi Early, you have to switch it off when you are in the library.

Even if	despite the possibility that; whether or not. Even if I had time and money, I wouldn’t travel around the world.
Whereas	in contrast or comparison with the fact that; while at the same time Dinesh is very hard-working whereas his brother is lazy.
Otherwise	something or anything else; in other circumstances. He must pass the exam, otherwise, his parents will be unhappy.
Therefore	for that reason as a result of something that has just been mentioned He was injured and therefore unable to work.
Because of	by reason of. Last year my school was closed for two weeks because of heavy rain.
So that	in order that. I’ll help her in maths so that she could pass the exam.
Even though	despite the fact that. She shared with him even though she had just a sandwich.
After wards	after something that you have already mentioned I have to help my mother in garden after wards, I can go to the cinema.
Unless	except on the condition that. Unless it stops raining, we will not go for a walk.
Although	despite the fact that; even though I’ll try to help them in the garden although I have got little time.

Exercises
(i) Choose the best connector.
1. you saved a lot, you wouldn’t be able to buy that bike. (So that, Even if, Therefore)
Answer:
Even if

2. your chances are small, you should try to do it. (Afterwards, Even though, Otherwise)
Answer:
Even though

3. He eats only healthy food his sister gorges herself with junk food. (therefore, because of, whereas)
Answer:
whereas

4. You should learn more, you might fail in your exams. (otherwise, although, because of)
Answer:
otherwise

5. Adhira wanted to play basket ball dance Bharathanatyam. (therefore, even though, as well as)
Answer:
As well as

6. _________ he was very tired, he worked very hard. (Afterwards, So that, Although)
Answer:
Although

7. Slice this meat and _________ you can boil it for thirty minutes. (after wards, although, because of)
Answer:
after wards

8. I cooked dinner _________ my friends wouldn’t have to eat out. (otherwise, unless, so that)
Ans :
so that

9. This street is slippery _________ the snow. (because of, even though, whereas)
Answer:
because of

10. I will pick you up. ________ you can get to the station on time. (Because of, So that, Afterwards)
Answer:
So that

11. Something must be wrong; _________Anu would go to school. (so that, because of, otherwise)
Answer:
otherwise

12. _________ he is very rich, he doesn’t help the poor. (Even if, Although, Therefore)
Answer:
Although

13. _________ the weather was windy, we went for a walk. (Therefore, Otherwise, Even though)
Answer:
Even though

14. She is always helpful and friendly to mc, 1 like her very much. (therefore, whereas, even though)
Answer:
therefore

15. He must be very clever; _________ he wouldn’t have passed such a hard exam. (whereas, otherwise, unless)
Answer:
otherwise

16. _________ I have a bike. I don’t often ride it. (Therefore, Although, Unless)
Answer:
Although

17. I like horror films ________ my friend prefers comedies. (unless, whereas, therefore)
Answer:
he was

18. _________ 1 learned so much, I didn’t manage to pass my exam. (Even though., So that, Because of)
Answer:
Een though

19. You’ll be sick _________ you stop eating so many sweets. (whereas, unless, otherwise)
Answer:
unless
20. _________ we are at the bus station by seven o’clock, we will miss our bus. (Whereas, Unless, Therefore)
Answer:
Unless

(ii) Complete the following with connectors.
1. After he seems quite intelligent _________ he often gets poor grades. (Nonetheless is used to connect two contrasting ideas.)
Answer:
nonetheless

2. This restaurant has some of the best chefs in the town. _________ their service is excellent.
Answer:
Moreover

3. I’ve never been to Kerala ________ having friends and relatives there.
Answer:
in spite of

4. Krishnan is a reckless driver _________ he hasn’t had any accidents.
Answer:
even so

5. My sister works ten hours a day _________ she doesn’t earn much money.
Answer:
however

6. We went out __________ the cold weather.
Answer:
despite

7. 1 tried to look happy _________ feeling ill.
Answer:
ln spite of

8. There is no more food left. _________ there is plenty of snacks.
Answer:
However

9. Wash the potatoes first, _________ you can boil them.
Answer:
After wards

10. I need to work hard _________ I can pass the exam.
Answer:
so that

11. __________ he was the best candidate, he didn’t win the elections.
Answer:
Although

12. _________ you come back from your trip, we’ll meet to discuss the problem.
Answer:
Then

13. They said that the movie was fantastic, _________ I watched it.
Answer:
so

14. _________ he was very ill, he didn’t take any medicine.
Answer:
Although

15. I don’t know ________ I can buy a pair of jeans.
Answer:
where

16. She went to the shops _________ couldn’t find anything that could fit her needs.
Answer:
but

17. Everybody likes him because he is nice _________ helpful.
Answer:
and

18. _________ he was angry with her, he didn’t utter a word.
Answer:
Since

19. Keep quiet _________ go out.
Answer:
or

20. She acted as __________ she is innocent.
Answer:
if

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Solutions Chapter 16 Applied Chemistry

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Applied Chemistry Textbook Exercises

I. Choose the correct answer.

Question 1.
One Nanometre is ………………
(a) 10^{– 7} metre
(b) 10^{– 8} metre
(c) 10^{– 6} metre
(d) 10^{– 9} metre
Answer:
(d) 10^{– 9} metre

Question 2.
The antibiotic Penicillin is obtained from …………………
(a) plant
(b) microorganism
(c) animal
(d) sunlight
Answer:
(b) microorganism

Question 3.
1 % solution of Iodoform is used as ……………..
(a) antipyretic
(b) antimalarial
(c) antiseptic
(d) antacid
Answer:
(c) antiseptic

Question 4.
The cathode of an electrochemical reaction involves …………….
(a) oxidation
(b) reduction
(c) neutralisation
(d) catenation
Answer:
(b) reduction

Question 5.
The age of a dead animal can be determined by using an isotope of ………………..
(a) carbon
(b) iodine
(c) phosphorous
(d) oxygen
Answer:
(a) carbon

Question 6.
Which of the following does not contain natural dyes?
(a) Potato
(b) Beetroot
(c) Carrot
(d) Turmeric
Answer:
(a) Potato

Question 7.
This type of food protect us from deficiency diseases.
(a) Carbohydrates
(b) Vitamins
(c) Proteins
(d) Fats
Answer:
(b) Vitamins

Question 8.
Radiochemistry deals with ……………….
(a) oxidants
(b) batteries
(c) isotopes
(d) nanoparticles
Answer:
(c) isotopes

Question 9.
The groups responsible for the colour of an organic compound is called ………………….
(a) isotopes
(b) auxochrome
(c) chromogen
(d) chromophore
Answer:
(d) chromophore

Question 10.
Chlorinated hydrocarbons are used as ……………..
(a) fertilizers
(b) pesticides
(c) food colourants
(d) preservatives
Answer:
(b) pesticides

II. Fill in the blanks.

1. ……………. is an electrochemical cell which converts electrical energy into chemical change (Reaction).
2. Painkiller drugs are called ……………..
3. Aspirin is an …………….
4. …………. , …………….. and …………… are macronutrients required for plant growth.
5. ……………. is a chemical used in fingerprint analysis.

Answer:

1. Electrolytic cell
2. Analgesic
3. Analgesics
4. Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium
5. Ninhydrin

III. Match the following.

S.No.	A	B
1.	Antipyretics	(a) Large surface area
2.	Corrosion prevention	(b) Iodine-131
3.	Hyperthyroidism	(c) Fever
4.	Nanoparticle	(.d) Cancer cell identification
5.	Nanorobotics	(e) Electroplating

Answer:

1. (c) Fever
2. (e) Electroplating
3. (b) Iodine – 131
4. (a) Large surface area
5. (d) Cancer cell identification

IV. Answer in brief.

Question 1.
What is Chemotherapy?
Answer:
Treatment of certain diseases by destroying the invading organism without damaging the cells of the host, by the use of certain organic compounds is known as Chemotherapy.

Question 2.
What are called Anaesthetics? How are they classified?
Answer:
The drugs which cause loss of sensation are called Anaesthetics.
Types of Anaesthetics

General anaesthetics: They are the agents, which bring about loss of all modalities of sensation, particularly pain along with ‘reversible’ loss of consciousness.
Local anaesthetics: They prevent the pain sensation in localised areas without affecting the degree of consciousness.

Question 3.
What is the need for chemical fertilizers in crop fields?
Answer:
Chemical fertilizers provide the essential micro and macronutrients for crop growth that may not be sufficiently available in the soil.

Question 4.
What is Forensic chemistry related to?
Answer:
Forensic chemistry applies scientific principles, techniques, and methods to the investigation of crime.

V. Answer in detail.

Question 1.
Explain the types of dyes based on their method of application.
Answer:
Dyes are classified in two ways, one, based on the method of application and other on their parent structure.

Based on method of application:

• Acid dyes: These are acidic in nature and used for dyeing animal fibres and synthetic fibres. These can be used for protein fibre such as wool and silk. E.g. Picric acid, Naphthol yellow-s
• Basic dyes: These are basic dyes containing basic group (- NH₂,- NHR, – NR₂). They are used for dyeing animal fibres and plant fibres.
• Mordant dyes or Indirect dyes: These dyes have a poor affinity for cotton fabrics and hence do not dye directly. They require pretreatment of the fibre with a mordant. Mordant (latin: mordere = to bite) is a substance which can be fixed to the fibre and then can be combined with the dye to form an insoluble complex called lake. Aluminium, chromium, and iron salts are widely used as mordants. E.g. alizarin.
• Direct dyes: They have high affinity for cotton, rayon and other cellulose fibre. So they are applied directly as they fix firmly on the fabric. E.g. Congo red
• Vat dyes: It can be used only on cotton and, not on silk and wool. This dyeing is a continuous process and is carried out in a large vessel called vat. So it is called as vat dye. E.g. Indigo

Question 2.
Name various food additives and explain their functions.
Answer:

Type of additive	Function of the additive	Example
Preservatives	They protect food from spoilage by microorganism in storage.	Vinegar, Sodium benzoate, benzoic acid, sodium nitrite
Colourants	They give pleasant colours to food	Carotenoids, Anthocyanin, Curcumin
Artificial Sweeteners	They add sweet taste to food	Saccharin, Cyclamate
Flavor enhancers	They are used to enhance the flavour of food items	Monosodium glutamate, Calcium diglutamate
Antioxidants	They prevent the oxidation of food. They protect us against cardiovascular disease.	Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Carotene

VI. HOTS

Question 1.
Batteries that are used in mobile phone can be recharged. Likewise, can you recharge the batteries used in watches? Justify your answer.
Answer:
A primary cell cannot be recharged. Watch batteries have a primary cell. In a primary cell, chemical energy is converted into electrical energy when current is drawn from it.

Whereas mobile phones use secondary cells. In secondary cells electrical energy is converted to chemical energy when current is passed through it and chemical energy is converted to electrical energy when current is drawn from it.

Question 2.
Sudha met with a fire accident. What kind of drug(s), she must take?
Answer:
Analgesics are to be administered to reduce the pain followed by antibiotics to prevent infection by microbes.

Question 3.
The soil pH of a cropland is 5. What kind of fertilizers should be used in that land?
Answer:
Organic fertilizer like compost can be used to maintain pH of soil at 6.5, which is ideal for soil and to moderate the acidity.

Samacheer Kalvi 9th Science Applied Chemistry Additional Questions

I. Answer briefly.

Question 1.
Explain the structure of an electrolytic cell.
Answer:

• It is an electrochemical cell which converts electrical energy into chemical energy i.e. in electrolytic cells, electricity is used to bring about chemical reactions.
• Here, both anode and cathode are in contact with Anode same electrolyte and thus the half-cells are not separated. As seen in galvanic cells, electrolytic cell also involves redox reaction. We get electricity from galvanic cells. But electrolytic cells use electricity.
• In electrolytic cells, when electricity is passed to the electrolyte, it dissociates into its constituent ions. These ions undergo redox reaction forming the respective elements. This phenomenon is called Electrolysis. So electrolysis is a process by which an electrolyte is decomposed into its constituent elements by passing electricity through its aqueous solution or fused (molten) state.

Question 2.
How does galvanic cell produce electricity?
Answer:
In a galvanic cell, at anode oxidation takes place which releases electrons. These electrons are attracted by cathode and hence the electrons flowing from anode to cathode are gained in reduction reaction. As long as the redox reaction proceeds, there is a flow of electrons and hence electricity.

Question 3.
What are drugs? What are their characteristics?
Answer:
The chemicals used for treating diseases are termed as drug.
Characteristics of drugs: A drug must possess the following;

1. It should not be toxic
2. It should not cause any side effects.
3. It should not affect the receptor tissue
4. It should not affect the normal physiological activities
5. It should be effective in its action.

Question 4.
Write the applications of Nanochemistry.
Answer:
Some applications of Nanochemistry are:

1. The metallic nanoparticles can be used as very active catalysts.
2. Chemical sensors from nanoparticles and nanowires enhance the sensitivity and sensor selectivity.
3. Nanocoatings and nanocomposites are found useful in making a variety of products such as sports equipment, bicycles and automobiles etc.
4. These are used as novel UV-blocking coatings on glass bottles which protect beverages from being damaged by sunlight.
5. Nanotechnology is being applied in the production of synthetic skin and implant surgery.
6. Nanomaterials that conduct electricity are being used in electronics as minute conductors to produce circuits for microchips.
7. Nanomaterials have extensive applications in the preparation of cosmetics, deodorants and sunscreen lotion and they are used to improve moisturizers without making them too oily.
8. Nanoparticle substances are incorporated in fabrics to prevent the growth of bacteria.
9. Biomedical devices like drug infusion pumps, microneedles and glucometer are made from nanomaterials.
10. Nanochemistry is used in making space, defence and aeronautical devices

Question 5.
What are the applications of Radiochemistry?
Answer:
Important applications of radioisotopes are as under –

• Radiocarbon dating – its a method by which the age of fossil wood or animal is determined using C-14 isotope.
• Study of chemical reactions – the nature of some chemical reactions can be studied by mixing a radioisotope with a non-radioactive isotope of the reactants. The radioisotope used for this purpose is radiotracer.
• Diagnosis – Radioisotope is found very useful to diagnose and understand many diseases.

Question 6.
Write a note on Natural dyes.
Answer:
Many natural dyes have been known from a long time. These are obtained from vegetable sources.

• Henna: It is a reddish-brown dye obtained from plant Lawsonia inermis (Tamil: Maruthondri). A paste of these leaves is used as a hair dye and also for colouring palms.
• Turmeric: It is the traditional natural cosmetic in India. It is obtained from the plant Curcuma. longa. It also acts as an antiseptic. Turmeric is mostly used in India for colouring food.

Question 7.
What is electroplating? Why is it done?
Answer:
The process of depositing a thin layer of one metal over another metal by the process of electrolysis is called electroplating.

It is done to protect the metal from corrosion. For example, metals like iron are electroplated with tin, nickel or chromium to protect from rusting.

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Vocabulary Idioms

An idiom is an expression in English with a special meaning of its own. Idioms do not give the literal meaning of the individual words used in them.

Here are a few sentences with idioms (meanings are given in brackets):

• Business is going from bad to worse, (deteriorate further)
• They always do things in a big way, (on a large scale)
• The government has taken a very hard line (not giving in) against illegal quarrying.
• Orders for the new product are coming in thick and fast, (in large numbers)
• How can any one make ends meet (manage with the money) with just ? 2000/- a month?
• Your son’s behavior is a matter of concern, (something to worry about)
• The name sounds familiar but I can’t call her face to mind, (recall something from memory; recognise)
• My uncle loves to tell us how to play cricket. He is an armchair expert.
  (one who gives advice in an area in which he was not actively involved)
• Ravi is our sincere employee. He has had a clean slate (a past record without discredit) for over twenty years.
• The policeman went near the damaged car to have a look at close quarters, (very near)
• Dr. Jacob is at the helm (in charge) of affairs in this hospital.
• No one can make a break even (make no profit or loss) in the first year of business.
• Because of the steep rice in prices, people living on pension feel the pinch, (feeling unpleasant change in one’s standard of living)
• Let us settle the bill for the damage fair and square, (in a fair way)
• I can hear you over phone loud and clear, (very clearly)
• By and by (as time goes by) he will realise that my going to Delhi was the right decision.

Idioms from the Textual Exercises
Idiom – Meaning
1. alarm bells ringing – a sign of something going wrong
2. back to the wall – in serious difficulty
3. below the belt – unfair or unsporting behavior
4. by the skin of one’s teeth – a narrow escape.
5. drive one up the wall – to annoy or irritate someone
6. asp / clutch at straws – try any method to overcome a crisis
7. hang out to dry – abandoning one who is in difficulty
8. have cold feet – feel nervousness and anxiety
9. hit the road – to begin one’s journey
10. in a nice pickle – in a troublesome or difficult situation
11. in our corner – on your side in an argument or dispute
12. in panic mode – in a frightening state
13. on the ropes – state of near collapse or defeat
14. right up to one’s alley – ideally suited to one’s interest
15. saved by the bell – help at the last moment rescuing one from a difficult situation
16. shot his bolt – to exhaust one’s effort
17. square off – prepare for a conflict
18. take (one) for a ride – to deceive someone
19. throw in the towel – to give up
20. tight corners – difficult situations

Some more idioms and meanings :

1	a bolt from the blue	unexpected event; complete surprise (usually unwelcome)
2	a drop in the ocean	a very small amount compared with what is needed or expected
3	a great deal	plenty of
4	a penny for your thoughts	a way of asking what someone is thinking.
5	a stone’s throw	a very short distance
6	a storm in a teacup	a big fuss about a small problem
7	a wild goose chase	a worthless hunt or chase
8	a yellow streak	cowardice in one’s character
9	above board	honest, not a secret
10	add insult to injury	to worsen an unfavorable situation
11	armchair expert	one who gives advice in an area in which he was not actively involved
12	at close quarters	very near
13	at hand	very near
14	at loggerheads	to disagree strongly
15	at snail’s pace	very slowly
16	at the drop of the hat	without any hesitation
17	at the eleventh hour	at the last moment
18	at the end of one’s tether	to have no power, patience or endurance left
19	at the helm	in charge
20	at the mercy of	under the control of
21	barking up the wrong tree	accusing the wrong person
22	be armed with	be equipped with
23	be fit for	suitable
24	be part of	belong to
25	beat around the bush	avoiding the main topic
26	bed of roses	comfortable position
27	best of both worlds	all the advantages
28	big way	on a large scale
29	bite the bullet	to get something over with because it is inevitable
30	blessing in disguise	something good that isn’t recognized at first.
31	bolt from the blue	something that happened without warning
32	break even	make no profit or loss
33	break the ice	make people feel more comfortable
34	break through	penetrate
35	bring forth	produce
36	burst into	enter suddenly
37	by and by	as time goes by
38	by nature	because of natural habits
39	call it a day	stop working on something
40	can’t judge a book by its cover	cannot judge something primarily on appearance.
41	clean slate	a past record without discredit
42	comparing apples to oranges	comparing two things that cannot be compared
43	costs an arm and a leg	very expensive
44	curiosity killed the cat	being inquisitive can lead you into an unpleasant situation.
45	devil’s advocate	to present a counter argument
46	draw a blank	unable to get information
47	every cloud has a silver lining	good-things come after bad things
48	eyesore	ugly sight
49	eyewash	something to deceive
50	fair and square	in a fair way
51	fall a prey to	become a victim
52	far cry from	very different from
53	far from	distant
54	feel the pinch	feeling unpleasant change in one’s standard of living
55	fit as a fiddle	in good health
56	fortune favours the bold	take risks
57	give (someone) a piece of one’s mind	to tell someone frankly what one thinks especially when one disapproves of the other’s behaviour
58	give someone the cold shoulder	ignore someone
59	go down in flames	fail spectacularly
60	go on a wild goose chase	to do something pointless
61	going from bad to worse	deteriorate further
62	good-for-nothing	worthless
63	hang around	someone strongly to loiter
64	hang in there	don’t give up
65	hard to come by	difficult to find
66	have a hand	to get involved
67	have no hand in	does not take part in an activity
68	head back	return
69	herculean task	difficult task
70	hit the nail on the head	do or say something exactly right
71	hit the sack	go to sleep
72	holds good	valid at the time of discussion
73 ,	honour bound (to do something)	required to do something as a moral duty but not by law
74	in a nutshell	briefly
75	in all walks of life	all social groups
76	in deep waters	in trouble
77	in hot pursuit	following closely
78	in short supply	Not enough / scarce
79	in the hands of	in the care of
80	in the service of	available for
81	it is a piece of cake	it is easy
82	it’s Taining cats and dogs	it’s raining hard
83	keep pace with	to move with same speed
84	keep something at bay	keep something away
85	kicked the bucket	passed away
86	leave no stone unturned	look everywhere
87	let the cat out of the bag	give away a secret
88	lion’s share	major share
89	look down upon	treat with contempt                        .
90	loud and clear	very clearly
91	make both ends meet	live within means
92	make fun of	ridicule
93	make up one’s mind	decide, determine
94	matter of concern	something to worry about
95	miss the boat	it’s too late
96	muffle up	to cover
97	not playing with a full deck	someone who lacks intelligence
98	note of hand	promissory note
99	null and void	invalid
100	on cloud nine	to be extremely happy
101	once and for all	completely and finally
102	once in a blue moon	vary rarely
103	one thing leads to another	series of events in which each event was caused by the previous one.
104	out of place	unsuitable
105	pink of health	extremely healthy, in perfect condition
106	play an important role	to have a significant position
107	pull yourself together	calm down
108	put on airs	behave in an unnatural way to impress others
109	shadow of one’s self	not having the strength, former self influence, etc., that one once had
110	side by side	along with
111	speak volumes	to express something very clearly and completely
112	spill the beans	give away a secret
113	take to one’s heels	to run away
114	taken a very hard line	not giving in
115	the ball is in your court	it’s your decision
116	the burning question	a crucial issue
117	the whys and wherefores	the reasons for something
118	thick and fast	in large numbers
119	tit for tat	revenge
120	told him flat	expressed opinion directly
121	tread on	walk with difficulty
122	trial and error	to try many times to succeed
123	tricks of the trade	the expertise of doing business
124	well-balanced	well adjusted
125	whole nine yards	everything, all of it
126	wouldn’t be caught dead	would never like to do something
127	with a bang	in a very exciting way

Exercises
(i) Choose the correct option to complete the given idioms.
1. A bolt from _________.
(a) the white (b) the sky (c) the green (d) the blue
Answer:
(d) the blue

2. A storm _________.
(a) at sea (b) in the ocean (c) in a coffee cup (d) in a tea cup
Answer:
(d) in a tea cup

3. Can’t judge a book, _________.
(a) by the colour (b) by its cover (c) by its pages (d) by its author
Answer:
(db) by its cover

4. Every cloud _________.
(a) is dark (b) hides the sun (c) has a silver lining (d) brings rain
Answer:
(c) has a silver lining

5. Casts an arm _________.
(a) and a face (b) and a finger (c) and a leg (d) and some money
Answer:
(c) and a leg

6. Add insult to _________.
(a) friend (b) enemy (c) neighbor (d) injury
Answer:
(d) injury

7. A penny for _________.
(a) a picture (b) honesty (c) hard work (d) your thoughts
Answer:
(d) your thoughts

8. Fortune favors
(a) the hardworking (b) the poor (c) the rich (d) the bold
Answer:
(d) the bold

9. Hit the nail _________.
(a) on the wall (b) on the door (c) in the bench (d) on the head
Answer:
(d) on the head

10. Once in a _________.
(a) blue moon (b) in a tea cup (c) new moon (d) full moon
Answer:
(a) blue moon

(ii) Give a suitable idiom for the given meanings.

1. Say something exactly right.
Answer:
To hit the nail on the head.

2. All social groups.
Answer:
All walks of life.

3. It’s raining hard.
Answer:
Its raining cats and dogs.

4. Passed away.
Answer:
Kicked the bucket.

5. Live within means.
Answer:
To make both ends meet.

6. Invalid.
Answer:
Null and void.

7. Extremely healthy.
Answer:
Pink of health.

8. Give away a secret.
Answer:
To let the cat out of the bag.

9. Revenge.
Answer:
Tit for that.

10. In trouble.
Answer:
In deep waters.

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Grammar Phrasal Verbs

A phrasal verb is a verb that is made up of a main verb together with an adverb or a preposition or both, to create a completely new meaning.

Exercises

S.No	Column A	Column B
	Phrasal Verb	Meaning
1	back out	withdraw
2	back up	support
3	call for	demand
4	call off	cancel
5	call on	to pay a short visit to a person
6	call at	a pay a short visit to a place
7	carry on	continue
‘8	drop out	discontinue
9	go after	close, follow
10	go through	examine; study something
11	hold up	delay
12	get away	escape
13	make up	compensate / invent
14	pass away	die
15	put off	postpone, delay
16	run after	chase
17	run over	crushed beneath, examine
18	turn down	reject, refuse
19	turn off	stop
20	turn upon	attack

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Grammar Auxiliaries Verbs

A phrasal verb is a verb that is made up of a main verb together with an adverb or a preposition or both, to create a completely new meaning.

• Modals are special verbs which behave irregularly in English.
• These verbs perform several important functions in the formation of sentences.
• They have multiple uses that need to be understood for efficient use of the English language both for written and spoken purposes.

Modals Are Used In/To

• Indicate Tenses
• Frame Questions
• Short answers
• Question Tag
• Active & Passive Voice
• Direct & Indirect speech Negatives

Here Are Some Characteristics Of Modal Verbs :

Modal Verb	Expressing	Example
must	Strong obligation logical conclusion Certainty	You must stop when the traffic lights turn red. He must be very tired. He has been working all day long.
must not	prohibition	You must not smoke in the hospital. You must not bring mobile phones to school.
can	ability permission (informal) possibility	I can swim. Can I use your phone, please? Smoking can cause cancer.
could	ability in the past polite permission possibility	When I was young, I could run fast. Excuse me, could I just say something? It could rain tomorrow!
may	permission (formal) possibility / probability	May I come in? Where are my keys? They may be in the car.
might	polite permission possibility/probability	Might I suggest an idea? I might go on holiday to Australia next year.
need not	lack of necessity/absence of obligation	I need not buy tomatoes. There are plenty of tomatoes in the fridge.
should / ought to	50% obligation advice (gentle) logical conclusion	I should / ought to see a doctor. I have a terrible headache. You should / ought to revise your lessons He should / ought to be very tired. He’s been working all day long.
used to	past habitual action	She used to go to temple every Friday, when she was in India.
shall	proposal/permission	I shall be there at TO clock. Shall I come with you?

• They never change their form. You can’t add “s”, “ed”, “ing”…
• They are always followed by an infinitive without “to” (i.e. the bare infinitive.)
• They are used to indicate modality allow speakers to express certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity, ability etc.,

Examples Of Modal Verbs
Here Is A List Of Modals With Examples:

Exercise
(i) Fill in the blanks with appropriate modal auxiliary verbs.
1. My grandmother is eighty-five, but she _________ still read and write without glasses
Answer:
can

2. _________ I come with you?
Answer:
Shall

3. _________ you help me with the housework, please?
Answer:
Could

4. There was a time when I _________ stay up very late.
Answer:
used to

5. you _________ lose any more weight. You are already slim.
Answer:
need not

6. we _________ not make the first move.
Answer:
must

7. It is snowing outside so I _________ stay at home.
Answer:
should

8. I _________ get you a shawl from Kashmir.
Answer:
shall

9. _________ you mind if I borrowed your car?
Answer:
Would

10. _________ you take care of my dog for a day?
Answer:
Can I Could

11. Our country _________ become a super power by 2025.
Answer:
may

12. She _________ sell her home because she needs money.
Answer:
might

13. _________ we visit Ajanta and Ellora?
Answer:
Shall

14. _________ you come with us?
Answer:
Will

15. The Captain said, ‘Players _________ assemble at the ground at 4 P.M.’
Answer:
must

16. I _________ not be unfair to him.
Answer:
should

17. We _________ do all the work for the common good.
Answer:
ought to

18. You _________ tell the truth.
Answer:
should

19. Excuse me _________ you tell me where the bus station is?
Answer:
can

20. She _________ play the flute and the guitar.
Answer:
can

21. When we were younger, we _________ watch movies all afternoon!
Answer:
used to

22. If you want to camp in the park, you _________ to pay for a permit first.
Answer:
need

23. He _________ go inside, or he will get a terrible sunburn!
Answer:
should

24. He _________ stop drinking so much coffee, or he will make himself sick!
Answer:
must

25. He _________ bring the food very soon.
Answer:
will

26. We _________ definitely win the championship game.
Answer:
must

27. I _________ rather have a cup of tea.
Answer:
would

28. You _________ stop eating pizzas because it is bad for you.
Answer:
should

29. _________ I sit down now?
Answer:
Mav

30. I _________ go now
Answer:
must

31. I _________ tell the truth to the teacher.
Answer:
ought to

32. _________ you pass me the ketchup?
Answer:
Could

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Grammar Non-finite verbs (Gerund, Infinitives, Participles)

A non-finite verb (also known as a verbal) is the term used to describe a verb that does not indicate tense. The non-finite verbs are called gerunds, infinitives, and participles.

• Finite verb : A verb that indicates tense and changes according to the subject
• Non-Finite verb : A verb that does not indicate tense and does not change according to the subject

Finite verb
Finite verbs change tense and number according to the subject.

• Arun invited Suresh to his daughter’s birthday.
• Her friends presented the girl with a toy.
• His friend presented a watch.

Non-finite verbs
Non-finite verbs have no subject and do not change according to the tense or number.

Non-finite verbs are broadly classified as follows:
i. Gerunds 1. Viking Is a healthy habit (Present participle used as a noun)
ii. Infinitive 2. I like to walk early in the morning. (lo infinitive)
iii. Present participle 3. These are my walking shoes. (Present participle used as an adjective)
iv. Past participle 4. Having walked a long distance I felt tired

Infinitives and Gerunds
The infinitive is often called as ‘to verb’. It functions as a subject or object.
SUBJECT : (e.g.) To swim is a good exercise. – Subject
OBJECT : (e.g.) I like to swim – Object

Infinitives may be used without to and we call such infinitives plain infinitives or bare infinitives.
(e.g.) She made me do my project.
We use plain/bare infinitives with these models.

shall will do did would make need
may might could must let dare see

The infinitive may function as a subject, direct object, subject complement, adjective, or adverb in a sentence. Although an infinitive is easy to locate because of the to+verb form, deciding what function it has in a sentence depends on the meaning.

(e.g.) To wait seemed foolish when decisive action was required, (subject)
(e.g.) Everyone wanted to go (direct object)
(e.g.) His ambition is to fly, (subject complement)
(e.g.) He lacked the strength to resist, (adjective)
(e.g.) We must study to learn, (adverb)

Gerunds

A gerund is an action word that ends in – ing but functions as a noun

Exercises
(i) Identify the finite and non-finite verbs in the following sentences.
1. I like (finite) to play (non-finite) with my puppy.
2. She works (finite) hard to pass (non-finite) the test.
3. Smoking (non-finite) is prohibited (finite) in the kitchen.
4. He went (finite) to the city to find (non-finite) work.
5. The boy saved (finite) the cat from the dogs.
6. The teacher asked (finite) the students to submit (non-finite) their assignments before they go (finite) home.

(ii) Identify the finite and non-finite verbs in the following sentences and state whether they are infinitives, participles or gerunds.
1. Singing (non-finite – gerund) is (finite verb) his pastime.
2. I like (finite verb) to read (non-finite).
3. It is (finite verb) easy to find (non-finite – infinitive) faults with others.
4. He went (finite verb) to work (non-finite – infinitive) in London.
5. She doesn’t like (finite verb) to do (non-finite – infinitive) anything.
6. I enjoy (finite verb) reading.

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Grammar Prepositional Phrases

A prepositional phrase is a modifying phrase consisting of a preposition and its object. Example prepositions: across, in, under, around, beneath, over, up, without etc.

A Prepositional phrase is a group of words that begin with a preposition and help to explain the relationship between two things.

• on the boat
• over the tree
• in the school

Example :
The present inside the big box is mine.

Exercises
Underline the prepositional phrase in each sentence below.

1. We walked op the stairs.
2. My mom took a walk around the block.
3. I looked under my bed.
4. The girl looked behind the door for her friend who was hiding.
5. Don’t leave without your coat.

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Grammar Clauses and Phrases

A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate (or a verb). There are two types of clauses. They are independent clauses and dependent clauses.

Examples
1. Kalpana wants to buy a phone, but she does not have enough money.
(Independent Clause) (Independent Clause)

2. If you don’t study well, you won’t pass the exam.
(Dependent Clause) (Independent Clause)

3. Kavin bought a car which was too expensive.
(Independent Clause) (Dependent Clause)

4. San Jai is a talented player though he is out of form.
(Independent Clause) (Dependent Clause)

Independent Clauses also known as main clauses, are complete sentences. They can stand alone and express a complete thought.

Examples :

• I need a book.
• Mary prefers coffee.
• Ram is a good volleyball player.

Dependent Clauses also known as subordinate clauses contain a subject and a predicate, but they do not express a complete thought.

Examples:

• When it is raining
• Because you were late
• After you go to school

There are three main types of dependent clauses: adjective, adverb, and noun.

An adjective clause describes or gives more information about a noun—tells us which one, what kind, or how many.
Example :
The book that I left on the bus belongs to Mr. Baskar.

An adverb clause describes or gives more information about the verb—tells us when, where, how, to what extent, or under what condition something is happening.

Example :
She was happy because her father gave her a watch.
A noun clause takes the place of a noun in the sentence.

Example :
This is the best route that I know.

Phrases
A phrase is a group of words that forms a meaningful unit, but it is not a complete sentence. In other words, it does not have a subject or a verb.

• the black hat
• blown away
• in the wind

Example :
The red umbrella was blown away in the wind.

There are several kinds of phrases in the English language. Some of the common phrases are described below.

NOUN PHRASES
A Noun Phrase is a group of words made up of a noun and its modifiers.

• the white car
• my English teacher
• the book shop

Example :
The pink house is for sale.

VERB PHRASES
A Verb phrase is a group of words made up of a verb, helping verbs, and modifiers.

• ran quickly to catch
• filled with horror
• dedicated to

Example :
You have woken up everyone in the house.

Exercises
(i) Choose either phrase or clause from the group of words.
1. He works hard every day. (Clause / Phrase)
Answer:
Clause

2. After a good day. (Clause / Phrase)
Answer:
Phrase

3. If I need to call you. (Clause / Phrase)
Answer:
Clause

4. In a dark and dangerous hallway. (Clause / Phrase)
Answer:
Phrase

5. Before the next light. (Clause / Phrase)
Answer:
Phrase

6. Because it’s the right thing to do. (Clause / Phrase)
Answer:
Clause

7. As quickly as possible. (Clause / Phrase)
Answer:
Phrase

8. This car’s not working. (Clause / Phrase)
Answer:
Clause

9. Working for himself. (Clause / Phrase)
Answer:
Phrase

10. Whenever it gets cold. (Clause / Phrase)
Answer:
Clause

Choose either Dependent or Independent for the group of words.
1. Because it’s the best solution. (Independent / Dependent)
Answer:
Dependent

2. Working at this job is a lot of fun. (Independent / Dependent)
Answer:
Independent

3. It doesn’t really interest me. (Independent / Dependent)
Answer:
Independent

4. I should have given her a ride. (Independent / Dependent)
Answer:
Independent

5. After the movie is over. (Independent / Dependent)
Answer:
Dependent

6. If he ever calls. (Independent / Dependent)
Answer:
Dependent

7. Whenever I have the time. (Independent / Dependent)
Answer:
Dependent

8. There could be a problem. (Independent / Dependent)
Answer:
Independent

9. Since the last time they visited. (Independent / Dependent)
Answer:
Dependent

10. Whenever it gets cold (Independent / Dependent)
Answer:
Dependent

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Grammar Prepositional Verbs

Some verbs are usually followed by prepositions before the object of the verb.

PHRASE PREPOSITION	MEANING	USAGE
according to	said by someone	According to Shastri, Kohli is the greatest batsman.
because of	for the reason that	Because o/his mother’s illness, Dhawan returned home.
contrary to	different from something	Contrary to expectations, Pakistan won the ICC champions trophy in 2017.
in front of	opposite to	There is a big tree in front of my house.
on account of	because of	He is hated by everyone on account of his bad temper.

Examples:
i. The kids the hilarious antics of the clown.
Answer:
laughed at

ii. Fathima stay at a hotel, when she visited Mumbai.
Answer:
planned to

iii. I have pressing matters to in Kolkata.
Answer:
attend to

iv. I the healing power of a mother’s touch.
Answer:
believe in

v. She was so happy in life that she could not more.
Answer:
ask for

vi. The elderly couple their pets as they do for their children.
Answer:
care for

vii. I everything you’ve said.
Answer:
agree with

Exercises
(i) Frame sentences using the prepositional verbs given in the box.

care for ask for agree with laugh at believe in

1. Parents ________ their children whole-heartedly.
Answer:
care for

2. He ________ his father’s forgiveness.
Answer:
asked for

3. I don’t ________ you.
Answer:
agree with

4. Don’t ________ him.
Answer:
laugh at

5. I ________ God.
Answer:
believe in

Choose the correct phrase to complete the sentence.
1. ________ Pongal, we have long holidays.
(a) In spite of (b) Even though (c) On account of

2. My father knows Hindi ________ English.
(a) in addition to (b) on account of (c) in case of

3. ________ her poor health, she did not attend the meeting.
(a) Because of (b) In spite of (c) In the event of

4. ________ walking fast, he missed the train.
(a) In the event of (b) On account of (c) In spite of

5. ________ his riches, he is not happy.
(a) Because of (b) In spite of (c) Owing to

6. ________ the book, I returned it to the library.
(a) Having read (b) Having been reading (c) Having reading

7. ________ his hard work, Mani will pass.
(a) On account of (b) In spite of (c) In the event of

8. ________ it rained, the teams continued to play the match.
(a) In the event of (b) On account of (c) Even though
Answer:
(c) Even though

9. The flights were delayed ________ thick fog.
(a) despite (b) even though (c) due to
Answer:
(c) due to

10. The Kabadi match continued ________ heavy rains.
(a) in the event of (b) in spite of (c) because of

(iii) Given below is a picture of a carnival. Complete filling in the blanks with appropriate prepositions.

Fairs and festivals form an integral part of the culture of Tamil Nadu. They are an excellent platform to promote and preserve the vibrant art and culture of the Tamils.

A thiruvizha is a source of excitement and thrill for villagers. The village thoroughfare wears a festival look, as the open spaces are cleaned, spruced up and decorated (a) ________ colorful streamers.

People throng the premises (b) ________ catch a glimpse (c) ________ their village deity (d) ________ a magnificently decorated chariot, and pay their respects. There is a big crowd (e) ________the food stalls that serve free piping hot sakkarai pongal (sweet pongal), lemon rice and curd rice.

People (f) ________ nearby villages and towns display their wares attractively, and call out loudly (g) ________ the people (h) ________ buy their wares. Cotton candy, cut raw mangoes smothered (i) ________ salt and chilly powder, boiled groundnuts, murukku, sweets, buttermilk, etc are sold. Men, women, grandmas, grandpas, and little children, dressed (j) ________ their best clothes, enjoy the Thiruvizha greatly.

You can hear the shrieks (k) ________ happy children enjoying the rides on Ferris wheels and carousels, elders looking (l) ________ each other with smiles on their faces.

The entire day is spent (m) ________ fun and gaiety. All the village people irrespective of their age, look forward (n) ________ the thiruvizha every year.
Answers:
(a) with (b) to (c) of (d) on (e) in (f) from (g) to (h) to (i) with (j) in (k) of (l) at (m) in (n) to

You can Download Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Book Solutions Guide Pdf, Tamilnadu State Board help you to revise the complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Tamilnadu Samacheer Kalvi 9th English Grammar Preposition

Prepositions are short words (on, in, to) that usually stand in front of nouns (sometimes also in front of gerund verbs).

There are hardly any rules as to when to use which preposition. The only way to learn prepositions is looking them up in a dictionary, reading a lot in English and learning useful phrases by heart.

The following table contains rules for some of the most frequently used prepositions in English:

Prepositions – Place Position And Direction

English	Usage	Example
in	room, building, street, town, country book, paper car, taxi picture, world	in the kitchen, in Chennai in the book in the car, in a taxi in the picture, in the world
into	enter a room / a building	go into the kitchen / the house
at	meaning next to, by an object for a table for events place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work)	at the door, at the station at the table at a concert, at the party at the cinema, at school, at work
on	attached for a place with a river being on a surface for a certain side (left, right) for a floor in a house for public transport for television, radio	the picture on the wall Taj lies on the Yamuna, on the table on the left on the first floor on the bus, on the plane on TV, on radio
by, next to, beside	left or right of somebody or something	Jayan is standing by / next to/beside the car.
under	on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else	the bag is under the table
below	lower than something else but above ground	the fish are below the surface
over	covered by something else meaning more than getting to the other side (also across) overcoming an obstacle	put a jacket over your shirt over 16 years of age walk over the bridge climb over the wall
above	higher than something else, but not directly over it	a path above the lake
across	getting to the other side (also over) getting to the other side	walk across the bridge swim across the lake
through	something with limits on top, bottom and the sides	drive through the tunnel
to	the movement to a person or building movement to a place or country for bed	go to the cinema go to Madurai go to bed
towards	movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it)	go 5 steps towards the house
onto	a movement to the top of something	jump onto the table
from	in the sense of where from	a flower from the garden

Other Important Prepositions

English	Usage	Example
from	who gave it	a present from John
of	who/what does it belong to what does it show	a page of the book the picture of a palace
by	who made it	a book by Mark Twain
on	walking or riding on horseback entering a public transport vehicle	on foot, on horseback get on the bus
in	entering a car / Taxi	get in the car
off	leaving a public transport vehicle	get off the train
out of	leaving a car / Taxi	get out of the taxi
by	rise or fall of something traveling (other than walking or horseriding)	prices have risen by 10 percent by car, by bus
at	for age	she learned Russian at 15
about	for topics, meaning what about	we were talking about you
on	days of the week	on Monday
in	months/seasons period of the day year after a certain period of time (when?)	in August / in winter in the morning in 2006 in an hour
at	for night for a weekend a certain point of time (when?)	at night at the weekend at half-past nine
since	the starting point of time (past till now)	since 1980
for	total period/duration of time (past till now)	for 2 years
ago	a certain time in the past	2 years ago
before	earlier than a certain point of time	before 2004
to	telling the time	ten to six (5:50)
past	telling the time	ten past six (6:10)
to / till / until	marking the beginning and end of a period of time	from Monday to/till Friday
till /until	in the sense of how long something is going to last	He is on holiday until Friday.
by	in the sense of at the latest up to a certain time	I will be back by 6 o’clock. By 11 o’clock, I had read five pages.

List Of Prepositions
While there are only about 150 prepositions in the English language, these words are among the most important. Without them, the sentences we speak, read, and write would be difficult to understand. The following list of prepositions is not a complete one, however, it is among the most comprehensive lists of prepositions available anywhere.

aboard	before	except	on	towards
about	behind	excepting	onto	under
above	below	excluding	opposite	underneath
absent	beneath	failing	outside	unlike
across	beside	following	over	until
after	besides	for	past	up
against	between	from	per	upon
along	beyond	given	plus	versus
alongside	but	in	regarding	via
amid	by	inside	round	with
among	circa	into	since	within
amongst	concerning	like	than	without
anti	considering	minus	through	worth
around	despite	near	to
as	down	of	toward
at	during	off

1.	in	Place	Chennai is in India.
		Time	He will go in June.
2.	on	Place	The telephone is on the table.
		Time	He will pay the fee on Monday.
3.	at	Place	It is cold at Ooty.
		Time	I get up at 6 a.m.
4.	for	Time	He has been reading for 3 hours.
		with noun	My uncle works for a foreigner.
5.	by	Time	They will finish the work by noon.
		Place	The resort is by the sea coast.
		with norm	The order was given by the manager.
6.	from	Time	The clinic works from 9 a.m.
		Place	Mr John is from England.
		with noun	We import goods from many lands.
7.	to	Time	You can meet him from 10 a.m. to 11 a.m.
		Place	We go to Courtallam in August.
		with noun	He sent the request to the Principal.

Exercises
(i) Fill the gap with the correct prepositions.
1. We live Chennai.
Answer:
in

2. Would you like to go the library?
Answer:
to

3. No, thanks. I was the library yesterday.
Answer:
at

4. We are going a holiday next week.
Answer:
on

5. There is a bridge the river.
Answer:
across

6. The train Chennai Madurai is the station.
Answer:
from, to, in

7. my wall, there are many picture postcards.
Answer:
on

8. Who is the person in this picture?
Answer:
in

9. Come the hall, we shall watch TV.
Answer:
into

10. Elgin lies 530 meters sea level.
Answer:
above

11. The bone was the dog.
Answer:
for

12. We are going on vacation August.
Answer:
on, in

13. Please put the vase the table.
Answer:
on

14. received a present Janaki.
Answer:
from

15. School begins Monday.
Answer:
on

(ii) Complete the exercise with appropriate prepositions.
1. Compare your answers your partner.
Answer:
with

2. This key holder is very special me.
Answer:
for

3. Apples and oranges are the same box.
Answer:
in

4. Write me soon.
Answer:
to

5. Have you got a piece paper?
Answer:
of

6. What’s the calculator for? It is my exam.
Answer:
for

7. I’m tall black hair and brown eyes.
Answer:
with

8. We have a house a big backyard.

9. I come a big family.
Answer:
with

10. Match the pictures the names.
Answer:
from

11. Is your house the country?
Answer:
with

12. Guess what I have my hand?
Answer:
in

13. I have to color pens. what you?
Answer:
about

(iii) Fill in the prepositions.
1. The cat hid the door.
(a) behind (b) under (c) on
Answer:
(a) behind

2. Mv uncle will visit me May.
(a) at (b) in (c) on
Answer:
(b) in

3. Wait there I come.
(a) behind (b) until (c) near
Answer:
(b) until

4. Hang the charts the wall.
(a) in (b) on (c) by
Answer:
(b) on

5. I have been practicing morning.
(a) by (b) for (c) since
Answer:
(c) since

6. The baby has been sleeping for a long time.
(a) for (b) since (c) at
Answer:
(a) for

7. The work will be over this evening.
(a) on (b) by (c) in
Answer:
(b) by

8. We could not get help anyone.
(a) from (b) till (c) in
Answer:
(a) from

9. The ladder is placed the wall.
(a) on (b) upon (c) against
Answer:
(c) against

10. The people stood the road to watch the procession go by.
(a) across (b) along (c) on
Answer:
(b) along